1
|
Sakla AP, Bazaz MR, Mahale A, Sharma P, Valapil DG, Kulkarni OP, Dandekar MP, Shankaraiah N. Development of Benzimidazole-Substituted Spirocyclopropyl Oxindole Derivatives as Cytotoxic Agents: Tubulin Polymerization Inhibition and Apoptosis Inducing Studies. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400052. [PMID: 38517377 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
A series of spirocyclopropyl oxindoles with benzimidazole substitutions was synthesized and tested for their cytotoxicity against selected human cancer cells. Most of the molecules exhibited significant antiproliferative activity with compound 12 p being the most potent. It exhibited significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50 value 3.14±0.50 μM), evidenced by the decrease in viable cells and increased apoptotic features during phase contrast microscopy, such as AO/EB, DAPI and DCFDA staining studies. Compound 12 p also inhibited cell migration in wound healing assay. Anticancer potential of 12 p was proved by the inhibition of tubulin polymerization with IC50 of 5.64±0.15 μM. These results imply the potential of benzimidazole substituted spirocyclopropyl oxindoles, notably 12 p, as cytotoxic agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akash P Sakla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Mohd Rabi Bazaz
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology & Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Ashutosh Mahale
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Pravesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Durgesh Gurukkala Valapil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Onkar Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology & Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lavanya R, Vimal S. Studies on Anticancer Effect of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Justicia gendarussa on Lung Cancer Cell Line. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S1207-S1210. [PMID: 38882728 PMCID: PMC11174257 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_543_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of study's goal was to look into the anticancer efficacy of a methanolic extract of Justicia gendarussa against a lung cancer cell line. Materials and Methods Cell viability assays and cell and nuclear morphology examinations were used to evaluate the anticancer efficacy against methanolic extract of Justicia gendarussa on lung cancer cell lines. The IC50 doses were calculated using different concentrations of Justicia gendarussa extract (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 μg/mL). Results The results of MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay revealed that the percentage of viability in treated cells was significantly lower as compared with untreated control groups, which represented as 100%, and an inhibitory concentration of 40 μg/mL was observed. Under a phase-contrast microscope, morphological changes revealed cell shrinkage and cytoplasmic membrane blebbing. The apoptotic nuclei (intensely colored, broken nuclei, and compacted chromatin) were examined under a fluorescence microscope. Conclusions The outcome of the research work on Justicia gendarussa was investigated for anticancer properties. The results revealed the proapoptotic and cytotoxic effects of Justicia gendarussa extract on lung cancer cell lines. From the above results and findings, it could be concluded that the Justicia gendarussa methanolic leaf extract exhibited potent anticancer activity against a lung cancer cell line. Further study needs to be conducted to investigate the active chemicals in the extract as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying its anticancer benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Lavanya
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Vimal
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khorshidian A, Sharifi N, Choupani Kheirabadi F, Rezaei F, Sheikholeslami SA, Ariyannejad A, Esmaeili J, Basati H, Barati A. In Vitro Release of Glycyrrhiza Glabra Extract by a Gel-Based Microneedle Patch for Psoriasis Treatment. Gels 2024; 10:87. [PMID: 38391417 PMCID: PMC10887857 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Microneedle patches are attractive drug delivery systems that give hope for treating skin disorders. In this study, to first fabricate a chitosan-based low-cost microneedle patch (MNP) using a CO2 laser cutter for in vitro purposes was tried and then the delivery and impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract (GgE) on the cell population by this microneedle was evaluated. Microscopic analysis, swelling, penetration, degradation, biocompatibility, and drug delivery were carried out to assess the patch's performance. DAPI staining and acridine orange (AO) staining were performed to evaluate cell numbers. Based on the results, the MNs were conical and sharp enough (diameter: 400-500 μm, height: 700-900 μm). They showed notable swelling (2 folds) during 5 min and good degradability during 30 min, which can be considered a burst release. The MNP showed no cytotoxicity against fibroblast cell line L929. It also demonstrated good potential for GgE delivery. The results from AO and DAPI staining approved the reduction in the cell population after GgE delivery. To sum up, the fabricated MNP can be a useful recommendation for lab-scale studies. In addition, a GgE-loaded MNP can be a good remedy for skin disorders in which cell proliferation needs to be controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayeh Khorshidian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TISSUEHUB Co., Tehran 1956854977, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, TISSUEHUB Co., Tehran 1956854977, Iran
| | - Niloufar Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, TISSUEHUB Co., Tehran 1956854977, Iran
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450066, China
| | - Fatemeh Choupani Kheirabadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, TISSUEHUB Co., Tehran 1956854977, Iran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz 54911, Iran
| | - Farnoushsadat Rezaei
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Seyed Alireza Sheikholeslami
- Department of Tissue Engineering, TISSUEHUB Co., Tehran 1956854977, Iran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 3848177584, Iran
| | - Ayda Ariyannejad
- Department of Tissue Engineering, TISSUEHUB Co., Tehran 1956854977, Iran
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Javad Esmaeili
- Department of Tissue Engineering, TISSUEHUB Co., Tehran 1956854977, Iran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 3848177584, Iran
- Tissue Engineering Hub (TEHUB), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1956854977, Iran
| | - Hojat Basati
- Department of Tissue Engineering, TISSUEHUB Co., Tehran 1956854977, Iran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran 3584014179, Iran
| | - Aboulfazl Barati
- Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, AL 36082, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Laxmikeshav K, Rahman Z, Mahale A, Gurukkala Valapil D, Sharma P, George J, Phanindranath R, Dandekar MP, Kulkarni OP, Nagesh N, Shankaraiah N. Benzimidazole derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors: Design, synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129494. [PMID: 37797804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
A new class of benzimidazole derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors has been designed and synthesized in this study. The in vitro anticancer profile of the developed molecules was reconnoitred on selected human cancer cells. The highest cytotoxicity was illustrated by compounds 7n and 7u with IC50 values ranging from 2.55 to 17.89 µM with specificity toward SK-Mel-28 cells. They displayed 5-fold less cytotoxicity towards normal rat kidney epithelial NRK52E cells, which implies that they are not harmful to normal, healthy cells. The cellular staining procedures like AO/EB, DCFDA, and DAPI were applied to comprehend the inherent mechanism of apoptosis which displayed nuclear and morphological alterations. The Annexin V binding and JC-1 studies were executed to evaluate the extent of apoptosis and the decline in mitochondrial transmembrane potential in SK-Mel-28 cell lines. Compound 7n dose-dependently arrested the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and the target-based outcomes proposed tubulin polymerization inhibition by 7n (IC50 of 5.05±0.13 μM). Computational studies were also conducted on the tubulin protein (PDB ID: 3E22) to investigate the stabilized binding interactions of compounds 7n and 7u with tubulin, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Laxmikeshav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Ziaur Rahman
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Ashutosh Mahale
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Durgesh Gurukkala Valapil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Pravesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Joel George
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Regur Phanindranath
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - Onkar P Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Narayana Nagesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Medical Biotechnology Complex, ANNEXE II, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang J, Cheng C, Yang Y, Zan J, Shuai C. Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks Serve as an Interface Layer for Designing Bifunctional Bone Scaffolds with Antibacterial and Osteogenic Performance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2828. [PMID: 37947674 PMCID: PMC10647501 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The integration of hydroxyapatite (HA) with broad-spectrum bactericidal nano-silver within biopolymer-based bone scaffolds not only promotes new bone growth, but also effectively prevents bacterial infections. However, there are problems such as a poor interface compatibility and easy agglomeration. In this project, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) were grown in situ on nano-HA to construct a core-shell structure, and silver was loaded into the ZIF-8 shell through ion exchange. Finally, the core-shell structure (HA@Ag) was composited with polylactic acid (PLLA) to prepare bone scaffolds. In this case, the metal zinc ions of ZIF-8 could form ionic bonds with the phosphate groups of HA by replacing calcium ions, and the imidazole ligands of ZIF-8 could form hydrogen bonds with the carboxyl groups of the PLLA, thus enhancing the interface compatibility between the biopolymers and ceramics. Additionally, the frame structure of MOFs enabled controlling the release of silver ions to achieve a long-term antibacterial performance. The test results showed that the HA@Ag nanoparticles endowed the scaffold with good antibacterial and osteogenic activity. Significantly, the HA@Ag naoaprticle exhibited a good interfacial compatibility with the PLLA matrix and could be relatively evenly dispersed within the matrix. Moreover, the HA@ZIF-8 also effectively enhanced the mechanical strength and degradation rate of the PLLA scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxi Huang
