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Li Q, Zheng X, Chen M. Ecotoxicological effects of tungsten on celery ( Apium graveolens L) and pepper ( Capsicum spp.). PeerJ 2024; 12:e17601. [PMID: 38938608 PMCID: PMC11210458 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tungsten (W) is an emerging heavy metal pollutant, yet research remains scarce on the biomonitor and sensitive biomarkers for W contamination. Methods In this study, celery and pepper were chosen as study subjects and subjected to exposure cultivation in solutions with five different levels of W. The physiological and biochemical toxicities of W on these two plants were systematically analyzed. The feasibility of utilizing celery and pepper as biomonitor organisms for W contamination was explored and indicative biomarkers were screened. Results The results indicated that W could inhibit plants' root length, shoot height, and fresh weight while concurrently promoting membrane lipid peroxidation. Additionally, W enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) to counteract oxidative damage. From a physiological perspective, pepper exhibited potential as a biomonitor for W contamination. Biochemical indicators suggested that SOD could serve as a sensitive biomarker for W in celery, while TAOC and POD were more suitable for the roots and leaves of pepper. In conclusion, our study investigated the toxic effects of W on celery and pepper, contributing to the understanding of W's environmental toxicity. Furthermore, it provided insights for selecting biomonitor organisms and sensitive biomarkers for W contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Mining and Metallurgy, Ganzhou, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center jointly established by the Ministry and the Ministry of Rare Earth Resources Development and Utilization, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Environmental Engineering Vocational College, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Zheng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Mining and Metallurgy, Ganzhou, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center jointly established by the Ministry and the Ministry of Rare Earth Resources Development and Utilization, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Mining and Metallurgy, Ganzhou, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center jointly established by the Ministry and the Ministry of Rare Earth Resources Development and Utilization, Ganzhou, China
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2
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Kurnia KA, Lin YT, Farhan A, Malhotra N, Luong CT, Hung CH, Roldan MJM, Tsao CC, Cheng TS, Hsiao CD. Deep Learning-Based Automatic Duckweed Counting Using StarDist and Its Application on Measuring Growth Inhibition Potential of Rare Earth Elements as Contaminants of Emerging Concerns. TOXICS 2023; 11:680. [PMID: 37624185 PMCID: PMC10457735 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been efforts to utilize surface water as a power source, material, and food. However, these efforts are impeded due to the vast amounts of contaminants and emerging contaminants introduced by anthropogenic activities. Herbicides such as Glyphosate and Glufosinate are commonly known to contaminate surface water through agricultural industries. In contrast, some emerging contaminants, such as rare earth elements, have started to enter the surface water from the production and waste of electronic products. Duckweeds are angiosperms from the Lemnaceae family and have been used for toxicity tests in aquatic environments, mainly those from the genus Lemna, and have been approved by OECD. In this study, we used duckweed from the genus Wolffia, which is smaller and considered a good indicator of metal pollutants in the aquatic environment. The growth rate of duckweed is the most common endpoint in observing pollutant toxicity. In order to observe and mark the fronds automatically, we used StarDist, a machine learning-based tool. StarDist is available as a plugin in ImageJ, simplifying and assisting the counting process. Python also helps arrange, manage, and calculate the inhibition percentage after duckweeds are exposed to contaminants. The toxicity test results showed Dysprosium to be the most toxic, with an IC50 value of 14.6 ppm, and Samarium as the least toxic, with an IC50 value of 279.4 ppm. In summary, we can provide a workflow for automatic frond counting using StarDist integrated with ImageJ and Python to simplify the detection, counting, data management, and calculation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Adi Kurnia
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan; (K.A.K.); (A.F.)
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan;
| | - Ying-Ting Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan;
- Drug Development & Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ali Farhan
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan; (K.A.K.); (A.F.)
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan;
| | - Nemi Malhotra
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan;
| | - Cao Thang Luong
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Da-Shu, Kaohsiung City 84001, Taiwan; (C.T.L.); (C.-H.H.)
| | - Chih-Hsin Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Da-Shu, Kaohsiung City 84001, Taiwan; (C.T.L.); (C.-H.H.)
| | - Marri Jmelou M. Roldan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines;
| | - Che-Chia Tsao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Sheng Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan; (K.A.K.); (A.F.)
