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da Silva GS, Glass ML, Branco LG. Temperature and respiratory function in ectothermic vertebrates. J Therm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cunningham DJC, Robbins PA, Wolff CB. Integration of Respiratory Responses to Changes in Alveolar Partial Pressures of
CO
2
and O
2
and in Arterial pH. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mitchell RA, Loeschcke HH, Severinghaus JW, Richardson BW, Massion WH. REGIONS OF RESPIRATORY CHEMOSENSITIVITY ON THE SURFACE OF THE MEDULLA*. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Feldberg W. The ventral surface of the brain stem: a scarcely explored region of pharmacological sensitivity. Neuroscience 2001; 1:427-41. [PMID: 11370234 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(76)90093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Feldberg
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA
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6
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LOESCHCHKE HH, GERTZ KH. [Effect of oxygen pressure in inspired air on respiratory activity of the human, tested under the constant behavior of alveolar carbon dioxide pressure]. Pflugers Arch 2000; 267:460-77. [PMID: 13601053 DOI: 10.1007/bf00361733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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HARANATH PS, AYESHABEGUM N, SITARAMAYYA GV. THE EFFECTS OF PROCAINE INJECTED INTO THE CEREBRAL VENTRICLES OF CONSCIOUS AND ANAESTHETIZED DOGS. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1996; 24:339-47. [PMID: 14320848 PMCID: PMC1704114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1965.tb01720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dampney RA. The subretrofacial vasomotor nucleus: anatomical, chemical and pharmacological properties and role in cardiovascular regulation. Prog Neurobiol 1994; 42:197-227. [PMID: 8008825 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(94)90064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Dampney
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Seller H, König S, Czachurski J. Chemosensitivity of sympathoexcitatory neurones in the rostroventrolateral medulla of the cat. Pflugers Arch 1990; 416:735-41. [PMID: 2123339 DOI: 10.1007/bf00370623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that sympathoexcitatory neurones within the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM) may be chemosensitive was tested in chloralose-anaesthetized cats by artificial perfusion of the RVLM via the left vertebral artery. The baroreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors were denervated by bilaterally dissecting the carotid sinus and vagus nerves. Either white ramus T3 (WR-T3) or the renal nerve was recorded to monitor sympathetic activity. Perfusion with saline or Ringer solution bubbled with CO2 (10%-100%) produced a rapid and pronounced increase in sympathetic activity and blood pressure. Solutions adjusted to the same pH (pH 5.2 for 100% CO2) with HCl resulted in a much weaker excitation. A linear relationship between PCO2 and sympathetic activity was demonstrated. During prolonged perfusion (90 s) sympathetic activity returned to the control level after initial excitation and fell below control levels when perfusion ceased. The sympathetic activity response to CO2-bubbled solutions was unaffected by blockade of synaptic input by microinjection of CoCl2 into the RVLM, whereas spontaneous sympathetic activity and the supraspinal somato-sympathetic reflex from intercostal nerve T4 to WR-T3 were markedly reduced. It is therefore concluded that sympathoexcitatory bulbospinal neurones in the RVLM are directly chemosensitive to changes in arterial PCO2 and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Seller
- I. Physiologisches Institut, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Lassen NA. Is central chemoreceptor sensitive to intracellular rather than extracellular pH? CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 1990; 10:311-9. [PMID: 2118440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1990.tb00792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The chemosensitive area on the ventral surface of the brain stem responds to local acidosis by eliciting hyperventilation and to local alkalosis by hypoventilation. The stimulus is conventionally thought to be the hydrogen ion concentration in the area's extracellular fluid. It is pointed out, however, that the elegant studies by Loeschcke & Ahmad have demonstrated that [pH]e and [pH]i are normally tightly and rapidly coupled (Loeschcke & Ahmad, 1980). For this reason, the stimulus might just as well be the intracellular hydrogen ion concentration in the chemoreceptor area. The administration of acetazolamide allows the dissociation of [pH]e from [pH]i. With acetazolamide a sharp acid shift of CSF pH [( pH]c) is measured and in two consonance with this shift a marked increase in CBF is seen. Comparing these two reactions to that obtained with CO2 breathing, it is apparent that 7% CO2 causes about the same decrease in [pH]e and the same increase in CBF. In other words CBF acidosis can quantitatively account for the CBF increase induced by acetazolamide. But CO2 and acetazolamide influence [pH]i quite differently, as CO2 drops [pH]i to almost the same extent as [pH]c, while two recent studies by MR spectroscopy have shown that acetazolamide does not drop [pH]i measurably, if tissue hypercapnia is prevented in artificially ventilated rabbits or by the mild spontaneous hyperventilation caused by acetazolamide in normal man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Lassen
