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Tang Q, Liu M, Zhao H, Chen L. Glycogen-binding protein STBD1: Molecule and role in pathophysiology. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2010-2025. [PMID: 37435888 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch-binding domain-containing protein 1 (STBD1) is a glycogen-binding protein discovered in skeletal muscle gene differential expression that is pivotal to cellular energy metabolism. Recent studies have indicated that STBD1 is involved in many physiological processes, such as glycophagy, glycogen accumulation, and lipid droplet formation. Moreover, dysregulation of STBD1 causes multiple diseases, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, and even cancer. Deletions and/or mutations in STBD1 promote tumorigenesis. Therefore, STBD1 has garnered considerable interest in the pathology community. In this review, we first summarized the current understanding of STBD1, including its structure, subcellular localization, tissue distribution, and biological functions. Next, we examined the roles and molecular mechanisms of STBD1 in related diseases. Based on available research, we discussed the novel function and future of STBD1, including its potential application as a therapeutic target in glycogen-related diseases. Given the significance of STBD1 in energy metabolism, an in-depth understanding of the protein is crucial for understanding physiological processes and developing therapeutic strategies for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Meiqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases of Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Central Laboratory of Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Nursing College, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Karwi QG, Ho KL, Pherwani S, Ketema EB, Sun QY, Lopaschuk GD. Concurrent diabetes and heart failure: interplay and novel therapeutic approaches. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:686-715. [PMID: 33783483 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of developing heart failure, and the co-existence of both diseases worsens cardiovascular outcomes, hospitalization and the progression of heart failure. Despite current advancements on therapeutic strategies to manage hyperglycemia, the likelihood of developing diabetes-induced heart failure is still significant, especially with the accelerating global prevalence of diabetes and an ageing population. This raises the likelihood of other contributing mechanisms beyond hyperglycemia in predisposing diabetic patients to cardiovascular disease risk. There has been considerable interest in understanding the alterations in cardiac structure and function in the diabetic patients, collectively termed as "diabetic cardiomyopathy". However, the factors that contribute to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathies is not fully understood. This review summarizes the main characteristics of diabetic cardiomyopathies, and the basic mechanisms that contribute to its occurrence. This includes perturbations in insulin resistance, fuel preference, reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, cell death pathways, neurohormonal mechanisms, advanced glycated end-products accumulation, lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity, and posttranslational modifications in the heart of the diabetic. This review also discusses the impact of antihyperglycemic therapies on the development of heart failure, as well as how current heart failure therapies influence glycemic control in diabetic patients. We also highlight the current knowledge gaps in understanding how diabetes induces heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qutuba G Karwi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kim L Ho
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simran Pherwani
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ezra B Ketema
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiu Yu Sun
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Zoppini G, Bergamini C, Trombetta M, Mantovani A, Targher G, Toffalini A, Bittante C, Bonora E. Echocardiographic parameters according to insulin dose in young patients affected by type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244483. [PMID: 33370380 PMCID: PMC7769446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin dose has been found to associate to several cardiometabolic risk factors in type 1 diabetes. Changes over time in body weight and composition may partly explain this association. However, no data are available on the relationship between insulin dose and echocardiographic parameters of both systolic and diastolic function in type 1 diabetes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine systolic and diastolic echocardiographic parameters in relation to insulin dose in young patients with type 1 diabetes. The study was carried out on 93 consecutive outpatients with type 1 diabetes with a mean age of 32.8 ± 9.8 years. All patients were examined with a transthoracic echocardiography. Clinical and laboratory data were collected. The median value of daily insulin dose was used to categorized patients in two groups: high and low insulin dose group. Patients belonging to the high insulin dose group showed higher levels of cardiometabolic risk factors such as BMI, triglycerides and TG/HDL cholesterol ratio. Indexes of both systolic and diastolic function were similar in both groups except isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), that was significantly prolonged in patients of the high insulin group (94.4 ± 15.0 vs 86.7 ± 13.1 ms, p = 0.008). In the multivariate regression analysis, insulin dose was positively and significantly associated with IVRT. In this study we report an association between insulin dose and impaired active diastolic myocardial relaxation. Future studies are needed to further explore this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Zoppini
