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Kalbfuss N, Gönczy P. Towards understanding centriole elimination. Open Biol 2023; 13:230222. [PMID: 37963546 PMCID: PMC10645514 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based structures crucial for forming flagella, cilia and centrosomes. Through these roles, centrioles are critical notably for proper cell motility, signalling and division. Recent years have advanced significantly our understanding of the mechanisms governing centriole assembly and architecture. Although centrioles are typically very stable organelles, persisting over many cell cycles, they can also be eliminated in some cases. Here, we review instances of centriole elimination in a range of species and cell types. Moreover, we discuss potential mechanisms that enable the switch from a stable organelle to a vanishing one. Further work is expected to provide novel insights into centriole elimination mechanisms in health and disease, thereby also enabling scientists to readily manipulate organelle fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kalbfuss
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Noga A, Horii M, Goto Y, Toyooka K, Ishikawa T, Hirono M. Bld10p/Cep135 determines the number of triplets in the centriole independently of the cartwheel. EMBO J 2022; 41:e104582. [PMID: 36093892 PMCID: PMC9574746 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved nine-fold structural symmetry of the centriole is thought to be generated by cooperation between two mechanisms, one dependent on and the other independent of the cartwheel, a sub-centriolar structure consisting of a hub and nine spokes. However, the molecular entity of the cartwheel-independent mechanism has not been elucidated. Here, using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants, we show that Bld10p/Cep135, a conserved centriolar protein that connects cartwheel spokes and triplet microtubules, plays a central role in this mechanism. Using immunoelectron microscopy, we localized hemagglutinin epitopes attached to distinct regions of Bld10p along two lines that connect adjacent triplets. Consistently, conventional and cryo-electron microscopy identified crosslinking structures at the same positions. In centrioles formed in the absence of the cartwheel, truncated Bld10p was found to significantly reduce the inter-triplet distance and frequently form eight-microtubule centrioles. These results suggest that the newly identified crosslinks are comprised of part of Bld10p/Cep135. We propose that Bld10p determines the inter-triplet distance in the centriole and thereby regulates the number of triplets in a cartwheel-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Noga
- Department of Frontier BioscienceHosei UniversityTokyoJapan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Division of Biology and ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Mao Horii
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yumi Goto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaJapan
| | | | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Division of Biology and ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Department of BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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3
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LoMastro GM, Drown CG, Maryniak AL, Jewett CE, Strong MA, Holland AJ. PLK4 drives centriole amplification and apical surface area expansion in multiciliated cells. eLife 2022; 11:80643. [PMID: 35969030 PMCID: PMC9507127 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) are terminally differentiated epithelia that assemble multiple motile cilia used to promote fluid flow. To template these cilia, MCCs dramatically expand their centriole content during a process known as centriole amplification. In cycling cells, the master regulator of centriole assembly Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is essential for centriole duplication; however recent work has questioned the role of PLK4 in centriole assembly in MCCs. To address this discrepancy, we created genetically engineered mouse models and demonstrated that both PLK4 protein and kinase activity are critical for centriole amplification in MCCs. Tracheal epithelial cells that fail centriole amplification accumulate large assemblies of centriole proteins and do not undergo apical surface area expansion. These results show that the initial stages of centriole assembly are conserved between cycling cells and MCCs and suggest that centriole amplification and surface area expansion are coordinated events. Every day, we inhale thousands of viruses, bacteria and pollution particles. To protect against these threats, cells in our airways produce mucus that traps inhaled particles before they reach the lungs. This mucus then needs to be removed to prevent it from becoming a breeding ground for microbes that may cause a respiratory infection. This is the responsibility of cells covered in tiny hair-like structures called cilia that move together to propel the mucus-trapped particles out of the airways. These specialized cells can have up to 300 motile cilia on their surface, which grow from structures called centrioles that then anchor the cilia in place. Multiciliated cells are generated from precursor cells that only have two centrioles. Therefore, as these precursors develop, they must produce large numbers of centrioles, considerably more than other cells that only need a couple of extra centrioles during cell division. However, recent studies have questioned whether the precursors of multiciliated cells rely on the same regulatory proteins to produce centrioles as dividing cells. To help answer this question, LoMastro et al. created genetically engineered mice that lacked or had an inactive form of PLK4, a protein which controls centriole formation in all cell types lacking multiple cilia. This showed that multiciliated cells also need this protein to produce centrioles. LoMastro et al. also found that multiciliated cells became larger while building centrioles, suggesting that this amplification process helps control the cell’s final size. Defects in motile cilia activity can lead to fluid build-up in the brain, respiratory infections and infertility. Unfortunately, these disorders are difficult to diagnose currently and there is no cure. The findings of LoMastro et al. further our understanding of how motile cilia are built and maintained, and may help future scientists to develop better diagnostic tools and treatments for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M LoMastro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Chelsea G Drown
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Aubrey L Maryniak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Cayla E Jewett
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Margaret A Strong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Andrew Jon Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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4
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Mahjoub MR, Nanjundappa R, Harvey MN. Development of a multiciliated cell. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 77:102105. [PMID: 35716530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCC) are evolutionary conserved, highly specialized cell types that contain dozens to hundreds of motile cilia that they use to propel fluid directionally. To template these cilia, each MCC produces between 30 and 500 basal bodies via a process termed centriole amplification. Much progress has been made in recent years in understanding the pathways involved in MCC fate determination, differentiation, and ciliogenesis. Recent studies using mammalian cell culture systems, mice, Xenopus, and other model organisms have started to uncover the mechanisms involved in centriole and cilia biogenesis. Yet, how MCC progenitor cells regulate the precise number of centrioles and cilia during their differentiation remains largely unknown. In this review, we will examine recent findings that address this fundamental question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe R Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Rashmi Nanjundappa
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan N Harvey
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
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5
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Cavalier-Smith T. Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:487-593. [PMID: 34940909 PMCID: PMC9010356 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
I thoroughly discuss ciliary transition zone (TZ) evolution, highlighting many overlooked evolutionarily significant ultrastructural details. I establish fundamental principles of TZ ultrastructure and evolution throughout eukaryotes, inferring unrecognised ancestral TZ patterns for Fungi, opisthokonts, and Corticata (i.e., kingdoms Plantae and Chromista). Typical TZs have a dense transitional plate (TP), with a previously overlooked complex lattice as skeleton. I show most eukaryotes have centriole/TZ junction acorn-V filaments (whose ancestral function was arguably supporting central pair microtubule-nucleating sites; I discuss their role in centriole growth). Uniquely simple malawimonad TZs (without TP, simpler acorn) pinpoint the eukaryote tree's root between them and TP-bearers, highlighting novel superclades. I integrate TZ/ciliary evolution with the best multiprotein trees, naming newly recognised major eukaryote clades and revise megaclassification of basal kingdom Protozoa. Recent discovery of non-photosynthetic phagotrophic flagellates with genome-free plastids (Rhodelphis), the sister group to phylum Rhodophyta (red algae), illuminates plant and chromist early evolution. I show previously overlooked marked similarities in cell ultrastructure between Rhodelphis and Picomonas, formerly considered an early diverging chromist. In both a nonagonal tube lies between their TP and an annular septum surrounding their 9+2 ciliary axoneme. Mitochondrial dense condensations and mitochondrion-linked smooth endomembrane cytoplasmic partitioning cisternae further support grouping Picomonadea and Rhodelphea as new plant phylum Pararhoda. As Pararhoda/Rhodophyta form a robust clade on site-heterogeneous multiprotein trees, I group Pararhoda and Rhodophyta as new infrakingdom Rhodaria of Plantae within subkingdom Biliphyta, which also includes Glaucophyta with fundamentally similar TZ, uniquely in eukaryotes. I explain how biliphyte TZs generated viridiplant stellate-structures.
