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Moser SC, Voerman JSA, Buckley DL, Winter GE, Schliehe C. Acute Pharmacologic Degradation of a Stable Antigen Enhances Its Direct Presentation on MHC Class I Molecules. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1920. [PMID: 29358938 PMCID: PMC5766668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifunctional degraders, also referred to as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), are a recently developed class of small molecules. They were designed to specifically target endogenous proteins for ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent degradation and to thereby interfere with pathological mechanisms of diseases, including cancer. In this study, we hypothesized that this process of acute pharmacologic protein degradation might increase the direct MHC class I presentation of degraded targets. By studying this question, we contribute to an ongoing discussion about the origin of peptides feeding the MHC class I presentation pathway. Two scenarios have been postulated: peptides can either be derived from homeostatic turnover of mature proteins and/or from short-lived defective ribosomal products (DRiPs), but currently, it is still unclear to what ratio and efficiency both pathways contribute to the overall MHC class I presentation. We therefore generated the intrinsically stable model antigen GFP-S8L-F12 that was susceptible to acute pharmacologic degradation via the previously described degradation tag (dTAG) system. Using different murine cell lines, we show here that the bifunctional molecule dTAG-7 induced rapid proteasome-dependent degradation of GFP-S8L-F12 and simultaneously increased its direct presentation on MHC class I molecules. Using the same model in a doxycycline-inducible setting, we could further show that stable, mature antigen was the major source of peptides presented, thereby excluding a dominant role of DRiPs in our system. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to investigate targeted pharmacologic protein degradation in the context of antigen presentation and our data point toward future applications by strategically combining therapies using bifunctional degraders with their stimulating effect on direct MHC class I presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Moser
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jane S A Voerman
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dennis L Buckley
- Department for Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Georg E Winter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Schliehe
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Basler M, Youhnovski N, Van Den Broek M, Przybylski M, Groettrup M. Immunoproteasomes Down-Regulate Presentation of a Subdominant T Cell Epitope from Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3925-34. [PMID: 15356141 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic T cell response to pathogens is usually directed against a few immunodominant epitopes, while other potential epitopes are either subdominant or not used at all. In C57BL/6 mice, the acute cytotoxic T cell response against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is directed against immunodominant epitopes derived from the glycoprotein (gp33-41) and the nucleoprotein (NP396-404), while the gp276-286 epitope remains subdominant. Despite extensive investigations, the reason for this hierarchy between epitopes is not clear. In this study, we show that the treatment of cells with IFN-gamma enhanced the presentation of gp33-41, whereas presentation of the gp276-286 epitope from the same glycoprotein was markedly reduced. Because proteasomes are crucially involved in epitope generation and because IFN-gamma treatment in vitro and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in vivo lead to a gradual replacement of constitutive proteasomes by immunoproteasomes, we investigated the role of proteasome composition on epitope hierarchy. Overexpression of the active site subunits of immunoproteasomes LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1 as well as overexpression of LMP2 alone suppressed the presentation of the gp276-286 epitope. The ability to generate gp276-286-specific CTLs was enhanced in LMP2- and LMP7-deficient mice, and macrophages from these mice showed an elevated presentation of this epitope. In vitro digests demonstrated that fragmentation by immunoproteasomes, but not constitutive proteasomes led to a preferential destruction of the gp276 epitope. Taken together, we show that LMP2 and LMP7 can at least in part determine subdominance and shape the epitope hierarchy of CTL responses in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Autoantigens
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Hydrolysis
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/enzymology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/genetics
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multienzyme Complexes/deficiency
- Multienzyme Complexes/genetics
- Multienzyme Complexes/physiology
- Muscle Proteins/physiology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
- Protein Subunits/deficiency
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/physiology
- Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Basler
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Constance, Konstanz, Germany
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3
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Mattfeldt T, Gottfried HW, Wolter H, Schmidt V, Kestler HA, Mayer J. Classification of prostatic carcinoma with artificial neural networks using comparative genomic hybridization and quantitative stereological data. Pathol Res Pract 2004; 199:773-84. [PMID: 14989489 DOI: 10.1078/0344-0338-00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Staging of prostate cancer is a mainstay of treatment decisions and prognostication. In the present study, 50 pT2N0 and 28 pT3N0 prostatic adenocarcinomas were characterized by Gleason grading, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and histological texture analysis based on principles of stereology and stochastic geometry. The cases were classified by learning vector quantization and support vector machines. The quality of classification was tested by cross-validation. Correct prediction of stage from primary tumor data was possible with an accuracy of 74-80% from different data sets. The accuracy of prediction was similar when the Gleason score was used as input variable, when stereological data were used, or when a combination of CGH data and stereological data was used. The results of classification by learning vector quantization were slightly better than those by support vector machines. A method is briefly sketched by which training of neural networks can be adapted to unequal sample sizes per class. Progression from pT2 to pT3 prostate cancer is correlated with complex changes of the epithelial cells in terms of volume fraction, of surface area, and of second-order stereological properties. Genetically, this progression is accompanied by a significant global increase in losses and gains of DNA, and specifically by increased numerical aberrations on chromosome arms 1q, 7p, and 8p.