- Department of Clinical Physiology/Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Marshall JM. Modulation of the centrally-evoked visceral alerting/defence response by changes in CSF pH at the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata and by systemic hypercapnia. Pflugers Arch 1986; 407:46-54. [PMID: 3737381 DOI: 10.1007/bf00580719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study on nine cats, repeated tests were made of the effects of superfusion of the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata with acid or alkaline CSF. Only two animals showed slight hyperventilation, tachycardia, mesenteric vasoconstriction and variable changes in hindlimb vascular conductance when the ventral surface was superfused with acid CSF; alkaline CSF produced opposite effects. These changes are qualitatively similar to, but much smaller than, published results which support the idea that the central chemoreceptor areas for CO2 are near the surface of the ventral medulla. But, in accord with those who have disputed this idea, the remaining 7 animals showed no response to superfusion with acid or alkaline CSF. Yet, all 9 animals showed marked hyperventilation in response to inhalation of 5% or 8% CO2. These findings accord with the view that chemosensitive structures on the ventral medulla represent part, but not all of the central chemosensitive mechanism for CO2. Inhalation of CO2 also induced bradycardia, mesenteric vasodilatation and either vasodilatation or vasoconstriction in hindlimb, attributable to a predominance of the direct myocardial depressant and local vasodilator effects of CO2, over the increase in sympathetic activity produced by central hypercapnia. But, despite the different effects of acid CSF and inhaled CO2 on baselines, they produced comparable effects on the visceral altering/defence response evoked by electrical stimulation in the ventral amygdalo-hypothalamic pathway viz, the magnitude of the characteristic hindlimb dilatation was reduced while that of the mesenteric constriction was increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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12
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Helke CJ, Charlton CG, Keeler JR. Bulbospinal substance P and sympathetic regulation of the cardiovascular system: a review. Peptides 1985; 6 Suppl 2:69-74. [PMID: 2417209 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(85)90137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter role of substance P in mediating sympathoexcitatory effects in the spinal cord and cardiovascular effects elicited from the ventral medulla is presented. SP neurons located in the ventral medulla project to the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord. Intrathecal administration of a SP analog excites sympathetic outflow to the cardiovascular system. Likewise, activation of the ventral medulla results in sympathetically mediated increases in blood pressure and heart rate which are blocked with SP antagonists. The IML contained a high density of SP binding sites through which the peptide likely exerts its sympathoexcitatory influence on the cardiovascular system.
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13
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Koepchen HP. Respiratory and Cardiovascular “Centres”: Functional Entirety or Separate Structures? PROCEEDINGS IN LIFE SCIENCES 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-68657-3_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Loeschcke HH, Schlaefke ME, See WR, Herker-See A. Does CO2 act on the respiratory centers? Pflugers Arch 1979; 381:249-54. [PMID: 574634 DOI: 10.1007/bf00583256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Schlaefke ME, Kille JF, Loeschcke HH. Elimination of central chemosensitivity by coagulation of a bilateral area on the ventral medullary surface in awake cats. Pflugers Arch 1979; 378:231-41. [PMID: 571089 DOI: 10.1007/bf00592741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Breathing and respiratory response to CO2 were observed in 6 awake cats and 1 control before and after bilateral coagulation of the formerly described area S (Schläfke and Loeschcke, 1967) on the ventral medullary surface under hyperoxic conditions. Ventilation decreased, PCO2 rose and CO2 response was almost or completely abolished in 4 cats, and moderately reduced in 2 cats. Inhalation of CO2 had an inhibitory effect on ventilation in two cases. In some instances the respiratory frequency was increased by CO2. Periodic breathing as well as spontaneous hyperventilation elicited by 'arousal' indicate parallels to the Pickwickian or Ondine's curse syndrome. No respiratory changes were produced by a lesion on the pyramidal tract medial to the area S. It is concluded that central chemosensitivity can be eliminated within the superficial layer of the area S. The loss of CO2 response seems to be correlated with complete destruction of the superficial nerve cells located within the area S (Petrovický, 1968) and degeneration within the ventral part of the nucleus paragigantocellularis.
