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Polymorphic variant at the IL2 region is associated with type 1 diabetes and may affect serum levels of interleukin-2. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6957-63. [PMID: 24154763 PMCID: PMC3835945 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic variants at the interleukin-2 (IL2) locus affect the risk of several autoimmune disorders. Our aim was to evaluate the association of the four IL2 polymorphisms (rs6822844, rs6534349, rs2069762 and rs3136534) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the Polish population, and to correlate them with the serum interleukin-2 levels. 543 unrelated T1D patients and 706 healthy control subjects were enrolled. The minor T allele at rs6822844 was significantly less frequent in T1D compared to controls (p = 0.002; OR 0.71; 95 % CI 0.571–0.880). Likewise, the frequency of the TT genotype was decreased among the affected individuals (p = 0.007). In healthy subjects, stratification according to the rs6822844 genotype revealed significant differences in circulating interleukin-2 (p = 0.037) with the highest levels in TT protective genotypes. Three other IL2 polymorphisms did not display significant differences in allele and genotype distribution. In conclusion, the rs6822844 variant is associated with T1D and may play a functional role, or reflect the influence of another causative genetic variant in linkage disequilibrium.
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2
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Price JD, Beauchamp NM, Rahir G, Zhao Y, Rieger CC, Lau-Kilby AW, Tarbell KV. CD8+ dendritic cell-mediated tolerance of autoreactive CD4+ T cells is deficient in NOD mice and can be corrected by blocking CD40L. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:325-36. [PMID: 24082013 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DCs are important mediators of peripheral tolerance for the prevention of autoimmunity. Chimeric αDEC-205 antibodies with attached antigens allow in vivo antigen-specific stimulation of T cells by CD8(+) DCs, resulting in tolerance in nonautoimmune mice. However, it is not clear whether DC-mediated tolerance induction occurs in the context of ongoing autoimmunity. We assessed the role of CD8(+) DCs in stimulation of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Targeting of antigen to CD8(+) DCs via αDEC-205 led to proliferation and expansion of β-cell specific BDC2.5 T cells. These T cells also produced IL-2 and IFN-γ and did not up-regulate FoxP3, consistent with an activated rather than tolerant phenotype. Similarly, endogenous BDC peptide-reactive T cells, identified with I-A(g7) tetramers, did not become tolerant after antigen delivery via αDEC-205: no deletion or Treg induction was observed. We observed that CD8(+) DCs from NOD mice expressed higher surface levels of CD40 than CD8(+) DCs from C57BL/6 mice. Blockade of CD40-CD40L interactions reduced the number of BDC2.5 T cells remaining in mice, 10 days after antigen targeting to CD8 DCs, and blocked IFN-γ production by BDC2.5 T cells. These data indicate that the ability of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells to undergo tolerance mediated by CD8(+) DCs is defective in NOD mice and that blocking CD40-CD40L interactions can restore tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Price
- 1.Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bldg. 10, CRC, West Labs, 5-5940, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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3
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Dogan Y, Akarsu S, Ustundag B, Yilmaz E, Gurgoze MK. Serum IL-1beta, IL-2, and IL-6 in insulin-dependent diabetic children. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2006:59206. [PMID: 16864906 PMCID: PMC1570393 DOI: 10.1155/mi/2006/59206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a chronic disease
characterized by T-cell-dependent autoimmune destruction of the
insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets of
Langerhans, resulting in an absolute lack of insulin. T cells are
activated in response to islet-dominant autoantigens, the result
being the development of IDDM. Insulin is one of the islet
autoantigens responsible for the activation of T-lymphocyte
functions, inflammatory cytokine production, and development of
IDDM. The aim of this study was to investigate serum
concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in children IDDM. The study
population consisted of 27 children with IDDM and 25 healthy
controls. Children with IDDM were divided into three subgroups:
(1) previously diagnosed patients (long standing IDDM) (n : 15), (2) newly diagnosed patients with diabetic ketoacidosis
(before treatment) (n : 12), and (3) newly diagnosed patients
with diabetic ketoacidosis (after treatment for two weeks) (n : 12). In all stages of diabetes higher levels of IL-1β and
TNF- α and lower levels of IL-2 and IL-6 were detected. Our
data about elevated serum IL-1β, TNF- α and
decreased IL-2, IL-6 levels in newly diagnosed IDDM patients in
comparison with longer standing cases supports an activation of
systemic inflammatory process during early phases of IDDM which
may be indicative of an ongoing β-cell destruction.
