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Crossland WL, Callaway TR, Tedeschi LO. Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli and Ruminant Diets. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Smith DJ, Oliver CE, Taylor JB, Anderson RC. INVITED REVIEW: Efficacy, metabolism, and toxic responses to chlorate salts in food and laboratory animals1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4098-117. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Smith
- USDA-ARS, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58105-2765
| | - C. E. Oliver
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105
| | - J. B. Taylor
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID 83423-5032
| | - R. C. Anderson
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845
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Rajagopalan KV. Novel aspects of the biochemistry of the molybdenum cofactor. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 64:215-90. [PMID: 2053467 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123102.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K V Rajagopalan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Murray SR, de Felipe KS, Obuchowski PL, Pike J, Bermudes D, Low KB. Hot spot for a large deletion in the 18- to 19-centisome region confers a multiple phenotype in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain ATCC 14028. J Bacteriol 2005; 186:8516-23. [PMID: 15576802 PMCID: PMC532402 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.24.8516-8523.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the Salmonella MsbB enzyme, which catalyzes the incorporation of myristate destined for lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane, results in a strong phenotype of sensitivity to salt and chelators such as EGTA and greatly diminished endotoxic activity. MsbB- salmonellae mutate extragenically to EGTA-tolerant derivatives at a frequency of 10(-4) per division. One of these derivatives arose from inactivation of somA, which suppresses sensitivity to salt and EGTA. Here we show that a second mode of MsbB- suppression is a RecA-dependent deletion between two IS200 insertion elements present in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain ATCC 14028 but not in two other wild-type strains, LT2 and SL1344, which lack one of the IS200 elements. This deletion occurs spontaneously in wild-type and MsbB- strain 14028 salmonellae and accounts for about one-third of all of the spontaneous suppressors of MsbB- in strain 14028. It spans the region corresponding to 17.7 to 19.9 centisomes, which includes somA, on the sequenced map of Salmonella LT2 (136 ORFs in that strain; ATCC 14028 and other strains showed variability in this region). In addition to conferring EGTA resistance correlated with somA, the deletion confers a MacConkey galactose resistance phenotype on MsbB- Salmonella, indicating that at least one additional gene (distinct from somA) within the deletion is responsible for this phenotype. In the wild type, the deletion mutant grows with normal exponential growth rate in Luria broth but is chlorate resistant and does not grow on citrate agar. The deletion strains have lost hydrogen sulfide production, nitrate reductase activity, and gas production from glucose fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Murray
- Radiobiology Laboratories, Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
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Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Anderson TJ, Poole TL, Bischoff KM, Kubena LF, Nisbet DJ. Escherichia coli O157:H7 becomes resistant to sodium chlorate in pure culture, but not in mixed culture or in vivo. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 91:427-34. [PMID: 11556907 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chlorate kills Escherichia coli O157:H7 and may be an effective feed additive for use in food animals. This study was designed to determine if development of chlorate-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains was likely. METHODS AND RESULTS Escherichia coli O157:H7 was chlorate-sensitive, but became chlorate-resistant in pure batch culture and in sterilized faecal fluid; it was killed in mixed culture and did not become resistant. Addition of chlorate to continuous pure cultures caused chlorate resistance, but chlorate addition to mixed continuous culture eliminated E. coli O157:H7 and no resistance occurred. Piglets challenged with E. coli O157:H7 were treated with chlorate; populations were reduced and colonies were always chlorate-sensitive. CONCLUSION Chlorate-resistant E. coli O157:H7 can be selected in pure, but not mixed culture, and results suggest that terminal chlorate feeding will not select for chlorate-resistance in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Chlorate can reduce food-borne pathogens prior to harvest, but development of resistance does not appear likely in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Callaway
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA, TX 77845, USA.
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Abstract
This map is an update of the edition 9 map by Berlyn et al. (M. K. B. Berlyn, K. B. Low, and K. E. Rudd, p. 1715-1902, in F. C. Neidhardt et al., ed., Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed., vol. 2, 1996). It uses coordinates established by the completed sequence, expressed as 100 minutes for the entire circular map, and adds new genes discovered and established since 1996 and eliminates those shown to correspond to other known genes. The latter are included as synonyms. An alphabetical list of genes showing map location, synonyms, the protein or RNA product of the gene, phenotypes of mutants, and reference citations is provided. In addition to genes known to correspond to gene sequences, other genes, often older, that are described by phenotype and older mapping techniques and that have not been correlated with sequences are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Berlyn
- Department of Biology and School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104, USA.