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6
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Abstract
To gain a holistic understanding of cellular function, we must understand not just the role of individual organelles, but also how multiple macromolecular assemblies function collectively. Centrioles produce fundamental cellular processes through their ability to organise cytoskeletal fibres. In addition to nucleating microtubules, centrioles form lesser-known polymers, termed rootlets. Rootlets were identified over a 100 years ago and have been documented morphologically since by electron microscopy in different eukaryotic organisms. Rootlet-knockout animals have been created in various systems, providing insight into their physiological functions. However, the precise structure and function of rootlets is still enigmatic. Here, I consider common themes of rootlet function and assembly across diverse cellular systems. I suggest that the capability of rootlets to form physical links from centrioles to other cellular structures is a general principle unifying their functions in diverse cells and serves as an example of how cellular function arises from collective organellar activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mahen
- The Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
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7
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Yamamoto S, Yabuki R, Kitagawa D. Biophysical and biochemical properties of Deup1 self-assemblies: a potential driver for deuterosome formation during multiciliogenesis. Biol Open 2021; 10:10/3/bio056432. [PMID: 33658185 PMCID: PMC7938805 DOI: 10.1242/bio.056432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The deuterosome is a non-membranous organelle involved in large-scale centriole amplification during multiciliogenesis. Deuterosomes are specifically assembled during the process of multiciliogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying deuterosome formation are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the molecular properties of deuterosome protein 1 (Deup1), an essential protein involved in deuterosome assembly. We found that Deup1 has the ability to self-assemble into macromolecular condensates both in vitro and in cells. The Deup1-containing structures formed in multiciliogenesis and the Deup1 condensates self-assembled in vitro showed low turnover of Deup1, suggesting that Deup1 forms highly stable structures. Our biochemical analyses revealed that an increase of the concentration of Deup1 and a crowded molecular environment both facilitate Deup1 self-assembly. The self-assembly of Deup1 relies on its N-terminal region, which contains multiple coiled coil domains. Using an optogenetic approach, we demonstrated that self-assembly and the C-terminal half of Deup1 were sufficient to spatially compartmentalize centrosomal protein 152 (Cep152) and polo like kinase 4 (Plk4), master components for centriole biogenesis, in the cytoplasm. Collectively, the present data suggest that Deup1 forms the structural core of the deuterosome through self-assembly into stable macromolecular condensates.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yamamoto
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yabuki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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8
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Massive centriole production can occur in the absence of deuterosomes in multiciliated cells. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1544-1552. [PMID: 31792378 PMCID: PMC6913274 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) amplify large numbers of centrioles, which convert into basal bodies that are required for producing multiple motile cilia. Most centrioles amplified by MCCs grow on the surface of organelles called deuterosomes, while a smaller number grow through the centriolar pathway in association with the two parent centrioles. Here we show that MCCs lacking deuterosomes amplify the correct number of centrioles with normal step-wise kinetics. This is achieved through a massive production of centrioles on the surface and in the vicinity of parent centrioles. Therefore, deuterosomes may have evolved to relieve, rather than supplement, the centriolar pathway during multiciliogenesis. Remarkably, MCCs lacking parent centrioles and deuterosomes also amplify the appropriate number of centrioles inside a cloud of pericentriolar and fibrogranular material. These data show that centriole number is set independently of their nucleation platforms and that massive centriole production in MCCs is a robust process that can self-organize.
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9
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Dynamics of centriole amplification in centrosome-depleted brain multiciliated progenitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13060. [PMID: 31506528 PMCID: PMC6736942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive and respiratory organs, along with brain ventricles, are lined by multiciliated epithelial cells (MCC) that generate cilia-powered fluid flows. MCC hijack the centrosome duplication pathway to form hundreds of centrioles and nucleate motile cilia. In these cells, the large majority of procentrioles are formed associated with partially characterized organelles called deuterosomes. We recently challenged the paradigm that deuterosomes and procentrioles are formed de novo by providing data, in brain MCC, suggesting that they are nucleated from the pre-existing centrosomal younger centriole. However, the origin of deuterosomes and procentrioles is still under debate. Here, we further question centrosome importance for deuterosome and centriole amplification. First, we provide additional data confirming that centriole amplification occurs sequentially from the centrosomal region, and that the first procentriole-loaded deuterosomes are associated with the daughter centriole or in the centrosomal centriole vicinity. Then, to further test the requirement of the centrosome in deuterosome and centriole formation, we depleted centrosomal centrioles using a Plk4 inhibitor. We reveal unexpected limited consequences in deuterosome/centriole number in absence of centrosomal centrioles. Notably, in absence of the daughter centriole only, deuterosomes are not seen associated with the mother centriole. In absence of both centrosomal centrioles, procentrioles are still amplified sequentially and with no apparent structural defects. They seem to arise from a focal region, characterized by microtubule convergence and pericentriolar material (PCM) assembly. The relevance of deuterosome association with the daughter centriole as well as the role of the PCM in the focal and sequential genesis of centrioles in absence of centrosomal centrioles are discussed.