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Corinna Bergamini
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Maddalena Trombetta
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mantovani
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Toffalini
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Bittante
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Enzo Bonora
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
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Cellular, mitochondrial and molecular alterations associate with early left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in a porcine model of diabetic metabolic derangement. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13173. [PMID: 32764569 PMCID: PMC7413251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetic metabolic derangement (DMetD) has increased dramatically over the last decades. Although there is increasing evidence that DMetD is associated with cardiac dysfunction, the early DMetD-induced myocardial alterations remain incompletely understood. Here, we studied early DMetD-related cardiac changes in a clinically relevant large animal model. DMetD was established in adult male Göttingen miniswine by streptozotocin injections and a high-fat, high-sugar diet, while control animals remained on normal pig chow. Five months later left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements, followed by comprehensive biochemical, molecular and histological analyses. Robust DMetD developed, evidenced by hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. DMetD resulted in altered LV nitroso-redox balance, increased superoxide production—principally due to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling—reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, alterations in myocardial gene-expression—particularly genes related to glucose and fatty acid metabolism—and mitochondrial dysfunction. These abnormalities were accompanied by increased passive force of isolated cardiomyocytes, and impaired LV diastolic function, evidenced by reduced LV peak untwist velocity and increased E/e′. However, LV weight, volume, collagen content, and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area were unchanged at this stage of DMetD. In conclusion, DMetD, in a clinically relevant large-animal model results in myocardial oxidative stress, eNOS uncoupling and reduced NO production, together with an altered metabolic gene expression profile and mitochondrial dysfunction. These molecular alterations are associated with stiffening of the cardiomyocytes and early diastolic dysfunction before any structural cardiac remodeling occurs. Therapies should be directed to ameliorate these early DMetD-induced myocardial changes to prevent the development of overt cardiac failure.
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Glycophagy: An emerging target in pathology. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 484:298-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Maria Z, Campolo AR, Scherlag BJ, Ritchey JW, Lacombe VA. Dysregulation of insulin-sensitive glucose transporters during insulin resistance-induced atrial fibrillation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:987-996. [PMID: 29291943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes has been identified as major risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). Although glucose and insulin disturbances during diabetes may affect atrial function, little is known about the potential pathogenic role of glucose metabolism during AF. Glucose transport into the cell via glucose transporters (GLUTs) is the rate-limiting step of glucose utilization. Although GLUT4 is the major isoform, GLUT8 has emerged as a novel insulin-sensitive cardiac isoform. We hypothesized that atrial glucose homeostasis will be impaired during insulin resistance-induced AF. AF was induced by transesophageal atrial pacing in healthy mice and following a long-term high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance. Active cell surface GLUT content was measured using the biotinylated photolabeling assay in the intact perfused heart. Atrial fibrosis, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and glycogen were measured in the atria using histological analyses. Animals fed a high-fat-diet were obese and mildly hyperglycemic, and developed insulin resistance compared to controls. Insulin-resistant (IR) animals demonstrated an increased vulnerability to induced AF, as well as spontaneous AF. Insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 and GLUT8 was down-regulated in the atria of IR animals, as well as their total protein expression. We also reported the absence of fibrosis, glycogen and AGE accumulation in the atria of IR animals. In the absence of structural remodeling and atrial fibrosis, these data suggest that insulin signaling dysregulation, resulting in impaired glucose transport in the atria, could provide a metabolic arrhythmogenic substrate and be a novel early pathogenic factor of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Maria