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7
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Lannigan R, Hussain Z. Wound isolate of Salmonella typhimurium that became chlorate resistant after exposure to Dakin's solution: concomitant loss of hydrogen sulfide production, gas production, and nitrate reduction. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2497-8. [PMID: 8408574 PMCID: PMC265784 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.9.2497-2498.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A strain of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from a decubitus ulcer that was being treated topically with half-strength Dakin's solution became H2S negative, nitrate negative, and unable to produce gas from glucose. Experimental data suggested that these effects were associated with the development of chlorate resistance. Thirty-five other strains of Salmonella spp. that were made chlorate resistant also became negative for these three tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lannigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Hallenbeck PC, Clark MA, Barrett EL. Characterization of anaerobic sulfite reduction by Salmonella typhimurium and purification of the anaerobically induced sulfite reductase. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:3008-15. [PMID: 2656637 PMCID: PMC210008 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.6.3008-3015.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium that lack the biosynthetic sulfite reductase (cysI and cysJ mutants) retain the ability to reduce sulfite for growth under anaerobic conditions (E. L. Barrett and G. W. Chang, J. Gen. Microbiol., 115:513-516, 1979). Here we report studies of sulfite reduction by a cysI mutant of S. typhimurium and purification of the associated anaerobic sulfite reductase. Sulfite reduction for anaerobic growth did not require a reducing atmosphere but was prevented by an argon atmosphere contaminated with air (less than 0.33%). It was also prevented by the presence of 0.1 mM nitrate, which argues against a strictly biosynthetic role for anaerobic sulfite reduction. Anaerobic growth in liquid minimal medium, but not on agar, was found to require additions of trace amounts (10(-7)M) of cysteine. Spontaneous mutants that grew under the argon contaminated with air also lost the requirement for 10(-7)M cysteine for anaerobic growth in liquid. A role for sulfite reduction in anaerobic energy generation was contraindicated by the findings that sulfite reduction did not improve cell yields, and anaerobic sulfite reductase activity was greatest during the stationary phase of growth. Sulfite reductase was purified from the cytoplasmic fraction of the anaerobically grown cysI mutant and was purified 190-fold. The most effective donor in crude extracts was NADH. NADPH and methyl viologen were, respectively, 40 and 30% as effective as NADH. Oxygen reversibly inhibited the enzyme. Two high-molecular-weight proteins separated by gel filtration (Mr 360,000 and 490,000, respectively) were required for maximal activity with NADH. Indirect evidence, including in vitro complementation experiments with a cysG mutant extract, suggested that the 360,000-Mr component contains siroheme and is the terminal reductase. This component was further purified to near homogeneity and was found to consist of a single subunit of molecular weight 67,500. The anaerobic sulfite reductase showed some resemblance to the biosynthetic sulfite reductase, but apparently it has a unique, as yet unidentified function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Hallenbeck
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Paveglio MT, Tang JS, Unger RE, Barrett EL. Formate-nitrate respiration in Salmonella typhimurium: studies of two rha-linked fdn genes. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:213-7. [PMID: 3275611 PMCID: PMC210628 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.1.213-217.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized mutagenesis was used to obtain rha-linked mutations in Salmonella typhimurium, resulting in defects in the nitrate reductase-linked formate dehydrogenase (FDHN). The fdn mutants obtained fell into two groups which differed in several respects. Group I isolates lacked FDHN activity under all conditions examined and exhibited wild-type levels of the hydrogenase-linked formate dehydrogenase (FDHH). Group II isolates appeared defective in FDHN only when freshly prepared extracts were assayed; restoration of both FDHN and formate-nitrate reduction activity occurred on incubation of extracts for 2 to 3 h. Protease inhibitors prevented restoration. Group II isolates were also characterized by a conditional FDHH activity; this activity was absent unless the growth medium designed to optimize wild-type FDHH was altered either by lowering glucose concentration or by adding thiosulfate. Cotransduction of fdn with rha ranged from 4 to 22% for the group I isolates and from 20 to 40% for the group II isolates. Temperature-sensitive isolates from both groups synthesized FDHN activity with altered thermostability. In vitro complementation occurred in mixed extracts of amber mutants of the two respective classes. The results are consistent with two distinct rha-linked fdn genes, for which we suggest using the designations fdnB (group I) and fdnC (group II).
