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Kverneland AH, Chamberlain CA, Borch TH, Nielsen M, Mørk SK, Kjeldsen JW, Lorentzen CL, Jørgensen LP, Riis LB, Yde CW, Met Ö, Donia M, Marie Svane I. Adoptive cell therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes supported by checkpoint inhibition across multiple solid cancer types. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003499. [PMID: 34607899 PMCID: PMC8491427 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has shown remarkable results in malignant melanoma (MM), while studies on the potential in other cancer diagnoses are sparse. Further, the prospect of using checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) to support TIL production and therapy remains to be explored. Study design TIL-based ACT with CPIs was evaluated in a clinical phase I/II trial. Ipilimumab (3 mg/kg) was administered prior to tumor resection and nivolumab (3 mg/kg, every 2 weeks ×4) in relation to TIL infusion. Preconditioning chemotherapy was given before TIL infusion and followed by low-dose (2 10e6 international units (UI) ×1 subcutaneous for 14 days) interleukin-2 stimulation. Results Twenty-five patients covering 10 different cancer diagnoses were treated with in vitro expanded TILs. Expansion of TILs was successful in 97% of recruited patients. Five patients had sizeable tumor regressions of 30%–63%, including two confirmed partial responses in patients with head-and-neck cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. Safety and feasibility were comparable to MM trials of ACT with the addition of expected CPI toxicity. In an exploratory analysis, tumor mutational burden and expression of the alpha-integrin CD103 (p=0.025) were associated with increased disease control. In vitro tumor reactivity was seen in both patients with an objective response and was associated with regressions in tumor size (p=0.028). Conclusion High success rates of TIL expansion were demonstrated across multiple solid cancers. TIL ACTs were found feasible, independent of previous therapy. Tumor regressions after ACT combined with CPIs were demonstrated in several cancer types supported by in vitro antitumor reactivity of the TILs. Trial registration numbers NCT03296137, and EudraCT No. 2017-002323-25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Handrup Kverneland
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark.,National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christopher Aled Chamberlain
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Troels Holz Borch
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark.,National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark.,National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sofie Kirial Mørk
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark.,National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Julie Westerlin Kjeldsen
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark.,National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Lund Lorentzen
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark.,National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lise Pyndt Jørgensen
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lene Buhl Riis
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christina Westmose Yde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marco Donia
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark.,National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark .,National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
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Niu B, Zeng X, Phan TA, Szulzewsky F, Holte S, Holland EC, Tian JP. Mathematical modeling of PDGF-driven glioma reveals the dynamics of immune cells infiltrating into tumors. Neoplasia 2020; 22:323-332. [PMID: 32585427 PMCID: PMC7322103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor-infiltrated immune cells compose a significant component of many cancers. They have been observed to have contradictory impacts on tumors. Although the primary reasons for these observations remain elusive, it is important to understand how immune cells infiltrating into tumors is regulated. Recently our group conducted a series of experimental studies, which showed that muIDH1 gliomas have a significant global reduction of immune cells and suggested that the longer survival time of mice with CIMP gliomas may be due to the IDH mutation and its effect on reducing of the tumor-infiltrated immune cells. However, to comprehend how IDH1 mutants regulate infiltration of immune cells into gliomas and how they affect the aggressiveness of gliomas, it is necessary to integrate our experimental data into a dynamical system to acquire a much deeper understanding of subtle regulation of immune cell infiltration. Methods: The method is integration of mathematical modeling and experiments. According to mass conservation laws and assumption that immune cells migrate into the tumor site along a chemotactic gradient field, a mathematical model is formulated. Parameters are estimated from our experiments. Numerical methods are developed to solve the problem. Numerical predictions are compared with experimental results. Results: Our analysis shows that the net rate of increase of immune cells infiltrated into the tumor is approximately proportional to the 4/5 power of the chemoattractant production rate, and it is an increasing function of time while the percentage of immune cells infiltrated into the tumor is a decreasing function of time. Our model predicts that wtIDH1 mice will survive longer if the immune cells are blocked by reducing chemotactic coefficient. For more aggressive gliomas, our model shows that there is little difference in their survivals between wtIDH1 and muIDH1 tumors, and the percentage of immune cells infiltrated into the tumor is much lower. These predictions are verified by our experimental results. In addition, wtIDH1 and muIDH1 can be quantitatively distinguished by their chemoattractant production rates, and the chemotactic coefficient determines possibilities of immune cells migration along chemoattractant gradient fields. Conclusions: The chemoattractant gradient field produced by tumor cells may facilitate immune cells migration to the tumor cite. The chemoattractant production rate may be utilized to classify wtIDH1 and muIDH1 tumors. The dynamics of immune cells infiltrating into tumors is largely determined by tumor cell chemoattractant production rate and chemotactic coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Mexico State University, 1780 E University Ave, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States; Department of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
| | - Xianyi Zeng
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Tuan Anh Phan
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Mexico State University, 1780 E University Ave, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Frank Szulzewsky
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Sarah Holte
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Solid Tumor Translational Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Jianjun Paul Tian
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Mexico State University, 1780 E University Ave, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States.