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan;
- Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan
- Research Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan
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Park J, Yoo EJ, Shin K, Depuydt S, Li W, Appenroth KJ, Lillicrap AD, Xie L, Lee H, Kim G, Saeger JD, Choi S, Kim G, Brown MT, Han T. Interlaboratory Validation of Toxicity Testing Using the Duckweed Lemna minor Root-Regrowth Test. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010037. [PMID: 35053036 PMCID: PMC8772783 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Duckweed (Lemna minor) is commonly used as a phytotoxicity test organism, adopted by the main international standardization organizations (ISO, OECD, USEPA, ASTM). For duckweed tests, measurements of fronds or biomass are usually preferred with a standard exposure period of at least 7 days. The proposed root- regrowth test differs from other internationally standardized methods in several important aspects: (a) the test can be performed within 72 h; (b) the test vessel was a 24-well cell plate; (c) the required volume of test water samples was 3 mL; (d) roots were excised before exposure and newly developed roots then measured. The validation of the new test method by interlaboratory comparison tests confirmed that the Lemna root bioassay is valid and reliable. The root growth test is therefore a valuable tool for rapid toxicity screening of wastewater effluents and hazardous pollutants in natural waters because it is simple to perform, quick to conduct, cost-effective to operate, and can have operational benefits for testing time, since management decisions need to be made promptly in the event of unpredictable pollution events. Abstract The common duckweed (Lemna minor), a freshwater monocot that floats on the surfaces of slow-moving streams and ponds, is commonly used in toxicity testing. The novel Lemna root- regrowth test is a toxicity test performed in replicate test vessels (24-well plates), each containing 3 mL test solution and a 2–3 frond colony. Prior to exposure, roots are excised from the plant, and newly developed roots are measured after 3 days of regrowth. Compared to the three internationally standardized methods, this bioassay is faster (72 h), simpler, more convenient (requiring only a 3-mL) and cheaper. The sensitivity of root regrowth to 3,5-dichlorophenol was statistically the same as using the conventional ISO test method. The results of interlaboratory comparison tests conducted by 10 international institutes showed 21.3% repeatability and 27.2% reproducibility for CuSO4 and 21.28% repeatability and 18.6% reproducibility for wastewater. These validity criteria are well within the generally accepted levels of <30% to 40%, confirming that this test method is acceptable as a standardized biological test and can be used as a regulatory tool. The Lemna root regrowth test complements the lengthier conventional protocols and is suitable for rapid screening of wastewater and priority substances spikes in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihae Park
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Korea; (J.P.); (S.D.); (H.L.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Eun-Jin Yoo
- Environmental Measurement & Analysis Center, Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Incheon 22689, Korea;
| | - Kisik Shin
- Water Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Incheon 22689, Korea;
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Korea; (J.P.); (S.D.); (H.L.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Plant Biology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Klaus-J. Appenroth
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Adam D. Lillicrap
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579 Oslo, Norway; (A.D.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Li Xie
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579 Oslo, Norway; (A.D.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Hojun Lee
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Korea; (J.P.); (S.D.); (H.L.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Geehyoung Kim
- Environmental Technology Center, Environmental Corporation of Incheon, 6, Songdogukje-daero 372, Incheon 22014, Korea;
| | - Jonas De Saeger
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Korea; (J.P.); (S.D.); (H.L.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Soyeon Choi
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Incheon 22012, Korea; (S.C.); (G.K.)
| | - Geonhee Kim
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Incheon 22012, Korea; (S.C.); (G.K.)
| | - Murray T. Brown
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK;
| | - Taejun Han
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Incheon 21985, Korea; (J.P.); (S.D.); (H.L.); (J.D.S.)
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Incheon 22012, Korea; (S.C.); (G.K.)
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653-block F, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Ueda K, Nagai T. Relative sensitivity of duckweed Lemna minor and six algae to seven herbicides. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2021; 46:267-273. [PMID: 34566460 PMCID: PMC8422251 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d21-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relative sensitivity of duckweed Lemna minor and six species of algae to seven herbicides, using an efficient high-throughput microplate-based toxicity assay. First, we assessed the sensitivity of L. minor to the seven herbicides, and then we compared its sensitivity to that of previously published data for six algal species based on EC50 values. For five herbicides, the most sensitive species differed: L. minor was most sensitive to cyclosulfamuron: Raphidocelis subcapitata was most sensitive to pretilachlor and esprocarb: Desmodesmus subspicatus was most sensitive to pyraclonil; and Navicula pelliculosa was most sensitive to pyrazoxyfen. Simetryn was evenly toxic to all species, whereas 2,4-D was evenly less toxic, with only small differences in species sensitivity. These results suggested that a single algal species cannot represent the sensitivity of the primary producer assemblage to a given herbicide. Therefore, to assess the ecological effects of herbicides, aquatic plant and multispecies algal toxicity data sets are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ueda
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3–1–3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8604, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagai
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3–1–3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8604, Japan