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Paveglio
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis 95616
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Riggs DL, Tang JS, Barrett EL. Thiosulfate reductase as a chlorate reductase inSalmonella typhimurium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium produces H2S from thiosulfate or sulfite. The respective pathways for the two reductions must be distinct as mutants carrying motations in phs, chlA, and menB reduced sulfite, but not thiosulfate, to H2S, and glucose repressed the production of H2S from thiosulfate while it stimulated its production from sulfite. The phs and chlA mutants also lacked a methyl viologen-linked thiosulfate reductase activity present in anaerobically grown wild-type cultures. A number of hydroxylamine, transposon Tn10 insertion, and Mu d1(Apr lac) operon fusion mutants defective in phs were characterized. One of the hydroxylamine mutants was an amber mutant, as indicated by suppression of its mutation in a supD background. The temperature-sensitive phs mutants produced H2S and methyl viologen-linked thiosulfate reductase at 30 degrees C but not at 42 degrees C. The reductases in all such mutants grown at 30 degrees C were as thermostable as the wild-type enzyme and did not differ in electrophoretic relative mobility, suggesting that phs is not the structural gene for thiosulfate reductase. Expression of beta-galactosidase in phs::Mu d1(Apr lac) mutants was dependent on anaerobiosis and the presence of reduced sulfur. It was also strongly influenced by carbon source and growth stage. The results are consistent with a model in which the phs gene encodes a regulatory protein essential for the reduction of thiosulfate to hydrogen sulfide.
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Barrett EL, Clark MA. Tetrathionate reduction and production of hydrogen sulfide from thiosulfate. Microbiol Rev 1987; 51:192-205. [PMID: 3299028 PMCID: PMC373103 DOI: 10.1128/mr.51.2.192-205.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hinojosa-Leon M, Dubourdieu M, Sanchez-Crispin JA, Chippaux M. Tetrathionate reductase of Salmonella thyphimurium: a molybdenum containing enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 136:577-81. [PMID: 3518717 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)90479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Use of radioactive molybdenum demonstrates that the tetrathionate reductase of Salmonella typhimurium is a molydenum containing enzyme. It is proposed that this enzyme shares with other molybdo-proteins, such as nitrate reductase, a common molybdenum containing cofactor the defect of which leads to the loss of the tetrathionate reductase and nitrate reductase activities.
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Benjamin WH, Turnbough CL, Goguen JD, Posey BS, Briles DE. Genetic mapping of novel virulence determinants of Salmonella typhimurium to the region between trpD and supD. Microb Pathog 1986; 1:115-24. [PMID: 3334153 DOI: 10.1016/0882-4010(86)90014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium strains are known to vary greatly in their virulence for mice. A few of the genes affecting their virulence have been described. In this report we have localized at least two genes that affect the ability of S. typhimurium to grow in BALB/cByJ to a 6 unit section of the salmonella chromosome which does not contain any previously described virulence determinants. The genetic mapping was done by interrupted matings using Hfr strains made in a virulent LT2 strain. The Hfr strains were constructed by inserted the plasmid F'(TS)114 lac+ Tn::10 into the LT2 chromosome at specific sites through homologous recombination with chromosomal Tn10s. Short interrupted matings to an avirulent LT2 strain in either direction through the portion of the chromosome from trpD at 34 units to supD at 40 units resulted in transconjugants which were fully virulent. Since we also found several transconjugants with intermediate virulence it appears that more than one virulence gene may exist in this area of the chromosome. The mechanisms of action of these genes are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Benjamin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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Pecher A, Zinoni F, Böck A. The seleno-polypeptide of formic dehydrogenase (formate hydrogen-lyase linked) from Escherichia coli: genetic analysis. Arch Microbiol 1985; 141:359-63. [PMID: 3160320 DOI: 10.1007/bf00428850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The site of integration of phage M mu d (Ap lac) in mutant M9s which leads to deficiency of formic dehydrogenase (benzylviologen-linked) activity was determined. It was shown that the phage had inserted into the gene for the seleno-polypeptide of the enzyme (80 kd) leading to the formation of a truncated peptide (60 kd) still able to incorporate Se. Synthesis of the truncated polypeptide is subject to the same regulatory signals as that of the wild-type enzyme. The formation of the 110 kd seleno-polypeptide, which is a constituent component of the formic dehydrogenase from the formate-nitrate respiratory pathway, is unimpaired in mutant M9s. The location of the gene for the 80 kd seleno-polypeptide was mapped at 92.4 min of the Escherichia coli chromosome.