- Institute of Additive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China (Y.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Institute of Additive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Youwen Yang
- Institute of Additive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Jun Zan
- Institute of Additive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Cijun Shuai
- Institute of Additive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China (Y.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sreejith S, Tom J, Sangeetha VP, Vandana U, Joseph X, Jayaprakas CA, Mohanan PV. Antineoplastic effects of cassava-cyanide extract on human glioblastoma (LN229) cells. Toxicon 2023; 232:107200. [PMID: 37419285 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Several natural compounds reduce tumour cell growth and metastasis by inducing programmed cell death. Cassava (Manihot esculentaCrantz) contains cyanogenic glycosides such as, linamarin and lotaustralin, can be enzymatically cleaved by linamarase to release hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which can have therapeutic benefits against hypertension, asthma, and cancer. We have developed a technology for isolatingbio-active principles from cassava leaves.The present study is designed to analyzethe cytotoxic effect of cassava cyanideextract (CCE) against human glioblastoma cells (LN229). The treatment of CCE demonstrated a dose dependent toxicity on glioblastoma cells. At higher concentration tested, the CCE (400 μg/mL) was found to be cytotoxic, reducing the cell viability to 14.07 ± 2.15% by negatively influencing the mitochondrial activity, and lysosomal and cytoskeletal integrity. Coomassie's brilliant blue staining confirmed cells' morphological aberration after 24 h of treatment with CCE. Moreover, DCFH-DA assay and Griess reagent showed an increase in ROS but a decrease in RNS production at a concentration of CCE. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that CCE interfered with G0/G1, S, and G2/M stages of the cell cycle of glioblastoma, and Annexin/PI staining indicated a dose-dependent increase in cell death, confirming the toxic nature of CCE on LN229 cells. These findings suggest that cassava cyanide extract has potential as an antineoplastic agent against glioblastoma cells, which is an aggressive and difficult-to-treat type of brain cancer. However, it is important to note that the study was conducted in vitro, and further research is necessary to assess the safety and efficacy of CCE in vivo. Additionally, it is essential to establish the optimal dose and potential side effects before considering its use as a therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sreejith
- ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 017, Kerala, India
| | - Joseph Tom
- ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 017, Kerala, India
| | - V P Sangeetha
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - U Vandana
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - X Joseph
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Poojapura, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - C A Jayaprakas
- ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 017, Kerala, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 012, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sakla AP, Panda B, Mahale A, Sharma P, Laxmikeshav K, Ali Khan M, Kulkarni OP, Godugu C, Shankaraiah N. Regioselective synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of 3-thiooxindole derivatives: Tubulin polymerization inhibition and apoptosis inducing studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117297. [PMID: 37343499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, regiospecific nucleophilic ring-opening of spiroaziridine oxindoles has been established to afford 3-substituted-thiooxindole derivatives as anticancer agents. Among the new series, compounds 7d and 9c exhibited promising cytotoxic activity toward HCT-116 cells with IC50 values of 6.73 ± 0.36 and 6.64 ± 0.95 µM, respectively. Further, AO/EB, DCFDA, and DAPI staining studies were executed to establish the underlying apoptosis mechanism which displayed significant nuclear and morphological alterations. JC-1 staining and annexin V binding assay inferred the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in HCT-116 cancer cells. Cell cycle analysis showed the treatment of 9c against HCT-116 cells, arrested the cell cycle in G2-M phase. In addition, tubulin binding assay revealed that compound 9c exhibited tubulin polymerase inhibition with IC50 value of 9.73 ± 0.18 μM. This inhibition of tubulin polymerase was further supported by binding interactions of 9c with tubulin through docking studies on PDB ID: 3E22.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akash P Sakla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Biswajit Panda
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Ashutosh Mahale
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Pravesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Kritika Laxmikeshav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Mursalim Ali Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Onkar Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sakla AP, Panda B, Laxmikeshav K, Soni JP, Bhandari S, Godugu C, Shankaraiah N. Dithiocarbamation of spiro-aziridine oxindoles: a facile access to C3-functionalised 3-thiooxindoles as apoptosis inducing agents. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10622-10634. [PMID: 34870311 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02102h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first dithiocarbamation of spiro-aziridine oxindoles involving regiospecific ring-opening by using in situ generated nucleophilic dithiocarbamates as an instant source of sulfur. This approach afforded C3-functionalised-3-thiooxindoles in good to excellent yields with a wide substrate scope under catalyst-free and mild reaction conditions. These compounds were screened for their anticancer activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines, wherein compound 3u exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against human lung cancer cells with an IC50 value of 4.31 ± 1.88 μM. Phase contrast microscopy as well as different staining assays such as acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB), DAPI and DCFDA demonstrated the induction of apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells after treatment with compound 3u. In addition, the clonogenic assay and migration assay demonstrated the ability of compound 3u to inhibit colony formation and cell migration, respectively, in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akash P Sakla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India.
| | - Biswajit Panda
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India
| | - Kritika Laxmikeshav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India.
| | - Jay Prakash Soni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India.
| | - Sonal Bhandari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India.
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Autofluorescence Is a Common Trait in Different Oceanic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090709. [PMID: 34575747 PMCID: PMC8468643 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural autofluorescence is a widespread phenomenon observed in different types of tissues and organisms. Depending on the origin of the autofluorescence, its intensity can provide insights on the physiological state of an organism. Fungal autofluorescence has been reported in terrestrial and human-derived fungal samples. Yet, despite the recently reported ubiquitous presence and importance of marine fungi in the ocean, the autofluorescence of pelagic fungi has never been examined. Here, we investigated the existence and intensity of autofluorescence in five different pelagic fungal isolates. Preliminary experiments of fungal autofluorescence at different growth stages and nutrient conditions were conducted, reflecting contrasting physiological states of the fungi. In addition, we analysed the effect of natural autofluorescence on co-staining with DAPI. We found that all the marine pelagic fungi that were studied exhibited autofluorescence. The intensity of fungal autofluorescence changed depending on the species and the excitation wavelength used. Furthermore, fungal autofluorescence varied depending on the growth stage and on the concentration of available nutrients. Collectively, our results indicate that marine fungi can be auto-fluorescent, although its intensity depends on the species and growth condition. Hence, oceanic fungal autofluorescence should be considered in future studies when fungal samples are stained with fluorescent probes (i.e., fluorescence in situ hybridization) since this could lead to misinterpretation of results.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Q, Cristea A, Roberts C, Liu K, Song Y, Xiao H, Shi H, Ma Y. Unveil early-stage nanocytotoxicity by a label-free single cell pH nanoprobe. Analyst 2020; 145:7210-7224. [PMID: 32960188 PMCID: PMC7655686 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01437k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis is an emerging research area that aims to reveal delicate cellular status and underlying mechanisms by conquering the intercellular heterogeneity. Current single-cell research methods, however, are highly dependent on cell-destructive protocols and cannot sequentially display the progress of cellular events. A recently developed pH nanoprobe in our lab conceptually showed its ability to detect intracellular pH (pHi) without cell labeling or disruption. In the present study, we took the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) as a typical example of cell heterogeneity, to testify the practicality of the pH nanoprobe in interpreting cell status. Three types of NPs (CeO2, TiO2, and SiO2) were employed to generate varied toxic effects. Results showed that the traditional assays - including cell viability, intracellular ROS generation, and mitochondrial inner membrane depolarization - not only failed to report the nanotoxicity accurately and timely, but also drew confusing or misleading conclusions. The pH nanoprobe revealed explicit pHi changes induced by the NPs, which corresponded well with the cell damages found by the transmission electron microscopic (TEM) imaging. Besides, our results unveiled an unexpectedly devastating effect of SiO2 NPs on cells during the early stage NP-cell interaction. The developed novel pH nanoprobe demonstrated a rapid sensing capability at single-cell resolution with minimum invasiveness. Therefore, it may become a promising alternative for a wide range of applications in areas such as single-cell research and precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pandey V, Raza MK, Joshi P, Gupta I. Synthesis of Water-Soluble Thioglycosylated trans-A 2B 2 Type Porphyrins: Cellular Uptake Studies and Photodynamic Efficiency. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6309-6322. [PMID: 32320242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of water-soluble thioglycosylated A2B2 type porphyrins and their zinc(II) complexes is reported. The water-soluble trans-A2B2 porphyrins were synthesized in two steps, via [2+2] condensation between thioglycosylated dipyrromethanes and aromatic aldehydes in 15-21% yields. The thioglycosylated trans-A2B2 porphyrins showed decent in vitro singlet oxygen generation, which was supported by the intracellular DCFDA study. The in vitro cellular investigations of thioglycosylated A2B2 porphyrins were carried out in lung cancer cells (A549) to test their photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) activity. The PDT study revealed significant cytotoxicities of porphyrins with IC50 values between 23.3 and 44.2 μM in the dark, whereas, after visible light exposure, the photosensitizers exhibited IC50 values around 11.1-23.8 μM. The water-soluble thioglycosylated zinc(II) porphyrins having two meso-N-butylcarbazole groups exhibited an excellent degree of photocytotoxicity (IC50 = 4.6-8.8 μM). The flow cytometry analysis revealed that cellular uptake and ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation efficiency of water-soluble thioglycosylated zinc(II) porphyrins were considerably higher than nonmetalated porphyrins. Confocal microscopy images displayed substantial distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum with partial colocalization in mitochondria and lysosomes of water-soluble thioglycosylated zinc(II) porphyrins in A549 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Pandey
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Pooja Joshi
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Iti Gupta
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang A, Pang L, Wang N, Ai P, Yin D, Li S, Deng Q, Zhu J, Liang Y, Zhu J, Li P, Zheng A. The pathogenic mechanisms of Tilletia horrida as revealed by comparative and functional genomics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15413. [PMID: 30337609 PMCID: PMC6194002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33752-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilletia horrida is a soil-borne, mononucleate basidiomycete fungus with a biotrophic lifestyle that causes rice kernel smut, a disease that is distributed throughout hybrid rice growing areas worldwide. Here we report on the high-quality genome sequence of T. horrida; it is composed of 23.2 Mb that encode 7,729 predicted genes and 6,973 genes supported by RNA-seq. The genome contains few repetitive elements that account for 8.45% of the total. Evolutionarily, T. horrida lies close to the Ustilago fungi, suggesting grass species as potential hosts, but co-linearity was not observed between T. horrida and the barley smut Ustilago hordei. Genes and functions relevant to pathogenicity were presumed. T. horrida possesses a smaller set of carbohydrate-active enzymes and secondary metabolites, which probably reflect the specific characteristics of its infection and biotrophic lifestyle. Genes that encode secreted proteins and enzymes of secondary metabolism, and genes that are represented in the pathogen-host interaction gene database genes, are highly expressed during early infection; this is consistent with their potential roles in pathogenicity. Furthermore, among the 131 candidate pathogen effectors identified according to their expression patterns and functionality, we validated two that trigger leaf cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. In summary, we have revealed new molecular mechanisms involved in the evolution, biotrophy, and pathogenesis of T. horrida.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Linxiu Pang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Na Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Peng Ai
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Desuo Yin
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, Hubei, 611130, China
| | - Shuangcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Qiming Deng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yueyang Liang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jianqing Zhu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li P, Zhang Z, Zhang F, Zhou H, Sun B. Effects of 3-Tetrazolyl Methyl-3-Hydroxy-Oxindole Hybrid (THOH) on Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, and G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest Occurs by Targeting Platelet-Derived Growth Factor D (PDGF-D) and the MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway in Human Lung Cell Lines SK-LU-1, A549, and A-427. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:4547-4554. [PMID: 29961751 PMCID: PMC6058735 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3-tetrazolyl methyl-3-hydroxy-oxindole hybrid (THOH) on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the cell cycle in human lung cancer cell lines SK-LU-1, A549, and A-427, and the normal lung fibroblast cell line, MRC-5, in vitro. Material/Methods Human lung adenocarcinoma cells SK-LU-1, A549, and A-427, and the normal lung fibroblast cells, MRC-5 were cultured and treated with increasing concentrations of 10 mM of a stock solution of THOH in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). An MTT cell proliferation assay was used. Cell apoptosis and the cell cycle were studied using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACs) with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), Annexin-V, propidium iodide (PI), and nuclear staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). DNA damage was measured using the comet (single-cell gel electrophoresis) assay. Cell migration was evaluated using a wound healing assay, and Western blotting was used to measure protein expression levels. Results Treatment of SK-LU-1 cells with THOH inhibited cell migration. Treatment of lung cancer cells, SK-LU-1, A549, and A-427, with THOH inhibited cell proliferation, with the most marked inhibition found in the SK-LU-1 lung cancer cells (IC50, 12 μM). Treatment of lung cancer cells, SK-LU-1, A549, and A-427, with THOH increased cell apoptosis, resulted in G2/M cell cycle arrest, and inhibited both the platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-D) and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Conclusions Treatment of adenocarcinoma cells, SK-LU-1, A549, and A-427, with THOH inhibited cell proliferation, apoptosis, and resulted in G2/M cell cycle arrest by targeting PDGF-D and the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Peoples' Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Hongling Zhou
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Puyang Oilfield General Hospital, Puyang, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Respiration Medicine, The People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Von Stetina JR, Frawley LE, Unhavaithaya Y, Orr-Weaver TL. Variant cell cycles regulated by Notch signaling control cell size and ensure a functional blood-brain barrier. Development 2018; 145:145/3/dev157115. [PMID: 29440220 PMCID: PMC5818001 DOI: 10.1242/dev.157115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cell size is crucial in development. In plants and animals two cell cycle variants are employed to generate large cells by increased ploidy: the endocycle and endomitosis. The rationale behind the choice of which of these cycles is implemented is unknown. We show that in the Drosophila nervous system the subperineurial glia (SPG) are unique in using both the endocycle and endomitosis to grow. In the brain, the majority of SPG initially endocycle, then switch to endomitosis during larval development. The Notch signaling pathway and the String Cdc25 phosphatase are crucial for the endocycle versus endomitosis choice, providing the means experimentally to change cells from one to the other. This revealed fundamental insights into the control of cell size and the properties of endomitotic cells. Endomitotic cells attain a higher ploidy and larger size than endocycling cells, and endomitotic SPG are necessary for the blood-brain barrier. Decreased Notch signaling promotes endomitosis even in the ventral nerve cord SPG that normally are mononucleate, but not in the endocycling salivary gland cells, revealing tissue-specific cell cycle responses. Highlighted Article: In Drosophila brain lobes, Notch and the mitosis-activating phosphatase String regulate the switch of subperineurial glia from endocycle to endomitosis during larval development, with endomitotic cells attaining increased ploidy and size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura E Frawley
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Terry L Orr-Weaver
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bhanja P, Mishra S, Manna K, Mallick A, Das Saha K, Bhaumik A. Covalent Organic Framework Material Bearing Phloroglucinol Building Units as a Potent Anticancer Agent. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:31411-31423. [PMID: 28831795 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) having periodicity in pores of nanoscale dimensions can be suitably designed for the organic building units bearing reactive functional groups at their surfaces. Thus, they are an attractive option as an anticancer agent to overcome the limitations of chemotherapy. Herein, we first report a new porous biodegradable nitrogen containing COF material, EDTFP-1 (ethylenedianiline-triformyl phloroglucinol), synthesized using 4,4'-ethylenedianiline and 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol via Schiff base condensation reaction. EDTFP-1 exhibited 3D-hexagonal porous structure with average pores of ca. 1.5 nm dimension. Here, we have explored the anticancer potentiality of EDTFP-1. Result demonstrated an enhanced cytotoxicity was observed against four cancer cells HCT 116, HepG2, A549, and MIA-Paca2 with significant lower IC50 on HCT116 cells. Additionally, EDTFP-1-induced cell death was associated with the characteristic apoptotic changes like cell membrane blebbing, nuclear DNA fragmentation, externalization of phosphatidylserine from the cell membrane followed by a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential as well as modulation of pro and antiapoptotic proteins. Further, the result depicted a direct correlation between the generations of ROS with mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis through the involvement of p53 phosphorylation upon EDTFP-1 induction, suggesting this COF material is a novel chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Bhanja
