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Su Z, Liu T, Guo J, Zheng M. Nitrite Oxidation in Wastewater Treatment: Microbial Adaptation and Suppression Challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12557-12570. [PMID: 37589598 PMCID: PMC10470456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial nitrite oxidation is the primary pathway that generates nitrate in wastewater treatment systems and can be performed by a variety of microbes: namely, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Since NOB were first isolated 130 years ago, the understanding of the phylogenetical and physiological diversities of NOB has been gradually deepened. In recent endeavors of advanced biological nitrogen removal, NOB have been more considered as a troublesome disruptor, and strategies on NOB suppression often fail in practice after long-term operation due to the growth of specific NOB that are able to adapt to even harsh conditions. In line with a review of the history of currently known NOB genera, a phylogenetic tree is constructed to exhibit a wide range of NOB in different phyla. In addition, the growth behavior and metabolic performance of different NOB strains are summarized. These specific features of various NOB (e.g., high oxygen affinity of Nitrospira, tolerance to chemical inhibitors of Nitrobacter and Candidatus Nitrotoga, and preference to high temperature of Nitrolancea) highlight the differentiation of the NOB ecological niche in biological nitrogen processes and potentially support their adaptation to different suppression strategies (e.g., low dissolved oxygen, chemical treatment, and high temperature). This review implicates the acquired physiological characteristics of NOB to their emergence from a genomic and ecological perspective and emphasizes the importance of understanding physiological characterization and genomic information in future wastewater treatment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Su
- Australian Centre for Water
and Environmental Biotechnology, The University
of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tao Liu
- Australian Centre for Water
and Environmental Biotechnology, The University
of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Australian Centre for Water
and Environmental Biotechnology, The University
of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Min Zheng
- Australian Centre for Water
and Environmental Biotechnology, The University
of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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2
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Giguere AT, Taylor AE, Myrold DD, Mellbye BL, Sayavedra-Soto LA, Bottomley PJ. Nitrite-oxidizing activity responds to nitrite accumulation in soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:4817529. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Giguere
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4501, USA
| | - Anne E Taylor
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4501, USA
| | - David D Myrold
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4501, USA
| | - Brett L Mellbye
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4501, USA
| | - Luis A Sayavedra-Soto
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4501, USA
| | - Peter J Bottomley
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4501, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4501, USA
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3
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Han S, Luo X, Liao H, Nie H, Chen W, Huang Q. Nitrospira are more sensitive than Nitrobacter to land management in acid, fertilized soils of a rapeseed-rice rotation field trial. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:135-144. [PMID: 28475907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite oxidation is recognized as an essential process of biogeochemical nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems. How nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) respond to land managements (the effect from the long-term straw incorporation and environmental variability caused by the shift from the upland stage to the paddy stage) in a rapeseed-rice rotation field remains unclear. We found the nitrite oxidation (NO) in soils increased from the upland stage to the paddy stage. An inhibitory effect of the long-term straw incorporation on NO was detectable in the upland stage. The abundance of Nitrospira was always greater than Nitrobacter, and it was affected by the rice-growing and straw incorporation while Nitrobacter was not. NO correlated positively with the abundance of Nitrospira and with soluble sulfate (SO42-), soil moisture, pH and NH4+. The high-throughput sequencing analysis of the nitrite oxidoreductase nxrA and nxrB genes for Nitrobacter- and Nitrospira-like NOB was performed respectively. The dominating (relative abundance>1%) operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from Nitrobacter were closely related to Nitrobacter hamburgensis, whereas those from Nitrospira were affiliated with or related to lineage II, lineage V and several unknown groups. Heatmap