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Chalchisa A, Kumsa B, Gutema Wegi F. Biting Flies and Associated Pathogens in Camels in Amibara District of Afar Region, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:5407898. [PMID: 38234317 PMCID: PMC10791415 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5407898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Biting flies and associated pathogens are the major health constraints on camel production and productivity and are implicated in causing significant economic losses in the pastoralist community in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of biting flies and their associated pathogens in relation to different risk factors in camels in the Amibara district, from October 2019 to April 2020. A total of 480 camels were examined for biting flies and associated pathogens. The study revealed that overall, 87% (418/480) and 18% (87/480) of camels were infested by one or more biting flies and infected with Trypanosoma evansi during the study period, respectively. The collected biting flies were identified into a total of 3 genera: Hippobosca, Stomoxys, and Tabanus under the stereomicroscope. In the present study, Hippobosca (40.4%) was the most prevalent biting fly, followed by Stomoxys (31%) and Tabanus (28.6%), which affected camels in the study area. Among camels infected with Trypanosoma evansi, 7.3% and 16% were positive for parasitological and serological tests, respectively. Age, body condition score, and season appeared to have a significant effect (p ≤ 0.005) on the prevalence of biting flies and T. evansi on dromedaries. According to the findings of this study, biting flies and Trypanosoma evansi were the most common limitations on camel health, production, and productivity in the study area. As a result of the possible threat of biting flies' infestation and Trypanosoma evansi on camels, all-around attention is required in terms of strategic acaricide application, proper antiprotozoal drug use, and raising knowledge about acaricide use to prevent and control biting flies' infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adugna Chalchisa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Bersissa Kumsa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, AAU, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1174, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Gutema Wegi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, Holeta, Ethiopia
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Elata A, Galon EM, Moumouni PFA, Ybanez RHD, Mossaad E, Salces CB, Bajenting GP, Ybanez AP, Xuan X, Inoue N, Suganuma K. Molecular Detection of Animal Trypanosomes in Different Animal Species in the Visayas Region of the Philippines. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:604-611. [PMID: 37368129 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Animal trypanosomosis is one of the most important parasitic diseases significantly affecting the Philippine economy. It is considered by the government to be the second most important disease of livestock after fasciolosis. A PCR-based molecular survey for trypanosomes in different animals in Bohol, Philippines, was performed to assess the prevalence of trypanosomosis in the area during the rainy and dry season. METHODS A total of 269 blood samples were collected in two batches in rainy and dry season from different animal species in Ubay Stock Farm in Ubay, Bohol, the Philippines, including 151 samples from water buffaloes, 76 samples from cattle, 35 samples from goats, and 7 samples from horses. DNA was subsequently extracted from these blood samples, and two different PCR assays were employed to detect and identify trypanosomes DNA including ITS1 PCR and CatL PCR. RESULTS Animal trypanosomes, Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma theileri, were detected in water buffalo (37.7%) [95%CI: 30.4 - 45.7], cattle (44.7%) [95%CI: 34.1 - 55.9], and goats (34.3%) [95%CI: 20.8 - 50.8]. Only T. evansi was detected in horses (28.6%) [95% CI: 8.2 - 64.1]. No clinical signs were observed in all positive animals. CONCLUSION This highlights the importance of domestic animals that can be infected with no signs but may act as reservoir animals and transmit trypanosomosis to susceptible animals. This study supports the importance of regular surveillance to estimate the prevalence of the disease, emphasizing its various dynamics in the affected areas and supporting efficient intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afraa Elata
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 13314, Sudan
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Rochelle Haidee D Ybanez
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
- Institute of Molecular Parasitology and Protozoan Diseases at Main Campus and College of Veterinary Medicine at Barili Campus, Cebu Technological University, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Ehab Mossaad
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Caro B Salces
- Philippine Carabao Center at Ubay Stock Farm, Lomangog, 6315, Ubay, Bohol, Philippines
| | - Gundolino P Bajenting
- Philippine Carabao Center at Ubay Stock Farm, Lomangog, 6315, Ubay, Bohol, Philippines
| | - Adrian P Ybanez
- Institute of Molecular Parasitology and Protozoan Diseases at Main Campus and College of Veterinary Medicine at Barili Campus, Cebu Technological University, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Al-Harrasi M, Al-Habsi K, Ali H, Al-Marzooqi W, Al-Kharousi K, Al-Hamrashdi A, El-Tahir HA, Elshafie EI. Circulation of Trypanosoma evansi antibodies and risk variables among dromedary camels in Al Batinah governorates, Sultanate of Oman. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY: REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2023; 40:100863. [PMID: 37068866 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a blood protozoan infects camels with Surra disease and causes high economic losses. The current study was focused on estimating the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Surra disease among camels, using 425 blood samples collected from 45 farms in nine Wilayats of Al Batinah governorates in the Sultanate of Oman. Host and environmental risk factors associated with T. evansi seroprevalence were analyzed by questionnaire arranged during sample collection. The overall seroprevalence by the serological CATT/T. evansi was 19.5% (83/425, CI: 16.0-23.6%). The seroconversion rate between the two governorates of north and south Al Batinah was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, the highest frequency was in Al Musannah at 41.7% (10/24, CI: 22.1-63.4%), and the lowest was in Al Khaburah at 10.5% (6/57, CI: 4.0-21.5%). Most of the owners in Al Khaburah (82.5%) were aware of T. evansi importance, and therefore they kept camels separate from ruminants. The ticks-free camels, racing camels and camels less than five years old showed higher T. evansi seroprevalence than other camels. The mean total protein was significantly (t = 2.817, p = 0.006) higher in seropositive camels (6.49 ± 0.75) compared to seronegative ones (6.25 ± 0.55), whereas PCV was not statistically different between the positive (28.96 ± 4.33) and negative camels (29.83 ± 3.63). Further studies are highly recommended to determine the prevalence and type of T. evansi in camels and ruminants in different governorates in Oman, especially in the Dhofar region, where the highest camel density is reported in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Al-Harrasi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khalid Al-Habsi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Haytham Ali
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Waleed Al-Marzooqi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Kaadhia Al-Kharousi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Abeer Al-Hamrashdi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hatim Ali El-Tahir
- Animal Health Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries, Muscat, Oman; Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Elshafie I Elshafie
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Exploring the potential of invariable surface glycoprotein (ISG65) as promising antigen for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection. Vet Parasitol 2023; 314:109866. [PMID: 36608386 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, a hemoflagellate protozoan, leads to wasting disease, surra in livestock animals causing huge economic losses. Currently, the preferred assay for surra diagnosis is whole cell lysate (WCL) based ELISA, which requires the use of rodents for WCL preparation. To avoid use of laboratory animals, we used recombinant DNA technology to express T. evansi invariable surface glycoprotein (ISG) in E. coli. The potential of recombinant ISG65 (rISG65) as a diagnostic antigen was investigated in immunoblot and indirect ELISA using experimentally infected equine serum samples from 0 to 84 days post infection. The results indicated that rISG65 reacted with horse T. evansi positive serum giving two bands of approximately 48 kDa and 96 kDa. T. evansi-specific antibodies were detected as early as 10 and 14 days post infection using immunoblot and indirect ELISA, respectively using rISG65 antigen. No cross-reactivity was observed in ELISA and immunoblot with different serum samples of equines positive for Equine herpesvirus 1, Burkholderia mallei, and Theileria equi infections. Several immunoreactive regions were observed between 30 and 100 kDa in T. evansi isolate of horse origin indicating the existence of multiple copies of ISG protein in a single trypanosome. The recombinant ISG has proven to be good candidate antigen to be used in ELISA for serodiagnosis of T. evansi infection in different animals.