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Sernicola A, Russo I, Silic-Benussi M, Ciminale V, Alaibac M. Targeting the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) in inflammatory and neoplastic skin conditions. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:275-282. [PMID: 31951753 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1715937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The cutaneous lymphocyte antigen interacts with E-selectin on endothelial cells and is expressed on 15% of circulating T-cells. Skin-homing T-cells express the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen and play a role in local cutaneous immunity in inflammatory reactions and neoplastic conditions.Areas covered: Lymphocyte extravasation is the essential para-physiological mechanism enabling immune surveillance of tissues for tumors as well as effector cell recruitment to inflammatory sites.The authors focused on skin inflammatory disorders, on cutaneous lymphoproliferative disease, and on other skin malignancies.Expert opinion: Interfering with leukocyte extravasation has been regarded as an attractive strategy in skin disorders, in the past for inflammatory conditions and more recently for cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Therapeutic blocking of skin-homing interactions has been attempted in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis and has been achieved in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is a potential molecular target for both systemic and skin-directed therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Russo
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Micol Silic-Benussi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Alaibac
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Belai EB, de Oliveira CE, Gasparoto TH, Ramos RN, Torres SA, Garlet GP, Cavassani KA, Silva JS, Campanelli AP. PD-1 blockage delays murine squamous cell carcinoma development. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:424-31. [PMID: 24031027 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of programmed death-1 (PD-1) with its two ligands [programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2] has been associated with the suppression of tumor-reactive T cells; however, the underlying mechanism for this T-cell dysfunction is not clear. We hypothesized that PD-1 and PD-L1 signals are, in part, responsible for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) escape from immune antitumor regulation by modulation of the tumor environment. In the present study, we used a multistage model of SCC to examine the role of PD-1/PD-L1 activation during tumor development. Tumor sites presented an increased percentage of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressing PD-1 when compared with non-tumorigenic control mice, whereas the expression of PD-L1 was particularly increased in F4/80(+) macrophages in tumor sites. Further, the systemic immune neutralization of PD-1 resulted in a decreased number and delayed incidence rate of papillomas followed by a differential expression of cytokeratins, suggesting that the PD-1-PD-L1 interaction contributes to the progression of SCC by downregulation of antitumor responses. In fact, blocking PD-1 increased the percentage of CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, and the levels of interferon-γ in the tumor sites. Our results indicated involvement of PD-1(+) T cells in SCC development and in the modulation of the inflammatory immune response.
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Man YG, Stojadinovic A, Mason J, Avital I, Bilchik A, Bruecher B, Protic M, Nissan A, Izadjoo M, Zhang X, Jewett A. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells promoting tumor invasion and metastasis: existing theories. J Cancer 2013; 4:84-95. [PMID: 23386907 PMCID: PMC3564249 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a commonly held belief that infiltration of immune cells into tumor tissues and direct physical contact between tumor cells and infiltrated immune cells is associated with physical destructions of the tumor cells, reduction of the tumor burden, and improved clinical prognosis. An increasing number of studies, however, have suggested that aberrant infiltration of immune cells into tumor or normal tissues may promote tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Neither the primary reason for these contradictory observations, nor the mechanism for the reported diverse impact of tumor-infiltrating immune cells has been elucidated, making it difficult to judge the clinical implications of infiltration of immune cells within tumor tissues. This mini-review presents several existing hypotheses and models that favor the promoting impact of tumor-infiltrating immune cells on tumor invasion and metastasis, and also analyzes their strength and weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-gao Man
- 1. Diagnostic and Translational Research Center, Henry Jackson Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- 2. College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Alexander Stojadinovic
- 3. Surgical Oncology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, and Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mason
- 4. Veterans Affair Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Itzhak Avital
- 5. Bon Secours National Cancer Institute (BSNCI), Richmond VA, USA
| | - Anton Bilchik
- 6. John Wayne Cancer Institute; California Oncology Research Institute; and, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Mladjan Protic
- 8. Clinic of Abdominal, Endocrine, and Transplantation Surgery, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad - Medical Faculty, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aviram Nissan
- 9. The Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mina Izadjoo
- 1. Diagnostic and Translational Research Center, Henry Jackson Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Xichen Zhang
- 2. College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Anahid Jewett
- 10. Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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6