analysis showed that a few dominant Nitrobacter OTUs were affected by the straw treatment or the rice-growing, and half of the dominant Nitrospira ones were explained by at least one of the variables. Multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP) and redundancy analyses showed that the Nitrospira-like NOB community changes were significantly shaped by the land managements and the soil chemical properties, including pH, moisture and NH4+, whereas that of the Nitrobacter-like NOB community was not. These results suggested that Nitrospira are more sensitive than Nitrobacter to land management in acid and fertilized soils of a rapeseed-rice rotation field trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuesong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hailing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Winkler MKH, Le QH, Volcke EIP. Influence of Partial Denitrification and Mixotrophic Growth of NOB on Microbial Distribution in Aerobic Granular Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11003-11010. [PMID: 26248168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In aerobic granular sludge (AGS), the growth of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) can be uncoupled from the nitrite supply of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Besides, unlike for conventional activated sludge, Nitrobacter was found to be the dominant NOB and not Nitrospira. To explain these experimental observations, two possible pathways have been put forward in literature. The first one involves the availability of additional nitrite from partial denitrification (nitrite-loop) and the second one consists of mixotrophic growth of Nitrobacter in the presence of acetate (ping-pong). In this contribution, mathematical models were set up to assess the possibility of these pathways to explain the reported observations. Simulation results revealed that both pathways influenced the nitrifier distribution in the granules. The nitrite-loop pathway led to an elevated NOB/AOB ratio, while mixotrophic growth of Nitrobacter guaranteed their predominance among the NOB population. Besides, mixotrophic growth of Nitrobacter could lead to NO emission from AGS. An increasing temperature and/or a decreasing oxygen concentration led to an elevated NOB/AOB ratio and increased NO emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-K H Winkler
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-2700, United States
| | - Quan H Le
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Eveline I P Volcke
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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5
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Laanbroek HJ, Schotman JMT. Effect of nitrite concentration and pH on Most Probable Number enumerations of non-growing Nitrobacter spp. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1991.tb01772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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6
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Both GJ, Gerards S, Laanbroek HJ. Most Probable Numbers of chemolitho-autotrophic nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in well drained grassland soils: stimulation by high nitrite concentrations. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1990.tb01695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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7
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Hall GH. Apparent and measured rates of nitrification in the hypolimnion of a mesotrophic lake. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 43:542-7. [PMID: 16345962 PMCID: PMC241871 DOI: 10.1128/aem.43.3.542-547.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three distinct phases were observed in the change of dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the hypolimnion of Grasmere. The second phase of decreasing ammonia and increasing nitrate concentrations was typical of the nitrification process. Observations on nitrate concentration gradients between surface sediments and the water column and experiments using the nitrification inhibitor N-Serve indicated the in situ activity of chemolithotrophic nitrifying organisms. Nitrification rates were estimated throughout the period of stratification by using the N-Serve and [C]bicarbonate uptake method. Comparison of the field nitrate concentrations with the predicted nitrate concentrations (from estimates of the nitrification rate) indicated that the method underestimated the true rate of nitrification. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Hall
- Freshwater Biological Association, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria, U.K
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8