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Sana K, Monia L, Ameni BS, Haikel H, Imed BS, Walid C, Bouabdella H, Bassem BHM, Hafedh D, Samed B, Makram O, Atef BH, Mohsen B, Taib K, Ammar J, Chedia S, Habib JM. Serological survey and associated risk factors' analysis of Trypanosomiasis in camels from Southern Tunisia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 16:e00231. [PMID: 34917783 PMCID: PMC8669359 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Surra (Trypanosoma evansi infection) is one of the main causes of dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) abortion, besides generating severe economic losses in herds. A sero-epidemiological survey was carried out between December 2018 and December 2019 in Southern Tunisia to estimate the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels and to determine its possible associated risk factors. Two-stage sampling was conducted to select breeders and camels targeted in our study. A total of 1205 blood samples were collected from 277 randomly selected farms belonging to six governorates of southern Tunisia. Sera were tested with the card agglutination test for Trypanosoma evansi (CATT/T. evansi) to detect the presence of anti-Trypanosoma. evansi antibodies. The overall individual and herd seroprevalence were 30.8% (95%CI 27.9–33.1%), 64.9% (95%CI 61.7–73), respectively. The seroprevalence of T. evansi infection both at the animal (26.2% (95%CI 21.4–30.9%) and herd level (84.4 (95%CI 76.3–92.5)) was higher in Kebili than in other governorates (P = 0.003). At the animal level, the infection rate with T. evansi was significantly associated to the age group among camels (P = 0.0008), production system (P = 0.006), bioclimatic stage (P = 0.02), and herd size (P = 0.04) in the univariable analysis. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that only age group and herd size were potential risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection. However, no significant variation of the seroprevalence of T. evansi with the sex of camels, farm type, and previous trypanocidal treatment were detected (P > 0.05). The findings of this study are crucial for this disease surveillance and control. Further investigations on the efficacy of the treatment against surra are needed to explain the persistence of the disease in the south of Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Sana
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Lachtar Monia
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Ben Salem Ameni
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Hajlaoui Haikel
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Ben Slimane Imed
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Chendoul Walid
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Médenine, Tunisia
| | | | - Bel Haj Mohamed Bassem
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Dabbek Hafedh
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Kebili, Tunisia
| | - Bennaceur Samed
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Kebili, Tunisia
| | - Ourabi Makram
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Tozeur, Tunisia
| | - Ben Houcine Atef
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Tozeur, Tunisia
| | - Bouajila Mohsen
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Tataouine, Tunisia
| | - Khelifi Taib
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Jamii Ammar
- Commissariat régional au développement agricole de Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Seghaier Chedia
- National Center of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de l'agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Tunisia
| | - Jemli Mohamed Habib
- Service de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
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Rafu O, Tulu D, Negera C. Camel Trypanosomosis in Yabelo and Gomole Districts in Ethiopia: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Based on Parasitological Examinations. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2021; 12:87-94. [PMID: 34007820 PMCID: PMC8121683 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s288314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Trypanosomosis is the most prevalent disease and causes serious economic losses in Ethiopia. The disease is among the major constraint to camel production in the country. Hence, this study aimed to determine the occurrence and associated risk factors of camel trypanosomosis in the Borana zone, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study design was conducted from December 2018 to December 2019 using parasitological techniques in the Yabelo and Gomole districts of the Borana zone. A total of 384 camels were randomly selected and tested using wet blood film (thin) and the Giemsa-stained technique. The packed cell volume (PCV) of sampled camels was recorded using a hematocrit reader. Results An overall 3.91% prevalence of camel trypanosomosis was observed in study areas. Trypanosoma-infected camel had significant (P=0.0001) lower mean PCV (20.73±1.91) than non-infected camel (27.07±4.35). The current study showed body condition of camel (OR=6.8, 95% CI: 1.44–31.83) and season (OR=3.1, 95% CI: 1.04–9.07) as risk factors for the occurrence of camel trypanosomosis. However, the sex, age, and origin (district) of camel did not affect the occurrence of camel trypanosomosis in the study areas. Conclusion Camel trypanosomosis impeded camel production in the study areas. Therefore, control and prevent methods considering seasonality, different ecology is necessary to design and implement. Moreover, a further study involving more sensitive molecular techniques should be conducted on camel trypanosomosis and their vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oljirra Rafu
- Southwest Shoa Zone Livestock Development and Fishery Office, Woliso, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Tulu
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Chaluma Negera
- Southwest Shoa Zone Livestock Development and Fishery Office, Woliso, Ethiopia
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Molecular Prevalence and Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi Among Cattle in Peninsular Malaysia. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:165-173. [PMID: 31797192 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal trypanosomiasis (Surra) caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is known to be one of the important haemoprotozoan parasites that causes great economical loss on animal production due to mortality and loss of condition. METHODS A cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with T. evansi infection among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed on 1045 blood samples collected from 43 farms. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on risk factors associated with T. evansi prevalence. The RoTat 1.2 set of primers was used to amplify products of 205 base pair. RESULTS The overall prevalence was found to be 17.9% (187/1045; 95% CI = 15.66-20.31). Trypanosoma evansi was detected among cattle in all the States of Peninsular Malaysia. Breeds of cattle and closeness to waste area, where the risk factors significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the PCR positivity of T. evansi among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia. CONCLUSION This appears to be the first time a comprehensive survey on the prevalence and risk factors of T. evansi infection in cattle using molecular tools is been carried out in the entire states of Peninsular Malaysia. The findings from this study will provide baseline information on the molecular prevalence of the haemoflagellate and its associated risk factors among cattle for an improved beef and dairy production in Peninsular Malaysia.