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Schuler PJ, Hoffmann TK, Gauler TC, Bergmann C, Brandau S, Lang S. [Immunotherapy of head and neck cancer. Current developments]. HNO 2012; 61:559-72. [PMID: 23247754 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-012-2635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the prognosis for patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) the introduction of new therapeutic strategies is necessary. The concept of immunotherapy has been applied and improved for several years and recent studies have used tumor-specific antigens which facilitates targeted oncologic therapy. However, immunotherapy is hampered by the fact that immunosuppressive mechanisms are pronounced and relevant effector cells are suppressed, especially in patients with HNSCC. Successful immunotherapy could induce an antitumor immune response by restitution of these cell populations. Current anti-tumor immunotherapy includes unspecific immune stimulation, genetic modification of tumor and immune cells, the use of monoclonal antibodies, e.g. cetuximab, adoptive cell transfer and tumor vaccination. In the future, these biologic therapies alone or in combination with conventional therapeutic regimens could present a valuable therapeutic option for HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Schuler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
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Hadrup S, Donia M, Thor Straten P. Effector CD4 and CD8 T cells and their role in the tumor microenvironment. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2012; 6:123-33. [PMID: 23242673 PMCID: PMC3717059 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-012-0127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cells in tumors—the so-called tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been studied intensively over the past years. Compelling evidence point to a clinical relevance for high numbers of T cells at the tumor site with CD8 memory T cells as a key denominator for overall survival (OS) in patients with colo-rectal cancer (CRC), and also for others solid cancers. These data goes hand in hand with studies of clonality of TIL showing the T cells among TIL are expanded clonally, and also that tumor specific T cells of CD4 as well as CD8 type are enriched at the tumor site. The tumor microenvironment is hostile to T cell function e.g., due to expression of enzymes that depletes the amino acids tryptophan and arginine, high concentration of tumor secreted lactate, and presence innate cells or regulatory T cells both with suppressive activity. Analyses of the specificity of TILs in melanoma demonstrate that quite few known antigens are in fact recognized by these cultures underscoring patient unique and/or mutated antigens may represent important target for recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Hadrup
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Herlev University Hospital, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
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Bron L, Jandus C, Andrejevic-Blant S, Speiser DE, Monnier P, Romero P, Rivals JP. Prognostic value of arginase-II expression and regulatory T-cell infiltration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:E85-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tissue-Specific Homing of Immune Cells in Malignant Skin Tumors. Pathol Oncol Res 2012; 18:749-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-012-9529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Ramos RN, Oliveira CE, Gasparoto TH, Malaspina TSDS, Belai EB, Cavassani KA, Garlet GP, Silva JSD, Campanelli AP. CD25+ T cell depletion impairs murine squamous cell carcinoma development via modulation of antitumor immune responses. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:902-9. [PMID: 22345289 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) constitutes a microenvironment that could modulate the antitumor immune response. Also, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are believed to play complex regulatory roles in antitumor immunity against SCC. The presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been associated with the suppression of tumor-reactive T cells. However, the underlying mechanism for this T cell dysfunction is not clear. We used a multistage model of SCC to examine the role of Treg cells during tumor development. 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene/phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment and systemic depletion of Treg cells using an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (PC61) resulted in a decrease in the number and incidence of papilloma. Furthermore, CD25 depletion increased the proportion of CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells that were isolated from tumor lesions. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, interferon-γ, transforming growth factor-β and tumor necrosis factor-α, but not IL-17, were increased in the tumor microenvironment after Treg depletion. Therefore, our results indicated involvement of CD25(+) T cells in SCC development and in the suppression of the inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Nalio Ramos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Junker N, Andersen MH, Wenandy L, Dombernowsky SL, Kiss K, Sørensen CH, Therkildsen MH, Von Buchwald C, Andersen E, Straten PT, Svane IM. Bimodal ex vivo expansion of T cells from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a prerequisite for adoptive cell transfer. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:822-34. [PMID: 21428850 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.563291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has proven effective in metastatic melanoma and should therefore be explored in other types of cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of potentially expanding clinically relevant quantities of tumor-specific T-cell cultures from TIL from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) using a more rapid expansion procedure compared with previous HNSCC studies. METHODS In a two-step expansion process, initially TIL bulk cultures were established from primary and recurrent HNSCC tumors in high-dose interleukin (IL)-2. Secondly, selected bulk cultures were rapidly expanded using anti-CD3 antibody, feeder cells and high-dose IL-2. T-cell subsets were phenotypically characterized using flow cytometry. T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotype mapping was applied to examine clonotype dynamics during culture. Interferon (INF)-γ detection by Elispot and