Persistence of significant difference between the cases with IDDM
monitored for a long time and controls in terms of IL-1β,
IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α supports continuous activation during
the late stages of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Dogan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Saadet Akarsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
- *Saadet Akarsu:
| | - Bilal Ustundag
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Erdal Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Metin Kaya Gurgoze
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
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Marseglia G, Alibrandi A, d'Annunzio G, Gulminetti R, Avanzini MA, Marconi M, Tinelli C, Lorini R. Long term persistence of anti-HBs protective levels in young patients with type 1 diabetes after recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccine 2000; 19:680-3. [PMID: 11115688 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the persistence of anti-hepatitis B protective levels in young patients with type 1 diabetes, successfully immunised with a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. We re-evaluated, after a 4 year follow-up, 54 patients and 70 age and sex-matched healthy subjects. Protective antibodies levels were found in 50/54 (92%) patients and in 67/70 (96%) controls. Moreover, anti-HBs levels were similar in diabetic patients and controls (means of log-titre and (sd); 1.95 (0.88) and 2.18 (0.64) patients and controls, respectively; P=0.11). No cases of clinical hepatitis were reported and all patients and controls remained HBc negative. These data demonstrate the persistence of anti-HBs levels in children, adolescents and young patients with type 1 diabetes after recombinant hepatitis B vaccine showing evidence of longterm immunogenity and protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marseglia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, P.le Golgi 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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5
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Vitali L, De Amici M, d'Annunzio G, Martinetti M, Alibrandi A, Lorini R. Low serum TNF-alpha levels in subjects at risk for type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000; 13:475-81. [PMID: 10803864 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2000.13.5.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to determine whether serum TNF-alpha levels in individuals at risk of developing type 1 diabetes, such as first-degree relatives of diabetic patients and children with incidental hyperglycemia, underwent alterations, and also to establish whether these levels might be used to identify individuals prior to insulin dependence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD We studied 71 healthy first-degree relatives (FDR) of type 1 diabetic patients and 11 children with incidental hyperglycemia. We looked for immunogenetic (HLA class II serologic alleles and HLA-DQ alpha/beta genomic polymorphisms), immunologic (islet-cell and insulin autoantibodies) and metabolic (FPIR to IVGTT) markers of type 1 diabetic risk. Serum concentrations of TNF-alpha were quantified using IRMA. RESULTS We found significantly lower serum TNF-alpha levels in FDR of type 1 diabetic patients (median: 54.3 pg/ml) (p=0.01) and in children with incidental hyperglycemia (median: 10.83 pg/ml) (p<0.0001) compared to controls (median: 76.56 pg/ml). No significant difference was observed between subjects with or without immunogenetic, immunologic and metabolic markers of type 1 diabetic risk. A negative correlation was found between serum TNF-alpha and HbA1c levels (r=-0.27, p=0.023). Two children with incidental hyperglycemia, whose TNF-alpha levels were very low, developed type 1 diabetes 6 and 8 months after this study. CONCLUSION Our results are compatible with an impaired immune system in the prediabetic period and suggest that serum TNF-alpha concentrations may be considered as an immunological marker useful to identify subjects at risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vitali
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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6
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Li Volti S, Caruso-Nicoletti M, Biazzo F, Sciacca A, Mandarà G, Mancuso M, Mollica F. Hyporesponsiveness to intradermal administration of hepatitis B vaccine in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Dis Child 1998; 78:54-7. [PMID: 9534677 PMCID: PMC1717427 DOI: 10.1136/adc.78.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune response to intradermal or intramuscular hepatitis B vaccine in 18 children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) compared with 24 healthy children was studied. Patients were divided into responders, hyporesponders, and non-responders according to their antihepatitis B serum concentrations after hepatitis B vaccination. We also studied HLA class II antigen distribution and did delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) tests on children with IDDM and controls. No difference in the immune response (antihepatitis B surface antigen antibody titres) was found with intramuscular administration, whereas with intradermal administration a statistically lower immune response (p < 0.001) was observed in children with IDDM v controls. This hyporesponsiveness cannot be attributed to HLA class II antigen distribution because their frequency was the same in both groups of children with IDDM. It is suggested that the poor immune response to intradermal hepatitis B vaccine may be due to impaired macrophage activity resulting in failure of antigen presentation, which may be of importance in the immune dysfunction in children with IDDM. This hypothesis is suggested by a significantly lower score on a DTH test to a battery of antigens in the IDDM group when compared with controls. It is therefore suggested that when the hepatitis B vaccination is offered to children with IDDM it may be preferable to give it intramuscularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li Volti