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Froeschke M, Basler M, Groettrup M, Dobberstein B. Long-lived signal peptide of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein pGP-C. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:41914-20. [PMID: 12917426 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302343200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal peptides (SPs) direct nascent secretory and membrane proteins to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. They are usually cleaved from the nascent polypeptide by signal peptidase and then further proteolytically processed. The SP of the pre-glycoprotein (pGP-C) of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus SPGP-C (signal peptide of pGP-C) shows different properties: 1) The SPGP-C is unusually long (58 amino acid residues) and contains two hydrophobic segments interrupted by a lysine residue. 2) The SPGP-C is cleaved only from a subset of pGP-C proteins. A substantial portion of pGP-C accumulates that still contains the SPGP-C.3)The cleaved SPGP-C is rather long-lived (t(1/2) of more than 6 h). 4) The cleaved SPGP-C resides in the membrane and is resistant to digestion with proteinase K even in the presence of detergents, suggesting a very compact structure. 5) SPGP-C accumulates in virus particles. These unusual features of the cleaved SPGP-C suggest that SPGP-C not only targets the nascent pGP-C to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane but also has additional functions in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Froeschke
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Khan S, van den Broek M, Schwarz K, de Giuli R, Diener PA, Groettrup M. Immunoproteasomes largely replace constitutive proteasomes during an antiviral and antibacterial immune response in the liver. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:6859-68. [PMID: 11739503 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.12.6859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome is critically involved in the production of MHC class I-restricted T cell epitopes. Proteasome activity and epitope production are altered by IFN-gamma treatment, which leads to a gradual replacement of constitutive proteasomes by immunoproteasomes in vitro. However, a quantitative analysis of changes in the steady state subunit composition of proteasomes during an immune response against viruses or bacteria in vivo has not been reported. Here we show that the infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or Listeria monocytogenes leads to an almost complete replacement of constitutive proteasomes by immunoproteasomes in the liver within 7 days. Proteasome replacements were markedly reduced in IFN-gamma(-/-) mice, but were only slightly affected in IFN-alphaR(-/-) and perforin(-/-) mice. The proteasome regulator PA28alpha/beta was up-regulated, whereas PA28gamma was reduced in the liver of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice. Proteasome replacements in the liver strongly altered proteasome activity and were unexpected to this extent, since an in vivo half-life of 12 days had been previously assigned to constitutive proteasomes in the liver. Our results suggest that during the peak phase of viral and bacterial elimination the antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte response is directed mainly to immunoproteasome-dependent T cell epitopes, which would be a novel parameter for the design of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Research Department and Institute for Pathology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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6
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Schwarz K, Giuli RD, Schmidtke G, Kostka S, van den Broek M, Bo Kim K, Crews CM, Kraft R, Groettrup M. The selective proteasome inhibitors lactacystin and epoxomicin can be used to either up- or down-regulate antigen presentation at nontoxic doses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:6147-57. [PMID: 10843664 PMCID: PMC2507740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complete inhibition of proteasome activities interferes with the production of most MHC class I peptide ligands as well as with cellular proliferation and survival. In this study we have investigated how partial and selective inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome by the proteasome inhibitors lactacystin or epoxomicin would affect Ag presentation. At 0.5-1 microM lactacystin, the presentation of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-derived epitopes NP118 and GP33 and the mouse CMV epitope pp89-168 were reduced and were further diminished in a dose-dependent manner with increasing concentrations. Presentation of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-derived epitope GP276, in contrast, was markedly enhanced at low, but abrogated at higher, concentrations of either lactacystin or epoxomicin. The inhibitor-mediated effects were thus epitope specific and did not correlate with the degradation rates of the involved viral proteins. Although neither apoptosis induction nor interference with cellular proliferation was observed at 0.5-1 microM lactacystin in vivo, this concentration was sufficient to alter the fragmentation of polypeptides by the 20S proteasome in vitro. Our results indicate that partial and selective inhibition of proteasome activity in vivo is a valid approach to modulate Ag presentation, with potential applications for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and the prevention of transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schwarz
- Research Department, Cantonal Hospital St. Gall, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Rita de Giuli