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Wolkmer P, Pereira AB, da Silva CB, Paim FC, Palma HE, Bueno A, Emanuelli MP, Siqueira LC, Monteiro SG, Andrade CM. Curcumin pre-treatment modulate the activities of adenine nucleotide and nucleoside degradation enzymes in lymphocyte of rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Parasitol Int 2019; 73:101948. [PMID: 31247308 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in lymphocytes from rats supplemented or not with curcumin 30 days prior to experimental infection with Trypanosoma evansi. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were divided in four groups. The pre-infection group 20 (PreI20) received orally 20 mg/kg of curcumin and pre-infection group 60 (PreI60) received orally 60 mg/kg of curcumin for 30 days prior inoculation with T. evansi. The infected e non-infected control groups received only oral vehicle for 30 days. Trypanosoma evansi infected groups were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.2 ml of blood with 1 × 106 parasites. After inoculation the treatment of the groups continued until the day of euthanasia (15 days). The results showed that curcumin pre-treatment, with both doses, reduced (P < .05) NTPDase and increased (P < .05) ADA activity in lymphocytes of treated groups when compared to untreated and infected animals (control). The results of this study support the evidence that the regulation of ATP and adenosine levels by NTPDase and ADA activities appear to be important to modulate the immune response in T. evansi infection, once the treatment with curcumin maintained the NTPDase activity reduced and enhanced ADA activity in lymphocytes. It is possible to conclude that the use of curcumin prior to infection with T. evansi induces immunomodulatory effects, favoring the response against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Wolkmer
- Veterinary Medicine, University of Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Andreia B Pereira
- Department of Small Animals, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cássia B da Silva
- Department of Small Animals, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Francine C Paim
- Department of Small Animals, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Heloisa E Palma
- Veterinary Medicine, University of Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andressa Bueno
- Department of Small Animals, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas C Siqueira
- Rural Development post-graduation program, University of Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia G Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cinthia M Andrade
- Veterinary Medicine, University of Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Maggi RG, Krämer F. A review on the occurrence of companion vector-borne diseases in pet animals in Latin America. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:145. [PMID: 30917860 PMCID: PMC6438007 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Companion vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are an important threat for pet life, but may also have an impact on human health, due to their often zoonotic character. The importance and awareness of CVBDs continuously increased during the last years. However, information on their occurrence is often limited in several parts of the world, which are often especially affected. Latin America (LATAM), a region with large biodiversity, is one of these regions, where information on CVBDs for pet owners, veterinarians, medical doctors and health workers is often obsolete, limited or non-existent. In the present review, a comprehensive literature search for CVBDs in companion animals (dogs and cats) was performed for several countries in Central America (Belize, Caribbean Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico) as well as in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana (British Guyana), Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela) regarding the occurrence of the following parasitic and bacterial diseases: babesiosis, heartworm disease, subcutaneous dirofilariosis, hepatozoonosis, leishmaniosis, trypanosomosis, anaplasmosis, bartonellosis, borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, mycoplasmosis and rickettsiosis. An overview on the specific diseases, followed by a short summary on their occurrence per country is given. Additionally, a tabular listing on positive or non-reported occurrence is presented. None of the countries is completely free from CVBDs. The data presented in the review confirm a wide distribution of the CVBDs in focus in LATAM. This wide occurrence and the fact that most of the CVBDs can have a quite severe clinical outcome and their diagnostic as well as therapeutic options in the region are often difficult to access and to afford, demands a strong call for the prevention of pathogen transmission by the use of ectoparasiticidal and anti-feeding products as well as by performing behavioural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Friederike Krämer
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Mossaad E, Salim B, Suganuma K, Musinguzi P, Hassan MA, Elamin EA, Mohammed GE, Bakhiet AO, Xuan X, Satti RA, Inoue N. Trypanosoma vivax is the second leading cause of camel trypanosomosis in Sudan after Trypanosoma evansi. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:176. [PMID: 28403897 PMCID: PMC5390396 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted in response to recurring reports from eastern Sudan of camel trypanosomosis that can no longer be treated by currently available trypanocidal drugs. One hundred and eighty-nine blood samples were obtained from camels in different herds and local markets in the western part of Sudan, and a cross-sectional study was carried out between December 2015 and February 2016 to identify the causative agents and possible circulating genotypes. RESULTS The prevalence of trypanosomes detected using the conventional parasitological techniques of Giemsa-stained blood smears, wet blood smears and the microhematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) was 7% (13/189), 11% (21/189) and 19% (36/189), respectively. However, a multi-species KIN-PCR targeting the ITS region revealed that the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi was 37% (70/189), while that of T. vivax was 25% (47/189). Consequently, we used a T. evansi-specific PCR (RoTat1.2 VSG gene) to analyse the KIN-PCR-positive samples and a T. vivax-specific PCR (Cathepsin L-like gene) to analyse all of the samples. The prevalence of T. evansi was 59% (41/70), while the prevalence of T. vivax was 31% (59/189). Mixed infections were detected in 18% (34/189) of the samples. These results were further confirmed by sequencing and a phylogenetic analysis of the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of T. evansi and the TviCatL gene of T. vivax. CONCLUSION We conclude that T. vivax was newly introduced to the camel population and that T. evansi is no longer the single cause of camel trypanosomosis in Sudan. The presence of T. vivax in camels detected in this study is a challenge in the choice of diagnostic approaches, particularly serology, and PCRs. However, an analysis of drug resistance should be performed, and the genotypic variation should be verified. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular study on T. vivax and mixed-infection with T. vivax and T. evansi in Sudanese camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mossaad
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Bashir Salim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O Box 32, Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Peter Musinguzi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Mohammed A. Hassan
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Animal Resources Research Corporation, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - E. A. Elamin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O Box 32, Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - G. E. Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Amel O. Bakhiet
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Rawan A. Satti