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Falanga A, Siciliano A, Vitiello M, Franci G, Del Genio V, Galdiero S, Guida M, Carraturo F, Fahmi A, Galdiero E. Ecotoxicity Evaluation of Pristine and Indolicidin-coated Silver Nanoparticles in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystem. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:8097-8108. [PMID: 33116520 PMCID: PMC7585781 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s260396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are highly exploited in manufacturing and medical processes in a broad spectrum of industrial applications and in the academic sectors. Several studies have suggested that many metallic nanomaterials including those derived by silver (Ag) are entering the ecosystem to cause significant toxic consequences in cell culture and animal models. However, ecotoxicity studies are still receiving limited attention when designing functionalized and non.-functionalized AgNPs. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate different ecotoxicological profiles of AgNPs, which were analyzed in two different states: in pristine form uncoated AgNPs and coated AgNPs with the antimicrobial peptide indolicidin. These two types of AgNPs are exploited for a set of different tests using Daphnia magna and Raphidocelis subcapitata, which are representatives of two different levels of the aquatic trophic chain, and seeds of Lepidium sativum, Cucumis sativus and Lactuca sativa. RESULTS Ecotoxicological studies showed that the most sensitive organism to AgNPs was crustacean D. magna, followed by R. subcapitata and plant seeds, while AgNPs coated with indolicidin (IndAgNPs) showed a dose-dependent decreased toxicity for all three. CONCLUSION The obtained results demonstrate that high ecotoxicity induced by AgNPs is strongly dependent on the surface chemistry, thus the presence of the antimicrobial peptide. This finding opens new avenues to design and fabricate the next generation of metallic nanoparticles to ensure the biosafety and risk of using engineered nanoparticles in consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Falanga
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Portici80055, Italy
| | | | - Mariateresa Vitiello
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Virology Unit, “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona Hospital”, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Genio
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples80134, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples80134, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples80100, Italy
| | - Federica Carraturo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples80100, Italy
| | - Amir Fahmi
- Rhein-Waal University of Applied Sciences, KleveD-47533, Germany
| | - Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples80100, Italy
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Macagno J, Lescano MR, Berli CLA. Milli-channel array for direct and quick reading of root elongation bioassays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 178:51-57. [PMID: 30991247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel platform to perform systematic analysis and direct reading of root elongation bioassays is presented. The device was designed to include multiplexed microenvironments for the germination and growth of individual seeds, which allows observation by the naked eye or by optical systems, notably cellphone cameras. Prototypes were fabricated by laser micromachining on a highly transparent material that is fully compatible with biological systems. The effectiveness of the milli-channel array was verified against the conventional system (Petri dish). Lactuca sativa was chosen as a model species and glyphosate as a typical toxic agent. All tests were run according to standardized procedures and data analysis was carried out through different statistical indicators such as the root elongation and germination indexes. Results attained in the milli-channel array were identical to those in Petri dish, with the remarkable benefit that several steps required in the conventional system were avoided, which enormously decreases the operation time and the possibility of experimental errors. Further advantages of the milli-channel array are also reported, such as the capability to achieve live imaging of plant organs growth through a simple experiment. The developed device has been proven to be effective, versatile, easy-to-use, and integrable to cellphones, which naturally provide facilities for data recording, analysis, and networking. These improvements open the route to novel applications of bioassays in the wide field of ecotoxicology and environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Macagno
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Predio CCT-CONICET, RN 168, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maia R Lescano
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Predio CCT-CONICET, RN 168, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudio L A Berli
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Predio CCT-CONICET, RN 168, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Lyu J, Park J, Kumar Pandey L, Choi S, Lee H, De Saeger J, Depuydt S, Han T. Testing the toxicity of metals, phenol, effluents, and receiving waters by root elongation in Lactuca sativa L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 149:225-232. [PMID: 29182968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxicity tests using higher plants are among the most simple, sensitive, and cost-effective of the methods available for ecotoxicity testing. In the present study, a hydroponic-based phytotoxicity test using seeds of Lactuca sativa was used to evaluate the water quality of receiving waters and effluents near two industrial sites (Soyo and Daejon) in Korea with respect to the toxicity of 10 metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, Zn) and phenol, and of the receiving waters and effluents themselves. First, the L. sativa hydroponic bioassay was used to determine whether the receiving water or effluents were toxic; then, the responsible toxicant was identified. The results obtained with the L. sativa bioassay ranked the EC50 toxicities of the investigated metal ions and phenol as: Cd > Ni > Cu > Zn > Hg > phenol > As > Mn > Cr > Pb > Fe. We found that Zn was the toxicant principally responsible for toxicity in Daejeon effluents. The Daejeon field effluent had a higher Zn concentration than permitted by the effluent discharge criteria of the Ministry of Environment of Korea. Our conclusion on the importance of Zn toxicity was supported by the results of the L. sativa hydroponic assay, which showed that the concentration of Zn required to inhibit root elongation in L. sativa by 50% (EC50) was higher in the Daejeon field effluent than that of pure Zn. More importantly, we proved that the L. sativa hydroponic test method can be applied not only as an alternative tool for determining whether a given waste is acceptable for discharge into public water bodies, but also as an alternative method for measuring the safety of aquatic environments using EC20 values, with respect to the water pollutants investigated (i.e., Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, Zn, and phenol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lyu
- Department of Life Sciences, Jilin Normal University, Siping City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jihae Park
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songomunhwa-Ro, 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Lalit Kumar Pandey
- Institute of Green Environmental Research Center, 169, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Choi
- Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonas De Saeger
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songomunhwa-Ro, 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songomunhwa-Ro, 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Han
- Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; Ghent University Global Campus, 119, Songdomunwha-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea.