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Allison R Campolo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Benjamin J Scherlag
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jerry W Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Véronique A Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Molecular mechanisms of cardiac pathology in diabetes - Experimental insights. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1949-1959. [PMID: 29109032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a distinct pathology independent of co-morbidities such as coronary artery disease and hypertension. Diminished glucose uptake due to impaired insulin signaling and decreased expression of glucose transporters is associated with a shift towards increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation and reduced cardiac efficiency in diabetic hearts. The cardiac metabolic profile in diabetes is influenced by disturbances in circulating glucose, insulin and fatty acids, and alterations in cardiomyocyte signaling. In this review, we focus on recent preclinical advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Genetic manipulation of cardiomyocyte insulin signaling intermediates has demonstrated that partial cardiac functional rescue can be achieved by upregulation of the insulin signaling pathway in diabetic hearts. Inconsistent findings have been reported relating to the role of cardiac AMPK and β-adrenergic signaling in diabetes, and systemic administration of agents targeting these pathways appear to elicit some cardiac benefit, but whether these effects are related to direct cardiac actions is uncertain. Overload of cardiomyocyte fuel storage is evident in the diabetic heart, with accumulation of glycogen and lipid droplets. Cardiac metabolic dysregulation in diabetes has been linked with oxidative stress and autophagy disturbance, which may lead to cell death induction, fibrotic 'backfill' and cardiac dysfunction. This review examines the weight of evidence relating to the molecular mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy, with a particular focus on metabolic and signaling pathways. Areas of uncertainty in the field are highlighted and important knowledge gaps for further investigation are identified. This article is part of a Special issue entitled Cardiac adaptations to obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance, edited by Professors Jan F.C. Glatz, Jason R.B. Dyck and Christine Des Rosiers.
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Mellor KM, Varma U, Stapleton DI, Delbridge LMD. Cardiomyocyte glycophagy is regulated by insulin and exposure to high extracellular glucose. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1240-5. [PMID: 24561860 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00059.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Disturbed systemic glycemic and insulinemic status elicits cardiomyocyte metabolic stress and altered glucose handling. In diabetes, pathological myocardial glycogen accumulation occurs. Recently, evidence of a specific myocardial autophagic degradation pathway for glycogen ("glycophagy") has been reported, differentiated from the more well-characterized protein "macrophagy" pathway. The goal of this study was to identify potential mechanisms involved in cardiac glycogen accumulation, glycophagy, and macrophagy regulation using cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs). In NRVMs, insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation was evident with 5 mM-glucose conditions (∼2.3-fold increased). Under high-glucose (30 mM) conditions, insulin-augmented phosphorylation was not observed. Accumulation of glycogen was observed in response to insulin only in high-glucose conditions (∼2-fold increase). Increased expression of the glycophagy marker starch-binding domain-containing protein-1 (STBD1, 25% increase) was observed under high-glucose and insulin conditions. Expression levels of the macrophagy markers p62 and light chain protein 3BII:I were not increased by insulin at either glucose level. Preliminary results from hearts of streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats are supportive of the findings obtained in NRVMs, suggesting diabetes induced elevated expression of STBD1 and of an additional glycophagy marker GABA(A) receptor-associated protein-like 1. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that light chain protein 3B and STBD1 immunomarkers were not colocalized in NRVMs. These findings provide the first evidence that cardiomyocyte glycophagy induction occurs under the influence of insulin and is responsive to extracellular high glucose. This study suggests that the regulation of glycogen content and glycophagy induction in the cardiomyocyte may be linked, and it is speculated that glycogen pathology in diabetic cardiomyopathy has glycophagic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley M Mellor
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