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Snehasis Mishra
- Cancer & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Krishnendu Manna
- Cancer & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arijit Mallick
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Asim Bhaumik
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Baradwaj R, Rao M, Senthil Kumar T. Novel purification of 1’S-1’-Acetoxychavicol acetate from Alpinia galanga and its cytotoxic plus antiproliferative activity in colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line SW480. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:485-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
17
|
Banerjee M, Chattopadhyay S, Choudhuri T, Bera R, Kumar S, Chakraborty B, Mukherjee SK. Cytotoxicity and cell cycle arrest induced by andrographolide lead to programmed cell death of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:40. [PMID: 27084510 PMCID: PMC4833932 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is considered as an increasing major life-threatening concern among the malignancies encountered globally in females. Traditional therapy is far from satisfactory due to drug resistance and various side effects, thus a search for complementary/alternative medicines from natural sources with lesser side effects is being emphasized. Andrographis paniculata, an oriental, traditional medicinal herb commonly available in Asian countries, has a long history of treating a variety of diseases, such as respiratory infection, fever, bacterial dysentery, diarrhea, inflammation etc. Extracts of this plant showed a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects, such as anti-bacterial, anti-malarial, anti-viral and anti-carcinogenic properties. Andrographolide, a diterpenoid lactone, is the major active component of this plant. This study reports on andrographolide induced apoptosis and its possible mechanism in highly proliferative, invasive breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 lacking a functional p53 and estrogen receptor (ER). Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic properties of andrographolide have also been studied in mice following intravenous and oral administration. Results Andrographolide showed a time- and concentration- dependent inhibitory effect on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell proliferation, but the treatment did not affect normal breast epithelial cells, MCF-10A (>80 %). The number of cells in S as well as G2/M phase was increased after 36 h of treatment. Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with concomitant decrease in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and externalization of phosphatidyl serine were observed. Flow cytometry with Annexin V revealed that the population of apoptotic cells increased with prolonged exposure to andrographolide. Activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were also noted. Bax and Apaf-1 expression were notably increased with decreased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression in andrographolide-treated cells. Pharmacokinetic study with andrographolide showed the bioavailability of 9.27 ± 1.69 % with a Cmax, of 0.73 ± 0.17 μmol/L and Tmax of 0.42 ± 0.14 h following oral administration. AG showed rapid clearance and moderate terminal half lives (T1/2) of 1.86 ± 0.21 and 3.30 ± 0.35 h following IV and oral administration respectively. Conclusion This investigation indicates that andrographolide might be useful as a possible chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic agent for human breast cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0257-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, WB, India.,TCG Life Science Ltd., Bengal Intelligent Park, Tower-B, Block-EP & GP, Sector-5, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Subrata Chattopadhyay
- TCG Life Science Ltd., Bengal Intelligent Park, Tower-B, Block-EP & GP, Sector-5, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | | | - Rammohan Bera
- TCG Life Science Ltd., Bengal Intelligent Park, Tower-B, Block-EP & GP, Sector-5, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- TCG Life Science Ltd., Bengal Intelligent Park, Tower-B, Block-EP & GP, Sector-5, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Biswajit Chakraborty
- TCG Life Science Ltd., Bengal Intelligent Park, Tower-B, Block-EP & GP, Sector-5, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li L, Zheng BB, Ma LS, Sun X, Chang JJ, Xie WD, Li X. Telekin suppresses human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro by inducing G2/M phase arrest via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1311-22. [PMID: 25176399 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Telekin, isolated from the Chinese herb Carpesium divaricatum, has shown anti-proliferation effects against various cancer cells, including hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In this study, we investigated the anti-proliferation mechanisms of telekin in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells in vitro. METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with telekin. Cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay. Flow cytometry was used to measure cell cycle profiles, ROS level and apoptosis. The protein expression levels were analyzed with Western blotting. RESULTS Telekin (3.75-30 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited the viability of HepG2 cells and induced l apoptosis. Furthermore, the treatment induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, accompanied by significantly increased the phosphorylation of Cdc25A and Cdc2, and decreased Cyclin B1 level. Moreover, the treatment significantly stimulated ROS production, and increased the phosphorylation of p38 and MAPKAPK-2 in the cells. Pretreatment with the antioxidant NAC (2.5, 5, and 10 mmol/L), or the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (2.5 and 5 μmol/L) dose-dependently attenuated these telekin-induced effects in the cells. CONCLUSION Telekin suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro by inducing G2/M phase arrest via activating the p38 MAPK pathway.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wan Y, Tamuly D, Allen PB, Kim YT, Bachoo R, Ellington AD, Iqbal SM. Proliferation and migration of tumor cells in tapered channels. Biomed Microdevices 2014; 15:635-643. [PMID: 23104156 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells depict two deviant tendencies; over-proliferation and vigorous migration. A tapered channel device is designed and fabricated for in vitro studies. We report inhibited proliferation and migration of human glioblastoma (hGBM) cells when exposed to an aptamer that is known to bind epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR). The device is integrated with controlled ambient and microscope for providing real-time and quantitative characterization of the tumor cell behavior. The results show that hGBM cells loose proliferation and motility when exposed to the anti-EGFR aptamer. The aptamer directly inhibits and blocks EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation. This also reduces the ability of cells to remodel their internal structure for invasion through narrow constrictions. This provides a framework for possible studies on efficacy of other inhibiting molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wan
- Nano-Bio Lab, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 S. Cooper St, M.S. 19072, Room #217, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.,Nanotechnology Research and Education Center, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.,Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Deepika Tamuly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Peter B Allen
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Young-Tae Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.,Nanotechnology Research and Education Center, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Robert Bachoo
- Annette G. Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrew D Ellington
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Samir M Iqbal
- Nano-Bio Lab, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 S. Cooper St, M.S. 19072, Room #217, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA. .,Nanotechnology Research and Education Center, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA. .,Joint Graduate Committee of Bioengineering Program, University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sergeyev A, Geiss R, Solntsev AS, Steinbrück A, Schrempel F, Kley EB, Pertsch T, Grange R. Second-harmonic generation in lithium niobate nanowires for local fluorescence excitation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:19012-19021. [PMID: 23938816 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.019012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We study the nonlinear optical properties of lithium niobate (LiNbO(3)) nanowires (NWs) fabricated by a top-down ion beam enhanced etching method. First, we demonstrate generation and propagation of the second-harmonic (SH) light in LiNbO(3) NWs of typical rectangular cross-sections of 400 x 600 nm(2) and length from 10 to 50 μm. Then, we show local fluorescent excitation of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) dye with the propagated SH signal in standard concentrations as for biological applications. By measuring the detected average power of the propagated fundamental harmonic (FH) and the SH signal at the output of the NWs, we directly prove the dominating role of the SH signal over possible two-photon excitation processes with the FH in the DAPI dye. We estimate that 63 ± 6 pW of the propagated SH average power is required for detectable dye excitation. Finally, we model the waveguiding of the SH light to determine the smallest NW cross-section (around 40x60 nm(2)) which is potentially able to excite fluorescence with a FH intensity below the cell damage threshold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Sergeyev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Max-Wien Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dey SK, Bose D, Hazra A, Naskar S, Nandy A, Munda RN, Das S, Chatterjee N, Mondal NB, Banerjee S, Saha KD. Cytotoxic activity and apoptosis-inducing potential of di-spiropyrrolidino and di-spiropyrrolizidino oxindole andrographolide derivatives. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58055. [PMID: 23472133 PMCID: PMC3589478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticancer role of andrographolide is well documented. To find novel potent derivatives with improved cytotoxicity than andrographolide on cancer cells, two series of di-spiropyrrolidino- and di-spiropyrrolizidino oxindole andrographolide derivatives prepared by cyclo-addition of azomethine ylide along with sarcosine or proline (viz. sarcosine and proline series respectively) and substitution of different functional groups (-CH3, -OCH3 and halogens) were examined for their cytotoxic effect on a panel of six human cancer cell lines (colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells, pancreatic carcinoma MiaPaCa-2 cells, hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells, cervical carcinoma HeLa cells, lung carcinoma A549 and melanoma A375 cells). Except halogen substituted derivatives of proline series (viz. CY2, CY14 and CY15 for Br, Cl and I substitution respectively), none of the other derivatives showed improved cytotoxicity than andrographolide in the cancer cell lines examined. Order of cytotoxicity of the potent compounds is CY2>CY14>CY15>andrographolide. Higher toxicity was observed in HCT116, MiaPaCa-2 and HepG2 cells. CY2, induced death of HCT116 (GI50 10.5), MiaPaCa-2 (GI50 11.2) and HepG2 (GI50 16.6) cells were associated with cell rounding, nuclear fragmentation and increased percentage of apoptotic cells, cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, ROS generation, and involvement of mitochondrial pathway. Upregulation of Bax, Bad, p53, caspases-3,-9 and cleaved PARP; downregulation of Bcl-2, cytosolic NF-κB p65, PI3K and p-Akt; translocation of P53/P21, NF-κB p65 were seen in CY2 treated HCT116 cells. Thus, three halogenated di-spiropyrrolizidino oxindole derivatives of andrographolide are found to be more cytotoxic than andrographolide in some cancer cells. The most potent derivative, CY2 induced death of the cancer cells involves ROS dependent mitochondrial pathway like andrographolide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Dey
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipayan Bose
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Hazra
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhendu Naskar
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhishek Nandy
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Rudra Narayan Munda
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhadip Das
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Nabanita Chatterjee
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Nirup Bikash Mondal
- Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sukdeb Banerjee
- Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stain technique is a simple method that was developed for confirming the presence of phytoplasmas in hand-cut or freezing microtome sections of infected tissues. DAPI binds AT-rich DNA preferentially, so that phytoplasmas, localized among phloem cells, can be visualized in a fluorescence microscope. The procedure is quick, easy to use, inexpensive, and can be used as a preliminary or quantitative method to detect or quantify phytoplasma-like bodies in infected plants.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gangappa R, Hogg SI. DNA unmasked in the red rain cells of Kerala. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 159:107-111. [PMID: 23175506 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.062711-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extraordinary claims have been made for the biological properties of the red rain cells of Kerala, including a suggestion that they lack DNA. We have investigated the fluorescence properties of red rain cells, and the solubility of the red pigment in a variety of solvents. Extraction of the pigment with DMSO allowed successful demonstration of DNA using DAPI staining. Cellular impermeability to staining reagents due to the red pigment is the likely explanation for the failure of previous efforts to demonstrate DNA in red rain cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Gangappa
- Department of Science and Sport, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd CF37 4AT, UK
| | - Stuart I Hogg
- Department of Science and Sport, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd CF37 4AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hamamoto R, Kamihira M, Iijima S. Intermittent addition of HGF and TGF-beta1 in rat primary hepatocyte culture. Cytotechnology 2012; 31:111-21. [PMID: 19003131 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008068004855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) on two morphological states of hepatocytes in monolayer and spheroid cultures, were examined in terms of their mitogenic ability and albumin expression. In monolayer culture on collagen-coated dishes, the increase in DNA content in the presence of HGF was observed when HGF was added within two days of cell isolation, whereas no increase in DNA was observed when HGF was added four days of cell isolation. DNA content increased even after four days, when HGF was added intermittently. On the other hand, spheroid formation was promoted on Primaria(R) dishes in HGF-free culture, whereas it was inhibited following the addition of HGF. No increase in DNA content was observed in spheroid cultures even in the presence of HGF throughout the culture period. The albumin production ability rapidly decreased in monolayer culture, but the decline was attenuated following the addition of HGF during the course of culture. A high albumin production ability was maintained independent of HGF supplementation in spheroid culture. Both DNA content and albumin production decreased rapidly following the addition of TGF-beta1 in monolayer culture, and this decline was also attenuated following the addition of HGF to the medium.
Collapse
|
25
|
Das S, Chatterjee N, Bose D, Dey SK, Munda RN, Nandy A, Bera S, Biswas SK, Saha KD. Anticancer Potential of 3-(Arylideneamino)-2-Phenylquinazoline-4(3H)-One Derivatives. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 29:251-60. [DOI: 10.1159/000337606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
26
|
Houki S, Yamada M, Honda T, Komaru A. Origin and possible role of males in hermaphroditic androgenetic Corbicula clams. Zoolog Sci 2011; 28:526-31. [PMID: 21728801 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.28.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hermaphroditic Corbicula leana clams reproduce by androgenesis and have been regarded as simultaneous hermaphrodites. To date, there has been no report on the occurrence of male clams in hermaphroditic Corbicula. In an irrigation ditch in Shiga Prefecture, we found that 78.2% of C. leana specimens were males and 21.8% were hermaphrodites. Microfluorometric analysis revealed that males were diploids and hermaphrodites were triploids. All males produced nonreductional and biflagellate spermatozoa. The sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b, 621 bp) for 31 specimens of C. leana showed that four male and nine hermaphrodites shared the same H2 mtDNA haplotype; H1 was detected from 17 males and H3 was detected from one hermaphrodite. Coexisting C. fluminea clams also have haplotypes H1 and H2. Phylogenetic tree by a neighborjoining method based on the partial sequence of cytochrome b revealed that the haplotypes (H1- 3) of C. leana were evidently different from those of dioecious C. sandai (S1 and S2) and C. japonica (J1 and J2). These results suggest that males may be derived from hermaphrodite C. leana clams. The role of males in hermaphroditic populations is unknown. However, if the spermatozoon from a male is able to fertilize an egg from a hermaphrodite and the nuclear genome of the egg is expelled as polar bodies, the sperm nucleus could form a zygote nucleus. This mode of reproduction would allow the replacement of the nuclear genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouji Houki
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lukamowicz M, Kirsch-Volders M, Suter W, Elhajouji A. In vitro primary human lymphocyte flow cytometry based micronucleus assay: simultaneous assessment of cell proliferation, apoptosis and MN frequency. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:763-70. [PMID: 21791709 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to minimise the number of positive in vitro cytogenetic results which are not confirmed in rodent carcinogenicity tests, biological systems that are p53 and DNA repair proficient should be recommended. Moreover, an appropriate cytotoxicity parameter for top dose selection should be considered. Recent International Conference on Harmonisation draft S2 and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 487 guideline accepted the in vitro micronucleus test (MNT) as a valid alternative method for in vitro chromosome aberration test within the in vitro cytogenetic test battery. Since mitosis is a prerequisite for expression of the micronuclei, it is compulsory to demonstrate that cell division occurred, and if possible, to identify the cells that completed mitosis. The OECD guideline recommends the use of a cytokinesis block for the assessment of proliferation in primary T-lymphocytes. The work presented in this manuscript was initiated to develop a novel flow cytometry-based primary human lymphocyte MNT method. This new assay is based on a three-step staining procedure: carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester as a proliferation marker, ethidium monoazide for chromatin of necrotic and late apoptotic cells discrimination and 4,6-diaminodino-2-phenylindole as a DNA marker. The proof of principle of the method was performed using genotoxic and non-genotoxic compounds: methyl methanesulfonate, mitomycin C, vinblastine sulphate, cyclophosphamide, sodium chloride and dexamethasone. It has been shown that the new flow cytometry-based primary human lymphocyte MNT method is at least equally reliable method as the standard Cytochalasin B MNT. However, further validation of the assay using a wide selection of compounds with a variety of mechanisms of action is required, before it can be used for regulatory purposes. Moreover, a miniaturisation of the technology may provide an additional advantage for early drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Lukamowicz
- Genetic Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Werk Klybeck, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tanaka A, Takemura-Tsukashita S, Kushima R, Sugihara H, Fujiyama Y, Hattori T. Low-grade gastric adenomas/dysplasias: Phenotypic expression, DNA ploidy pattern, and LOH at microsatellites linked to the APC gene. Pathol Res Pract 2008; 204:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
29
|