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Hu J, Li D, Tao Y, He X, Wang X, Li X. Effect of acetate on nitrite oxidation in mixed-population biofilms. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 106:580-6. [PMID: 19134555 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.106.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While ammonia oxidation has been widely studied, nitrite oxidation is still not well understood. To study the effect of organics on nitrite oxidation, one control group and four treatment groups were designed with sodium acetate (C) to nitrite (N) ratios of 0, 0.44, 0.88, 4.41, and 8.82. Normal nitrite oxidization reactions were performed when C/N=0, but nitrite oxidization and partial denitrification occurred with low C/N ratios (0.44 or 0.88). At high C/N ratios (4.41 or 8.82), we mainly observed denitrification. In contrast to C/N=0, the nitrite oxidization rate was unaffected when C/N=0.44, but decreased with C/N = 0.88. The structure of bacterial communities varied significantly between autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. Nitrobacter was hard to detect by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) while heterotrophs and especially denitrifiers were in the majority under mixotrophic conditions. Real-time PCR indicated that the Nitrobacter population decreased from 2.42 x 10(4) to 1.34 x 10(3) 16S rRNA gene copies/ng DNA, while the quantity of denitrifiers obviously increased from 0 to 2.51 x 10(4) nosZ gene copies/ng DNA with an increasing C/N ratio. The degree of denitrification differed between C/N=4.41 and C/N=8.82, as indicated by nitrite-N and nitrate-N curve analysis, as well as by the apparent bacterial community structure. Our findings provide critical insight regarding the relationship between organics and nitrification in biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Center for Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China
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9
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Hu J, Li D, Liu Q, Tao Y, He X, Wang X, Li X, Gao P. Effect of organic carbon on nitrification efficiency and community composition of nitrifying biofilms. J Environ Sci (China) 2009; 21:387-394. [PMID: 19634453 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of organic carbon/inorganic nitrogen (C/N) ratio on the nitrification processes and the community shifts of nitrifying biofilms were investigated by kinetic comparison and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. The results showed that the nitrification rate decreased with an increasing organic concentration. However, the effect became weak when the carbon concentration reached a sufficiently high level. Denitrification was detected after organic carbon was added. The 12 h ammonium removal rate ranged from 85% to 30% at C/N = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16, as compared to the control (C/N = 0). The loss of nitrogen after 24 h at C/N = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 was 31%, 18%, 24%, 65%, 59%, and 62%, respectively. The sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the dominant populations changed from nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter sp.) to denitrifying bacteria (Pseudomonas sp., Acidovorax sp. and Comamonas sp.) with an increasing C/N ratio. Although at high C/N ratio the denitrifying bacteria were the dominant populations, nitrifying bacteria grew simultaneously. Consequently, nitrification process coexisted with denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Center for Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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10
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Starkenburg SR, Arp DJ, Bottomley PJ. D-Lactate metabolism and the obligate requirement for CO2 during growth on nitrite by the facultative lithoautotroph Nitrobacter hamburgensis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:2473-2481. [PMID: 18667580 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/018085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitrobacter hamburgensis X14 is a facultative lithoautotroph that conserves energy from the oxidation of nitrite (NO(-)2) and fixes carbon dioxide (CO(2)) as its sole source of carbon. The availability of the N. hamburgensis X14 genome sequence initiated a re-examination of its mixotrophic and organotrophic potential, as genes encoding three flavin-dependent oxidases were identified that may function to oxidize lactate, providing energy and carbon for growth. The response of N. hamburgensis to D- and L-lactate in the presence (mixotrophy) and absence (organotrophy) of NO(-)2 was examined. L-lactate did not support organotrophic growth or stimulate mixotrophic growth. In contrast, D-lactate enhanced the growth rate and yield of N. hamburgensis in the presence of NO(-)2, and served as the sole carbon and energy source for growth in the absence of NO(-)2 with ammonium as the sole nitrogen source. Lithoautotrophically grown cells immediately consumed D-lactate, suggesting that a lactate metabolic pathway is constitutively expressed. Nevertheless, a physiological adaptation to lactate occurred, as D-lactate-grown cells consumed and assimilated lactate at a faster rate than NO(-)2-grown cells, and the D-lactate-dependent O(2) uptake rate was significantly greater in cells grown either organotrophically or mixotrophically compared with cells grown lithoautotrophically. Although D-lactate was assimilated and metabolized to CO(2) in the presence or absence of NO(-)2, exposure to atmospheric CO(2) or the addition of 0.75 mM sodium carbonate was required for mixotrophic growth and for optimum organotrophic growth on D-lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn R Starkenburg