Cr(51) release assay determined the specificity and functional capacity of selected TIL pre- and post-rapid expansion. RESULTS TIL bulk cultures were expanded in 80% of the patients included, showing tumor specificity in 60% of the patients. Rapid expansions generated up to 3500-fold expansion of selected TIL cultures within 17 days. The cultures mainly consisted of T-effector memory cells, with varying distributions of CD8(+) and CD4(+) subtypes both among cultures and patients. TCR clonotype mapping demonstrated oligoclonal expanded cultures, ranging from approximately 10 to 30 T-cell clonotypes. TIL from large-scale rapid expansions maintained functional capacity, and contained tumor-specific T cells. CONCLUSION The procedure is feasible for expansion of TIL from HNSCC, ensuring clinically relevant expansion folds within 7 weeks. The cell culture kinetics and phenotypes of the TIL resemble previously published results on TIL from melanoma, setting the stage for clinical testing of this promising treatment strategy for patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Junker
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
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Badoual C, Sandoval F, Pere H, Hans S, Gey A, Merillon N, Van Ryswick C, Quintin-Colonna F, Bruneval P, Brasnu D, Fridman WH, Tartour E. Better understanding tumor-host interaction in head and neck cancer to improve the design and development of immunotherapeutic strategies. Head Neck 2010; 32:946-58. [PMID: 20191626 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers are heavily infiltrated by immune cells, the significance of which is complex. The natural immune response against head and neck tumors, including anti-human papillomavirus (HPV) T cells, and humoral responses has been clearly documented. However, during the course of tumor progression, co-option of the immune system by tumor cells for their own advantage and increased resistance of tumor cells to immune attack also occur. Inflammation and immune subversion to support angiogenesis are key factors promoting tumor growth. Only a better understanding of this tumor-host interaction will permit a rational design of new immunotherapeutic approaches combining immunostimulation with drugs endowed with the ability to counteract immunoevasion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Badoual
- EA 4054 Universite Paris Descartes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons Alfort, France
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13
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Andrade Filho PA, Ito D, DeLeo AB, Ferris RL. CD8+ T cell recognition of polymorphic wild-type sequence p53(65-73) peptides in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1561-8. [PMID: 20577877 PMCID: PMC4109029 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The TP53 tumor suppressor gene contains a well-studied polymorphism that encodes either proline (P) or arginine (R) at codon 72, and over half of the world's population is homozygous for R at this codon. The wild-type sequence (wt) p53 peptide, p53(65-73), has been identified as a CD8+ T cell-defined tumor antigen for use in broadly applicable cancer vaccines. However, depending on the TP53 codon 72 polymorphism of the recipient, the induced responses to the peptides incorporating R (p53(72R)) or P (p53(72P)) can be "self" or "non-self." Thus, we sought to determine which wt p53(65-73) peptide should be used in wt p53-based cancer vaccines. Despite similar predicted HLA-A2-binding affinities, the p53(72P) peptide was more efficient than the p53(72R) peptide in HLA-A2 stabilization assays. In vitro stimulation (IVS) of CD8+ T cells obtained from healthy HLA-A2(+) donors with these two peptides led to the generation of CD8+ T cell effectors in one-third of the samples tested, at a frequency similar to the responsiveness to other wt p53 peptides. Interestingly, regardless of their p53 codon 72 genotype, CD8+ T cells stimulated with either p53(72P) or p53(72R) peptide were cross-reactive against T2 cells pulsed with either peptide, as well as HLA-A2(+) head and neck cancer (HNC) cell lines presenting p53(72P) and/or p53(72R) peptides for T cell recognition. Therefore, the cross-reactivity of CD8+ T cells for the polymorphic wt p53(65-73) peptides, irrespective of their p53 codon 72 polymorphism, suggests that employing either peptide in wt p53-based vaccines can result in efficient targeting of this epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. Andrade Filho
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Albert B. DeLeo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Robert L. Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
- UPCI Research Pavilion, The Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Room 2.26b, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
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14
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Yoong KF, Adams DH. Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes: insights into tumour immunology and potential therapeutic implications. Mol Pathol 2010; 49:M256-67. [PMID: 16696086 PMCID: PMC408070 DOI: 10.1136/mp.49.5.m256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K F Yoong
- Liver Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH
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Abstract
Biologic therapies able to induce or up-regulate anti-tumor immune responses could represent a complementary approach to improve the conventional treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN). Patients with SCCHN are frequently immunocompromised due to the elimination and dysfunction of critical immune effector cells. Therefore, it might be necessary to restore these immune functions to allow for the generation of effective anti-tumor host responses. Simultaneously, to prevent tumor escape from immunological recognition and destruction, it might also be necessary to alter antigenic and immunogenic attributes of the malignant cells. The present overview summarizes general aspects, historical data, and recent advances in the field of immunotherapy of SCCHN, including non-specific immune stimulation, transfer of immunocompetent cells, gene therapy, use of monoclonal antibodies, and anti-cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Hoffmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten der Universität Düsseldorf.