Saito K, Drgon T, Krupatkina DN, Drgonova J, Terlizzi DE, Mercer N, Vasta GR. Effect of biotic and abiotic factors on in vitro proliferation, encystment, and excystment of Pfiesteria piscicida. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:6410-20. [PMID: 17704277 PMCID: PMC2075043 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01229-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pfiesteria spp. are mixotrophic armored dinoflagellates populating the Atlantic coastal waters of the United States. They have been a focus of intense research due to their reported association with several fish mortality events. We have now used a clonal culture of Pfiesteria piscicida and several new environmental isolates to describe growth characteristics, feeding, and factors contributing to the encystment and germination of the organism in both laboratory and environmental samples. We also discuss applied methods of detection of the different morphological forms of Pfiesteria in environmental samples. In summary, Pfiesteria, when grown with its algal prey, Rhodomonas sp., presents a typical growth curve with lag, exponential, and stationary phases, followed by encystment. The doubling time in exponential phase is about 12 h. The profiles of proliferation under a standard light cycle and in the dark were similar, although the peak cell densities were markedly lower when cells were grown in the dark. The addition of urea, chicken manure, and soil extracts did not enhance Pfiesteria proliferation, but crude unfiltered spent aquarium water did. Under conditions of food deprivation or cold (4 degrees C), Pfiesteria readily formed harvestable cysts that were further analyzed by PCR and scanning electron microscopy. The germination of Pfiesteria cysts in environmental sediment was enhanced by the presence of live fish: dinospores could be detected 13 to 15 days earlier and reached 5- to 10-times-higher peak cell densities with live fish than with artificial seawater or f/2 medium alone. The addition of ammonia, urea, nitrate, phosphate, or surprisingly, spent fish aquarium water had no effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Saito
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 East Pratt St., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bravo-Zanoguera ME, Laris CA, Nguyen LK, Oliva M, Price JH. Dynamic autofocus for continuous-scanning time-delay-and-integration image acquisition in automated microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:034011. [PMID: 17614719 DOI: 10.1117/1.2743078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficient image cytometry of a conventional microscope slide means rapid acquisition and analysis of 20 gigapixels of image data (at 0.3-microm sampling). The voluminous data motivate increased acquisition speed to enable many biomedical applications. Continuous-motion time-delay-and-integrate (TDI) scanning has the potential to speed image acquisition while retaining sensitivity, but the challenge of implementing high-resolution autofocus operating simultaneously with acquisition has limited its adoption. We develop a dynamic autofocus system for this need using: 1. a "volume camera," consisting of nine fiber optic imaging conduits to charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors, that acquires images in parallel from different focal planes, 2. an array of mixed analog-digital processing circuits that measure the high spatial frequencies of the multiple image streams to create focus indices, and 3. a software system that reads and analyzes the focus data streams and calculates best focus for closed feedback loop control. Our system updates autofocus at 56 Hz (or once every 21 microm of stage travel) to collect sharply focused images sampled at 0.3x0.3 microm(2)/pixel at a stage speed of 2.3 mms. The system, tested by focusing in phase contrast and imaging long fluorescence strips, achieves high-performance closed-loop image-content-based autofocus in continuous scanning for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel E Bravo-Zanoguera
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bubenshchikova E, Ju B, Pristyazhnyuk I, Niwa K, Kaftanovskaya E, Kinoshita M, Ozato K, Wakamatsu Y. Generation of Fertile and Diploid Fish, Medaka (Oryzias latipes), from Nuclear Transplantation of Blastula and Four-Somite-Stage Embryonic Cells into Nonenucleated Unfertilized Eggs. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2005; 7:255-64. [PMID: 16390261 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2005.7.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In two experimental series of transplantation of embryonic cell nuclei into nonenucleated unfertilized eggs in medaka (Oryzias latipes), fertile and diploid nuclear transplants were successfully generated. In the first experiment, nuclei from blastula cells of a medaka stock with the wild-type body color were transplanted into 1722 eggs from the orange-red variety. Of 26 adult nuclear transplants with the wild-type body color, 22 were, as expected, triploid and sterile, but the other four were fertile. Three of the four were diploid, and the last one was tetraploid. They transmitted the wild-type body color to the F1 and F2 progenies in a Mendelian fashion. In the second experiment, cell nuclei from four-somite-stage embryos of the orangered variety carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene were transplanted into 1688 recipients of the same strain. Three adult nuclear transplants expressing GFP were obtained. Two of them were triploid and sterile, but the remaining one was fertile and diploid. The transgene of the donor nuclei was transmitted to the F(1) and F(2) offspring in a Mendelian fashion. These observations that diploid and fertile nuclear transplants could be obtained without enucleation of the recipient eggs may have important implications for future nuclear transplantation in medaka.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Bubenshchikova
- Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Stocks, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hamamoto R, Seko H, Kamimura R, Yamada K, Murai K, Kamihira M, Iijima S. Growth induction of rat primary hepatocytes using antisense oligonucleotides. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 88:310-5. [PMID: 16232617 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(00)80015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/1999] [Accepted: 06/18/1999] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined growth control of adult and fetal hepatocytes by regulating the expression of cell-cycle-related proteins using antisense S-oligonucleotides to tumor suppressors retinoblastoma (RB) protein and p53, and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p27. The protein expression in both adult and fetal hepatocytes was significantly suppressed with the addition of corresponding antisense oligonucleotides at a concentration of 2.5 microM. For the evaluation of growth, 3H-thymidine incorporation and DNA content were measured and the results demonstrated that all the antisense oligonucleotides had growth-promoting effects and the promoting potential was equivalent or slightly greater than that with the addition of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (10 ng/ml). The growth-promoting effect of the antisense oligonucleotides was enhanced by HGF in both adult and fetal hepatocyte cultures, and the effects on hepatocyte growth were also observed in a suspension culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Hamamoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this article the authors present relationship between meconium exposure and inflammatory cytokine release in newborn lungs. METHODS The authors used forty 2-week-old rabbit pups for the study. One-half of the group were instilled with meconium and the other half with saline. Rabbits were sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hrs after installation and lung lavage was obtained and was examined for cytokine mRNA expression using RT-PCR and for cytokine proteins using ELISA technique. The data were collected in each of the study group. RESULTS Meconium instillation caused significant expression of inflammatory cytokines TNFalpha, IL-6, and IL-8 (p < 0.05) with a peak at 8 hrs after meconium instillation. Levels of IL-10 were insignificant (p > 0.05). Also, we found significant increase in necrotic cells and neutrophils (p < 0.05), compared to the control, saline instilled rabbit lungs. CONCLUSION The present studies demonstrates that meconium induces inflammatory response and cytokines gene and protein expression in the lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zagariya
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 60612-7324, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dan H, Imaseki H, Wasteneys GO, Kazama H. Ethylene stimulates endoreduplication but inhibits cytokinesis in cucumber hypocotyl epidermis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:1726-31. [PMID: 14645725 PMCID: PMC300727 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.025783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2003] [Revised: 06/26/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ethylene on cell division are generally considered inhibitory. In this study, we demonstrate that transient ethylene exposure, while suppressing cytokinesis, stimulates DNA synthesis. We monitored DNA synthesis and cytokinesis in the epidermis of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) hypocotyls, an organ whose post-germination development involves strictly limited cell division. During exposure to ethylene, DNA synthesis, assessed by the incorporation of the thymidine homolog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, was detected in 20% of the epidermal cells, whereas DNA synthesis was nearly undetectable in normal air. Cytofluorometric analysis of nuclei in affected cells showed an up to 8-fold increase in DNA content. During this time, new cell plate formation was not detected. However, shortly after ethylene was removed, DNA content was rapidly restored to 2C (diploid) levels in all cells, and new cell plate formation dramatically increased. These results demonstrate that ethylene promotes DNA synthesis and its endoreduplication but inhibits cytokinesis, thereby maintaining some cells in G2 phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Dan