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Holley EA, Foster JW. Bacteriophage P22 as a vector for Mu mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium: isolation of nad-lac and pnc-lac gene fusions. J Bacteriol 1982; 152:959-62. [PMID: 6752128 PMCID: PMC221562 DOI: 10.1128/jb.152.2.959-962.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella phage P22 was utilized as a vector for phage Mu cts d1(Apr lac) mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium. Efficient transposition of phage Mu d1 and the construction of gene fusions were readily accomplished with this procedure. Mutants blocked in the biosynthesis of NAD+ and in pyridine nucleotide cycle metabolism were isolated by this method, resulting in nadB-lac, nadC-lac, and pncB-lac gene fusions.
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Barrett EL, Riggs DL. Evidence of a second nitrate reductase activity that is distinct from the respiratory enzyme in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 1982; 150:563-71. [PMID: 7040338 PMCID: PMC216402 DOI: 10.1128/jb.150.2.563-571.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant nitrate reductase activity was detected in mutants of Salmonella typhimurium which mapped at or near chlC and which were incapable of growth with nitrate as electron acceptor. The same mutants were sensitive to chlorate and performed sufficient nitrate reduction to permit anaerobic growth with nitrate as the sole nitrogen source in media containing glucose. The mutant nitrate-reducing protein did not migrate with the wild-type nitrate reductase in polyacrylamide electrophoretic gels. Studies of the electrophoretic mobility in gels of different polyacrylamide concentration revealed that the wild-type and mutant nitrate reductases differed significantly in both size and charge. The second enzyme also differed from the wild-type major enzyme in its response to repression by low pH and its lack of response to repression by glucose. The same mutants were found to be derepressed for nitrite reductase and for a cytochrome with a maximal reduced absorbance at 555 nm at 25 degrees C. This cytochrome was not detected in preparations of the wild type grown under the same conditions. Extracts of these mutants contained normal amounts of the b-type cytochromes which, in the wild type, were associated with nitrate reductase and formate dehydrogenase, respectively, although they could not mediate the oxidation of these cytochromes with nitrate. They were capable of oxidizing the derepressed 555-nm peak cytochrome with nitrate. It is suggested that these mutants synthesize a nitrate-reducing enzyme which is distinct from the chlC gene product and which is repressed in the wild type during anaerobic growth with nitrate.
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Barrett EL, Riggs DL. Salmonella typhimurium mutants defective in the formate dehydrogenase linked to nitrate reductase. J Bacteriol 1982; 149:554-60. [PMID: 7035433 PMCID: PMC216542 DOI: 10.1128/jb.149.2.554-560.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Six fdn mutants of Salmonella typhimurium defective in the formation of nitrate reductase-linked formate dehydrogenase (FDHN) but capable of producing both the hydrogenase-linked formate dehydrogenase (FDHH) and nitrate reductase were characterized. Results of phage P22 transduction experiments indicated that there may be three fdn genes located on the metE-metB chromosomal segment and distinct from all previously identified fdh and chl loci. All six FDHH+ FDHN- mutants were found to make FDHN enzyme protein which was indistinguishable from that of the wild type in electrophoretic studies. However, the results of the spectral studies indicated that all six mutants were defective in the anaerobic cytochrome b559 associated with FDHN. All contained the cytochrome b559 associated with nitrate reductase in amounts equal to or greater than the wild type. The results of the transduction experiments also indicated that the metE- metB segment of the Salmonella chromosome resembles that of Escherichia coli more than was originally thought.