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Sumbria D, Singla L, Sharma A, Moudgil AD, Bal M. Equine trypanosomosis in central and western Punjab: prevalence, haemato-biochemical response and associated risk factors. Acta Trop 2014; 138:44-50. [PMID: 24931285 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The detection of Trypanosoma evansi in blood is intricate, primarily in chronic stage of infection, as the parasitaemia is often low and fluctuating. The climatic conditions of the target area of Punjab (a province of India with a total of 34,000 horses and ponies used for sports and transport) are conducive for the parasite propagation. The objective of present investigation was to assess the prevalence of T. evansi in central and western Punjab by PCR and card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi) in relation to clinico-haematobiochemical alterations and risk factors associated with latent trypanosomosis. A total of 169 equine blood and serum samples tested by CATT/T. evansi revealed 16 cases positive, with 6.8% from central plain and 13.63% from western zone. To assess the specificity of serological test, PCR1 was performed using established primer pair TR3 5'-GCG CGG ATT CTT TGC AGA CGA-3' and TR4 5'-TGC AGA CAC TGG AAT GTT ACT-3' for T. evansi. PCR2 applied with primer pair RoTat1.2F: 5'-ATG TCA ACG ATG CCT GTT ACA TTA CGC AC-3' and RoTat1.2R: 5'-TAA ATA TCA CTG TCA AGA CCT GCT GCG G-3' to rule out the consensus between the finding of the two PCR assays and agglutination test for T. evansi, which displayed results in concordance with PCR1. PCR assays showed 1.92 and 1.51% positive samples from central plain and western zone, respectively. With respect to PCR assay, CATT/T. evansi showed 100% sensitivity and 92.1% specificity. Microscopy showed a very low prevalence rate of 0.59% with only one sample positive with teaming parasitaemia. Comparison between sexes revealed higher positivity in mares by the three tests (BSE: 0.95%, PCR: 2.88%, CATT/T. evansi: 14.42%). The haemato-biochemical factors were found to be altered in PCR positive cases, while the mean value of vital parameters lied in normal range in seropositive cases. The female horse (RR=0.0937, 95% CI=1.388-190.223%) population was found to be at the highest risk of seropositivity for T. evansi, particularly in the unorganized farms (RR=19.726, 95% CI=2.918-400.221%).
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Desquesnes M, Dargantes A, Lai DH, Lun ZR, Holzmuller P, Jittapalapong S. Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:321237. [PMID: 24151595 PMCID: PMC3789323 DOI: 10.1155/2013/321237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the transmission modes of Trypanosoma evansi. Its worldwide distribution is attributed to mechanical transmission. While the role of tabanids is clear, we raise questions on the relative role of Haematobia sp. and the possible role of Stomoxys sp. in delayed transmission. A review of the available trypanocidal drugs and their efficacy in various host species is useful for understanding how they interact in disease epidemiology, which is complex. Although there are similarities with other mechanically transmitted trypanosomes, T. evansi has a more complex epidemiology due to the diversity of its hosts and vectors. The impact of clinical and subclinical disease is difficult to establish. A model was developed for buffaloes in the Philippines, which could be transferred to other places and livestock systems. Since Trypanosoma evansi was reported in humans, further research is required to investigate its zoonotic potential. Surra remains a potentially emerging disease that is a threat to Australia, Spain, and France. A number of questions about the disease have yet to be resolved. This brief review of the basic knowledge of T. evansi suggests that there is renewed interest in the parasite, which is spreading and has a major economic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, UMR-InterTryp, 34398 Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Alan Dargantes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Central Mindanao University, Mindanao, University Town, Musuan, Maramag, Philippines
| | - De-Hua Lai
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Al-Khalifa MS, Hussein HS, Diab FM, Khalil GM. Blood parasites of livestock in certain Regions in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 16:63-7. [PMID: 23961044 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood samples from camels, sheep, goats and cattle from six Regions in Saudi Arabia were examined for blood parasites. Asir Region camels were disinfected while those of the Eastern, Jazan, Northern Frontiers, Riyadh and Tabouk Regions were infected with Trypanosoma evansi (5-40%), those of Riyadh and the Eastern Regions were infected with Dipetalonema evansi (1-6%) and those of the Eastern, Jazan and Riyadh Regions were infected with Eperythrozoon species (8-20%). Sheep and goats of all tested regions were infected with Theilaria hirci (4-20% and 6-14%, respectively), Theilaria ovis (5-19% and 6-24%, respectively) and Eperthrozoon ovis (2-9% and 2-8%, respectively). Sheep of the Eastern and Northern Frontiers Regions were also infected with Anaplasma ovis (2%) and also those of the Eastern Region were infected with Babesia motasi (4%) as well. Cattle of Asir and Eastern Regions were infected with Anaplasma marginale (1-3.4%) and those of the Eastern, Jazan and Riyadh Regions were infected with Theileria annulata (11.3-25%) and Eperthrozoon wenyoni (1-4%). Moreover, Jazan cattle were infected with Babesia bigemina (6%) and a benign Theileria species (27%). Some of these parasites are recorded in new localities indicating that they are spreading in the country. Also, this is the first report in Saudi Arabia of D. evansi in camels, A. ovis and B. motasi in sheep and A. marginale and B. bigemina in cattle. These parasites may be introduced into the country with infected livestock infested with the vectors of these parasites. The suspected vectors of the detected parasites in Saudi Arabia is discussed. Follow up surveys of blood parasites are recommended to assess their distribution and infection rates in the livestock of all Regions of Saudi Arabia, to make plans for control measures against their vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Al-Khalifa
- Zoology Department, College of Science, P.O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Wolkmer P, da Silva CB, Paim FC, Duarte MM, Castro V, Palma HE, França RT, Felin DV, Siqueira LC, Lopes ST, Schetinger MRC, Monteiro SG, Mazzanti CM. Pre-treatment with curcumin modulates acetylcholinesterase activity and proinflammatory cytokines in rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Parasitol Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Wolkmer P, da Silva CB, Paim FC, Da Silva AS, Tavares KCS, Lazzarotto CR, Palma HE, Thomé GR, Miletti LC, Schetinger MRC, Lopes STA, Mazzanti CM. Biochemistry detection of acetylcholinesterase activity in Trypanosoma evansi and possible functional correlations. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:546-9. [PMID: 22981718 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several chemical and immunohistochemical techniques can be used for the detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In this experiment we aimed to detect AChE activity in Trypanosoma evansi. For this, the parasites were isolated from the blood of experimentally infected rats using a DEA-cellulose column. Enzymatic activity was determined in trypomastigote forms at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 mg/mL of protein concentrations by a standard biochemical protocol. At all concentrations tested, the study showed that T. evansi expresses the enzyme AChE and its activity was proportional to the concentration of protein, ranging between 0.64 and 2.70 μmol of AcSCh/h. Therefore, we concluded that it is possible to biochemically detect AChE in T. evansi, an enzyme that may be associated with vital functions of the parasite and also can be related to chemotherapy treatments, as further discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Wolkmer
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil.