- Department of Biology, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585 Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Murakami M, Matsuba C, Fujitani H. The maternal origins of the triploid ginbuna (Carassius auratus langsdorfi): phylogenetic relationships within the C. auratus taxa by partial mitochondrial D-loop sequencing. Genes Genet Syst 2001; 76:25-32. [PMID: 11376548 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.76.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyper-variable segments (323-327 bp) of the mitochondrial D-loop for 169 Carassius auratus fishes in Japan were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and the amplified products were sequenced directly and compared. A dendrogram showing three major clusters was generated with the sequence data for 37 haplotypes at 66 polymorphic sites. One cluster (cluster I) exclusively consisted of the gengorobuna, which was regarded as an independent (sub) species. The triploid ginbuna belonged to two remaining clusters, mainly in the diploid ginbuna cluster (cluster III) and partially in the goldfish cluster (cluster II). This finding suggests that the triploid ginbuna has been derived from two different maternal lineages. The triploid ginbuna was considered to have come into existence during the last ice age on the basis of this phylogenetic data. No geographic differentiation was observed with respect to the triploid ginbuna sampled at three different localities in Japan; the Shibuta River in Kanagawa, Lake Imba in Chiba and Lake Biwa in Shiga. The phylogenetic tree also demonstrated a monophyletic relationship amongst the nigorobuna, the nagabuna and the ginbuna, sharing cluster III. The nigorobuna and nagabuna populations have most likely arisen from geographic and temporal variations within the ginbuna populations. We also discuss the evolutionary origin of the triploid in view of its paternal ancestors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Okada K, Sugihara H, Bamba M, Bamba T, Hattori T. Sequential numerical changes of chromosomes 7 and 18 in diffuse-type stomach cancer cell lines: combined comparative genomic hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and ploidy analyses. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 118:99-107. [PMID: 10748289 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sequential changes of chromosomal copy number were analyzed retrospectively in five diffuse-type gastric cancer cell lines by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), DNA cytometry, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with centromeric and painting probes. By CGH, we found loss of 18q21 in all of the cell lines and gains of 7p11-q31, 20q, and 22 in four of the five cell lines. Actual copy numbers of chromosomes 7 and 18 were determined by FISH: disomy 18 with (partial) loss of 18q in the two DNA-diploid cell lines (AGS and MKN-45), trisomy 7 in MKN-45, disomy 18 and tetrasomy 7 with one-copy loss of 7p and one-copy gain of 7q tip in DNA-triploid HSC-39/40A, and trisomy 18 and hexasomy 7 with one-copy loss of 7q in DNA-tetraploid KATO-III. Because the DNA aneuploidy is thought to result through tetraploidization, and the duplicated chromosomal changes in DNA aneuploid tumors seem to precede tetraploidization, the duplicated gain of chromosome 7 and one-copy loss of 7q in KATO-III were inferred to have occurred before and after tetraploidization, respectively. Similarly, HSC-39/40A were inferred to be preceded by the DNA-diploid stage with disomy 7 and monosomy 18. As the loss of 18q21 and the gain of 7p11-q31 were inferred to have occurred already in the DNA diploid stage in at least four and two of the cell lines, respectively, the 18q21 loss may be more important than the 7q gain as an earlier event in the genesis of diffuse-type stomach cancer. The combined CGH, FISH, and ploidy analyses thus give us a clue to extract important earlier events from the chromosomal changes that were screened by CGH alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Okada
- First Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu, Shiga, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bajaj S, Welsh JB, Leif RC, Price JH. Ultra-rare-event detection performance of a custom scanning cytometer on a model preparation of fetal nRBCs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(20000401)39:4<285::aid-cyto6>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
38
|
Niwa K, Kani S, Kinoshita M, Ozato K, Wakamatsu Y. Expression of GFP in Nuclear Transplants Generated by Transplantation of Embryonic Cell Nuclei from GFP-Transgenic Fish into Nonenucleated Eggs of Medaka,Oryzias latipes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000; 2:23-34. [PMID: 16218843 DOI: 10.1089/15204550050145102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate whether foreign genes can be used as genetic markers of donor nuclei in fish nuclear transplantation, expression of the GFP gene derived from donor nuclei was examined in nuclear transplants in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Embryonic nuclei were obtained from blastula embryos produced by crossing of transgenic fish of the wild-type strain heterozygous for the GFP gene with nontransgenic ones or by mutual crossing between transgenic fish. The GFP gene was driven by the promoter of the medaka elongation factor gene, EF-1alpha-A, which is known to induce GFP expression in many tissues except for the muscle in the transgenic fish. The nuclei were transplanted into nonenucleated unfertilized eggs of the orange-red strain. Adult nuclear transplants were successfully obtained at the rate of about 2% of the operated eggs. They were triploid and had no reproductive potential. The GFP gene was expressed in embryos, fry, and adults of nuclear transplants in a pattern similar to that in the transgenic fish. These results indicate that GFP is useful as a foreign genetic marker of donor nuclei in fish nuclear transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Niwa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zuan GZ, Sugihara H, Peng DF, Ling ZQ, Yao XH, Yoshitake K, Hattori T. Role of p53 in Growth Suppression by Bromodeoxyuridine in Human Gastric Cancer Cell Lines. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2000. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.33.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhi Zuan
- First Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | | | - Dun-Fa Peng
- First Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ling
- First Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Xiao-Hong Yao
- First Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Kazusada Yoshitake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Takanori Hattori
- First Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Niwa K, Ladygina T, Kinoshita M, Ozato K, Wakamatsu Y. Transplantation of blastula nuclei to non-enucleated eggs in the medaka, Oryzias latipes. Dev Growth Differ 1999; 41:163-72. [PMID: 10223712 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1999.00423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies of nuclear transplantation were conducted to establish methods for the production of clones of fish, using a small laboratory fish, medaka, Oryzias latipes. As the first step of the study, single-blastula nuclei of an inbred strain with the wild-type body color were transplanted into non-enucleated unfertilized eggs of an outbred orange red strain. Of 845 operated eggs, 45 hatched into fry exhibiting the wild-type body color, one of the donor markers. Twenty-seven of these nuclear transplants grew to the adult stage and clearly exhibited external secondary sexual characteristics. Fourteen were females and 13 were males. The allozyme analysis of phosphoglucomutase, measurements of relative DNA content by microfluorometry and chromosome counts consistently indicated that the nuclear transplants were triploids that originated from both the diploid donor nuclei and the haploid recipient pronuclei. In the crossing experiments between the nuclear transplants and the orange-red strain, most of the male nuclear transplants were sterile, whereas one male produced a viable offspring with wild-type body color. All of the female nuclear transplants were sterile. Macroscopic observations of their gonads showed that the testes appeared normal and the ovaries appeared degenerated. These features of the reproductive potential and the morphology of gonads also indicated that the nuclear transplants were triploids. These results demonstrated that a basic technique for nuclear transplantation in medaka was established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Niwa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hamamoto R, Kamihira M, Iijima S. Growth and differentiation of cultured fetal hepatocytes isolated various developmental stages. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1999; 63:395-401. [PMID: 10336275 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.63.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relationship between cell proliferation and differentiation of cultured rat fetal and newborn hepatocytes isolated from various developmental stages. The albumin production rate increased along with cell growth under in vitro culture and became maximal two days after the growth cessation. AFP was secreted by both fetal and newborn hepatocytes with growth ability. Furthermore, the responses to HGF addition in fetal hepatocyte cultures were observed in terms of growth stimulation and down-regulated of the Met receptor. We also studied the changes in RB and liver enriched transcription factors (C/EBPs) for investigating the mechanism underlying proliferation and differentiation of fetal hepatocytes. Western blot analysis of hepatocytes taken from various gestation stages of rat liver showed that the expression of RB and C/EBP beta increased as gestation stage proceeded. When RB antisense S-oligonucleotide was added to the culture medium, proliferation and AFP expression increased, while C/EBP alpha and albumin expressions decreased. These results indicated that the tumor suppressor gene product RB had a profound role not only in cell proliferation but also hepatocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Hamamoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nishigaki R, Mitani H, Shima A. Evasion of UVC-induced apoptosis by photorepair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Exp Cell Res 1998; 244:43-53. [PMID: 9770347 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyase is known to reverse pyrimidine dimers specifically under illumination with visible light. OCP13, a Medaka cell line showing a high level expression of the gene for CPD photolyase, completely reversed pyrimidine dimers induced by 20 J/m2 UVC by 1 h of photorepair. When OCP13 cells were irradiated with 20 J/m2 UVC, morphological changes such as shrinkage of cells, distorted nuclear shape, and decrease in the number of nucleoli appeared 2 to 4 h after UVC irradiation. Thereafter, the irradiated cells began to detach from the substratum, and DNA ladders were observed in the DNA extracted from detached cells. Thus, these changes in cells after UVC exposure were used to characterize the progression of UV-induced apoptosis in OCP13 cells. Although formation of DNA ladders and cell detachment were blocked by cycloheximide treatment prior to UVC exposure, the morphological changes were not. With photorepair treatment, even after the morphological changes appeared cells were still able to restore their normal morphological features and remained attached. On the other hand, the cell-cycle progression in UVC-irradiated cells was arrested even after photorepair of pyrimidine dimers. Thus, photorepair can rescue cells from UV-induced apoptosis, although DNA damage other than that of pyrimidine dimers, as well as additional non-DNA damage, possibly remained, and DNA replication was left inhibited. Among the various kinds of damage induced by UVC irradiation, the presence of pyrimidine dimers is proposed to be the major trigger for UVC-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Nishigaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Okada G, Takematsu A, Gandjar I, Nakase T. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Tretopileus sphaerophorus, a synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinities. MYCOSCIENCE 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02461574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