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Silva E, Natali AJ, Silva MF, Gomes GJ, Cunha DN, Ramos RM, Toledo MM, Drummond FR, Belfort FG, Novaes RD, Maldonado IR. Ventricular remodeling in growing rats with experimental diabetes: The impact of swimming training. Pathol Res Pract 2013; 209:618-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Hicks S, Labinskyy N, Piteo B, Laurent D, Mathew JE, Gupte SA, Edwards JG. Type II diabetes increases mitochondrial DNA mutations in the left ventricle of the Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rat. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H903-15. [PMID: 23376826 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00567.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has a significant role in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Mitochondrial oxidant stress has been accepted as the singular cause of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage as an underlying cause of mitochondrial dysfunction. However, separate from a direct effect on mtDNA integrity, diabetic-induced increases in oxidant stress alter mitochondrial topoisomerase function to propagate mtDNA mutations as a contributor to mitochondrial dysfunction. Both glucose-challenged neonatal cardiomyocytes and the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat were studied. In both the GK left ventricle (LV) and in cardiomyocytes, chronically elevated glucose presentation induced a significant increase in mtDNA damage that was accompanied by decreased mitochondrial function. TTGE analysis revealed a number of base pair substitutions in the 3' end of COX3 from GK LV mtDNA that significantly altered the protein sequence. Mitochondrial topoisomerase DNA cleavage activity in isolated mitochondria was significantly increased in the GK LV compared with Wistar controls. Both hydroxycamptothecin, a topoisomerase type 1 inhibitor, and doxorubicin, a topoisomerase type 2 inhibitor, significantly exacerbated the DNA cleavage activity of isolated mitochondrial extracts indicating the presence of multiple functional topoisomerases in the mitochondria. Mitochondrial topoisomerase function was significantly altered in the presence of H2O2 suggesting that separate from a direct effect on mtDNA, oxidant stress mediated type II diabetes-induced alterations of mitochondrial topoisomerase function. These findings are significant in that the activation/inhibition state of the mitochondrial topoisomerases will have important consequences for mtDNA integrity and the well being of the diabetic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hicks
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Medikayala S, Piteo B, Zhao X, Edwards JG. Chronically elevated glucose compromises myocardial mitochondrial DNA integrity by alteration of mitochondrial topoisomerase function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 300:C338-48. [PMID: 21123731 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00248.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has a significant role in the development and complications of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are also associated with different types of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The goal of this study was to determine if chronically elevated glucose increase in mtDNA damage contributed to mitochondrial dysfunction and identify the underlying basis for mtDNA damage. H9c2 myotubes (a cardiac-derived cell line) were studied in the presence of 5.5, 16.5, or 33.0 mM glucose for up to 13 days. Tests of mitochondria function (Complex I and IV activity and ATP generation) were all significantly depressed by elevated media glucose. Intramitochondrial superoxide and intracellular superoxide levels were transiently increased during the experimental period. AnnexinV binding (a marker of apoptosis) was significantly increased after 7 and 13 days of high glucose. Thirteen days of elevated glucose significantly increased mtDNA damage globally and across the region encoding for the three subunits of cytochrome oxidase. Using mitochondria isolated from cells chronically exposed to elevated glucose, we observed significant increases in topoisomerase-linked DNA cleavage. Mitochondria-dependent DNA cleavage was significantly exacerbated by H(2)O(2) and that immunoprecipitation of mitochondrial extracts with a mtTOP1 antibody significantly decreased DNA cleavage, indicating that at least part of this activity could be attributed to mtTOP1. We conclude that even mild increases in glucose presentation compromised mitochondrial function as a result of a decline in mtDNA integrity. Separate from a direct impact of oxidative stress on mtDNA, ROS-induced alteration of mitochondrial topoisomerase activity exacerbated and propagated increases in mtDNA damage. These findings are significant in that the activation/inhibition state of the mitochondrial topoisomerases will have important consequences for mitochondrial DNA integrity and the well being of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Medikayala
- Dept. of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Ekladous D, Mehdi MZ, Costa M, Srivastava AK, Chiasson JL, Coderre L. TISSUE- AND FIBRE-SPECIFIC MODIFICATIONS OF INSULIN-SIGNALLING MOLECULES IN CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE OF DIABETIC RATS. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:971-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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