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Daniel J Arp
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Peter J Bottomley
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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11
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Nitrite Removal Performance and Community Structure of Nitrite-Oxidizing and Heterotrophic Bacteria Suffered with Organic Matter. Curr Microbiol 2008; 57:287-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Kool DM, Wrage N, Oenema O, Dolfing J, Van Groenigen JW. Oxygen exchange between (de)nitrification intermediates and H2O and its implications for source determination of NO3- and N2O: a review. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3569-3578. [PMID: 17935120 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope analysis of oxygen (O) is increasingly used to determine the origin of nitrate (NO(3)-) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) in the environment. The assumption underlying these studies is that the (18)O signature of NO(3)- and N(2)O provides information on the different O sources (O(2) and H(2)O) during the production of these compounds by various biochemical pathways. However, exchange of O atoms between H(2)O and intermediates of the (de)nitrification pathways may change the isotopic signal and thereby bias its interpretation for source determination. Chemical exchange of O between H(2)O and various nitrogenous oxides has been reported, but the probability and extent of its occurrence in terrestrial ecosystems remain unclear. Biochemical O exchange between H(2)O and nitrogenous oxides, NO(2)- in particular, has been reported for monocultures of many nitrifiers and denitrifiers that are abundant in nature, with exchange rates of up to 100%. Therefore, biochemical O exchange is likely to be important in most soil ecosystems, and should be taken into account in source determination studies. Failing to do so might lead to (i) an overestimation of nitrification as NO(3)- source, and (ii) an overestimation of nitrifier denitrification and nitrification-coupled denitrification as N(2)O production pathways. A method to quantify the rate and controls of biochemical O exchange in ecosystems is needed, and we argue this can only be done reliably with artificially enriched (18)O compounds. We conclude that in N source determination studies, the O isotopic signature of especially N(2)O should only be used with extreme caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kool
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Starkenburg SR, Chain PSG, Sayavedra-Soto LA, Hauser L, Land ML, Larimer FW, Malfatti SA, Klotz MG, Bottomley PJ, Arp DJ, Hickey WJ. Genome sequence of the chemolithoautotrophic nitrite-oxidizing bacterium Nitrobacter winogradskyi Nb-255. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:2050-63. [PMID: 16517654 PMCID: PMC1393235 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.3.2050-2063.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The alphaproteobacterium Nitrobacter winogradskyi (ATCC 25391) is a gram-negative facultative chemolithoautotroph capable of extracting energy from the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. Sequencing and analysis of its genome revealed a single circular chromosome of 3,402,093 bp encoding 3,143 predicted proteins. There were extensive similarities to genes in two alphaproteobacteria, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 (1,300 genes) and Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 CG (815 genes). Genes encoding pathways for known modes of chemolithotrophic and chemoorganotrophic growth were identified. Genes encoding multiple enzymes involved in anapleurotic reactions centered on C2 to C4 metabolism, including a glyoxylate bypass, were annotated. The inability of N. winogradskyi to grow on C6 molecules is consistent with the genome sequence, which lacks genes for complete Embden-Meyerhof and Entner-Doudoroff pathways, and active uptake of sugars. Two gene copies of the nitrite oxidoreductase, type I ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, cytochrome c oxidase, and gene homologs encoding an aerobic-type carbon monoxide dehydrogenase were present. Similarity of nitrite oxidoreductases to respiratory nitrate reductases was confirmed. Approximately 10% of the N. winogradskyi genome codes for genes involved in transport and secretion, including the presence of transporters for various organic-nitrogen molecules. The N. winogradskyi genome provides new insight into the phylogenetic identity and physiological capabilities of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. The genome will serve as a model to study the cellular and molecular processes that control nitrite oxidation and its interaction with other nitrogen-cycling processes.