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16
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Salim B, Bakheit MA, Kamau J, Nakamura I, Sugimoto C. Molecular epidemiology of camel trypanosomiasis based on ITS1 rDNA and RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in the Sudan. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:31. [PMID: 21375725 PMCID: PMC3060148 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA is known to be a suitable target for PCR-based detection of trypanosomes. The analysis of this region provides a multi-species-specific diagnosis by a single PCR. Using ITS1 primer-based PCR, a cross sectional study was carried out in the period from September to November 2009 on samples collected from 687 camels from geographically distinct zones in the Sudan to detect all possible African trypanosomes, which can infect camels. Results The results showed that all PCR-positive camels were infected with a single parasite species; Trypanosoma evansi. The highest prevalence, 57.1% (117/205), was observed in the Butana plains of mid-Eastern Sudan and the lowest, 6.0% (4/67), was in the Umshadeeda eastern part of White Nile State. In another experiment, the RoTat 1.2 gene encoding the variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) of T. evansi was analyzed for its presence or absence by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using T. evansi species-specific primers. The study showed that the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene was absent in thirteen out of thirty T. evansi-positive samples. Conclusions It is concluded that camel trypanosomiasis in Sudan is apparently caused by a single parasite species T. evansi and there were no other typanosomes species detected. In addition, the disease is highly prevalent in the country, which strengthens the need to change control policies and institute measures that help prevent the spread of the parasite. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular diagnosis report, which gives a picture of camel trypanosomiasis covering large geographical areas in Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Salim
- Department of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.
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Sengupta P, Balumahendiran M, Suryanaryana V, Raghavendra A, Shome B, Gajendragad M, Prabhudas K. PCR-based diagnosis of surra-targeting VSG gene: Experimental studies in small laboratory rodents and buffalo. Vet Parasitol 2010; 171:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Omer OH, Mousa HM, Al-Wabel N. Study on the antioxidant status of rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Vet Parasitol 2007; 145:142-5. [PMID: 17169491 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant status of rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi isolated from a camel was studied using established parasitological, haematological and biochemical methods. The results indicated that infections in all rats resulted in a fulminating parasitaemia. Changes in blood parameters in T. evansi-infected rats indicated leukocytosis and a macrocytic hypochromic anaemia. A degree of anisocytosis was also observed. The activities of plasma glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase in whole blood of infected rats were significantly higher (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively) compared with control. No statistically significant difference was observed in the activity of superoxide dismutase in infected and control rats. Results obtained indicated that trypanosomosis caused oxidative stress and induced antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Omer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia.
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Muhammad G, Saqib M, Sajid MS, Naureen A. TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI INFECTIONS IN HIMALAYAN BLACK BEARS (SELENARCTOS THIBETANUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 38:97-100. [PMID: 17469282 DOI: 10.1638/06-024.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asiatic or Himalayan black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus) is an endangered species. In South Asian countries, captive tamed Himalayan bears are commonly used by roving bear-charmers to entertain the people in rural and urban areas. In captivity, this species confronts several psychophysical traumas and communicable diseases, which are prevalent in other domestic species. The present report describes four cases of Trypanosoma evansi infection in live Himalayan charming bears, which originated from the Faisalabad and Jhang districts of Pakistan. The condition was characterized by pyrexia, accelerated pulse, tachypnea, depression, anemic mucous membranes, and ataxia (n = 3). Microscopic examination of peripheral blood films revealed moderate (n = 2) or high (n = 2) numbers of T. evansi. All four bears were treated twice at 3-day intervals with suramin sodium by using almost twice the dosage recommended for common domestic animals (10 mg/kg). The treated bears were found aparasitemic on repeat blood testing on days 5, 7, and 10 post-treatment. No adverse effects were noted and all four cases recovered in 3-7 days after completion of the second round of treatment. One bear died 8 days after the second treatment (day 11). This is the first report of T. evansi in bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Muhammad
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Aradaib IE, Majid AA. A simple and rapid method for detection of Trypanosoma evansi in the dromedary camel using a nested polymerase chain reaction. KINETOPLASTID BIOLOGY AND DISEASE 2006; 5:2. [PMID: 16712737 PMCID: PMC1481541 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9292-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR)-based assay, was developed and evaluated for rapid detection of Trypanosoma evansi in experimentally infected mice and naturally infected camels (Camelus dromedarius). Four oligonucleotide primers (TE1, TE2, TE3 and TE4), selected from nuclear repetitive gene of T. evansi, were designed and used for PCR amplifications. The first amplification, using a pair of outer primers TE1 and TE2, produced a 821-bp primary PCR product from T. evansi DNA. The second amplification, using nested (internal) pair of primers TE3 and TE4, produced a 270-bp PCR product. T. evansi DNAs extracted from blood samples of experimentally infected mice and naturally infected Sudanese breed of dromedary camels were detected by this nested PCR-based assay. The nested primers TE3 and TE4 increased the sensitivity of the PCR assay and as little as 10 fg of T. evansi DNA (equivalent to a single copy of the putative gene of the parasite) was amplified and visualized onto ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels. Amplification products were not detected when the PCR-based assay was applied to DNA from other blood parasites including Thieleria annulata, Babesia bigemina or nucleic acid free samples. Application of this nPCR-based assay to clinical samples resulted in direct detection of T. evansi from a variety of tissue samples collected from experimentally infected mice and blood from naturally infected camels. The described nPCR-based assay provides a valuable tool to study the epidemiology of T. evansi infection in camels and other susceptible animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imadeldin E Aradaib
- Molecular Biology Research Unit, National Ribat University, Khartoum, Sudan
- Molecular Biology laboratory (MBL), Department of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Ali A Majid
- National Council for Research, Khartoum, Republic of Sudan