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Antón DN. envB mutations confer UV-sensitivity to Salmonella typhimurium and UV-resistance to Escherichia coli. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1981; 181:150-2. [PMID: 7012547 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An envB mutation isolated in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 was transferred by conjugation to Escherichia coli K-12. The mutation produced the same alterations in E. coli as in S. typhimurium concerning cell shape, sensitivity to drugs, autolysis, and fermentation of carbohydrates. However, although the mutation conferred sensitivity to UV irradiation in Salmonella, in E. coli it behaved as a genuine envB mutation producing resistance to UV inactivation. The fact that the mutation produced opposite effects in the survival of UV-irradiated S. typhimurium and E. coli discloses an intriguing difference between these closely related species.
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Foster JW, Moat AG. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis and pyridine nucleotide cycle metabolism in microbial systems. Microbiol Rev 1980; 44:83-105. [PMID: 6997723 PMCID: PMC373235 DOI: 10.1128/mr.44.1.83-105.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Barrett EL, Jackson CE, Fukumoto HT, Chang GW. Formate dehydrogenase mutants of Salmonella typhimurium: a new medium for their isolation and new mutant classes. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1979; 177:95-101. [PMID: 395418 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have designed a new medium for the differentiation of mutants of Salmonella typhimurium defective in the ability to reduce nitrate with formate, and have characterized 24 formate dehydrogenase (FDH) mutants isolated on this medium. The mutants were assayed for the ability to use formate to reduce benzyl viologen and phenazine methosulfate, and were mapped by means of conjugation and P22-mediated transduction. Mutants lacking the ability to reduce either dye were found to map at three distinct sites: at a site co-transducible with xyl (presumably fdhA), at a site or sites between 13U and 33U, but not co-transducible with aroA, bio, purB, pyrC, or pyrD (near, but not identical with fdhB), and at asite 10-20% co-transducible with pyrE, for which we suggest the designation fdhC. Six mutant isolates reduced benzyl viologen, but not phenazine methosulfate. They retained the ability to produce nitrite during growth with nitrate. They mapped between 83U and 89U, but no co-transduction was found with metE, glnA, metB, or argH. The combined biochemical and genetic data suggest the existence of a gene in this area which is essential for the reduction of nitrate with formate, but not for formate hydrogenlyase activity or for nitrate reductase activity.
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Pascal MC, Casse F, Chippaux M. Localization of pfl gene by transductional study of the gal-aro A segment of the Salmonella typhimurium LT2 chromosome. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1977; 150:331-4. [PMID: 321941 DOI: 10.1007/bf00268133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Anaerobic Electron Transfer and Active Transport in Bacteria. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Oltmann LF, Reijnders WN, Stouthamer AH. The correlation between the protein composition of cytoplasmic membranes and the formation of nitrate reductase A, chlorate reductase C and tetrathionate reductase in Proteus mirabilis wild type and some cholate resistant mutants. Arch Microbiol 1976; 111:37-43. [PMID: 797338 DOI: 10.1007/bf00446547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three genotypically different chlorate resistant mutants, chl I, chl II and chl III, appeared to lack completely nitrate reductase A, chlorate reductase C and tetrathionate reductase activity. Fumarate reductase is only partially affected in chl I and chl III and unaffected in chl II. Formate dehydrogenase is only partially diminished in chl II, hydrogenase is diminished in chl I and chl II and completely absent in chl III. Subunits of nitrate reductase A, chlorate reductase C and tetrathionate reductase have been identified in protein profiles of purified cytoplasmic membranes from the wild type and the three mutant strains, grown under various conditions. Only the presence and absence of the largest subunits of these enzymes appeared to be correlated with their repression and derepression in the wild type membranes. On the cytoplasmic membranes of the chl I and chl III mutants these subunits lack for the greater part. In the chl II mutant, however, these subunits are inserted in the membrane all together after anaerobic growth with or without nitrate. A model for the repression/derepression mechanism for the reductases has been proposed. It includes repression by cytochrome b components, whereas the redox-state of the nitrate reductase A molecule itself is also involved in its derepression under anaerobic conditions.
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Chen CC, Speck WT, Rosenkranz HS. Mutagenicity testing with Salmonella typhimurium strains. II. The effect of unusual phenotypes on the mutagenic response. Mutat Res 1975; 28:31-5. [PMID: 167280 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(75)90311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced sensitivity of some Salmonella typhimurium strains to the mutagenic action of a number of chemicals appears to be due to the defect in the uvrB gene product and not to an inability to produce H-2-S or to the absence of formic acid hydrogenlyase which also characterizes these strains.