- Istituto di Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Catania, Italy
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7
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Salvi GE, Yalda B, Collins JG, Jones BH, Smith FW, Arnold RR, Offenbacher S. Inflammatory mediator response as a potential risk marker for periodontal diseases in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. J Periodontol 1997; 68:127-35. [PMID: 9058329 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1997.68.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and monocytic secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) were measured in a group of 39 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients and 64 systemically healthy individuals. Diabetics were divided into Group A (gingivitis or mild periodontal disease) and Group B (moderate or severe periodontal disease). Diabetics had significantly higher GCF levels of both PGE2 and IL-1 beta as compared to non-diabetic controls who were matched with regard to periodontal disease severity (P < 0.00001 and P = 0.0005, respectively). Within the diabetic population, the GCF levels of these inflammatory mediators were almost 2-fold higher in Group B as compared to Group A (P = 0.01, P = 0.006, respectively for GCF-PGE2 and IL-1 beta). Furthermore, diabetics as a group had a significantly higher monocytic PGE2 and IL-1 beta production in response to various concentrations of both Escherichia coli and Prophyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as compared to non-diabetic patients with adult periodontitis (P = 0.0001). LPS dose-response curves demonstrated that monocytes from Group B diabetics produced approximately 3 times more PGE2 than Group A monocytes; however, there was no significant difference in monocytic IL-1 beta secretion within the IDDM patients. The levels of GCF or monocytic mediators did not correlate with age, race, or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels. Our data suggest that the high GCF and monocytic secretion of PGE2 and IL-1 beta in IDDM patients may be a consequence of a systemic response trait and that the presence of Gram-negative infections such as periodontal diseases may interact synergistically to yield high local levels of these mediators and a more severe periodontal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Salvi
- University of North Carolina, Department of Periodontics, Chapel Hill, USA
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8
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Abstract
The IL-2 system which involves IL-2 production, IL-2 receptor expression, and response to IL-2, is associated with autoimmune phenomena. Immunological abnormalities including autoimmune phenomena are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of IDDM. In this study, the production of IL-2, the responses to IL-2 and IL-2 receptor expression by peripheral blood T lymphocytes were compared in IDDM and normal non-diabetic children. The percentage of IL-2 receptor-positive circulating T cells was significantly increased in diabetic children, although IL-2 receptor expression induced by con A stimulation did not differ in the diabetic and control children. IL-2 production was significantly decreased in diabetic children compared with the control children. The response of stimulated T cells to IL-2 did not differ in IDDM and control children. In IDDM, IL-2 production by CD4-positive T lymphocytes within the IL-2 system is thought to be selectively defective. On the other hand, IL-4, which is also produced by CD4-positive T lymphocytes, was increased. Since IL-4 did not suppress IL-2 production, it would seem that the IL-2 producing subset in CD4+HLA-DR+ T cells is decreased in IDDM. These results suggest that in recent onset IDDM, IL-2 receptor-positive circulating T cells require an IL-2 supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tomoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Medical School, Japan
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9
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Lorini R, Moretta A, Valtorta A, d'Annunzio G, Cortona L, Vitali L, Bozzola M, Severi F. Cytotoxic activity in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1994; 23:37-42. [PMID: 7516851 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8227(94)90125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We determined the percentage of circulating natural killer (NK) cells, using the monoclonal antibodies anti-CD57 and anti-CD16, NK cytotoxic activity (lytic units/10(6)) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity in 25 IDDM patients aged 3-23 years, 12 with disease for < 1 year (Group I) and 13 with disease for > 3 years (Group II). Nine age-matched healthy subjects served as controls. The percentage of CD57+ cells was similar in IDDM patients and controls, while the percentage of CD16+ cells was lower in IDDM patients (P < 0.05) than in controls. NK cell cytotoxic activity was lower in IDDM patients than in controls (P < 0.01), in Group I and II compared with controls (P < 0.005). LAK activity was similar in IDDM patients and in controls. No correlation was found between NK cytotoxic activity and metabolic control, HLA typing, while a negative correlation was found between NK cytotoxic activity and insulin requirement (P < 0.05). The decreased NK cytotoxic activity observed in our patients, in particular in long-standing diabetics, with normal NK cell number, could be due to a qualitative defect of the NK cells, or to a deficient IL-2 and/or TNF-alpha production, or to a immunomodulatory or immunosuppressing effect of insulin.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/blood