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Njiru ZK, Constantine CC, Ndung'u JM, Robertson I, Okaye S, Thompson RCA, Reid SA. Detection of Trypanosoma evansi in camels using PCR and CATT/T. evansi tests in Kenya. Vet Parasitol 2004; 124:187-99. [PMID: 15381299 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Camel trypanosomosis (Surra) causes high morbidity and is an impediment to the camel husbandry in Kenya. The lack of a sensitive diagnostic test has hindered the collection of accurate epidemiological data and institution of control programmes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts of Kenya to estimate the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) and to compare four diagnostic tests: polymerase chain reaction (PCR), card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi), microhaematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) and mouse inoculation (MI). A total of 549 camels were randomly sampled. The overall prevalence of Surra was 5.3% using MHCT, 26.6% using PCR and 45.9% using CATT/T.evansi. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between PCR and CATT/T.evansi test, MHCT and MI in detection of T. evansi. The prevalence of T. evansi was 39.8% in Samburu, 24.7% in Nanyuki and 14.4% in Isiolo districts using PCR. A male camel was 2.6 times more likely to be infected with T. evansi compared to a female camel (OR = 3.0% CI: 1.6, 4.1), while an adult camel was 2.2 times more likely to be infected compared to non-adults (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.2, 5.0). There was a poor association between the presence of the published clinical signs and seropositivity (kappa = 0.12), PCR (kappa = 0.11) and MHCT (kappa = 0.05). However, there was a higher agreement between farmers' classification of disease with the PCR test (kappa = 0.5, n = 61). The mean PCV varied with age, presence of infection, locality and gender, with the lowest mean PCV being recorded in MHCT-positive animals (20.97 +/- 0.5) and from infected calves (19.5 +/- 1.2). This study shows that PCR was more sensitive in detecting T. evansi than other tests used. Further, the prevalence of T. evansi in the camel herds sampled is higher than that previously reported in Kenya, and that the judgment by camel keepers may be a reliable "pen-side" diagnostic test for Surra. Considering the low sensitivity of parasitological techniques in detection of chronic T. evansi infection and high cost of PCR, development of a sensitive pen side diagnostic test, with a low cost is still a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Njiru
- Western Australian Biomedical Research Institute, Division of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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Atarhouch T, Rami M, Bendahman MN, Dakkak A. Camel trypanosomosis in Morocco 1: results of a first epidemiological survey. Vet Parasitol 2003; 111:277-86. [PMID: 12559707 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological survey of camel trypanosomosis was conducted for the first time in Morocco in 1997 and 1998. Five provinces located in the south and southeast of the High Atlas mountain chain were included in this study. A total number of 1460 serum samples were collected and tested by a card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (CATT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (Ab-ELISA) to detect anti-Trypanosoma evansi antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was 14.1% by CATT and 18.2% by Ab-ELISA. Two very active foci were identified in Zagora and Merzouga with high Ab-ELISA prevalences of 43.3 and 35.4%, respectively, for each area. The concordance between the CATT and Ab-ELISA was 94.1%. The age-related distribution of seroprevalence showed a tendency for the infection rate to increase with age up to a maximum in the 7-10 year-old group. Clinical examination revealed that enlargement of lymph nodes was the most frequent sign in seropositive animals (79.7%). The comparison of haematocrit values of seropositive and seronegative animals showed a significant difference that indicated severe anaemia in infected animals. Isolation of the parasite by inoculation of mice allowed us to collect 15 T. evansi isolates from Zagora and three from Merzouga. The study showed that the Saharan provinces of Morocco were slightly affected by camel trypanosomosis but two hyperendemic foci, Zagora and Merzouga, were found to be sources of contamination for the surrounding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Atarhouch
- Département de Parasitologie et Maladies Parasitaires, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, 10101, Rabat, Morocco
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Audu PA, Esievo KA, Mohammed G, Ajanusi OJ. Studies of infectivity and pathogenicity of an isolate of Trypanosoma evansi in Yankasa sheep. Vet Parasitol 1999; 86:185-90. [PMID: 10511100 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The course of experimental infection and pathogenicity of an isolate of Trypanosoma evansi were investigated using eight infected and six uninfected control Yankasa sheep. The sheep were each infected intravenously via the jugular vein with approximately 2.0 x 10(6) T. evansi parasites. The effects of the parasite on body temperature, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin, erythrocytes, total protein, were monitored three times a week for approximately 9 weeks. Body weights were determined once every week for the duration of the experiment. The results showed that all the infected sheep were positive for the parasite. The prepatent period varied between 3 and 6 days. T. evansi produced parasitaemic waves at an average of 8.3 days interval. Two distinct forms of the disease were produced namely, acute (4-14 days postinfection), and chronic (43-59 days postinfection). Anaemia was a distinct feature of the disease. While the mean rectal temperatures were significantly elevated (P < 0.05), the mean values of the haematological parameters of the infected sheep dropped significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the preinfection levels. Observed clinical signs included pale mucous membrane, epiphora, loss of appetite, emaciation, dullness and rough hair coat together with fluctuating pyrexia which in most cases coincided with rise in parasitaemia. It is suggested that the isolate of T. evansi is pathogenic for Yankasa sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Audu
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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24
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Elamin EA, el Bashir MO, Saeed EM. Prevalence and infection pattern of Trypanosoma evansi in camels in mid-eastern Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod 1998; 30:107-14. [PMID: 9719837 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005047801206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The antigen detection enzyme immunoassay (AgELISA) in conjunction with parasitological examination of blood were used to study the enzootic situation of cameline trypanosomiasis in mid-Eastern Sudan. A one year survey showed that the infection is endemic among pastoral camels with a prevalence of 5.4% based on parasitological examination and 31.3% based on AgELISA. The infection rate was higher during the dry period (November to May) than the wet season. Young camels had a much lower infection rate as detected by parasitological techniques, but not with AgELISA. A lower prevalence of infection was detected by buffy coat technique (BCT) in herds of camels raised by nomads compared with those kept by agropastoralists and in camels located in the southern districts of mid-Eastern Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Elamin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum, North, Sudan
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25
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Dia ML, Diop C, Aminetou M, Jacquiet P, Thiam A. Some factors affecting the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in camels in Mauritania. Vet Parasitol 1997; 72:111-20. [PMID: 9404837 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted on the epidemiology of camel trypanosomosis in Mauritania using 2073 camels of various ages in five regions (Trarza, Gorgol, Adrar, Hodh E1 Chargui, Nouakchott). The prevalence was determined through blood smear and serological tests: card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT) and immuno fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The prevalence of the disease was 1.3% using blood smear examinations, 16.2% with CATT and 25.2% with IFAT. The following variations were observed: (1) Camels in Trarza had the highest prevalence; (2) Intraregion was a significant factor; (3) Animals that migrated to the south were more commonly infected than those in the north; and (4) Animals in the 5- to 10-yr age group had the highest prevalence. The study indicated that camel trypanosomosis was widespread in Mauritania, especially in the wooded areas near waterways in the south.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Dia
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Centre National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Nouakchott, Mauritania
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26
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Singh V, Chaudhari SS, Kumar S, Chhabra MB. Polyclonal antibody-based antigen-detection immunoassay for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in buffaloes and horses. Vet Parasitol 1995; 56:261-7. [PMID: 7754603 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(94)00689-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi antigens in serum samples of field cases of buffaloes and horses in northern India. In 323 naturally infected/suspected buffaloes, circulating antigenaemia was detected in 180 (55.72%), whereas parasitaemia by wet blood smear examination was found in 62 (19.19%) only. The antigen-ELISA was positive in 47 of the 62 parasitologically proven cases and in 86 of the 116 cases with anti-trypanosome antibodies detected by ELISA. Of the 80 horses examined antigen-ELISA was positive in 45 (56.75%) sera. The antigen-detection assay was positive in 14 of the 19 parasitaemic cases whereas the antibody-detection assay was positive in 18 of the 30 parasitaemic cases. In the present study, antigen-ELISA was found to be more sensitive and specific compared with antibody-ELISA and wet blood examination, and could prove a useful tool for epidemiological studies of latent trypanosomosis in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