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Alper MD, Ames BN. Positive selection of mutants with deletions of the gal-chl region of the Salmonella chromosome as a screening procedure for mutagens that cause deletions. J Bacteriol 1975; 121:259-66. [PMID: 1090571 PMCID: PMC285639 DOI: 10.1128/jb.121.1.259-266.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a convenient and specific positive selection for long deletions through the gal region of the chromosomes of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Through simultaneous selection for mutations in the two closely linked genes, gal and chlA, a variety of deletions of varying length, some extending through as much as 1 min of the chromosome, could be readily obtained. Many of these deletions resulted in the loss of a gene, which we named dhb, concerned with the ability of the bacterium to synthesize the iron chelating agent enterobactin. The selection was adapted for the screening of mutagens for their ability to generate long deletions in the bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid. Forty agents were screened for this capability. Nitrous acid, previously reported to be an efficient mutagen for this purpose, increased the frequency of deletion mutations 50-fold in our system. Three others, nitrogen mustard, mitomycin C, and fast neutrons, were shown to increase the frequency of long deletions between five- and eightfold. The remainder were found to be incapable of generating these deletions.
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Ornellas EP, Stocker BA. Relation of lipopolysaccharide character to P1 sensitivity in Salmonella typhimurium. Virology 1974; 60:491-502. [PMID: 4602344 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Parsons S, Koshland D. A Rapid Isolation of Phosphoribosyladenosine Triphosphate Synthetase and Comparison to Native Enzyme. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Mapping of chlorate-resistant mutants of Citrobacter freundii by deletion and complementation analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00267053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Casse F, Chippaux M, Pascal MC. Isolation from Salmonella typhimurium LT2 of mutants lacking specifically nitrate reductase activity and mapping of the chl-C gene. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1973; 124:247-51. [PMID: 4584943 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ames BN, Lee FD, Durston WE. An improved bacterial test system for the detection and classification of mutagens and carcinogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:782-6. [PMID: 4577135 PMCID: PMC433358 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.3.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 705] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously described a set of four strains of Salmonella typhimurium designed for detecting the various types of mutagens, and showed their utility in detecting a wide variety of carcinogens as mutagens. The lipopolysaccharide that normally coats these bacteria is a barrier to penetration of mutagens to the cell membrane. The set of tester strains has been improved by adding a mutation (rfa: deep rough) that results in a deficient lipopolysaccharide. The techniques for using these strains for detecting mutagens are presented and the tests are shown to be extremely sensitive and convenient. The specificity of frameshift mutagenesis is clarified. As adjuncts to the test with the four strains, we describe a test that compares mutagenic killing in deep rough strains with and without DNA excision repair, and a test using forward mutagenesis in a deep rough strain lacking excision repair.
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Venables WA. Genetic studies with nitrate reductase-less mutants of Escherichia coli. I. Fine structure analysis of the narA, narB and narE loci. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1972; 114:223-31. [PMID: 4552503 DOI: 10.1007/bf01788891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Casse F, Pascal MC, Chippaux M. A mutant of Salmonella typhimurium deficient in tetrathionate reductase activity. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1972; 119:71-4. [PMID: 4564718 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Casse F, Pascal MC, Chippaux M, Ratouchniak J. Mapping of the chl-B gene in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1972; 119:67-70. [PMID: 4564717 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sanderson KE. Genetics of the Enterobacteriaceae. A. Genetic homology in the Enterobacteriaceae. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1971; 16:35-51. [PMID: 4947111 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Netherlands Society for Microbiology Meeting at Utrecht on 23 May 1969. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02069019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Stouthamer AH, Bettenhaussen CW. Mapping of a gene causing resistance to chlorate in Salmonella typhimurium. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1970; 36:555-65. [PMID: 4321204 DOI: 10.1007/bf02069058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Stouthamer AH, Pietersma K. Deletion-mapping of resistance against chlorate in Klebsiella aerogenes. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1970; 106:174-9. [PMID: 5415254 DOI: 10.1007/bf00323836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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