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Schmidt I, Sliekers O, Schmid M, Bock E, Fuerst J, Kuenen JG, Jetten MSM, Strous M. New concepts of microbial treatment processes for the nitrogen removal in wastewater. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2003; 27:481-92. [PMID: 14550941 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-6445(03)00039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many countries strive to reduce the emissions of nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrate, NOx) to the surface waters and the atmosphere. Since mainstream domestic wastewater treatment systems are usually already overloaded with ammonia, a dedicated nitrogen removal from concentrated secondary or industrial wastewaters is often more cost-effective than the disposal of such wastes to domestic wastewater treatment. The cost-effectiveness of separate treatment has increased dramatically in the past few years, since several processes for the biological removal of ammonia from concentrated waste streams have become available. Here, we review those processes that make use of new concepts in microbiology: partial nitrification, nitrifier denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (the anammox process). These processes target the removal of ammonia from gases, and ammonium-bicarbonate from concentrated wastewaters (i.e. sludge liquor and landfill leachate). The review addresses the microbiology, its consequences for their application, the current status regarding application, and the future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schmidt
- University of Nijmegen, Department of Microbiology, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Féray C, Montuelle B. Competition between two nitrite-oxidizing bacterial populations: a model for studying the impact of wastewater treatment plant discharge on nitrification in sediment. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2002; 42:15-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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16
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Reshetilov A, Iliasov P, Knackmuss H, Boronin A. The Nitrite Oxidizing Activity ofNitrobacterStrains as a Base of Microbial Biosensor for Nitrite Detection. ANAL LETT 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710008543034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Both GJ, Gerards S, Laanbroek HJ. The occurrence of chemolitho-autotrophic nitrifiers in water-saturated grassland soils. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1992; 23:15-26. [PMID: 24192826 DOI: 10.1007/bf00165904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/1991] [Revised: 10/10/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Relatively high most probable number (MPN) counts of chemolithotrophic nitrite oxidizers were present in water-saturated soils compared with MPNs and activity of ammonia oxidizers. These high numbers of nitrite oxidizers were confirmed by fluorescent antibody counts and potential activity measurements. Application of different nitrite concentrations in the MPN procedure discriminated within the community of nitrite oxidizers and revealed a large number of nitrite-sensitive nitrite oxidizers and a subcommunity of nitrite-insensitive nitrite oxidizers. The size of this subcommunity was small but corresponded with the low numbers of ammonium oxidizers. Numbers of nitrite-sensitive nitrite oxidizers outnumbered the ammonia oxidizing bacteria by 2-4 orders of magnitude in these soils. The possibility is discussed that the fraction of the nitrite-insensitive cells was active as aerobic nitrite oxidizers, whereas the nitrite-sensitive cells represented an inactive group of nitrite oxidizers growing as heterotrophs or as anaerobes reducing nitrite. In this situation, both MPN enumerations at a low nitrite concentration and activity measurements could give false information about the size of the in situ nitrite-oxidizing community.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Both
- Institute for Ecological Research, P.O. Box 40, NL-6666 ZG, Heteren, The Netherlands
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18
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Laanbroek H, Schotman J. Effect of nitrite concentration and pH on most probable number enumerations of non-growingNitrobacterspp. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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19
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Both G, Gerards S, Laanbroek H. Most Probable Numbers of chemolitho-autotrophic nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in well drained grassland soils: Stimulation by high nitrite concentrations. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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20
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Bock E, Koops HP, M�ller UC, Rudert M. A new facultatively nitrite oxidizing bacterium, Nitrobacter vulgaris sp. nov. Arch Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00247805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Prosser
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Marischal College, University of Aberdeen, U.K
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22
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13 Techniques for Studying the Microbial Ecology of Nitrification. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Melville SB, Michel TA, Macy JM. Pathway and sites for energy conservation in the metabolism of glucose by Selenomonas ruminantium. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:5298-304. [PMID: 3141385 PMCID: PMC211604 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.11.5298-5304.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