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17
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Zompi S, Colucci F. Anatomy of a murder—signal transduction pathways leading to activation of natural killer cells. Immunol Lett 2005; 97:31-9. [PMID: 15626473 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells control the early phases of viral infections, modulate antigen-specific immune responses, and participate in the rejection of tumours and bone marrow grafts. A fine balance between inhibitory and activating receptors tightly regulates NK cell activation. Biochemical studies in human cell lines and primary cells have revealed some of the activating NK cell signalling pathways, however animal models are instrumental to understand the physiological implications of these findings for immune responses in vivo. Gene targeting in mice and biochemical studies in cells are helping to dissect out the various signal transduction pathways that control NK cell activation. A clearer view of these pathways may eventually help designing more effective immune therapies based on the use of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zompi
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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18
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Hoffmann TK, Bier H, Whiteside TL. Targeting the immune system: novel therapeutic approaches in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:1055-67. [PMID: 15095020 PMCID: PMC11032895 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Accepted: 03/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the overall survival rates for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) have not changed over the last decades. Clearly, novel therapeutic strategies are needed for this cancer, which is highly immunosuppressive. Therefore, biologic therapies able to induce and/or up-regulate antitumor immune responses could represent a complementary approach to conventional treatments. Because patients with SCCHN are frequently immunocompromised due to the elimination or dysfunction of critical effector cells of the immune system, it might be necessary to restore these immune functions to allow for the generation of more effective antitumor host responses. Simultaneously, to prevent tumor escape, it might be necessary to alter attributes of the malignant cells. The present review summarizes recent advances in the field of immunotherapy of SCCHN, including techniques of nonspecific immune stimulation, the use of monoclonal antibodies, advances in adoptive immunotherapy and genetic engineering, as well as anticancer vaccines. These biologic therapies, alone or in combination with conventional treatment, are likely to develop into useful future treatment options for patients with SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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19
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Zompi S, Hamerman JA, Ogasawara K, Schweighoffer E, Tybulewicz VLJ, Di Santo JP, Lanier LL, Colucci F. NKG2D triggers cytotoxicity in mouse NK cells lacking DAP12 or Syk family kinases. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:565-72. [PMID: 12740576 DOI: 10.1038/ni930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2003] [Accepted: 04/18/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In activated mouse natural killer (NK) cells, the NKG2D receptor associates with two intracellular adaptors, DAP10 and DAP12, which trigger phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and Syk family protein tyrosine kinases, respectively. Here we show that cytotoxicity, but not cytokine production, is triggered by NKG2D in activated NK cells lacking either DAP12 or the Syk family members Syk and ZAP70. Inhibition of PI3K blocks this cytotoxicity, suggesting that the DAP10-PI3K pathway is sufficient to initiate NKG2D-mediated killing of target cells. Our results highlight signaling divergence in the effector functions of NKG2D and indicate that alternative associations between a receptor and its adaptors may provide a single receptor with a dual 'on-switch', giving mouse NK cells more choices through which to trigger cytotoxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Enzyme Precursors/immunology
- Female
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/immunology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Syk Kinase
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Zompi
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 rue Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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20
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21
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Pérez J, Mozos E, Martín MP, Day MJ. Immunohistochemical study of the inflammatory infiltrate associated with equine squamous cell carcinoma. J Comp Pathol 1999; 121:385-97. [PMID: 10542127 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.1999.