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27
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Waitumbi JN, Murphy NB, Peregrine AS. Genotype and drug-resistance phenotype of Trypanosoma evansi isolated from camels in northern Kenya. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1994; 88:677-83. [PMID: 7893184 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1994.11812921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J N Waitumbi
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Nairobi, Kenya
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28
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Singh B, Kalra IS, Gupta MP, Nauriyal DC. Trypanosoma evansi infection in dogs: seasonal prevalence and chemotherapy. Vet Parasitol 1993; 50:137-41. [PMID: 8291188 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(93)90014-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A 1-year survey was undertaken to determine the incidence of Trypanosoma evansi in dogs at Ludhiana, India. Of 64 dogs examined by wet film, thin smear, thick smear and mouse inoculation, three (4.68%) were found to be positive for T. evansi. All the positive animals were detected during the rainy and post-rainy seasons. The treatment of three infected dogs with a combination of quinpyramine sulphate and chloride (3:2 w/w) resulted in complete recovery of two dogs; another dog died on the day therapy was initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Ont., Canada
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29
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Waitumbi JN, Nantulya VM. A comparison of the antigen detection ELISA and parasite detection for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infections in camels. Vet Parasitol 1993; 49:159-78. [PMID: 8249241 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(93)90116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two herds of 60 camels each, living in Trypanosoma evansi endemic areas, were selected and studied for a period of 18 months. Animals in one herd were treated prophylactically with quinapyramine prosalt (May and Baker, Dagenham, UK), while those in the other herd were treated individually with quinapyramine dimethylsulphate (May and Baker, Dagenham, UK) when proven parasitaemic. The herd on prophylaxis was sampled for antigen and patent infection monthly. The other herd was sampled weekly for patent infection and fortnightly for antigen. The results obtained could be divided into four categories. The first category comprised cases (52 out of 61) in which the presence of trypanosome antigens could be correlated with parasitological diagnosis. In 80% of these animals the antigens disappeared from the circulation within a period of 30 days following chemotherapy. The second category comprised those animals with parasitologically proven infections but which did not have antigens in their sera. This was observed in nine camels, seven of which were from the herd that was being examined weekly for the presence of trypanosomes. These were considered to be animals in early infection, as the subsequent sera were also negative for anti-trypanosome antibodies and immune complexes. The third category comprised camels which were antigen-positive but aparasitaemic. Sera from these animals were also positive for anti-trypanosome antibodies, indicating that antigen-positivity was a true reflection of trypanosome infections in these animals. The last category comprised pre-weaned camel calves which appeared to have some form of protection against trypanosomiasis, as evidenced by the absence of trypanosomes, antigens and antibodies throughout the early period of their lives. Only occasional antigenaemia was found in a few calves. It is concluded that trypanosome antigen detection may give a more accurate idea of the prevalence of T. evansi infections than does whole parasite detection.
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Sangwan N, Chaudhri SS, Rao AR, Sangwan AK, Gupta RP. Folacin and cyanocobalamin in relation to natural Trypanosoma evansi infection in buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod 1993; 25:79-84. [PMID: 8236483 DOI: 10.1007/bf02236509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The haematological values of haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and vitamin levels of folacin (folic acid), cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) of buffaloes, in a surra endemic area of Eastern Haryana, India, were determined. Surra-positive buffaloes had significantly low levels of Hb, PCV, folic acid and vitamin B12. These low levels of folic acid and vitamin B12 may have enhanced the clinical signs of chronic trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma evansi.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sangwan
- Haryana Agricultural University, Veterinary Parasitological Regional Research Station, Uchani, Karnal, India
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31
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Monzón CM. Serological diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi (Steel, 1885) in horses using a direct agglutination test. Vet Parasitol 1993; 47:25-35. [PMID: 8493765 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(93)90173-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A direct agglutination test is described to diagnose 'Mal de Caderas' caused by Trypanosoma evansi. The antigen used was a suspension of trypsin-treated parasites stabilized with formalin. The test was evaluated in horses with both natural and experimental infections. Test sensitivity and specificity were 94 and 97%, respectively. Treatment of serum with 2-mercaptoethanol before testing permitted the differentiation of IgM and IgG antibodies, and possible differentiation of current infection from past exposure to the parasite. The antigen was stable over a 6-month evaluation period and also showed good reproducibility between different batches. The direct agglutination test is proposed as another tool for diagnosis of T. evansi in horses, both for detecting clinical cases and for seroepidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Monzón
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Veterinarias Formosa (CEDIVEF), CONICET-Gobierno de la Provincia de Formosa-FUNDANORD, Argentina
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32
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Hilali M, Fahmy MM. Trypanozoon-like epimastigotes in the larvae of Cephalopina titillator (Diptera: Oestridae) infesting camels (Camelus dromedarius) infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Vet Parasitol 1993; 45:327-9. [PMID: 8447075 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(93)90087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Hilali
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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33
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Olaho-Mukani W, Munyua WK, Mutugi MW, Njogu AR. Comparison of antibody- and antigen-detection enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infections in camels. Vet Parasitol 1993; 45:231-40. [PMID: 8447066 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(93)90078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A total of 183 camels from Kenya were examined for circulating trypanosomal antigens by four methods: (1) a monoclonal antigen-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) and circulating anti-trypanosomal antibodies; (2) antibody-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ab-ELISA); (3) buffy-coat examination (BCE); (4) mouse subinoculation (MI). Thirty-seven camels (20%) were parasite-positive by BCE and 60 camels (33%) were parasite-positive by MI. Sixty-three camels (34%) tested positive on Ag-ELISA. Of the 24 camels which could not be detected by BCE, Ag-ELISA detected 18 (75%). Ab-ELISA detected 90 (49%) positive camels. Of all the parasite-positive camels (61), Ag-ELISA detected 93% and Ab-ELISA 95%. Based on the results of 55 camels, there was a significant statistical difference (P < 0.0001) in Ag-ELISA optical density (OD) values (of either serum or plasma antigen analysis) between parasite-positive and parasite-negative camels. No significant difference was observed in Ab-ELISA OD values between parasite-positive and parasite-negative camels. Diagnosis of T. evansi infection in camels by the use of Ag-ELISA alone or in combination with BCE could therefore be a more preferred approach in assessing patient infection than the use of Ab-ELISA.