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10
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Nanjundappa R, Kong D, Shim K, Stearns T, Brody SL, Loncarek J, Mahjoub MR. Regulation of cilia abundance in multiciliated cells. eLife 2019; 8:e44039. [PMID: 31025935 PMCID: PMC6504233 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCC) contain hundreds of motile cilia used to propel fluid over their surface. To template these cilia, each MCC produces between 100-600 centrioles by a process termed centriole amplification. Yet, how MCC regulate the precise number of centrioles and cilia remains unknown. Airway progenitor cells contain two parental centrioles (PC) and form structures called deuterosomes that nucleate centrioles during amplification. Using an ex vivo airway culture model, we show that ablation of PC does not perturb deuterosome formation and centriole amplification. In contrast, loss of PC caused an increase in deuterosome and centriole abundance, highlighting the presence of a compensatory mechanism. Quantification of centriole abundance in vitro and in vivo identified a linear relationship between surface area and centriole number. By manipulating cell size, we discovered that centriole number scales with surface area. Our results demonstrate that a cell-intrinsic surface area-dependent mechanism controls centriole and cilia abundance in multiciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Nanjundappa
- Nephrology Division, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
| | - Dong Kong
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteFrederickUnited States
| | - Kyuhwan Shim
- Nephrology Division, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Steven L Brody
- Pulmonary Division, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteFrederickUnited States
| | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Nephrology Division, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
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11
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Zhao H, Chen Q, Fang C, Huang Q, Zhou J, Yan X, Zhu X. Parental centrioles are dispensable for deuterosome formation and function during basal body amplification. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e46735. [PMID: 30833343 PMCID: PMC6446193 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian epithelial cells use a pair of parental centrioles and numerous deuterosomes as platforms for efficient basal body production during multiciliogenesis. How deuterosomes form and function, however, remain controversial. They are proposed to arise either spontaneously for massive de novo centriole biogenesis or in a daughter centriole-dependent manner as shuttles to carry away procentrioles assembled at the centriole. Here, we show that both parental centrioles are dispensable for deuterosome formation. In both mouse tracheal epithelial and ependymal cells (mTECs and mEPCs), discrete deuterosomes in the cytoplasm are initially procentriole-free. They emerge at widely dispersed positions in the cytoplasm and then enlarge, concomitant with their increased ability to form procentrioles. More importantly, deuterosomes still form efficiently in mEPCs whose daughter centriole or even both parental centrioles are eliminated through shRNA-mediated depletion or drug inhibition of Plk4, a kinase essential to centriole biogenesis in both cycling cells and multiciliated cells. Therefore, deuterosomes can be assembled autonomously to mediate de novo centriole amplification in multiciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingxia Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuyu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiumin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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12
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CDC20B is required for deuterosome-mediated centriole production in multiciliated cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4668. [PMID: 30405130 PMCID: PMC6220262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) harbor dozens to hundreds of motile cilia, which generate hydrodynamic forces important in animal physiology. In vertebrates, MCC differentiation involves massive centriole production by poorly characterized structures called deuterosomes. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that human deuterosome stage MCCs are characterized by the expression of many cell cycle-related genes. We further investigated the uncharacterized vertebrate-specific cell division cycle 20B (CDC20B) gene, which hosts microRNA-449abc. We show that CDC20B protein associates to deuterosomes and is required for centriole release and subsequent cilia production in mouse and Xenopus MCCs. CDC20B interacts with PLK1, a kinase known to coordinate centriole disengagement with the protease Separase in mitotic cells. Strikingly, over-expression of Separase rescues centriole disengagement and cilia production in CDC20B-deficient MCCs. This work reveals the shaping of deuterosome-mediated centriole production in vertebrate MCCs, by adaptation of canonical and recently evolved cell cycle-related molecules.
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13
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Shahid U, Singh P. Emerging Picture of Deuterosome-Dependent Centriole Amplification in MCCs. Cells 2018; 7:E152. [PMID: 30262752 PMCID: PMC6210342 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) have several hair-like structures called cilia, which are required to propel substances on their surface. A cilium is organized from a basal body which resembles a hollow microtubule structure called a centriole. In terminally differentiated MCCs, hundreds of new basal bodies/centrioles are formed via two parallel pathways: the centriole- and deuterosome-dependent pathways. The deuterosome-dependent pathway is also referred to as "de novo" because unlike the centriole-dependent pathway which requires pre-existing centrioles, in the de novo pathway multiple new centrioles are organized around non-microtubule structures called deuterosomes. In the last five years, some deuterosome-specific markers have been identified and concurrent advancements in the super-resolution techniques have significantly contributed to gaining insights about the major stages of centriole amplification during ciliogenesis. Altogether, a new picture is emerging which also challenges the previous notion that deuterosome pathway is de novo. This review is primarily focused on studies that have contributed towards the better understanding of deuterosome-dependent centriole amplification and presents a developing model about the major stages identified during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umama Shahid
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Nagour Road, Karwar 342037, India.
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Nagour Road, Karwar 342037, India.
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14
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Nabais C, Pereira SG, Bettencourt-Dias M. Noncanonical Biogenesis of Centrioles and Basal Bodies. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 82:123-135. [PMID: 29686032 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.034694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Centrioles and basal bodies (CBBs) organize centrosomes and cilia within eukaryotic cells. These organelles are composed of microtubules and hundreds of proteins performing multiple functions such as signaling, cytoskeleton remodeling, and cell motility. The CBB is present in all branches of the eukaryotic tree of life and, despite its ultrastructural and protein conservation, there is diversity in its function, occurrence (i.e., presence/absence), and modes of biogenesis across species. In this review, we provide an overview of the multiple pathways through which CBBs are formed in nature, with a special focus on the less studied, noncanonical ways. Despite the differences among each mechanism herein presented, we highlighted some of their common principles. These principles, governing different steps of biogenesis, ensure that CBBs may perform a multitude of functions in a huge diversity of organisms but yet retained their robustness in structure throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Nabais
- Cell Cycle Regulation Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sónia Gomes Pereira
- Cell Cycle Regulation Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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15
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Wang JT, Stearns T. The ABCs of Centriole Architecture: The Form and Function of Triplet Microtubules. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 82:145-155. [PMID: 29540555 PMCID: PMC11156431 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.034496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The centriole is a defining feature of many eukaryotic cells. It nucleates a cilium, organizes microtubules as part of the centrosome, and is duplicated in coordination with the cell cycle. Centrioles have a remarkable structure, consisting of microtubules arranged in a barrel with ninefold radial symmetry. At their base, or proximal end, centrioles have unique triplet microtubules, formed from three microtubules linked to each other. This microtubule organization is not found anywhere else in the cell, is conserved in all major branches of the eukaryotic tree, and likely was present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. At their tip, or distal end, centrioles have doublet microtubules, which template the cilium. Here, we consider the structures of the compound microtubules in centrioles and discuss potential mechanisms for their formation and their function. We propose that triplet microtubules are required for the structural integrity of centrioles, allowing the centriole to serve as the essential nucleator of the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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Sousa RP, Monteiro HMDA, Bezerra DDO, Soares LLDS, Assis Neto AC, Rici RE, Conde Júnior AM, Carvalho MAD. Morphogenesis of the rhea (Rhea americana) respiratory system in different embryonic and foetal stages. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The rhea (Rhea americana) is an important wild species that has been highlighted in national and international livestock. This research aims to analyse embryo-foetal development in different phases of the respiratory system of rheas. Twenty-three embryos and foetuses were euthanized, fixed and dissected. Fragments of the respiratory system, including the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, syrinx, bronchi and lungs, were collected and processed for studies using light and scanning electron microscopy. The nasal cavity presented cubic epithelium in the early stages of development. The larynx exhibited typical respiratory epithelium between 27 and 31 days. The trachea showed early formation of hyaline cartilage after 15 days. Syrinx in the mucous membrane of 18-day foetuses consisted of ciliated epithelium in the bronchial region. The main bronchi had ciliated epithelium with goblet cells in the syringeal region. In the lung, the parabronchial stage presented numerous parabronchi between 15 and 21 days. This study allowed the identification of normal events that occur during the development of the rhea respiratory system, an important model that has not previously been described. The information generated here will be useful for the diagnosis of pathologies that affect this organic system, aimed at improving captive production systems.