On the basis of enzyme activities detected in extracts of Selenomonas ruminantium HD4 grown in glucose-limited continuous culture, at a slow (0.11 h-1) and a fast (0.52 h-1) dilution rate, a pathway of glucose catabolism to lactate, acetate, succinate, and propionate was constructed. Glucose was catabolized to phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) via the Emden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway. PEP was converted to either pyruvate (via pyruvate kinase) or oxalacetate (via PEP carboxykinase). Pyruvate was reduced to L-lactate via a NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenase or oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and CO2 by pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Acetyl-CoA was apparently converted in a single enzymatic step to acetate and CoA, with concomitant formation of 1 molecule of ATP; since acetyl-phosphate was not an intermediate, the enzyme catalyzing this reaction was identified as acetate thiokinase. Oxalacetate was converted to succinate via the activities of malate dehydrogenase, fumarase and a membrane-bound fumarate reductase. Succinate was then excreted or decarboxylated to propionate via a membrane-bound methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase. Pyruvate kinase was inhibited by Pi and activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. PEP carboxykinase activity was found to be 0.054 mumol min-1 mg of protein-1 at a dilution rate of 0.11 h-1 but could not be detected in extracts of cells grown at a dilution rate of 0.52 h-1. Several potential sites for energy conservation exist in S. ruminantium HD4, including pyruvate kinase, acetate thiokinase, PEP carboxykinase, fumarate reductase, and methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase. Possession of these five sites for energy conservation may explain the high yields reported here (56 to 78 mg of cells [dry weight] mol of glucose-1) for S. ruminantium HD4 grown in glucose-limited continuous culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Melville
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis 95616
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Milde K, Bock E. Comparative studies on membrane proteins ofNitrobacter hamburgensisandNitrobacter winogradskyi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb01580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Strohl WR, Cannon GC, Shively JM, Güde H, Hook LA, Lane CM, Larkin JM. Heterotrophic carbon metabolism by Beggiatoa alba. J Bacteriol 1981; 148:572-83. [PMID: 6117547 PMCID: PMC216242 DOI: 10.1128/jb.148.2.572-583.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The assimilation and metabolism of CO(2) and acetate by Beggiatoa alba strain B18LD was investigated. Although B. alba was shown to require CO(2) for growth, the addition of excess CO(2) (as NaHCO(3)) to the medium in a closed system did not stimulate growth. Approximately 24 to 31% of the methyl-labeled acetate and 38 to 46% of the carboxyl-labeled acetate were oxidized to (14)CO(2) by B. alba. The apparent V(max) values for combined assimilation and oxidation of [2-(14)C]acetate by B. alba were 126 to 202 nmol min(-1) mg of protein(-1) under differing growth conditions. The V(max) values for CO(2) assimilation by heterotrophic and mixotrophic cells were 106 and 131 pmol min(-1) mg of protein(-1), respectively. The low V(max) values for CO(2) assimilation, coupled with the high V(max) values for acetate oxidation, suggested that the required CO(2) was endogenously produced from acetate. Moreover, exogenously supplied acetate was required by B. alba for the fixation of CO(2). From 61 to 73% of the [(14)C]acetate assimilated by washed trichomes was incorporated into lipid. Fifty-five percent of the assimilated [2-(14)C]acetate was incorporated into poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid. This was consistent with chemical data showing that 56% of the heterotrophic cell dry weight was poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Succinate and CO(2) were incorporated into cell wall material, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and amino and organic acids, but not into poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Glutamate and succinate were the major stable products after short-term [1-(14)C]acetate assimilation. Glutamate and aspartate were the first stable (14)CO(2) fixation products, whereas glutamate, a phosphorylated compound, succinate, and aspartate were the major stable (14)CO(2) fixation products over a 30-min period. The CO(2) fixation enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; reversed) and malate dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; decarboxylating) were found in cell-free extracts of both mixotrophically grown and heterotrophically grown cells. The data indicate that the typical autotrophic CO(2) fixation mechanisms are absent from B. alba B18LD and that the CO(2) and acetate metabolism pathways are probably linked.
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Energy metabolism of autotrophically and heterotrophically grown cells of Nitrobacter winogradskyi. Arch Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00459529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Metabolic flexibility of Thiobacillus A 2 during substrate transitions in the chemostat. Arch Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00417173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gottschal JC, Kuenen JG. Mixotrophic growth of Thiobacillus A2 on acetate and thiosulfate as growth limiting substrates in the chemostat. Arch Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00421888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bretting H, Kalthoff H, Fehr S. Studies on the relationship between lectins from Axinella polypoides agglutinating bacteria and human erythrocytes. J Invertebr Pathol 1978; 32:151-7. [PMID: 731069 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(78)90024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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