- Research Department, Cantonal Hospital St. Gall, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Gunter Schmidtke
- Research Department, Cantonal Hospital St. Gall, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kostka
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Maries van den Broek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kyung Bo Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Regine Kraft
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- Research Department, Cantonal Hospital St. Gall, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Marcus Groettrup, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Laborforschungsabteilung, Haus 09, CH-9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland. E-mail address:
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7
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Hoffman P, Yaffe M, Hoffman B, Yei S, Wold W, Carlin C. Characterization of the adenovirus E3 protein that down-regulates the epidermal growth factor receptor. Evidence for intermolecular disulfide bonding and plasma membrane localization. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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8
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Kohler M, Rüttner B, Cooper S, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. Enhanced tumor susceptibility of immunocompetent mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990; 32:117-24. [PMID: 2289203 PMCID: PMC11038360 DOI: 10.1007/bf01754208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/1990] [Accepted: 06/29/1990] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mice infected i.v. with high doses of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV; 10(5)-10(6) plaque-forming units) 8-10 days prior to challenge with the methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma tumor cell line MC57G or the melanoma cell line B16 tumor cells showed an enhanced tumor susceptibility with respect to both growth kinetics of the tumor and the minimal dose necessary for tumor take. After transient initial growth, MC57G tumor cells were all rejected by uninfected C57BL/6 mice by day 14. Mice preinfected i.v. with LCMV 3 weeks before or at the time of tumor challenge, but not those infected 2 months before or 7 days after, showed increasing tumor growth, the tumor take being 100% for 10(6), 50% for 10(5) and 37% for 10(4) MC57G tumor cells injected into the footpad compared with resistance to 10(6) cells in normal mice. B16 melanoma cells also grew more rapidly in LCMV-preinfected mice and by day 40 tumors were established with about 100 times fewer cells, i.e. about 10(3) compared with 3 x 10(4)-3 x 10(5) for uninfected mice. Analysis of the growth of tumor cells in normal and in LCMV-carrier mice revealed that the latter mice were not more susceptible to LCMV-infected than to uninfected MC57G. Since LCMV-carrier mice fail to mount LCMV-specific T cell responses, these results suggest that anti-LCMV-specific T cells may be responsible for acquired immunodeficiency hampering immune surveillance against the tumors studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kohler
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Andrews PW, Knowles BB, Parkar M, Pym B, Stanley K, Goodfellow PN. A human cell-surface antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody and controlled by a gene on human chromosome 1. Ann Hum Genet 1985; 49:31-9. [PMID: 2416262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1985.tb01673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An antigen expressed by most human cells, but not erythrocytes, has been defined by a murine monoclonal antibody, TRA-2-10. This antigen is expressed on the surface of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, and segregation analysis indicates that it is controlled by a gene located on human chromosome 1. From lysates of most human cells, surface-labelled with 125I, TRA-2-10 immunoprecipitates two polypeptides with molecular weights in the range of about 55 000 to 73 000 depending upon the cell line. Since the TRA-2-10 polypeptides from a fibroblast cell strain and a hepatoma cell line from one individual differ, we conclude that the observed difference in molecular weight has an epigenetic origin.
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10
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Reddehase MJ, Cox JH, Koszinowski UH. Frequency analysis of cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors (CTL-P) generated in vivo during lethal rabies infection of mice. II. Rabies virus genus specificity of CTL-P. Eur J Immunol 1984; 14:1039-43. [PMID: 6094202 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830141114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors (CTL-P) were sensitized in vivo by intraplantar infection of C57BL/6 mice with a lethal dose of rabies virus, strain ERA (ERA). As a result of sensitization CTL-P matured to interleukin-receptive CTL-P (IL-CTL-P) that could be expanded in vitro to Thy-1+, Lyt-2+ CTL clones in the presence of IL without subjection to antigen-driven selection. After infection with ERA, IL-CTL-P-derived CTL lysed fibroblasts infected with rabies virus but not those infected with another rhabdovirus, the vesicular stomatitis virus. These CTL, however, did not discriminate between fibroblasts infected with the serologically closely related laboratory strains of classic rabies virus, ERA and HEP-Flury, and the serologically distinct rabies-related African isolate Mokola. This finding implies that in vivo sensitized IL-CTL-P recognize common genus-specific determinants expressed on cells infected with members of the lyssavirus genus.