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Banterle N, Gönczy P. Centriole Biogenesis: From Identifying the Characters to Understanding the Plot. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2017; 33:23-49. [PMID: 28813178 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The centriole is a beautiful microtubule-based organelle that is critical for the proper execution of many fundamental cellular processes, including polarity, motility, and division. Centriole biogenesis, the making of this miniature architectural wonder, has emerged as an exemplary model to dissect the mechanisms governing the assembly of a eukaryotic organelle. Centriole biogenesis relies on a set of core proteins whose contributions to the assembly process have begun to be elucidated. Here, we review current knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which these core characters function in an orderly fashion to assemble the centriole. In particular, we discuss how having the correct proteins at the right place and at the right time is critical to first scaffold, then initiate, and finally execute the centriole assembly process, thus underscoring fundamental principles governing organelle biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Banterle
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Abstract
Multiciliated cells are epithelial cells that are in contact with bodily fluids and are required for the proper function of major organs including the brain, the respiratory system and the reproductive tracts. Their multiple motile cilia beat unidirectionally to remove particles of external origin from their surface and/or drive cells or fluids into the lumen of the organs. Multiciliated cells in the brain are produced once, almost exclusively during embryonic development, whereas in respiratory tracts and oviducts they regenerate throughout life. In this Review, we provide a cell-to-organ overview of multiciliated cells and highlight recent studies that have greatly increased our understanding of the mechanisms driving the development and function of these cells in vertebrates. We discuss cell fate determination and differentiation of multiciliated cells, and provide a comprehensive account of their locations and functions in mammals.
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Abstract
Many animal cells assemble single cilia involved in motile and/or sensory functions. In contrast, multiciliated cells (MCCs) assemble up to 300 motile cilia that beat in a coordinate fashion to generate a directional fluid flow. In the human airways, the brain, and the oviduct, MCCs allow mucus clearance, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and egg transportation, respectively. Impairment of MCC function leads to chronic respiratory infections and increased risks of hydrocephalus and female infertility. MCC differentiation during development or repair involves the activation of a regulatory cascade triggered by the inhibition of Notch activity in MCC progenitors. The downstream events include the simultaneous assembly of a large number of basal bodies (BBs)-from which cilia are nucleated-in the cytoplasm of the differentiating MCCs, their migration and docking at the plasma membrane associated to an important remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, and the assembly and polarization of motile cilia. The direction of ciliary beating is coordinated both within cells and at the tissue level by a combination of planar polarity cues affecting BB position and hydrodynamic forces that are both generated and sensed by the cilia. Herein, we review the mechanisms controlling the specification and differentiation of MCCs and BB assembly and organization at the apical surface, as well as ciliary assembly and coordination in MCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Meunier
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8197, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juliette Azimzadeh
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7592, Université Paris-Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
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Abstract
Centriole number is normally under tight control and is directly linked to ciliogenesis. In cells that use centrosomes as mitotic spindle poles, one pre-existing mother centriole is allowed to duplicate only one daughter centriole per cell cycle. In multiciliated cells, however, many centrioles are generated to serve as basal bodies of the cilia. Although deuterosomes were observed more than 40 years ago using electron microscopy and are believed to produce most of the basal bodies in a mother centriole-independent manner, the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained unknown until recently. From these findings arise more questions and a call for clarifications that will require multidisciplinary efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Meunier A, Spassky N. Centriole continuity: out with the new, in with the old. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 38:60-7. [PMID: 26924800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Centrioles are essential microtubule-based organelles, typically present in pairs, which organize cilia and centrosomes. Their mode of biogenesis is unique for a subcellular organelle since, during cell division, each pre-existing centriole guides the formation of a new one, a process that is coordinated with DNA replication. After centriole duplication, the new centrosomes migrate in opposite direction and localize at each pole of the mitotic spindle. This singular dynamics led to think that centrioles were permanent self-replicating structures coordinating cytoplasm and nuclear division. This vision then fell gradually into disuse when centrioles were shown to be capable to form de novo, in the absence of a pre-existing structure, and to be actually dispensable for cell division. However, new data, which are reviewed here, have breathed new life into the old ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Meunier
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8197, F-75005 Paris, France; Inserm, U1024, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8197, F-75005 Paris, France; Inserm, U1024, F-75005 Paris, France
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Abstract
Tetrahymena thermophila is a ciliate with hundreds of cilia primarily used for cellular motility. These cells propel themselves by generating hydrodynamic forces through coordinated ciliary beating. The coordination of cilia is ensured by the polarized organization of basal bodies (BBs), which exhibit remarkable structural and molecular conservation with BBs in other eukaryotes. During each cell cycle, massive BB assembly occurs and guarantees that future Tetrahymena cells gain a full complement of BBs and their associated cilia. BB duplication occurs next to existing BBs, and the predictable patterning of new BBs is facilitated by asymmetric BB accessory structures that are integrated with a membrane-associated cytoskeletal network. The large number of BBs combined with robust molecular genetics merits Tetrahymena as a unique model system to elucidate the fundamental events of BB assembly and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Bayless
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, 2801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045-2537 USA
| | - Domenico F Galati
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, 2801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045-2537 USA
| | - Chad G Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, 2801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045-2537 USA
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Abstract
The use of Xenopus embryonic skin as a model system for the development of ciliated epithelia is well established. This tissue is comprised of numerous cell types, most notably the multiciliated cells (MCCs) that each contain approximately 150 motile cilia. At the base of each cilium lies the centriole-based structure called the basal body. Centriole biogenesis is typically restricted to two new centrioles per cell cycle, each templating from an existing "mother" centriole. In contrast, MCCs are post-mitotic cells in which the majority of centrioles arise "de novo" without templating from a mother centriole, instead, these centrioles nucleate from an electron-dense structure termed the deuterostome. How centriole number is regulated in these cells and the mechanism by which the deuterosome templates nascent centrioles is still poorly understood. Here, we describe methods for regulating MCC cell fate as well as for visualizing and manipulating centriole biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Fırat-Karalar EN, Stearns T. The centriole duplication cycle. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0460. [PMID: 25047614 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are the main microtubule-organizing centre of animal cells and are important for many critical cellular and developmental processes from cell polarization to cell division. At the core of the centrosome are centrioles, which recruit pericentriolar material to form the centrosome and act as basal bodies to nucleate formation of cilia and flagella. Defects in centriole structure, function and number are associated with a variety of human diseases, including cancer, brain diseases and ciliopathies. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how new centrioles are assembled and how centriole number is controlled. We propose a general model for centriole duplication control in which cooperative binding of duplication factors defines a centriole 'origin of duplication' that initiates duplication, and passage through mitosis effects changes that license the centriole for a new round of duplication in the next cell cycle. We also focus on variations on the general theme in which many centrioles are created in a single cell cycle, including the specialized structures associated with these variations, the deuterosome in animal cells and the blepharoplast in lower plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA
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Abstract
The cartwheel is a subcentriolar structure consisting of a central hub and nine radially arranged spokes, located at the proximal end of the centriole. It appears at the initial stage of the centriole assembly process as the first ninefold symmetrical structure. The cartwheel was first described more than 50 years ago, but it is only recently that its pivotal role in establishing the ninefold symmetry of the centriole was demonstrated. Significant progress has since been made in understanding its fine structure and assembly mechanism. Most importantly, the central part of the cartwheel, from which the ninefold symmetry originates, is shown to form by self-association of nine dimers of the protein SAS-6. This finding, together with emerging data on other components of the cartwheel, has opened new avenues in centrosome biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Hirono
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based projections that serve a wide variety of essential functions in animal cells. Defects in cilia structure or function have recently been found to underlie diverse human diseases. While many eukaryotic cells possess only one or two cilia, some cells, including those of many unicellular organisms, exhibit many cilia. In vertebrates, multiciliated cells are a specialized population of post-mitotic cells decorated with dozens of motile cilia that beat in a polarized and synchronized fashion to drive directed fluid flow across an epithelium. Dysfunction of human multiciliated cells is associated with diseases of the brain, airway and reproductive tracts. Despite their importance, multiciliated cells are relatively poorly studied and we are only beginning to understand the mechanisms underlying their development and function. Here, we review the general phylogeny and physiology of multiciliation and detail our current understanding of the developmental and cellular events underlying the specification, differentiation and function of multiciliated cells in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Brooks
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas at Austin, Patterson Labs, 2401 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas at Austin, Patterson Labs, 2401 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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Klos Dehring DA, Vladar EK, Werner ME, Mitchell JW, Hwang P, Mitchell BJ. Deuterosome-mediated centriole biogenesis. Dev Cell 2013; 27:103-12. [PMID: 24075808 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cells to faithfully duplicate their two centrioles once per cell cycle is critical for proper mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. Multiciliated cells represent an interesting variation of centriole duplication in that these cells generate greater than 100 centrioles, which form the basal bodies of their motile cilia. This centriole amplification is proposed to require a structure termed the deuterosome, thought to be capable of promoting de novo centriole biogenesis. Here, we begin to molecularly characterize the deuterosome and identify it as a site for the localization of Cep152, Plk4, and SAS6. Additionally we identify CCDC78 as a centriole-associated and deuterosome protein that is essential for centriole amplification. Overexpression of Cep152, but not Plk4, SAS6, or CCDC78, drives overamplification of centrioles. However, in CCDC78 morphants, Cep152 fails to localize to the deuterosome and centriole biogenesis is impaired, indicating that CCDC78-mediated recruitment of Cep152 is required for deuterosome-mediated centriole biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Klos Dehring
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Cryo-electron tomography reveals conserved features of doublet microtubules in flagella. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E845-53. [PMID: 21930914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1106178108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The axoneme forms the essential and conserved core of cilia and flagella. We have used cryo-electron tomography of Chlamydomonas and sea urchin flagella to answer long-standing questions and to provide information about the structure of axonemal doublet microtubules (DMTs). Solving an ongoing controversy, we show that B-tubules of DMTs contain exactly 10 protofilaments (PFs) and that the inner junction (IJ) and outer junction between the A- and B-tubules are fundamentally different. The outer junction, crucial for the initiation of doublet formation, appears to be formed by close interactions between the tubulin subunits of three PFs with unusual tubulin interfaces; other investigators have reported that this junction is weakened by mutations affecting posttranslational modifications of tubulin. The IJ consists of an axially periodic ladder-like structure connecting tubulin PFs of the A- and B-tubules. The recently discovered microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) on the inside of the A- and B-tubules are more complex than previously thought. They are composed of alternating small and large subunits with periodicities of 16 and/or 48 nm. MIP3 forms arches connecting B-tubule PFs, contrary to an earlier report that MIP3 forms the IJ. Finally, the "beak" structures within the B-tubules of Chlamydomonas DMT1, DMT5, and DMT6 are clearly composed of a longitudinal band of proteins repeating with a periodicity of 16 nm. These findings, discussed in relation to genetic and biochemical data, provide a critical foundation for future work on the molecular assembly and stability of the axoneme, as well as its function in motility and sensory transduction.
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Kuriyama R. Centriole assembly in CHO cells expressing Plk4/SAS6/SAS4 is similar to centriogenesis in ciliated epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:588-96. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.20368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Hiraki M, Nakazawa Y, Kamiya R, Hirono M. Bld10p constitutes the cartwheel-spoke tip and stabilizes the 9-fold symmetry of the centriole. Curr Biol 2007; 17:1778-83. [PMID: 17900905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles/basal bodies have a characteristic cylindrical structure consisting of nine triplet microtubules arranged in a rotational symmetry. How this elaborate structure is formed is a major unanswered question in cell biology [1, 2]. We previously identified a 170 kDa coiled-coil protein essential for the centriole formation in Chlamydomonas. This protein, Bld10p, is the first protein shown to localize to the cartwheel, a 9-fold symmetrical structure possibly functioning as the scaffold for the centriole-microtubule assembly [3]. Here, we report results by using a series of truncated Bld10p constructs introduced into a bld10 null mutant. Remarkably, a transformant (DeltaC2) in which 35% of Bld10p at the C terminus was deleted assembled centrioles with eight symmetrically arranged triplets, in addition to others with the normal nine triplets. The cartwheels in these eight-membered centrioles had spokes approximately 24% shorter than those in the wild-type, suggesting that the eight-triplet centrioles were formed because the cartwheel's smaller diameter. From the morphology of the cartwheel spoke in the DeltaC2 centriole and immunoelectron-microscope localization, we conclude that Bld10p is a major spoke-tip component that extends the cartwheel diameter and attaches triplet microtubules. These results provide the first experimental evidence for the crucial function of the cartwheel in centriolar assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Hiraki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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31
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Corujo A, Rodríguez-Moldes I, Anadón R. Light microscopic and ultrastructural study of the development of the saccus vasculosus in the rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Morphol 2005; 206:79-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hagiwara H, Ohwada N, Takata K. Cell Biology of Normal and Abnormal Ciliogenesis in the Ciliated Epithelium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 234:101-41. [PMID: 15066374 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)34003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Ciliogenesis is divided into four stages: (1) generation of centrioles, (2) migration of duplicated centrioles, (3) formation of the basal body-associated structures, and (4) elongation of cilia. The ultrastructural profile of ciliogenesis is fundamentally the same among various kinds of animal species. In acentriolar centriologenesis, centrioles are generated around deuterosomes by the use of fibrous granules. Components of the centriolar precursor structures, and genes that regulate the differentiation of ciliated cells, have been revealed. Ciliary abnormalities are classified into two categories: specific congenital defects of ciliary structure and acquired nonspecific anomalies of the ciliary apparatus. When ciliogenesis is disturbed, various nonspecific ciliary abnormalities develop in the cell. Inhibition of centriole migration results in the development of intracytoplasmic axonemes, cilia within periciliary sheaths, and intracellular ciliated vacuoles. Swollen cilia and the bulging type of compound cilia are formed during ciliary budding and elongation. Primary cilia can also develop from one of a pair of centrioles. They lack dynein arms and are immobile, but work as a mechanosensor and play a role during morphogenesis of the kidney. Abnormal function or structure of primary cilia results in the development of polycystic kidney disease. The axonemes of primary cilia or monocilia in the embryonic node cells are associated with dynein arms and move vortically. They have a role in determining the left-right (L-R) asymmetry of the fetus. This review also discusses the ciliogenesis of a primary cilium in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Garreau de Loubresse N, Ruiz F, Beisson J, Klotz C. Role of delta-tubulin and the C-tubule in assembly of Paramecium basal bodies. BMC Cell Biol 2001; 2:4. [PMID: 11255590 PMCID: PMC29069 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2001] [Accepted: 03/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A breakthrough in the understanding of centriole assembly was provided by the characterization of the UNI3 gene in Chlamydomonas. Deletion of this gene, found to encode a novel member of the tubulin superfamily, delta-tubulin, results in the loss of the C-tubule, in the nine microtubule triplets which are the hallmark of centrioles and basal bodies. Delta-tubulin homologs have been identified in the genomes of mammals and protozoa, but their phylogenetic relationships are unclear and their function is not yet known. RESULTS Using the method of gene-specific silencing, we have inactivated the Paramecium delta-tubulin gene, which was recently identified. This inactivation leads to loss of the C-tubule in all basal bodies, without any effect on ciliogenesis. This deficiency does not directly affect basal body duplication, but perturbs the cortical cytoskeleton, progressively leading to mislocalization and loss of basal bodies and to altered cell size and shape. Furthermore, additional loss of B- and even A-tubules at one or more triplet sites are observed: around these incomplete cylinders, the remaining doublets are nevertheless positioned according to the native ninefold symmetry. CONCLUSIONS The fact that in two distinct phyla, delta-tubulin plays a similar role provides a new basis for interpreting phylogenetic relationships among delta-tubulins. The role of delta-tubulin in C-tubule assembly reveals that tubulins contribute subtle specificities at microtubule nucleation sites. Our observations also demonstrate the existence of a prepattern for the ninefold symmetry of the organelle which is maintained even if less than 9 triplets develop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Françoise Ruiz
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire du C.N.R.S., Allée de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif- sur-Yvette, France
| | - Janine Beisson
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire du C.N.R.S., Allée de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif- sur-Yvette, France
| | - Catherine Klotz
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire du C.N.R.S., Allée de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif- sur-Yvette, France
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Tournier F, Laoukili J, Giuliani I, Gendron MC, Guennou C, Marano F. Ciliated differentiation of rabbit tracheal epithelial cells in vitro. Eur J Cell Biol 1998; 77:205-13. [PMID: 9860136 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-9335(98)80108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cultures of rabbit tracheal epithelial (RbTE) cells have been performed in two different ways. Quantitative analysis of both proliferative capacities and ciliated differentiation process were carried out using epithelial cell cultures from tracheal explants and from dissociated tracheal epithelial cells in air-liquid interface conditions. We show that both alpha- and beta-tubulins from RbTE cells are polyglutamylated and that this posttranslational modification is restricted to cilia axonemes and centrioles of non-ciliated cells. A monoclonal antibody raised against polyglutamylated tubulins was used to quantify the proportion of ciliated cells. Even though epithelial cells from outgrowths obtained by the explant technique highly proliferated during the first days of culture, no ciliated differentiation occurred. On the other hand, using air-liquid interface conditions after proliferation of dissociated cells, we could observe and quantify a ciliated cell differentiation in vitro by both Western blot and flow cytometric analysis. The specific detection and quantification of ciliated cells open the way for the biochemical and molecular characterization of centriolar components during ciliated differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tournier
- Laboratoire de Cytophysiologie et Toxicologie Cellulaire, Université Paris 7, France.
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35
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Hagiwara H, Aoki T, Fujimoto T. Ultrastructural observation on 'transitional tubules' in human oviductal ciliogenic cells. J Anat 1997; 191 ( Pt 2):285-90. [PMID: 9306204 PMCID: PMC1467680 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19120285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human oviduct epithelium during ciliogenesis, short tubular structures were found in the transitional zone between the basal body and cilium. The tubules, termed transitional tubules from their location, were 34-36 nm in diameter and 0.13 +/- 0.06 micron in length; the number around a basal body was variable, but usually 4-6. The cytoplasmic leaflets of the tubule membranes were coated by electron-dense material and appeared to be connected to alar sheets. The transitional tubules existed transiently during ciliogenesis. The exact role of transitional tubules is unknown, but considering their location, they may fix the basal body in the apical cytoplasm during ciliary elongation and/or may be related to formation of alar sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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36
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Steffen W, Fajer EA, Linck RW. Centrosomal components immunologically related to tektins from ciliary and flagellar microtubules. J Cell Sci 1994; 107 ( Pt 8):2095-105. [PMID: 7983171 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.107.8.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are critical for the nucleation and organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton during both interphase and cell division. Using antibodies raised against sea urchin sperm flagellar microtubule proteins, we characterize here the presence and behavior of certain components associated with centrosomes of the surf clam Spisula solidissima and cultured mammalian cells. A Sarkosyl detergent-resistant fraction of axonemal microtubules was isolated from sea urchin sperm flagella and used to produce monoclonal antibodies, 16 of which were specific- or cross-specific for the major polypeptides associated with this microtubule fraction: tektins A, B and C, acetylated alpha-tubulin, and 77 and 83 kDa polypeptides. By 2-D isoelectric focussing/SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the tektins separate into several polypeptide spots. Identical spots were recognized by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against a given tektin, indicating that the different polypeptide spots are isoforms or modified versions of the same protein. Four independently derived monoclonal anti-tektins were found to stain centrosomes of S. solidissima oocytes and CHO and HeLa cells, by immunofluorescence microscopy. In particular, the centrosome staining of one monoclonal antibody specific for tektin B (tekB3) was cell-cycle-dependent for CHO cells, i.e. staining was observed only from early prometaphase until late anaphase. By immuno-electron microscopy tekB3 specifically labeled material surrounding the centrosome, whereas a polyclonal anti-tektin B recognized centrioles as well as the centrosomal material throughout the cell cycle. Finally, by immunoblot analysis tekB3 stained polypeptides of 48–50 kDa in isolated spindles and centrosomes from CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Steffen
- University of Minnesota, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, Minneapolis 55455
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37
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Abstract
In eukaryotic cells a specialized organelle called the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) is responsible for disposition of microtubules in a radial, polarized array in interphase cells and in the spindle in mitotic cells. Eukaryotic cells across different species, and different cell types within single species, have morphologically diverse MTOCs, but these share a common function of organizing microtubule arrays. MTOCs effect microtubule organization by initiating microtubule assembly and anchoring microtubules by their slowly growing minus ends, thus ensuring that the rapidly growing plus ends extend distally in each microtubule array. The goal is to define molecular components of the MTOC responsible for regulating microtubule assembly. One approach to defining the molecules responsible for MTOC function is to look for molecules common to all MTOCs. A newly discovered centrosomal protein, gamma-tubulin, is found in MTOCs in cells from many different organisms, and has several properties which make it a candidate for both initiation of microtubule assembly and anchorage. The hypothesis that gamma-tubulin plays a role in MTOCs in microtubule initiation and anchorage is currently being tested by a variety of experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Joshi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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38