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34
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Payne RC, Sukanto IP, Djauhari D, Jones TW. Trypanosoma evansi infection in bovine and buffalo calves in Indonesia. Vet Parasitol 1991; 38:253-6. [PMID: 1858294 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(91)90135-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen bovine and 11 buffalo calves born on different farms in a Trypanosoma evansi-endemic area of West Java were monitored for the presence of T. evansi and T. evansi antibody at monthly intervals until they were 12 months of age. Fifty percent of the bovine and 83% of the buffalo calves sampled in the first month of life were antibody positive. This antibody was considered to be of colostral origin. Antibody developing later in life persisted for up to 12 months and was considered to have arisen in response to T. evansi infection. No protective function could be ascribed to the colostral antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Payne
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, West Java, Indonesia
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35
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Payne RC, Sukanto IP, Djauhari D, Partoutomo S, Wilson AJ, Jones TW, Boid R, Luckins AG. Trypanosoma evansi infection in cattle, buffaloes and horses in Indonesia. Vet Parasitol 1991; 38:109-19. [PMID: 1858281 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(91)90121-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cattle, buffaloes and horses in several areas of Indonesia were examined for evidence of infection with Trypanosoma evansi by the microhaematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to T. evansi. Evidence of infection was found in animals at each sampling site although differences were seen in prevalence rates between sites. Prevalence rates in buffalo were usually higher than in cattle in the same area while in horses they were much lower than in cattle or buffalo. An age-dependent prevalence rate was seen in buffalo and cattle with the highest rates seen in animals older than 2 years. These results concur with the view that T. evansi infection is widespread throughout most of the livestock-producing areas of Indonesia. The apparent lack of any obvious disease owing to T. evansi infection in the sampled animals suggests that a form of stability exists in most endemic areas which serves to ameliorate the effect of T. evansi infection and has an immunological basis linked to the parasite's limited antigenic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Payne
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
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36
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Monzón CM, Villavicencio VI. Serum proteins in guinea-pigs and horses infected with Trypanosoma evansi (Steel, 1885). Vet Parasitol 1990; 36:295-301. [PMID: 2399649 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(90)90041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The serum protein pattern in guinea-pigs infected with T. evansi was analysed and compared with those found in horses with either a natural or experimental infection. In both species, a highly significant decrease in albumin levels and an increase in gamma-globulins were seen, leading to a very low albumin/globulin ratio. No significant differences in total protein levels between healthy and infected animals were registered. Likewise, alpha-globulins were not significantly affected. A decrease in beta-globulins was observed in one horse and in guinea-pigs with experimental infection, while in horses with natural infections this decrease was not constant. The serum protein patterns in guinea-pigs infected with T. evansi appeared similar to those occurring in horses infected with this parasite. Guinea-pigs, therefore may be useful laboratory models for the study of equine trypanosomosis caused by T. evansi.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Monzón
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Centre-CEDIVEF, Formosa, Argentina
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37
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Zelleke D, Kassa B, Abebe S. Efficacy of RM110, a novel trypanocide, in the treatment of Trypanosoma evansi infections in camels. Trop Anim Health Prod 1989; 21:223-6. [PMID: 2617676 DOI: 10.1007/bf02261092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Camels artificially infected with a field stock of Trypanosoma evansi isolated from a camel near Gewane, Ethiopia were cured by treatment with RM110, administered by subcutaneous injection at 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg body weight. Local reactions were mild and transient. Further evaluation of RM110 is indicated, in particular the determination of minimum curative doses for this and other T. evansi stocks in camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zelleke
- Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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38
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Boid R, Jones TW, Payne RC. Malic enzyme type VII isoenzyme as an indicator of suramin resistance in Trypanosoma evansi. Exp Parasitol 1989; 69:317-23. [PMID: 2806458 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(89)90080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study analysed the suramin sensitivity of 29 stocks of Trypanosoma evansi isolated from Egypt, Sudan, and Indonesia and compared the results with the isoenzyme banding patterns of 20 soluble enzymes in these stocks of T. evansi. The results showed that the type VII banding pattern of malic enzyme was found only in T. evansi stocks which were highly resistant to suramin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boid
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Midlothian, Scotland
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40
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Abebe G, Jones TW, Boid R. Suramin sensitivity of stocks of Trypanosoma evansi isolated in the Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod 1983; 15:151-2. [PMID: 6623646 DOI: 10.1007/bf02239924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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41
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Characterisation of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi from camels in Kenya using isoenzyme electrophoresis. Res Vet Sci 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
A case-report is presented of a Trypanosoma evansi infection in a dog imported from Nepal. The clinical symptoms included fever, anorexia, and weight loss. Diagnosis was made through morphologic study of blood smears from the patient.
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