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11
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Das M, Knowles B, Biswas R, Bishayee S. Receptor modulating properties of an antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 141:429-34. [PMID: 6329758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A murine antiserum with specificity for the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor was used to investigate EGF receptor function. The IgG fraction of this antiserum displayed no EGF-like mitogenic activity, even when cross-linking was ensured by sequential treatment with rabbit anti-(mouse IgG). The interaction of antibody with solubilized purified EGF receptor was characterized in detail. The binding of 125I-antibody to the receptor was not blocked by EGF, but the binding of 125I-EGF to the receptor was blocked by the immune IgG. Scatchard analysis of this reaction revealed a reduction in maximal EGF binding but an enhanced EGF binding affinity. In addition, at low concentrations, the immune IgG was found to enhance receptor kinase activity in the absence of EGF. The enhancement of kinase activity, as measured by receptor phosphorylation, was due to a decreased Km for ATP, and an increased V. These results suggest that the antibody is capable of altering conformations at receptor active sites by binding to non-active species-specific epitopes.
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12
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Carlin CR, Knowles BB. Biosynthesis of the epidermal growth factor receptor in human epidermoid carcinoma-derived A431 cells. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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Andrews PW, Meyer LJ, Bednarz KL, Harris H. Two monoclonal antibodies recognizing determinants on human embryonal carcinoma cells react specifically with the liver isozyme of human alkaline phosphatase. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1984; 3:33-9. [PMID: 6205984 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1984.3.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
From a series of hybridomas that produced monoclonal antibodies reactive with the surface of human embryonal carcinoma cells, two that specifically recognized determinants of the liver/bone/kidney isozyme of alkaline phosphatase were isolated. They did not cross-react with the intestinal or placental isozymes. Phylogenetic studies revealed that both antibodies cross-reacted strongly with liver alkaline phosphatase from higher primates, but exhibited marked differences in their respective cross-reactions with liver alkaline phosphatase from other mammalian species.
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14
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Andrews PW, Banting G, Damjanov I, Arnaud D, Avner P. Three monoclonal antibodies defining distinct differentiation antigens associated with different high molecular weight polypeptides on the surface of human embryonal carcinoma cells. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1984; 3:347-61. [PMID: 6396197 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1984.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Two monoclonal antibodies (TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81) recognizing distinct cell surface antigens on human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells were produced and characterized. These antibodies reacted strongly with undifferentiated human EC cells in indirect radioimmunoassays (RIA) and immunofluorescence (IF) assays, but only weakly or not at all with cells derived from pluripotent EC cells differentiating in vitro or in xenograft tumors, nor with other germ cell tumor cell lines that did not also express the typical features of human EC cells. They did not react with murine teratocarcinoma cell lines. A survey of other human tumor cell lines and normal human tissues disclosed that molecules recognized by these antibodies are not confined to human EC cells but that cross-reacting epitopes appear on several neoplastic and normal tissues, although in a different anatomical pattern for each antibody. Both antibodies immunoprecipitated a major polypeptide (apparent molecular weight approximately 240,000) and a minor polypeptide (apparent molecular weight approximately 415,000) from lysates of 125I surface-labeled human EC cells, in this respect resembling another monoclonal antibody, 8-7D, previously described by Blaineau et al. (1,2) However, sequential immunoprecipitation revealed that each of the three antibodies reacted with different molecules of slightly different molecular weights. The epitopes defined by the present antibodies differ from those recognized by the other human EC cell-specific monoclonal antibodies that have been described and provide new markers for studying the differentiation of pluripotent human EC cells.