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Guo L, Ding Y, Xu Y, Li Z, Jin Y, He K, Fang Y, Zhao H. Responses of Landoltia punctata to cobalt and nickel: Removal, growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant system and starch metabolism. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 190:87-93. [PMID: 28697459 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Landoltia punctata has been considered as a potential bioenergy crop due to its high biomass and starch yields in different cultivations. Cobalt and nickel are known to induce starch accumulation in duckweed. We monitored the growth rate, net photosynthesis rate, total chlorophyll content, Rubisco activity, Co2+ and Ni2+ contents, activity of antioxidant enzymes, starch content and activity of related enzymes under various concentrations of cobalt and nickel. The results indicate that Co2+ and Ni2+ (≤0.5mgL-1) can facilitate growth in the beginning. Although the growth rate, net photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll content and Rubisco activity were significantly inhibited at higher concentrations (5mgL-1), the starch content increased sharply up to 53.3% dry weight (DW) in L. punctata. These results were attributed to the increase in adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and soluble starch synthase (SSS) activities and the decrease in α-amylase activity upon exposure to excess Co2+ and Ni2+. In addition, a substantial increase in the antioxidant enzyme activities and high flavonoid contents in L. punctata may have largely resulted in the metal tolerance. Furthermore, the high Co2+ and Ni2+ contents (2012.9±18.8 and 1997.7±29.2mgkg-1 DW) in the tissue indicate that L. punctata is a hyperaccumulator. Thus, L. punctata can be considered as a potential candidate for the simultaneous bioremediation of Co2+- and Ni2+-polluted water and high-quality biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanqiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhidan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanling Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaize He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Hai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Park J, Brown MT, Depuydt S, Kim JK, Won DS, Han T. Comparing the acute sensitivity of growth and photosynthetic endpoints in three Lemna species exposed to four herbicides. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:818-827. [PMID: 27810110 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An ecological impact assessment of four herbicides (atrazine, diuron, paraquat and simazine) was assessed using the aquatic floating vascular plants, Lemna gibba, Lemna minor and Lemna paucicostata as test organisms. The sensitivity of several ecologically relevant parameters (increase in frond area, root length after regrowth, maximum and effective quantum yield of PSII and maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax), were compared after a 72 h exposure to herbicides. The present test methods require relatively small sample volume (3 mL), shorter exposure times (72 h), simple and quick analytical procedures as compared with standard Lemna assays. Sensitivity ranking of endpoints, based on EC50 values, differed depending on the herbicide. The most toxic herbicides were diuron and paraquat and the most sensitive endpoints were root length (6.0-12.3 μg L-1) and ETRmax (4.7-10.3 μg L-1) for paraquat and effective quantum yield (6.8-10.4 μg L-1) for diuron. Growth and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in all three Lemna species were sensitive enough to detect toxic levels of diuron and paraquat in water samples in excess of allowable concentrations set by international standards. CV values of all EC50s obtained from the Lemna tests were in the range of 2.8-24.33%, indicating a high level of repeatability comparable to the desirable level of <30% for adoption of toxicity test methods as international standards. Our new Lemna methods may provide useful information for the assessment of toxicity risk of residual herbicides in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihae Park
- Division of Life Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songomunhwa-ro, 119 Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Murray T Brown
- School of Marine Science & Engineering, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songomunhwa-ro, 119 Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang K Kim
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Dam-Soo Won
- Water Supply Operations & Maintenance Department, Korea Water Resources Corporation, 200 Sintanjin-ro, Daedeok-gu, Daejun 61949, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Han
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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Park J, Yoon JH, Depuydt S, Oh JW, Jo YM, Kim K, Brown MT, Han T. The sensitivity of an hydroponic lettuce root elongation bioassay to metals, phenol and wastewaters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 126:147-153. [PMID: 26748376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The root elongation bioassay is one of the most straightforward test methods used for environmental monitoring in terms of simplicity, rapidity and economy since it merely requires filter paper, distilled water and Petri dishes. However, filter paper as a support material is known to be problematic as it can reduce the sensitivity of the test. The newly developed hydroponic method reported here differs from the conventional root elongation method (US EPA filter paper method) in that no support material is used and the exposure time is shorter (48 h in this test versus 120 h in the US EPA test). For metals, the hydroponic test method was 3.3 (for Hg) to 57 (for Cu) times more sensitive than the US EPA method with the rank orders of sensitivity, estimated from EC50 values, being Cu≥Cd>Ni≥Zn≥Hg for the former and Hg≥Cu≥Ni≥Cd≥Zn for the latter methods. For phenol, the results did not differ significantly; EC50 values were 124 mg L(-1) and 108-180 mg L(-1) for the hydroponic and filter paper methods, respectively. Lettuce was less sensitive than daphnids to wastewaters, but the root elongation response appears to be wastewater-specific and is especially sensitive for detecting the presence of fluorine. The new hydroponic test thus provides many practical advantages, especially in terms of cost and time-effectiveness requiring only a well plate, a small volume of distilled water and short exposure period; furthermore, no specialist expertise is required. The method is simpler than the conventional EPA technique in not using filter paper which can influence the sensitivity of the test. Additionally, plant seeds have a long shelf-life and require little or no maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihae Park
- Division of Life Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songomunhwa-Ro, 119 Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Yoon
- Division of Life Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songomunhwa-Ro, 119 Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Oh
- Korea Coast Guard Metropolitan Police, 130, Haedoji-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21995, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Min Jo
- Institute of Public Health and Environments Researcher, 471, Seohae-daero, Jung-gu, Incheon 22320, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungtae Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Murray T Brown
- School of Marine Science & Engineering, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Taejun Han
- Green-pioneer, R&D center, 169, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea; Department of Cosmetic Science & Management Graduate School, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; Institute of Green Environmental Research Center, 169, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Developmental and Reproductive Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24174-93. [PMID: 26473847 PMCID: PMC4632745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing use of iron oxide nanoparticles in medicine and environmental remediation has led to concerns regarding exposure of these nanoparticles to the public. However, limited studies are available to evaluate their effects on the environment, in particular on plants and food crops. Here, we investigated the effects of positive (PC) and negative (NC) charged iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles (IONPs) on the physiology and reproductive capacity of Arabidopsis thaliana at concentrations of 3 and 25 mg/L. The 3 mg/L treated plants did not show evident effects on seeding and root length. However, the 25 mg/L treatment resulted in reduced seedling (positive-20% and negative-3.6%) and root (positive-48% and negative-negligible) length. Interestingly, treatment with polyethylenimine (PEI; IONP-PC coating) also resulted in reduced root length (39%) but no change was observed with polyacrylic acid (PAA; IONP-NC coating) treatment alone. However, treatment with IONPs at 3 mg/L did lead to an almost 5% increase in aborted pollen, a 2%–6% reduction in pollen viability and up to an 11% reduction in seed yield depending on the number of treatments. Interestingly, the treated plants did not show any observable phenotypic changes in overall size or general plant structure, indicating that environmental nanoparticle contamination could go dangerously unnoticed.