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Cifrian B, García-Corrales P, Martínez-Alos S. Intracytoplasmic ciliary elements in epidermal cells of Syndesmis echinorum and Paravortex cardii (Platyhelminthes, Dalyellioida). J Morphol 1992; 213:147-57. [PMID: 1518068 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052130202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal cells of Syndesmis echinorum and Paravortex cardii contain many intracytoplasmic ciliary components: clusters of centrioles disorganized and incomplete short axonemes composed of loosely organized microtubules of irregular lengths, fully formed axonemes though some with fewer than nine doublets, and ciliary rootlets. Furthermore, conspicuous dense granules are found in solitary groups in the cytoplasm. Clusters of dense granules are also closely associated with Golgi complexes and developing axonemal microtubules. Since the dense granules decrease in number as the axonemes increase, it is likely that the granules are involved in the formation of axonemal microtubules. Ciliary elements are especially abundant in epidermal cells of Paravortex cardii embryos, some of them resembling those previously described by several authors in differentiating ciliated cells engaged in centriologenesis and ciliogenesis. Attention has been focused on the relative proportion and position of these elements, as well as the different morphology and several assembling states that they exhibit in epidermal cells of adult S. echinorum and adults and embryos of P. cardii. A functional interpretation of some of the findings is given, which allows us to suggest a sequence of ciliogenetic events that occur in epidermal cells of both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cifrian
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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39
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Paintrand M, Moudjou M, Delacroix H, Bornens M. Centrosome organization and centriole architecture: their sensitivity to divalent cations. J Struct Biol 1992; 108:107-28. [PMID: 1486002 DOI: 10.1016/1047-8477(92)90011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome plays a major role in the spatial organization of the microtubular network and has a controlled cycle of duplication, the two duplicated centrosomes functioning as mitotic poles during subsequent cell division. However, a comprehensive description of the overall organization of the centrosome in animal cells is lacking. In order to integrate the various pieces contributing to the centrosome structure and to optimize the quality of the data, we have undertaken an extensive ultrastructural study of centrosomes isolated from human lymphoblasts, which involved (i) orientation of centrosomes by sedimentation before embedding and sectioning, (ii) ultrathin serial sectioning, (iii) digitalization of micrographs to obtain quantitative data, and finally, (iv) comparison between two methods of isolation, which differ by the presence or absence of EDTA. Using this strategy, we have unambiguously described the pericentriolar organization of two distinct sets of appendages (distal and subdistal) about the so-called parental centriole. New structures have been also observed in association with the microtubule sets in this study: (i) external columns, which are dense structures localized at the basis of the subdistal appendages and (ii) internal columns, which are made of globular subunits integrated in a more luminal and probably helical structure. We have also observed that removal of divalent cations by the EDTA during the isolation procedure could affect the centrosomal structure at different levels (subdistal appendages, internal and external columns, pericentriolar matrix), including a significant variation in centriole diameter. A scheme of the overall organization of the centrosome from animal cells and of its modulation by divalent cations can be drawn from this study. Our data gives a view of the centrosome as an organelle displaying a complex and possibly dynamic structural organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paintrand
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire du CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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40
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Odor DL. Light and electron microscopic observations on ciliated vacuoles and cysts in the oviductal and endocervical epithelia of the rabbit. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1991; 190:334-48. [PMID: 2058568 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001900403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ciliated vacuoles and intraepithelial cysts have been observed in oviductal and endocervical epithelia of rabbits. In this study, rabbits under various hormonal conditions were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy and tissue culture in an attempt to determine their distribution and origin. Ciliated vacuoles most frequently lay in the basal cytoplasm, below or beside the nucleus, and very close to the basal lamina. A few were apically located. Their average diameter was 8.8 by 5.1 microns. Cilia and microvilli projected into the vacuolar lumen. These vacuoles were located intracellularly as evidenced first by the degeneration of both their cilia and microvilli and the moderately dense matrix that often filled the vacuolar lumen, as observed by electron microscopy. Secondly, phase microscopy of the living endocervical epithelium allowed us to observe the beating of the cilia within the vacuoles, not on the surface of such cells. Thirdly, ruthenium red stained the surface glycocalyx of ciliated and secretory cells, but not that of the cilia and microvilli within the vacuoles. The intraepithelial cysts were not observed in all tissue blocks. The largest numbers were found in ovariectomized animals treated for 3 and 5 days with estradiol. More were seen in the isthmus and cervix than in the fimbria and ampulla. The cysts were located most often within the epithelium along the sides of, and at the bases of, the mucosal folds. They were lined by flattened epithelium of various combinations of secretory and ciliated cells. An unusual cell type was associated with some of the cysts and ciliated vacuoles. Its cytoplasm contained aggregates of mitochondria and vesicles whose contents varied in density. Although the genesis of the ciliated vacuoles is not certain, our results indicate that they may arise from aberrant positioning of proliferating procentrioles or from a defect in targeting or transporting the centrioles to the apical plasma membrane to serve as basal bodies. Fusion of adjacent ciliated vacuoles with lumina lined by secretory cells having deep apical invaginations appeared to contribute to the formation of cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Odor
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208
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41
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Albrecht-Buehler G. The iris diaphragm model of centriole and basal body formation. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1990; 17:197-213. [PMID: 2268874 DOI: 10.1002/cm.970170307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper suggests that the formation and structure of the microtubular skeleton of centrioles and basal bodies can be derived from the following simple geometric principle. A closed ring of nine microtubular initiation sites defines (1) a template for the packing of 18 additional microtubular initiation sites, and (2) the shape of nine rigid arms. Upon swivelling of each arm around a point located four initiation sites away on the initial ring, the array unfolds in a manner similar to the opening of an iris diaphragm. As a consequence, the curved shape of the microtubular triplet blades arises together with the clockwise rotational sense of the slanted blades of the centriole or basal body. The final diameter of the centriole (basal body) self-adjusts. Furthermore, the pitch of the triplet blades, the taper of centrioles and basal bodies, and the change of slant of the blades towards the distal end can be derived. In addition, the model points to a method of replication of pro-centrioles (pro-basal bodies). The hypothesis was tested by the fitting of electron microscopical cross sections of centrioles of 3T3 cells to the geometric shapes predicted by the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Albrecht-Buehler
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, and Structural Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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42
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Gavin RH, Duffus WA, Contard PC. Characteristics of basal body cartwheel reassembly. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1989; 36:391-7. [PMID: 2475622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1989.tb05533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cartwheel complexes reassembled in a fraction derived by treating isolated oral apparatuses from Tetrahymena with 1.0 M KCl for 12 h. Approximately 40% of the KCl-soluble protein reassembled into cartwheel complexes. The reassembly reaction was protein-concentration dependent, and reassembled cartwheels were stable at 3 degrees C. Sucrose gradient centrifugation resolved 3 high molecular mass protein complexes from the KCl-soluble fraction. Each of the 3 complexes has a different mass, but each contains the same 5 polypeptides, 2 of which are probably tubulins. When these complexes were removed from the KCl-soluble fraction by high speed centrifugation, cartwheel reassembly did not occur. The 5 polypeptides in the high molecular mass complexes were among several other polypeptides resolved from reassembled cartwheels by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The high molecular mass complexes are probably essential for cartwheel formation. The electrophoretic data also show that several polypeptides in the KCL-soluble fraction do not appear to be incorporated into cartwheels. These polypeptides are probably non-essential for cartwheel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Gavin
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York 11210
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43