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17
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Haranath PS, Indira-Narayan G, Venkatakrishna-Bhatt H. Pressor response induced by local anaesthetics perfused through the cerebral ventricles of dogs. Br J Pharmacol 1975; 55:3-7. [PMID: 1182346 PMCID: PMC1666714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1975.tb07603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
1 The antihistamines mepyramine and halopyramine which have local anesthetic properties, produced a rise in arterial blood pressure followed by a fall, similar to that seen with procaine, when perfused in a 10 mg/ml solution from the lateral ventricle to the cisterna magna in dogs. 2 The pressor response produced by procaine perfused through the cerebral ventricle is due to an action on structures situated in the caudal half of the floor of the fourth ventricle because a pressor response was obtained when a few microlitres of a 50 mg/ml solution of procaine were applied to a small area of the exposed floor of the fourth ventricle in a region 2 to 4 mm rostral to obex, and after cauterization of this area procaine perfused through the cerebral ventricles no longer raised arterial blood pressure. 3 Bilateral denervation of the carotid sinus did not affect the pressor response obtained with procaine perfused through the cerebral ventricles. 4 The pressor response to procaine is mediated through the sympathetic nervous system. It results partly from an increased adrenaline discharge from the adrenal glands and partly from increased sympathetic vasomotor tone, because the response is abolished or attenuated after removal of the adrenal glands and intravenous injections of hexamethonium and phentolamine.
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18
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Koepchen HP, Langhorst P, Seller H. The problem of identification of autonomic neurons in the lower brain stem. Brain Res 1975; 87:375-93. [PMID: 1125785 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Bloch R, Bousquet P, Feldman J, Schwartz J. The mechanism of action of clonidine. Biochem Pharmacol 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Abstract
1. In anaesthetized cats under artificial ventilation, a few milligrams of pentobarbitone sodium injected into the cerebral ventricles produced a pronounced fall in arterial blood pressure, which was central in origin and resulted from inhibition of vasomotor tone.2. Pentobarbitone sodium was more effective in lowering blood pressure when injected into the cerebral ventricles than when injected into the cisterna magna, yet the pentobarbitone sodium did not act on structures in the ventricular wall, but acted on structures reached from the subarachnoid space.3. To produce its vasodepressor effect, the pentobarbitone sodium had to pass through the foramina of Luschka into the subarachmoid space beneath the medulla oblongata and to penetrate its ventral surface in a region caudal to the trapezoid bodies and lateral to the pyramids. This was the outcome of experiments in which the pentobarbitone sodium was injected into or perfused through the cerebral ventricles with or without an outflow cannula inserted into the aqueduct or into the fourth ventricle, and of experiments in which pentobarbitone sodium solutions were applied by means of Perspex rings to this region of the exposed ventral surface of the medulla. Whereas the application of pentobarbitone sodium to this region on one side had a weak vasodepressor effect only, its application on both sides produced a pronounced fall in arterial blood pressure.4. The region where pentobarbitone acted on topical application covers the region where nerve cells are found in the marginal glia immediately under the pia mater. The possibility is discussed that these cells are the morphological substrate on which the pentobarbitone acts, that arterial blood pressure is maintained by their activity which is suppressed by the pentobarbitone sodium.
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Loeschcke HH. [The acid-base status of cerebrospinal fluid and its regulation by ventilation of the lungs]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1972; 50:581-93. [PMID: 5066091 DOI: 10.1007/bf01488776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Borison HL, Haranath PS, McCarthy LE. Respiratory responses to chemical pulses in the cerebrospinal fluid of cats. Br J Pharmacol 1972; 44:605-16. [PMID: 5068007 PMCID: PMC1666000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb07300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
1. In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, the fluid spaces in and around the brain stem were perfused from the third ventricle to the foramen magnum with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) flowing usually at the rate of 5 ml/minute. Test solutions were substituted for the artificial c.s.f. without switching artifact for periods varying from 5 to 60 seconds. Observations were made on respiratory excursions, end-expiratory% CO(2) and arterial blood pressure.2. Perfusion with sucrose solution equiosmolar with the c.s.f. produced no respiratory or cardiovascular response. Replacement of sodium with potassium (60 to 133 mM) resulted in a prompt but mild respiratory stimulation and a delayed fall in blood pressure associated with a slowing of the heart beat. Replacement of sodium with magnesium (40 to 131 mM) resulted in a late prolonged apneustic depression of breathing and in an early but slight reduction in blood pressure.3. Procaine (1 to 50 mg/ml) elicited a respiratory response