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Lee MA, Guo R, Ebenezer V, Ki JS. Evaluation and selection of reference genes for ecotoxicogenomic study of the green alga Closterium ehrenbergii using quantitative real-time PCR. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:863-872. [PMID: 25724346 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The green alga Closterium ehrenbergii occurs in fresh water environments and has been suggested as a model for ecotoxicological assessment. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), with its high sensitivity and specificity, is a preferred method for reliable quantification of gene expression levels. qRT-PCR requires reference genes to normalize the transcription level of the target gene, and selection of appropriate references is crucial. Here, we evaluated nine housekeeping genes, that is, 18S rRNA, ACT, TUA, TUB, eIF, H4, UBQ, rps4, and GAPDH, using 34 RNA samples of C. ehrenbergii cultured in various environments (e.g. exposure to heat shock, UV, metals, and non-metallic chemicals). Each housekeeping gene tested displayed different ranges of C T values for each experimental condition. The gene stability was determined using the descriptive statistic software geNorm, which showed that ACT, H4, and TUA were the most suitable reference genes for all the conditions tested. In addition, at least three genes were required for proper normalization. With these references, we assessed the expression level of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene in C. ehrenbergii cells exposed to thermal and toxic contaminant stress and found that it was significantly up-regulated by these stressors. This study provides potential reference genes for gene expression studies on C. ehrenbergii with qRT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 110-743, South Korea
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Visioli G, Conti FD, Gardi C, Menta C. Germination and root elongation bioassays in six different plant species for testing Ni contamination in soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 92:490-6. [PMID: 24288040 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro short-term chronic phytotoxicity germination and root elongation test were applied to test the effects of nickel (Ni) in seed germination and root elongation in six plants species: Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitaceae), Lepidium sativum and Brassica nigra (Brassicaceae), Trifolium alexandrinum and Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), Phacelia tanacetifolia (Boraginaceae). A naturally Ni rich soil was used to compare the results obtained. Unlike root elongation, germination was not affected by Ni in any of the six species tested. EC50 values, calculated on the root elongation, showed that Ni toxicity decreases in the following order: P. tanacetifolia > B. nigra > C. sativus > L. sativum > M. sativa > T. alexandrinum. The test conducted using soil elutriate revealed a significantly lower effect in both seed germination and root elongation when compared to the results obtained using untreated soil. Conversely, the test performed on soil confirmed the high sensitivity of C. sativus, P. tanacetifolia and L. sativum to Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Visioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy,
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Park A, Kim YJ, Choi EM, Brown MT, Han T. A novel bioassay using root re-growth in Lemna. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 140-141:415-424. [PMID: 23917640 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new phytotoxicity test method based on root elongation of three Lemna species (Lemna gibba, L. minor, and L. paucicostata) has been developed. Tests with aquatic plants have, typically, favored measurements on fronds (e.g. frond number, area, biomass) rather than on roots, due, in part, to issues associated with handling fragile roots and the time-consuming procedures of selecting roots with identical root lengths. The present method differs in that roots were excised prior to exposure with subsequent measurements on newly developed roots. Results show that there were species-specific difference in sensitivity to the five metals tested (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu and Hg), with Ag being the most toxic (EC50=5.3-37.6 μgL(-1)) to all three species, and Cr the least toxic for L. gibba and L. minor (1148.3 and 341.8 μgL(-1), respectively) and Cu for L. paucicostata (470.4 μgL(-1)). Direct comparisons were made with measurements of frond area, which were found to be less sensitive. More generally, root re-growth was shown to reflect the toxic responses of all three Lemna species to these five important metals. The root growth bioassay differs from three internationally standardized methods (ISO, OCED and US EPA) in that it is completed in 48 h, the required volume of test solutions is only 3 ml and non-axenic plants are used. Our results show that the Lemna root method is a simple, rapid, cost-effective, sensitive and precise bioassay to assess the toxic risks of metals and has practical application for monitoring municipal and industrial waste waters where metals are common constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areum Park