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15
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Carlin CR, Phillips PD, Knowles BB, Cristofalo VJ. Diminished in vitro tyrosine kinase activity of the EGF receptor of senescent human fibroblasts. Nature 1983; 306:617-20. [PMID: 6316166 DOI: 10.1038/306617a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblastic cultures derived from normal human tissues undergo a finite number of population doublings when serially subcultivated in vitro (see refs 1, 2 for reviews). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) serves as a mitogen for early doubling level cultures of the human fetal lung-derived cell strain, WI-38, under serum-free conditions. The ability of cells from late doubling level cultures to respond mitogenically to EGF is lost, however, despite undiminished binding of EGF throughout the replicative lifespan. The ultimate effects of EGF, that is DNA synthesis and mitosis (see ref. 4 for review), occur after a sequence of events initiated by binding of ligand to specific cellular receptors. The receptor for EGF has been characterized as a 145,000-165,000 (145 K-165 K) molecular weight doublet, and, like the receptors for platelet-derived growth factor and insulin, and the transforming proteins of certain of the RNA tumour viruses, is a tyrosine-specific protein kinase with autophosphorylating activity. Moreover, several of the cellular target molecules of tyrosine phosphorylation have been found to be substrates for two or more of these kinases. The hypothesis that tyrosine phosphorylation underlies a common mechanism of growth control prompted us to ask whether the loss of responsiveness to EGF by late doubling level WI-38 cells is accompanied by altered expression of the EGF receptor, and specifically whether changes occur in the ability of receptors from populations of cells of various in vitro ages to catalyse tyrosine autophosphorylation. We show here that autophosphorylating activity is absent from the EGF receptor of cells which have lost their mitogenic responsiveness to EGF.
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16
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Kamarck ME, Macyko CA, Cunningham AC, Ruddle FH. The gene coding the human S11 surface antigens maps between the loci for HPRT and G6PD on the X-chromosome. Exp Cell Res 1983; 149:325-34. [PMID: 6685651 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The human S11 surface antigens are expressed on fibroblasts and are coded by a gene on the X-chromosome. We have regionally mapped this gene by examining S11 expression on a panel of hybrid lines which had fragmented the X-chromosome either during chromosome-mediated gene transfer, or by interspecies translocation during hybrid cell expansion. using indirect immunofluorescence and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), it was possible to isolate antigen-positive and -negative hybrid subpopulations for subsequent genetic analysis. The gene coding S11 could be localized to Xq27-28, between the loci for HPRT and G6PD where genes for the S10 and S12 antigens have been previously mapped. This work demonstrates the value of cell surface antigens and the FACS in somatic cell genetic analysis, and provides evidence for regional clustering of surface antigen loci on the human X-chromosome.
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17
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Tunnacliffe A, Goodfellow P, Banting G, Solomon E, Knowles BB, Andrews P. Human chromosome 11 carries at least four genes controlling expression of cell-surface antigens. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1983; 9:629-42. [PMID: 6623314 DOI: 10.1007/bf01574263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have mapped two new genes to chromosome 11 which control the cell-surface expression of two distinct antigens defined by monoclonal antibodies. One of the antigens has a general tissue distribution and is associated with a molecular complex of two polypeptides of 80,000 dalton and 40,000 dalton molecular weight. The second antigen has a restricted tissue distribution and is carried on a polypeptide of 100,000 daltons. We have used a combination of genetic and biochemical techniques to demonstrate that these new markers are distinct from the antigens defined by the monoclonal antibodies F10.44.2 and W6/34 which are also encoded by genes on chromosome 11. It is concluded that human chromosome 11 carries at least four distinct genes controlling cell-surface antigen expression.
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18
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Tunnacliffe A, Jones C, Goodfellow P. Somatic cell genetics, immunogenetics and gene mapping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983; 4:230-3. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(83)90033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Das M. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Mechanisms for Animal Cell Division. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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20
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Shevinsky LH, Knowles BB, Damjanov I, Solter D. Monoclonal antibody to murine embryos defines a stage-specific embryonic antigen expressed on mouse embryos and human teratocarcinoma cells. Cell 1982; 30:697-705. [PMID: 6183004 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A murine stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA3) is defined by reactivity with a monoclonal antibody prepared by immunization of a rat with 4- to 8-cell-stage mouse embryos. This antigenic determinant, present on oocytes, becomes restricted first to the inner cell mass at the blastocyst stage, and later to the primitive endoderm. Murine teratocarcinoma stem cells do not react with this antibody, whereas human teratocarcinoma stem cells are SSEA3-positive. This antigenic determinant is not expressed on a variety of other human and murine cell lines, but is found on the surface of human erythrocytes. It is a carbohydrate and is present on both cell-surface glycolipids and glycopeptides. These results demonstrate the feasibility of identifying stage-specific antigenic determinants with monoclonal antibody prepared against embryos. The need for thorough screening on a variety of cell types to establish developmentally important cross-reactivities is also emphasized.