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of T (CD3), B (CD79) lymphocytes, immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM and IgA)-producing plasma cells, macrophages (lysozyme, Mac387) and MHC Class II antigen was analysed in the inflammatory infiltrate associated with 19 equine squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and six cases of precancerous lesions (actinic keratosis). The SCCs came from the penis (11 cases), conjunctiva (four), skin (two), nasal cavity (one) and oral cavity (one). Seven cases were well-differentiated and 12 moderately differentiated. Nine cases showed no invasion of peritumoral deep tissues (locally invasive), whereas the remaining 10 cases were highly invasive. An abundant inflammatory infiltrate was associated with the majority of the SCCs and with lesions of actinic keratosis. This infiltrate was composed mainly of CD3(+)T lymphocytes, CD79(+)B cells and numerous IgG(+)plasma cells; IgM- and IgA-producing plasma cells were scarce and variable, respectively. Macrophages were usually numerous. Macrophages, lymphocytes, intra-epithelial dendritic cells and fibroblasts expressed MHC Class II antigen. No significant correlation was found between the nature of the inflammatory infiltrate and the SCC histological grade or degree of invasion, suggesting that the local anti-tumour immune response failed to prevent tumour invasion or metastasis. MHC Class II was expressed by a variable number of neoplastic epithelial cells in four SCCs, all of which were only locally invasive. In addition, in areas where SCC cells expressed Class II antigen, numerous CD3(+)T lymphocytes were present and some of them were associated with degenerate tumour cells. These findings suggest that the expression of MHC Class II by neoplastic cells induces an improved local anti-tumour immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pérez
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba, Spain
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22
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Pérez J, Day MJ, Martín MP, González S, Mozos E. Immunohistochemical study of the inflammatory infiltrate associated with feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and precancerous lesions (actinic keratosis). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999; 69:33-46. [PMID: 10490233 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of T lymphocytes (CD3+), B lymphocytes (CD79+), immunoglobulin-containing plasma cells (IgG, IgM and IgA), macrophages (Mac387+) and MHC Class II antigen was analysed in the inflammatory infiltrate associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) from 23 cats. Peri-tumoural skin (12 cases) and precancerous lesions of actinic keratosis (nine cases) were also evaluated for the expression of MHC Class II. The results revealed that an abundant inflammatory infiltrate was associated with the majority of SCC. This infiltrate was composed mainly of CD3+ T lymphocytes, B cells (CD79+) and IgG-bearing plasma cells, and the intensity of infiltration increased with the degree of invasiveness of the tumour. The number of CD3+ T cells and CD79+ cells was significantly increased in well-differentiated SCC compared with moderately differentiated tumours, whereas the number of IgM+, IgA+ plasma cells and Mac387+ macrophages was low or moderate and did not change significantly with histologic grade or invasiveness. MHC Class II antigen was expressed by infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages, and by fibroblasts. A variable number of neoplastic cells (10% to 80%) in 10 SCC, and keratinocytes of basal layers in seven of nine cases of actinic keratosis also expressed MHC Class II, whereas keratinocytes of normal skin were always negative for this antigen. These results suggest that CD3+ T lymphocytes, CD79+ B cells and IgG-bearing plasma cells may participate in down-regulation of tumour growth, since these cell types were particularly numerous in well-differentiated and mildly invasive SCC, as well as in actinic keratosis. The expression of MHC Class II by neoplastic cells could enhance this local anti-tumour immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pérez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria de Córdoba, Spain
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23
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Kerrebijn JD, Balm AJ, Freeman JL, Dosch HM, Drexhage HA. Who is in control of the immune system in head and neck cancer? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1999; 31:31-53. [PMID: 10532189 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(99)00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J D Kerrebijn
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont., Canada
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24
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Petersen TR, Bregenholta S, Pedersen LO, Nissen MH, Claesson MH. Human p53(264-272) HLA-A2 binding peptide is an immunodominant epitope in DNA-immunized HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Cancer Lett 1999; 137:183-91. [PMID: 10374840 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
C57BL/10 mice transgenic for HLA-A2 were immunized with either a full-length DNA-construct of the tumor suppressor p53 or with a minigene encoding the p53-derived immunodominant peptide p53(264)LLGRNSFEV272 (L9V). Vaccination with the full-length p53 construct induced potent cytotoxic activity of splenocytes against L9V-pulsed target cells after in vivo re-stimulation. Vaccination with the L9V-encoding minigene likewise induced specific anti-L9V cytotoxicity in vitro. Subsequent experiments revealed that peptide-pulsed dendritic cells were the most efficient cell types for in vitro re-stimulation. In concordance with this, immunization with L9V-pulsed dendritic cells also induced a potent and specific anti-L9V cytotoxic response in vitro. These data show that HLA-A2/peptide-specific cytotoxic immunity can be generated in vivo against the same immunodominant epitope by immunizing either with full-length DNA or with a DNA minigene encoding the immunodominant peptide epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Petersen
- Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Olive C, Cheung C, Nicol D, Falk MC. Expression of apoptotic regulatory molecules in renal cell carcinoma: elevated expression of Fas ligand. Immunol Cell Biol 1999; 77:11-8. [PMID: 10101681 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1999.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common renal neoplasm. Despite being infiltrated by tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), these TIL are unable to control tumour growth in vivo, suggesting that the cytotoxic capacity of TIL against RCC is impaired, or that the tumour cells are resistant to killing and therefore escape detection by the immune system. It is postulated that the expression of apoptotic regulatory molecules in RCC favours tumour cell survival. The present study has therefore determined the expression of Fas (APO-1/CD95), Fas ligand (Fas L) and bcl-2 in these tumours. The expression of Fas, Fas L and bcl-2 mRNA transcripts was determined in RCC, normal kidney and peripheral blood by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), following RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis from tissues and cell samples. Transcript levels were measured by densitometry after Southern blot hybridization of PCR products with internal radio-labelled oligonucleotide probes; a densitometry score was assigned to each hybridizing DNA band and expressed as a ratio of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase content. In peripheral blood, the expression of Fas L and bcl-2 transcripts was similar between patients and normal healthy individuals; however, Fas transcript expression was significantly down-regulated in the patients' versus normal peripheral blood (P = 0.026). Most interestingly, significantly up-regulated Fas L expression was observed in RCC compared to normal kidney (P = 0.041). In contrast, bcl-2 transcripts were well represented in normal kidney but markedly decreased in RCC (P = 0.021). The expression of Fas transcripts in normal kidney and RCC was variable. These data demonstrate elevated expression of Fas L transcripts in RCC, but the functional relevance of this remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Olive
- Department of Renal Medicine, Princes Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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26
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Wollenberg B, Mundl H, Schaumberg J, Mayer A, Andratschke M, Lang S, Pauli C, Zeidler R, Ihrler S, Naujoks K, Rollston R. Gene therapy--phase I trial for primary untreated head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) UICC stage II-IV with a single intratumoral injection of hIL-2 plasmids formulated in DOTMA/Chol. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:141-7. [PMID: 10022539 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950019273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant IL-2 protein has shown many immunostimulatory effects in a variety of human tumors. However, the clinical use of rIL-2 is limited by common and serious side effects after systemic administration. IL-2 expression plasmids may circumvent these drawbacks, producing high local IL-2 concentrations that cause limited or no systemic side effects. Due to the superficial growth of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) are readily accessible for direct intratumoral injection and therefore an optimal target for such a gene therapy approach. There has been evidence for local and systemic activation of immune cells by peritumoral injections of IL-2 in patients with advanced HNSCC (Whiteside et al. 1993; Cortesina et al. 1994; De Stefani et al. 1996). We now perform a placebo-controlled, dose-rising study of the safety and tolerability of a single intratumoral injection of hIL-2 plasmid at four dose levels formulated in DOTMA/Chol in patients with primary untreated head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) TNM stage II-IV. The patients will be monitored for the occurrence of any adverse reactions to the given medication. In addition, we will determine whether the intratumoral administration of the plasmid induces and or enhances tumor-specific host responses at the immunological and or clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wollenberg
- Dept. ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, München
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27
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Olive C, Cheung C, Nicol D, Falk MC. Expression of cytokine mRNA transcripts in renal cell carcinoma. Immunol Cell Biol 1998; 76:357-62. [PMID: 9723777 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1998.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a solid tumour of the kidney and is the most common renal neoplasm. Despite the presence of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in RCC, these tumours continue to progress in vivo suggesting a poor host immune response to the tumour, and the suppression of TIL effector function. Cytokines are key molecules that modulate the function of T cells. The possibility is investigated that the local production of cytokines in RCC contributes to immunosuppression of TIL. The expression of pro-inflammatory (IFN-gamma/IL-2) and immunosuppressive (IL-10/TGF-beta) cytokine mRNA transcripts was determined in RCC, normal kidney and peripheral blood of RCC patients using a semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with cytokine-specific primers. Following Southern blot hybridization of the PCR products with internal radiolabelled oligonucleotide probes, cytokine transcript levels were measured by densitometry and expressed relative to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase densitometry score. With the exception of IL-10, there were no differences in expression of cytokine mRNA transcripts between the peripheral blood of patients and normal healthy individuals. It was found that TGF-beta transcripts were well represented in normal kidney and RCC. In contrast, the expression of IFN-gamma transcripts, while low in the majority of samples, was significantly increased in RCC when compared to normal kidney (P=0.05). The IL-2 and IL-10 transcripts showed a more variable expression in normal kidney and RCC, with no significant differences in expression between the sample groups. The data demonstrating pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine expression in RCC do not support a prominent immunosuppressive cytokine profile in these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Olive