- Autoantibodies/blood
- CD57 Antigens
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Male
- Receptors, IgG/analysis
- Reference Values
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lorini
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Italy
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10
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Lorini R, Massa M, d'Annunzio G, Cortona L, De Benedetti F, Martini A, Severi F. CD5-positive B cells in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1993; 19:17-22. [PMID: 7682495 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8227(93)90140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have measured CD5+ B cell levels in the peripheral blood of 35 type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children, aged 1.1-21.2 years (10.7 +/- 4.6 years). Patients were divided into two groups according to disease duration (group I < 6 months and group II > 1.5 years). Group I included 18 patients and group II 17 patients. Thirty-nine healthy subjects, comparable for age and sex, served as controls. CD5+ B cells were identified by double immunofluorescence staining with rhodamine-conjugated rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin and with a mouse anti-CD5 monoclonal antibody revealed by a fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin. We found that CD5+ B cell levels (expressed as percentages of peripheral blood B lymphocytes) were significantly higher in group I (median 24; range 4-48) than in controls (median 14; range 0-36, P < 0.001) and in group II (median 4; range 0-20, P < 0.001). A follow-up study of 12 group I patients showed a significant decline in CD5+ B cell levels. The data obtained in our diabetic patients suggest that CD5+ B cells are expanded in the early phase of type 1 diabetes mellitus and may play a role in the autoimmune process of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lorini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia, Italy
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11
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Martinetti M, Dugoujon JM, Caforio AL, Schwarz G, Gavazzi A, Graziano G, Arbustini E, Lorini R, McKenna WJ, Bottazzo GF. HLA and immunoglobulin polymorphisms in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Hum Immunol 1992; 35:193-9. [PMID: 1293083 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(92)90105-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an idiopathic heart muscle disorder. The presence of circulating cardiac antibodies and the association with HLA-DR4 are consistent with autoimmune pathogenesis in a subset of patients. Sixty-eight DCM patients and 277 controls were typed for IgG heavy-chain constant region (Gm) and kappa light-chain (Km) allotypes. All patients and 210 of the 277 controls were HLA-DR typed. The Gm (1, 3, 17; 23; 5*, 21, 28) phenotype was overrepresented in DCM compared with controls (25% vs 13%, p = 0.0139, pc = NS, RR = 2.23). The frequency of this phenotype was higher in patients with younger age at onset, shorter symptom duration, and among those who were positive for cardiac as well as for non-organ-specific autoantibodies than in controls. A higher frequency of the Gm (1, +/- 2, 3, 17; +/- 23; 5*, 21, 28) heterozygous phenotypes was also found in DCM compared to controls (40.91% vs 26.89%; p = 0.02, pc = 0.04, RR = 1.88). The finding of Gm heterozygosity in DCM was associated with serum positivity for cardiac antibodies. A higher proportion of DCM patients were positive for both the Gm (1, 3, 17; 23; 5*, 21, 28) phenotype and HLA-DR4 compared to normals (3/68 vs 0/210; p = 0.04, RR = 22.50).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinetti
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Center, Pavia, Italy
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sahdev
- North Shore University Hospital-Cornell University Medical College, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Manhasset, New York
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13
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Burkart V, Zielasek J, Kantwerk-Funke G, Hibbe T, Schwab E, Kolb H. Low dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice: reduced IL-2 production and modulation of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia by IL-2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1992; 14:1037-44. [PMID: 1428358 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(92)90148-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The possible role of interleukin 2(IL-2) in the pathogenesis of multiple low dose streptozotocin (Sz)-induced diabetes in mice was analysed. Spleen cells from diabetic male C57Bl/6 mice showed diminished mitogen-induced IL-2 production as determined by bioassay using the IL-2-dependent T-cell line CTLL-2. In parallel the proliferative response was reduced. Systemic daily administration of human recombinant IL-2 for 3 weeks had dose-dependent effects on the development of hyperglycemia in Sz-treated (5 x 40 mg) mice: while IL-2 at doses of 1 x 2, 1 x 10, 2 x 10 micrograms/kg body weight caused partial suppression of hyperglycemia, higher doses (2 x 20, 2 x 40 micrograms/kg) had an enhancing effect. Treatment with the lowest dose (1 x 1 micrograms/kg) or with a control preparation from bacteria (2 x 10 micrograms/kg) did not significantly alter the course of diabetes. Effects of IL-2 were similar when treatment was started concomitantly with or only after streptozotocin injections. This observation argues against the direct interaction between IL-2 and streptozotocin but suggests modulation of immune reactivity by IL-2. Our findings of decreased mitogen-stimulated IL-2 production by splenic lymphocytes, and the disease-modulating effect of IL-2 in the low-dose streptozotocin diabetes extend our previous observations in spontaneously diabetic BB rats and further support the notion of an involvement of IL-2 in the control of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Burkart