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22
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Andrews PW, Knowles BB, Goodfellow PN. A human cell-surface antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody and controlled by a gene on chromosome 12. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1981; 7:435-43. [PMID: 6792721 DOI: 10.1007/bf01542988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A murine monoclonal antibody 602-29, subclass IgG1, that recognizes an antigenic determinant expressed by most human cells is described. Immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis analysis indicate that the antigenic determinant is carried by a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 21,000. The antigen is expressed by human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, and analysis of segregants that have lost human chromosomes indicates that the gene controlling expression of the 602-29 antigen is on chromosome 12.
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23
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Andrews PW, Bronson DL, Wiles MV, Goodfellow PN. The expression of MHC antigens by human teratocarcinoma derived cell lines. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1981; 17:493-500. [PMID: 7199768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1981.tb00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have used flow microfluorimetry to investigate quantitatively the expression of HLA-A, B and C antigens, and beta 2 microglobulin, by cell lines derived from human teratocarcinomas, Although low levels of these cell surface molecules were expressed by all the lines examined, there was no evidence of discrete HLA-A, B, C/beta 2-microglobulin positive and negative subpopulations in any cultures. In contrast, using similar techniques, no murine embryonal carcinoma cell line was found to express the homologous H-2 antigens, It is suggested that human embryonal carcinoma cells may differ from their mouse counterparts by expressing low levels of major histocompatibility antigens
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24
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Gmür R, Knowles BB, Solter D. Regulation of phenotype in somatic cell hybrids derived by fusion of teratocarcinoma cell lines with normal or tumor-derived mouse cells. Dev Biol 1981; 81:245-54. [PMID: 7202840 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Church RL. Chromosome mapping of connective tissue protein genes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESEARCH 1981; 9:99-150. [PMID: 6175598 PMCID: PMC7150221 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-363709-3.50009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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26
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Goodfellow P, Banting G, Levy R, Povey S, McMichael A. A human X-linked antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1980; 6:777-87. [PMID: 6969453 DOI: 10.1007/bf01538976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed hybrids between human thymocytes and the mouse thymoma BW5147. These hybrids, and others, have been used to show that the expression of a thymocyte antigen is controlled by an X-lined gene.
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27
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Correani A, Croce CM. Expression of the teratocarcinoma phenotype in hybrids between totipotent mouse teratocarcinoma and myeloma cells. J Cell Physiol 1980; 105:73-9. [PMID: 7430268 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041050110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have produced somatic cell hybrids between totipotent mouse teratocarcinoma and myeloma cells. These hybrids behave like the teratocarcinoma cell parent and express teratocarcinoma embryonal antigens. However, they also express the myeloma H-2 antigens. THe availability of these hybrids should make it possible to study the expression of already rearranged immunoglobulin genes during mouse development.
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28
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Chan MM, Kano K, Dorman B, Ruddle FH, Milgrom F. Human cell surface antigens coded by genes on chromosome 21. Immunogenetics 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01561436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Solter D, Knowles BB. Developmental stage-specific antigens during mouse embryogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 1979; 13 Pt 1:139-65. [PMID: 396115 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Ford SR, Aden DP, Mausner R, Trinchieri G, Knowles BB. Partial characterization of cell-surface protein coded for by human chromosome 7. Immunogenetics 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01563921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Aden DP, Mausner R, Knowles BB. Production of HLA antibody in mice immunised with syngeneic mouse-human hybrid cells containing human chromosome 6. Nature 1978; 271:375-7. [PMID: 622179 DOI: 10.1038/271375a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Jones C, Puck TT. Further studies on hybrid cell-surface antigens associated with human chromosome 11. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1977; 3:407-20. [PMID: 74861 DOI: 10.1007/bf01542969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new human immunogenetic cell-surface activity associated with human chromosome 11 in the AL human-Chinese hamster ovary cell hybrid is described. Like a1, but not a2, it is present on the human erythrocyte. By mutagenesis and selection, specific, stable, variants of the AL hybrid have been prepared exhibiting various combinations of a1, a2, a3, and lactic dehydrogenase A activities. The antigens of the AL system can be demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase system which offers a promising approach to scanning of tissue cells.
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