44
|
Murakami M, Fujitani H. Characterization of repetitive DNA sequences carrying 5S rDNA of the triploid ginbuna (Japanese silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfi). Genes Genet Syst 1998; 73:9-20. [PMID: 9546204 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.73.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive DNA sequences (Hi-b; 209 bp in length) were isolated from the HindIII digests of the genomic DNA of the triploid ginbuna, Carassius auratus langsdorfi. Sequence analyses revealed that the Hi-b repetitive units were comprised of the complete coding regions of 5S rDNA (120 bp in size) and their 5'flanking regions. The sequences of the Hi-b units from the same individual were highly homogeneous. Southern blot hybridization to the Hi-b probe displayed intricate patterns that represented the presence of other repetitive units containing the Hi-b related sequences. A major family of repetitive sequences related to the Hi-b was then obtained by the polymerase chain reaction using asymmetry primers for the 5S coding regions. These 331-bp sequences (AZ5S's) contained 5S pseudogenes as well as the almost entire Hi-b sequences, and seemed to be the true 5S rDNAs. The tandem arrangements of the AZ5S sequences explained most of the complex results of Southern blots. Another class of intriguing repeat units (Hi-b-beta and Hi-b-gamma) were also isolated. Fluorescence in situ hybridization data revealed two major signals on a pair of homologous chromosomes and several minor signals on other chromosomes in the triploid ginbuna, indicating the existence of the 5S related sequences as several separate clusters. The major spots were shared with the tetraploid ginbuna and goldfish, but not with the diploid ginbuna. When the genomic organization of the Hi-b related sequences in other cyprinid fishes was examined, the hybridization patterns of the ginbuna were very similar to those of the goldfish, but were clearly different from those of the gengorobuna. The carp genome showed less complex patterns. Thus, the present 5S rDNA-related sequences could be candidates for phylogenetic molecular markers for the crucian carp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tanaka SS, Togooka Y, Sato H, Seiki M, Tojo H, Tachi C. Expression and localization of membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP) in trophoblast cells of cultured mouse blastocysts and ectoplacental cones. Placenta 1998; 19:41-8. [PMID: 9481784 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(98)90097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) possess a C-terminal transmembrane domain and are expressed on the cell membrane. It was suspected, therefore, that MT1-MMP might play an important role in the trophoblastic invasion during implantation. The patterns of expression and localization of membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP) were examined immunocytochemically in cultured mouse blastocysts and excised extoplacental cones (EPCs). MT1-MMP immuno-reactivity was present in the giant trophoblast cells located at the periphery of the spreading trophoblast of cultured blastocysts and the outgrowths of cultured EPCs, but not in the densely packed trophoblast cells in both the blastocysts and the EPCs. It appears likely that MT1-MMP expressed on the edge of the invading trophoblast facilitates the trophoblastic invasion by cleaving proMMP-2, a known substrate of MT1-MMP, in the decidua. Immunohistochemical examination of early conceptuses confirmed that the trophoblast cells actively invading the endometrium in vivo express MT1-MMP strongly. It is suggested, furthermore, that the expression of MT1-MMP might be downregulated by cell-cell contact in mouse trophoblast cells, as in the mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Tanaka
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kamihira M, Yamada K, Hamamoto R, Iijima S. Spheroid formation of hepatocytes using synthetic polymer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 831:398-407. [PMID: 9616730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is known that hepatocytes show the different morphology depending on the surface condition of cultural substratum. The cells form a floating cell-aggregate called spheroid on proteoglycan-coated or positively charged dishes. The liver cell functions are generally high and maintained for the long-term in the spheroid culture. Since spheroid morphology is preferable for the construction of a bioartificial liver, it is important to develop an effective method of preparing spheroids. In this regard, we examined a preparation method of functional spheroid-like cell-aggregates, in which a synthetic polymer, Eudragit was added to culture medium for inducing liver cell-aggregation. The cell-cell attachment of the aggregate was loose at the beginning of the culture, but it became tight and spheroids were formed 2-3 days after inoculation. When 0.1% Eudragit was added to the medium, the liver functions such as albumin secretion, ammonia removal and urea synthesis were enhanced compared with monolayer and conventional spheroid cultures. The spheroid formation was also performed with suspension culture in a spinner flask. Approximately 80% of the cells inoculated formed spheroids by the addition of the polymer. Moreover, the polymer showed a protective effect from cell damage by agitation. Since this procedure does not require surface for cell attachment, a large amount of spheroids can be prepared in suspension culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kamihira
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yasuhara K, Mitsumori K, Shimo T, Onodera H, Takahashi M, Hayashi Y. Mice with focal pulmonary fibrosis caused by monocrotaline are insensitive to urethane induction of lung tumorigenesis. Toxicol Pathol 1997; 25:574-81. [PMID: 9437801 DOI: 10.1177/019262339702500606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To establish the characteristics of an optimized pulmonary fibrosis model, male ICR mice were given 4 weekly sc injections of 150 or 0 mg/kg monocrotaline (MCT) and maintained without further treatment for 33 wk (Experiment 1). The final mortality in the MCT group was 64%. Epithelial cells with large bizarre nuclei and an increased incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar hyperplasias were typically observed. In areas of pulmonary fibrosis, the PCNA labeling index (LI) in the alveolar/airway epithelium was significantly elevated. DNA content analysis demonstrated a larger range (4-8C) for the ploidy pattern of alveolar epithelium with large bizarre nuclei than in the normal epithelium (2C). In Experiment 2, the relationship between pulmonary fibrosis development and lung tumorigenesis was investigated. Mice were given 4 weekly sc injections of 150 and 0 mg/kg MCT, followed by a single i.p. injection of 1,000 or 500 mg/kg urethane (UR) on week 7, then maintained without further treatment for an additional 15 wk. UR following MCT-induced inflammatory changes, fibrosis, and epithelia with large bizarre nuclei but no tumorous lesions, in spite of the fact that treatment with UR alone caused a high incidence of pulmonary tumors. Hyperplasias were seen in all groups, but the multiplicity in the combined groups tended to be decreased by the MCT pretreatment. The present study demonstrated that this new protocol is more suitable than previous one for the experimental production of pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, the induction of lung tumors by UR was completely depressed in mice with MCT-induced pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that alveolar epithelial cells are resistant to this lung carcinogen under these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Yasuhara
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Morphological and molecular characterization of Verticillium longisporum comb, nov., pathogenic to oilseed rape. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756297003985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
49
|
Murakami M, Fujitani H. Polyploid-specific repetitive DNA sequences from triploid ginbuna (Japanese silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfi). Genes Genet Syst 1997; 72:107-13. [PMID: 9265737 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.72.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive DNA sequences (Cal3nDr) in the genome of a triploid ginbuna (Carassius auratus langsdorfi) were isolated from the DraI digests of the genomic DNA. This AT-rich (61%) Cal3nDr monomer was 137 bp in length. The nucleotide similarity among the monomers from the same individual was considerably high (above 97%). Hybridization analyses revealed that the Cal3nDr sequences were organized into tandem arrays. These DNA sequences were present only in triploid and tetraploid ginbunas and were absent from diploid ginbuna, gengorobuna, goldfish, and other cyprinid fishes, and therefore appeared to be specific to polyploid ginbunas. In situ hybridization data showed their localization on one to four out of a total of 150 to 156 chromosomes, depending on the individuals or clonal lines, of the triploid ginbuna. The origin of the Cal3nDr sequences is also discussed on the basis of observation of the artificial triploid ginbuna produced by crossing a diploid female with a tetraploid male.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Emura I, Naito M, Kakihara T, Wakabayashi M, Hayashi N, Chou T. Identification of drug-resistant myeloid leukemic cells by measurement of DNA content, nuclear area, and detection of P-glycoprotein. Cancer 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960301)77:5<878::aid-cncr11>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|