- Division of Life Science, Incheon National University, 12-1 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
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15
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Visioli G, Menta C, Gardi C, Conti FD. Metal toxicity and biodiversity in serpentine soils: application of bioassay tests and microarthropod index. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:1267-73. [PMID: 23107056 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Eco-toxicological or bioassay tests have been intensively discussed as tools for the evaluation of soil quality. Tests using soil organisms, including microarthropods and plants, allow direct estimates to be made of important soil characteristics and functions. In this study we compared the results obtained by two in vitro standard bioassays following ISO or OECD guidelines: (i) the short term-chronic phytotoxicity germination and root elongation test using three different plant species Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae), Lepidium sativum L. (Brassicaceae), and Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae) and (ii) the inhibition of reproduction of Folsomia candida (Collembola) by soil pollutants to investigate the toxicity of a serpentine soil present in the Italian Apennines, rich in heavy metals such as Ni, Cr, and Co. In addition, microarthropod communities were characterised to evaluate the effects of metal contents on the soil fauna in natural conditions. Abundances, Acari/Collembola ratio, biodiversity indices and the QBS-ar index were calculated. Our results demonstrate that the two in vitro tests distinguish differences correlated with metal and organic matter contents in four sub-sites within the serpentinite. Soil fauna characterisation, not previously performed on serpentine soils, revealed differences in the most vulnerable and adapted groups of microarthropods to soil among the four sub-sites: the microarthropod community was found to be rich in term of biodiversity in the sub-site characterised by a lower metal content and a higher organic matter content and vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Visioli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Division of Genetics and Environmental Biotechnologies, University of Parma, via G.P. Usberti 33/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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16
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Moore MT, Locke MA. Phytotoxicity of atrazine, S-metolachlor, and permethrin to Typha latifolia (Linneaus) germination and seedling growth. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 89:292-295. [PMID: 22653305 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxicity assessments were performed to compare responses of Typha latifolia (L.) seeds to atrazine (only) and atrazine + S-metolachlor exposure concentrations of 0.03, 0.3, 3, and 30 mg L(-1), as well as permethrin exposure concentrations of 0.008, 0.08, 0.8, and 8 mg L(-1). All atrazine + S-metolachlor exposures resulted in significantly reduced radicle development (p < 0.001). A stimulatory effect for coleoptile development was noted in the three highest atrazine (only) exposures (p = 0.0030, 0.0181, and 0.0016, respectively). This research provides data concerning the relative sensitivity of T. latifolia seeds to pesticides commonly encountered in agricultural settings, as well as critical understanding and development of using T. latifolia in phytoremediation efforts for pesticide exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Moore
- Water Quality and Ecology Research Unit, USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory, PO Box 1157, Oxford, MS 38655, USA.
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17
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Yu DN, Macawile MCA, Abella LC, Gallardo SM. Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls in aqueous solutions after UV-peroxide treatment: focus on toxicity of effluent to primary producers. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:1607-1614. [PMID: 21531462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The combination of UV irradiation and hydrogen peroxide (UV-H(2)O(2)) was shown to be effective in treating water spiked with 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobipheny (PCB 153), reducing its concentration by as much as 98%. To test the toxicity of the effluent, bioassays involving three species of primary producers were performed. Results showed the effluent exerting an adverse effect on the algae Scenedesmus bijugatus and the duckweed Lemna paucicostata. On the other hand, exposure of the mungbean Vigna radiata to the effluent revealed mostly no statistically significant adverse effect or growth stimulation. This suggested that on an exposure period of 96 h, higher forms of chlorophyll-bearing species such as plants are relatively unaffected by trace concentrations of PCBs and degradation products, while less differentiated species like algae and duckweeds are vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis N Yu
- Chemical Engineering Department, De La Salle University - Manila, 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines.