- Department of Renal Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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28
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Rayanade RJ, Ndubuisi MI, Etlinger JD, Sehgal PB. Regulation of IL-6 Signaling by p53: STAT3- and STAT5-Masking in p53-Val135-Containing Human Hepatoma Hep3B Cell Lines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.1.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The influence of p53 on cytokine-triggered Janus kinase-STAT signaling was investigated in human hepatoma Hep3B cell lines engineered to constitutively express the temperature-sensitive Val135 mutant of p53. In comparison to the parental p53-free Hep3B cells, these p53-Val135-containing Hep3B cell lines displayed a reduced response to IL-6 at the wild-type-like p53 temperature (32.5°C). In these cells, IL-6 induced a marked reduction in the immunologic accessibility of cytoplasmic and nuclear STAT3 and STAT5 within 20 to 30 min that lasted 2 to 4 h (STAT-masking) provided that the cells had been previously cultured at 32.5°C for at least 18 to 20 h. The onset of IL-6-induced STAT-masking required protein tyrosine kinase, protein tyrosine phosphatase, proteasomal, phospholipase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 activities. The maintenance of IL-6-induced STAT-masking was dependent on continued signaling through the phosphatidylinositol-dependent phospholipase C pathway. Despite a reduction in IL-6-induced STAT3 DNA binding activity in the nuclear compartment during STAT-masking, there was increased and prolonged accumulation of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, indicating that the capacity of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 to bind DNA was reduced during STAT-masking. Thus, IL-6-induced STAT-masking, as dramatically evident on immunomicroscopy, is a visible consequence of a novel cellular process by which a p53-Val135-induced gene product(s) regulates the association of masking protein(s) with and the DNA-binding capacity of STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pravin B. Sehgal
- *Cell Biology and Anatomy and
- †Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
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29
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Mandruzzato S, Brasseur F, Andry G, Boon T, van der Bruggen P. A CASP-8 mutation recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human head and neck carcinoma. J Exp Med 1997; 186:785-93. [PMID: 9271594 PMCID: PMC2199018 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.5.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the antigens recognized on human tumors by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes, all those defined thus far have been identified on melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. We report here the identification of an antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. The antigen is encoded by a mutated form of the CASP-8 gene. This gene, also named FLICE or MACH, codes for protease caspase-8, which is required for induction of apoptosis through the Fas receptor and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1. The mutation, which was found in the tumor cells but not in the normal cells of the patient, modifies the stop codon and adds an Alu repeat to the coding region, thereby lengthening the protein by 88 amino acids. The ability of the altered protein to trigger apoptosis appears to be reduced relative to the normal caspase-8. The antigenic peptide is a nonamer presented by HLA-B*3503. The five last amino acids are encoded by the extension of the reading frame caused by the mutation. This, together with previous observations of CDK4 and beta-catenin mutations, suggests that a significant fraction of the point mutations generating a tumor antigen also play a role in the tumoral transformation or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mandruzzato
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, and Unité de Génétique Cellulaire, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Röpke M, Hald J, Guldberg P, Zeuthen J, Nørgaard L, Fugger L, Svejgaard A, Van der Burg S, Nijman HW, Melief CJ, Claesson MH. Spontaneous human squamous cell carcinomas are killed by a human cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone recognizing a wild-type p53-derived peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:14704-7. [PMID: 8962118 PMCID: PMC26199 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.25.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/1996] [Accepted: 09/20/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone generated in vitro from the peripheral blood of a healthy HLA-A2-positive individual against a synthetic p53 protein-derived wild-type peptide (L9V) was shown to kill squamous carcinoma cell lines derived from two head and neck carcinomas, which expressed mutant p53 genes, in a L9V/HLA-A2 specific and restricted fashion. Thus, the normal tolerance against endogenously processed p53 protein-derived self-epitopes can be broken by peptide-specific in vitro priming. p53 protein-derived wild-type peptides might thus represent tumor associated target molecules for immunotherapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Röpke
- Department of Medical Anatomy, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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