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Loots GP, Nel PP. Early stages of ciliogenesis in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity of rabbit embryos. Cell Tissue Res 1989; 255:589-94. [PMID: 2706659 DOI: 10.1007/bf00218795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that ciliogenesis in the epithelial cells of various species exhibits similarities as well as differences. In an attempt to establish whether this process is identical in epithelial cells of a single species, early stages of centriole formation not previously described were encountered. Ciliogenesis was investigated in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity of 18 to 23-day-old rabbit embryos. The appearance of groups of deuterosomes and fibrous granules is followed by the radial formation of procentrioles around the deuterosomes and parent centrioles. The majority of the procentrioles, forming acentriolarly, occur in pairs, with their distal ends facing each other, between the deuterosomes. Subsequent growth of these procentrioles between deuterosomes in a group results in separating the deuterosomes from one another. The deuterosomes, however, still remain interconnected by means of the growing procentrioles. Accordingly, long chains and networks consisting of the above-mentioned structures are formed. After the procentrioles have attained a certain length, the chains and networks split into separate deuterosome-procentriole complexes. During these earlier stages of ciliogenesis fibrous granules are present, however, their function is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Loots
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
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44
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Curtis LN, Carson JL, Collier AM, Gambling TM, Hu SS, Leigh MW, Boat TF. Features of developing ferret tracheal epithelium: ultrastructural observations of in vivo and in vitro differentiation of ciliated cells. Exp Lung Res 1987; 13:223-40. [PMID: 3665853 DOI: 10.3109/01902148709064320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural features of the developing, surface epithelium of ferrets from birth to 28 days of age were characterized. Progressive ciliogenesis in vivo was observed, beginning with cells covering the membranous portion of the trachea. Emerging cilia appeared in ultrathin sections and by scanning electron microscopy at sites correlating with accumulation of integral membrane particles seen in freeze-fracture preparations. Two patterns of ciliogenesis were observed: (1) the random emergence of cilia over the apical cell surface, and (2) initial emergence of cilia at the peripheral boundary of the luminal border of individual cells. Novel, ringlike structures were observed on the surfaces of nonciliated cells at all ages studied. Active ciliogenesis as well as the appearance of ring structures also were documented in the superficial epithelium from 1- to 5-day-old animals maintained in vitro for up to 4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro 27412
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45
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Vorobjev IA, Nadezhdina ES. The centrosome and its role in the organization of microtubules. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1987; 106:227-93. [PMID: 3294718 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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46
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Miller ML, Andringa A, Vinegar A, Adams WD, Cibulas W, Brooks SM. Morphology of tracheal and bronchial epithelium and type II cells of the peripheral lung of the guinea pig after inhalation of toluene diisocyanate vapors. Exp Lung Res 1986; 11:145-63. [PMID: 3019655 DOI: 10.3109/01902148609063276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), a polymerizing agent used in production of plastics, can cause airways disease in some exposed individuals. Using guinea pigs as a model, the response of the airways and the type II cells of the peripheral lung was monitored morphologically and morphometrically after exposure to TDI vapors at 30 ppb, 260 ppb, and 3100 ppb. The two low doses of TDI caused little change in airways epithelium. There was no gross inflammatory cell infiltrate, however, surface infoldings and intracellular ciliated cysts increased in numbers. Animals exposed to 3100 ppb TDI 4 h/day for 5 days, sustained considerable damage to the epithelium, and stratified nonkeratinizing cells lined the airways until one week after exposure. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were present in the early period after exposure. Increased numbers of eosinophils were present between one and two weeks following exposure. Mitoses in the epithelium were common during recovery. In the peripheral lung, though a modest subjective increase in the number of type II cells was seen after 3100 ppb TDI, the volume density of type II cells, and organellar components (lamellar bodies, mitochondria, cisternal bodies) did not change significantly after any exposure level of TDI.
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47
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McDowell EM, Newkirk C, Coleman B. Development of hamster tracheal epithelium: II. Cell proliferation in the fetus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1985; 213:448-56. [PMID: 4073577 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092130310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of epithelial cells in the fetal trachea was studied in hamsters, beginning on the 10th gestational day and ending on the 16th day, shortly after birth. The mean mitotic index (MI) was highest on day 10, with no statistical confirmation of a change between days 10 and 11. The MI fell to about 2% on days 12 and 13, and declined thereafter to about 0.3% on day 16. The MIs for dorsal and ventral surfaces were compared and values were similar except on day 10, when ventral exceeded dorsal, and on day 12, when dorsal exceeded ventral, 2.56% and 1.3%, respectively. On days 10, 11, and 12 the epithelium was simple, composed of poorly differentiated columnar cells that proliferated. On day 13 the epithelium was pseudostratified owing to the presence of a few short cells that did not reach to the lumen. Throughout the fetal period, proliferation of columnar cells predominated but division of short (basal) cells increased from 8% to 40% of the total mitotic activity between day 13 and day 15. Proliferation of basal cells then declined, so that on day 16, 84% of all cells in mitosis were columnar. If basal cells divide to make more of themselves they must proliferate rapidly between day 13 and day 15, because they were virtually absent on day 12 but accounted for about 36% of the ventral and 23% of the dorsal epithelial cells on day 16. Based on the results, a hypothetical model is proposed for the formation of pseudostratified mucociliary epithelium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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48
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McDowell EM, Keenan KP, Trump BF. The pathogenesis of hormone-producing tumors of the lung. Recent Results Cancer Res 1985; 99:94-106. [PMID: 2999926 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-82533-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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49
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Tucker JB. Spatial organization of microtubule-organizing centers and microtubules. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1984; 99:55s-62s. [PMID: 6746731 PMCID: PMC2275597 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.99.1.55s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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50
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McDowell EM, Keenan KP, Huang M. Restoration of mucociliary tracheal epithelium following deprivation of vitamin A. A quantitative morphologic study. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1984; 45:221-40. [PMID: 6143448 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to learn more about the respective roles played by basal cells and mucous cells in the maintenance of tracheal mucociliary epithelium, cell kinetics and epithelial cell morphology were characterized over a 7-day period, during which dietary vitamin A was restored to previously deprived hamsters. Hamsters were reared from birth to 35 days of age on vitamin A-replete or deficient diets. Deprived hamsters were made replete by 5 mg vitamin A-acetate orally, plus a vitamin A-replete diet. Colchicine and 3HTdR were given 6 h before death. The numbers of basal cells, mucous cells, preciliated cells and ciliated cells, and mitotic rates (MR) and labeling indices (LI) of basal cells and mucous cells, were quantified in glycol methacrylate sections stained with PAS-lead hematoxylin. Vitamin A-deprivation decreased replication of basal cells and mucous cells in tracheal epithelium which showed minimal morphological change. The proportion of basal cells was increased and proportions of mucous, preciliated and ciliated cells were decreased. Following restoration of vitamin A to the diet, the basal cell MR remained below control level throughout the experimental period, but the mucous cell MR started to rise on day 2-replete, and on day 3-replete and thereafter the mucous cell MR was within the control range. Basal cell and mucous cell LI's showed similar trends. Preciliated cells were reduced or absent in vitamin A-deprived epithelium. Their number had risen by day 3-replete and thereafter they were generated within the control range. These cells matured into ciliated cells. By day 4-replete, the proportion of basal cells had decreased markedly and the proportions of mucous cells, and preciliated plus ciliated cells had increased, so that at this time cellular proportions were within or near control values. This trend continued so that by day 7-replete, a nearly normal mucociliary epithelium was restored. The results show that vitamin A-levels modulate replication rates of basal cells and mucous cells and indicate that mitotic division of mucous cells is a prerequisite for the genesis of preciliated cells and new mucous cells and for restoration of the mucociliary epithelium following deprivation of vitamin A in the diet.
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