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18
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An J, Zhou Q, Sun F, Zhang L. Ecotoxicological effects of paracetamol on seed germination and seedling development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 169:751-757. [PMID: 19446955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess ecological risk of pharmaceutical compounds entering into agricultural ecosystems, toxic effects of paracetamol with therapeutic action on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated as an example, using early growing and developmental indexes of wheat, including seed germination, shoot height and root length, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, chlorophyll, and soluble protein in the seedlings. The results showed that wheat shoot and root elongation decreased significantly (p<0.05) with an increase in the concentration of paracetamol. Wheat roots were the most sensitive sites of the plants to paracetamol, and the median effect concentration (EC(50)) of paracetamol based on the inhibition of root elongation was 668.8 mg/L, which cannot be found in the practical environment in this phase. However, the low concentration of paracetamol inhibited the growth of wheat after a chronic exposure. After the 21-day exposure, 1.4-22.4 mg/L paracetamol treatment caused damage to the chlorophyll accumulation and soluble protein synthesis. After the 7-day exposure, the activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in wheat leaves increased with an increase in the concentration of paracetamol in order to eliminate the peroxides produced and maintain the function of cells. However, the activity of peroxidase in wheat roots decreased significantly after the 14-day exposure, which indicated the antioxidative defensive system in wheat roots was damaged by paracetamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Key laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Process, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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19
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An J, Zhou Q, Sun Y, Xu Z. Ecotoxicological effects of typical personal care products on seed germination and seedling development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:1428-1434. [PMID: 19631961 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings stressed by two typical personal care products (PCPs)--triclosan (TCS) and galaxolide (HHCB)--were experimentally investigated to assess their ecological risks. The results showed that wheat shoot and root elongation was significantly inhibited by 50-250 mg L(-1) TCS and HHCB. Wheat roots were sensitive to TCS, while shoots were sensitive to HHCB. The median effect concentration (EC(50)) of TCS and HHCB based on the inhibition of their sensitive sites were 147.8 and 143.4 mg L(-1), respectively. Moreover, the damage of wheat seedlings treated by low concentration of TCS and HHCB during a long period cannot be neglected. After a 21-d exposure, 0.2-3.0mg L(-1) TCS and HHCB treatment caused the damage to the accumulation of chlorophyll (CHL), the synthesis of soluble protein (SP), and the activity of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutases (SOD) in different degree. However, different changing trends of these physiological indexes treated by different PCPs were observed after 7-d to 14-d exposures, especially the activity of POD and SOD. The activity of POD and SOD in wheat leaves and roots decreased with an increase in the concentration of TCS and the exposure time. However, the enzyme activities in wheat leaves treated by 0.2-3.0mg L(-1) HHCB increased after a 14-d exposure, and with the prolongation of exposure time, the enzyme activities significantly decreased. The variations in these physiological indexes of wheat could be considered as good biomarkers of serious stress by TCS and HHCB in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Process, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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Di Salvatore M, Carafa AM, Carratù G. Assessment of heavy metals phytotoxicity using seed germination and root elongation tests: a comparison of two growth substrates. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:1461-4. [PMID: 18768198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination and root elongation test is used to evaluate hazardous waste sites and to assess toxicity of organic and inorganic compounds. Paper substrate, especially circular filter paper placed inside a Petri dish has long been used for this test. Same reports indicate that filter paper might interfere with the toxicity of inorganic substances, especially metal cations. This study evaluate toxicity of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu on lettuce, broccoli, tomato and radish seed using two bed material: agar and filter paper. The results show that percent germination is not affected by substrates; vice versa, as for root elongation, the test in agar showed to be more sensible than that the one on filter paper. The radical growth inhibition depends on the metal, on the tested concentration and on the species; among the tested metals, cadmium was the one determining the highest toxic effects on different species and lettuce was the plant that suffered more. From the comparison, it is clearly evident the greater sensibility of the test in agar; on the other hand, the lower sensibility of the test on the filter paper might be caused by the partial and not homogeneous exposition of the root to metal cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Di Salvatore
- Dipartimento di Arboricoltura Botanica Patologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA),Italy
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Gerhardt A, de Bisthoven LJ, Guhr K, Soares AMVM, Pereira MJ. Phytoassessment of acid mine drainage: Lemna gibba bioassay and diatom community structure. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2008; 17:47-58. [PMID: 17952593 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-007-0175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An integrated multilevel phytoassessment of an acid mine drainage (AMD, pH range 3.3-6.8) in southern Portugal was performed. A 7-day phytotoxicity bioassay with the duckweed Lemna gibba (chlorosis, necrosis, growth) was carried out, both in the laboratory and in situ, combined with an analysis of the resident epilithic diatom community. The toxicity test was performed with water from the AMD gradient, an unpolluted river control and acidified control water, in order to discriminate potential pH-effects from combined pH- and metal-effects. Diatom communities discriminated well among the sites (alkalophilic species versus halobiontic, acidobiontic and acidophilic species), showing inter-site differences to be larger than intra-site seasonal variations. In L. gibba exposed to AMD, necrosis and growth inhibition were higher in situ compared to the laboratory experiments. L. gibba was more sensitive to AMD than to acidified water. Already after 4 days, growth rate inhibition in L. gibba proved to be a reliable indicator of AMD-stress. Ecotoxicological thresholds obtained with L. gibba corresponded with those obtained previously with animals of intermediate tolerance to AMD. The results were summarised in a multimetric index.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gerhardt
- Departamento de Biologia, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Tront JM, Saunders FM. Role of plant activity and contaminant speciation in aquatic plant assimilation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 64:400-7. [PMID: 16445963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic plants uptake, transform and sequester organic contaminants and are used as a bioremediation strategy for the removal of pollutants from wastewaters. A better understanding of factors affecting rate of uptake of contaminants by aquatic plants is needed to improve engineered systems for removal of pollutants from wastewaters. This work focused on delineating sorption to plant surfaces and understanding effects of plant metabolic activity, inhibition, and media pH on the uptake of the ionizable contaminant 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) by aquatic plant Lemna minor. During L. minor exposure to TCP (0.5-13.9 mg l(-1)), a range of plant metabolic activities was measured using oxygen production rate (0-18.4 micromol h(-1)). A positive correlation was shown between contaminant uptake rate and plant activity. Contaminant uptake was examined at a range of media pH values (6-9) and uptake rates were linearly correlated to fraction of contaminant in protonated form. These results demonstrated a link between plant activity and uptake of contaminant by plants and stress the importance of incorporating plant metabolic activity and contaminant speciation in development of natural and engineered phytoremediation systems. This research also indicates that aquatic plants can actively accumulate trace-organic contaminants and may ultimately serve as a sink for these materials in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Marie Tront
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA.