- Diabetes Research Institute, Düsseldorf, F.R.G
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14
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Shore AC, Price KJ, Sandeman DD, Green EM, Tripp JH, Tooke JE. Impaired microvascular hyperaemic response in children with diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1991; 8:619-23. [PMID: 1833113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1991.tb01667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinically detectable microvascular complications of diabetes are uncommon in children with diabetes especially in the prepubertal group. It is unclear whether subtle functional abnormalities of the microcirculation occur in children without evidence of clinical microangiopathy and in particular whether abnormalities can be demonstrated in children before puberty. The maximum hyperaemic response to direct local heating (44 degrees C) of the foot skin was measured by laser Doppler fluximetry in 50 diabetic and 50 non-diabetic children. An impaired hyperaemic response occurred in the diabetic children compared with control children (diabetic 1.25 (95% CI 1.13-1.37) V; control 1.74 (1.60-1.88) V; p less than 0.001) and was significantly related to duration of diabetes but not to long-term blood glucose control. The impaired response was also present in prepubertal diabetic children (diabetic 1.37 (1.16-1.58) V; control 1.89 (1.67-2.12) V; p less than 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly raised in the prepubertal diabetic children. These data suggest that a functional abnormality of the microcirculation occurs in children with diabetes in the absence of clinically detectable microangiopathy, and even before puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Shore
- Diabetes Research Laboratories, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
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15
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Mølvig J, Pociot F, Baek L, Worsaae H, Dall Wogensen L, Christensen P, Staub-Nielsen L, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Manogue K, Nerup J. Monocyte function in IDDM patients and healthy individuals. Scand J Immunol 1990; 32:297-311. [PMID: 1698309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1990.tb02924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) may be pathogenetically important in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), which is associated with genes of the HLA region. Since a regulatory role of HLA region genes on monokine production may exist, we looked for an association between the monokine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) responses of monocytes (Mo) from 20 healthy males (18-50 years) with HLA-DR types relevant for IDDM susceptibility and resistance (DR1,2, DR1,3, DR1,4, DR3,4). Monokine assays were established and evaluated and the secretions of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and PGE2 measured in Mo cultures (2h, 6h, 20h) prepared by endotoxin-free techniques and stimulated by low-dose E. coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). There were no significant associations between Mo responses and HLA-DR phenotype. Likewise, Mo from DR2 (n = 5) and DR4 (n = 5) homozygous healthy males demonstrated no significant differences in monokine and PGE2 responses of Mo. In the HLA class III region a diallelic TNF-beta gene NcoI polymorphism consisting of alleles of 5.5 kb and 10.5 kb was recently described and associated with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases including IDDM. We report that IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha responses of Mo from TNF-beta 10.5 kb homozygous healthy individuals were significantly higher than for TNF-beta 5.5/10.5 kb heterozygotes. IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha responses of Mo from males (18-35 years) with newly diagnosed (n = 10) and long-standing IDDM (n = 10) and from age- and HLA-DR-matched healthy males (n = 10) were studied. LPS, gamma interferon (IFN), and TNF-alpha-stimulated Mo cultures were investigated. No significant differences were found between Mo responses of IDDM patients and controls. IFN (1000 U/ml) in the presence of LPS significantly potentiated LPS-stimulated Mo TNF-alpha secretion and reduced the levels of IL-1 beta immunoreactivity in Mo lysates. IFN and TNF-alpha did not have any effects on LPS-stimulated Mo secretion of IL-1 beta immunoreactivity. We conclude that Mo IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha production is normal in patients with recent-onset and long-standing IDDM. The interindividual differences in monokine responses may be accounted for by the diallelic human TNF-beta gene polymorphism rather than by HLA class II genes. This observation may be important for understanding the association of certain HLA haplotypes with autoimmune phenomena and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mølvig
- Steno Memorial Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
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