similar to that of excess magnesium; however, an initial rise in blood pressure to as high as 200 mmHg was evoked with procaine. Nicotine (0.05 to 0.5 mg/ml) produced an immediate brief bradypnea followed by a vigorous and slowly reversing hyperpnea accompanied most often by a fall in blood pressure. Tachyphylaxis was observed in the response to nicotine. Noradrenaline (0.001 and 0.1 mg/ml) did not produce any effect, and it did not alter the responses elicited by procaine and nicotine given by perfusion either simultaneous with or subsequent to the noradrenaline. Acetylcholine (0.5 mg/ml) produced weak transient respiratory stimulation and a small fluctuation in blood pressure which disappeared in repeated tests. Methacholine (1 mg/ml) caused a brief hyperpnea and a fall in blood pressure both of which were abolished after atropine (0.2 mg) was injected into the third ventricle. Pilocarpine (10 mg/ml) elicited no change in respiration or blood pressure. Respiratory and cardiovascular effects produced by strychnine (1 mg/ml) were attributable non-specifically to convulsive movements of the animal. Ethamivan (1 mg/ml) produced a single deep breath and a slowly reversing rise in blood pressure. Cyanide (0.5 mg/ml) barely stimulated the respiration but it produced a long lasting rise in blood pressure. Ethyl alcohol (0.1 ml/ml) elicited brisk though brief respiratory stimulation and a short lasting fall in blood pressure.4. It was shown that the effects of procaine and nicotine were not qualitatively altered when the perfusion effluent was collected through a ventral craniotomy instead of the cisterna magna.
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23
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Berndt J, Berger W, Berger K, Schmidt M. [Studies on the central chemosensitive mechanism of respiration. II. Control of respiration by the extracellular pH in medullary tissue]. Pflugers Arch 1972; 332:146-70. [PMID: 5063231 DOI: 10.1007/bf00589090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Berndt J, Berger W, Trouth CO. Respiratory and circulatory effects of 100 meq-l potassium or 2 per cent procaine in the cerebrospinal fluid of cats. Pflugers Arch 1970; 321:346-63. [PMID: 5531240 DOI: 10.1007/bf00588648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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25
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Haranath PS, Venkatakrishna-Bhatt H. Procaine perfused into cerebral ventricles and subarachnoid space in conscious and anaesthetized dogs. Br J Pharmacol 1968; 34:408-16. [PMID: 5687594 PMCID: PMC1703347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1968.tb07061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Perfusion of 1% procaine into the cerebral ventricles of conscious dogs produced mild paresis, defaecation, vomiting, jerky movements of eyelids, brisk nystagmus, increase in amplitude of respiration and sometimes loss of consciousness. Procaine 2% produced paralysis, loss of consciousness and sometimes respiratory depression.2. Procaine 2% perfused into the cerebral ventricles of dogs under chloralose anaesthesia produced an initial increase in amplitude of respiration, which preceded its final depression, which is due primarily to procaine and only partly to a change in pH.3. The site of action for the initial increase in amplitude of respiration was in the fourth ventricle, for it did not occur on perfusion of procaine into the cranial subarachnoid space.4. Perfusion of spinal subarachnoid space with procaine is enough to cause respiratory failure even when the procaine does not reach the medulla.
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26
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Banerjee U, Burks TF, Feldberg W, Goodrich CA. Temperature effects and catalepsy produced by morphine injected into the cerebral ventricles of rabbits. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1968; 33:544-51. [PMID: 5750117 PMCID: PMC1570252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1968.tb00503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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27
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�ber die Glia marginalis und oberfl�chliche Nervenzellen im Hirnstamm der Katze. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00526130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vergleich der Wirkung verschiedener Acidosen (NH4Cl, CaCl2, Acetazolamid) auf die Lungenbel�ftung beim Menschen. Pflugers Arch 1960. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00362215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Ochwadt B, B�cherl E, Kreuzer H, Loeschcke HH. Beeinflussung der Atemsteigerung bei Muskelarbeit durch partiellen neuromuskul�ren Block (Tubocurarin). Pflugers Arch 1959. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00362415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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LOESCHCKE HH, KOEPCHEN HP. [An attempt to localize the point of attack of novocaine in the cerebrospinal fluid on respiration and blood circulation]. Pflugers Arch 1958; 266:628-41. [PMID: 13601002 DOI: 10.1007/bf00363039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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LOESCHCKE HH, KOEPCHEN HP. �ber das Verhalten der Atmung und des arteriellen Drucks bei Einbringen von Veratridin, Lobelin und Cyanid in den Liquor cerebrospinalis. Pflugers Arch 1958; 266:586-610. [PMID: 13601000 DOI: 10.1007/bf00363037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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