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Juneau P, Sumitomo H, Matsui S, Itoh S, Kim SG, Popovic R. Use of chlorophyll fluorescence of Closterium ehrenbergii and Lemna gibba for toxic effect evaluation of sewage treatment plant effluent and its hydrophobic components. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2003; 55:1-8. [PMID: 12706387 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-6513(02)00130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study fluorometric methods using an alga, Closterium ehrenbergii, and a higher plant, Lemna gibba, were employed to evaluate the toxicity of sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent and its hydrophobic components. Fluorescence parameters such as the operational photosystem II quantum yield at steady state of electron transport, the nonphotochemical quenching, and the complementary area were modified in the presence of hydrophobic components, particularly with C. ehrenbergii. It was found that C. ehrenbergii was a suitable species to be used in a hydrophobic components bioassay, since this alga was 400 times more sensitive than L. gibba to hydrophobic components. Results indicate that hydrophobic STP effluent components are less toxic as a constituent of the STP effluent than when they are extracted from the effluent. We also demonstrated here that in addition to the growth inhibition test, fluorometric methods can be usefully employed in bioassays for the toxic effect evaluation of pollutants present in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Juneau
- Département de Chimie/TOXEN, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, succursalle Centre-Ville, Montréal, H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Mohan
- Department of Bioscience, Mangalore University, Mangalore, 574 199, India
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Wang W. Rice seed toxicity tests for organic and inorganic substances. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1994; 29:101-7. [PMID: 24221291 DOI: 10.1007/bf00546869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/1992] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant seed toxicity tests can be used to evaluate hazardous waste sites and to assess toxicity of complex effluents and industrial chemicals. Conventional plant seed toxicity tests are performed using culture dishes containing filter paper. Some reports indicate that filter papers might interfere with the toxicity of inorganic substances. In this study, a plastic seed tray was used. Rice was used as the test species.A comparison of results in the literature and this study revealed that variation of test species, methods, exposure duration, and other factors may affect the test results. The results of this study showed that the order of decreasing toxicity of metal ions was Cu>Ag>Ni>Cd>Cr(VI)>Pb>Zn>Mn>NaF for rice. The test results were similar to those reported in the literature for lettuce Ag>Ni>Cd,Cu>Cr(VI)>Zn>Mn, millet Cu,Ni>Cd>Cr(VI)>Zn>Mn, and ryegrass Cu>Ni>Mn>>Pb>Cd>Zn>Al>Hg>Cr>Fe. The order of decreasing toxicity of organic herbicides was paraquat, 2,4-D>>glyphosate>bromacil.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- Illinois State Water Survey, P.O. Box 697, 61652, Peoria, IL, USA
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Wang W. Comparative rice seed toxicity tests using filter paper, growth pouch-tm, and seed tray methods. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1993; 24:257-265. [PMID: 24227383 DOI: 10.1007/bf00545982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Paper substrate, especially circular filter paper placed inside a Petri dish, has long been used for the plant seed toxicity test (PSTT). Although this method is simple and inexpensive, recent evidence indicates that it gives results that are significantly different from those obtained using a method that does not involve paper, especially when testing metal cations. The study compared PSTT using three methods: filter paper, Growth Pouch-TM, and seed tray. The Growth Pouch-TM is a commercially available device. The seed tray is a newly designed plastic receptacle placed inside a Petri dish. The results of the Growth Pouch-TM method showed no toxic effects on rice for Ag up to 40 mg L(-1) and Cd up to 20 mg L(-1). Using the seed tray method, IC50 (50% inhibitory effect concentration) values were 0.55 and 1.4 mg L(-1) for Ag and Cd, respectively. Although results of filter paper and seed tray methods were nearly identical for NaF, Cr(VI), and phenol, the toxicities of cations Ag and Cd were reduced by using the filter paper method; IC50 values were 22 and 18 mg L(-1), respectively. The results clearly indicate that paper substrate is not advisable for PSTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- Illinois State Water Survey, P.O. Box 697, 61652, Peoria, IL, USA
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Abstract
Duckweed commonly refers to a group of floating, flowering plants of the family Lemnaceae. Duckweed plants are fast growing and widely distributed. They are easy to culture and to test. Some reports suggest that duckweed plants are tolerant to environmental toxicity. Other studies, however, indicate that duckweed plants are as sensitive to toxicity as other aquatic species. Duckweed plants are especially suitable for use in complex effluent bioassays, and for testing herbicide pollution in the aquatic environment, lake and river pollution, sediment toxicity, and the like. Duckweed and algae represent different levels of complexity in the plant kingdom. They complement each other as phytotoxicity test organisms, instead of mutually excluding each other. Many duckweed species have been studied, primarily of the Lemna and Spirodela genera. Lemna minor and L. gibba have been recommended as standard test species. Differences in duckweed test methodology occur with regard to test types, test vessels, control tests, nutrient media, end points, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- Water Quality Section, Illinois State Water Survey, Peoria 61652
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