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Sarheed O, Dibi M, Ramesh KVRNS. Studies on the Effect of Oil and Surfactant on the Formation of Alginate-Based O/W Lidocaine Nanocarriers Using Nanoemulsion Template. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1223. [PMID: 33348692 PMCID: PMC7766092 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of various nanocarrier systems was widely explored in the field of pharmaceuticals to achieve better drug encapsulation and delivery. The aim of this study was to encapsulate lidocaine in alginate-based o/w nanocarriers based on the type of oil (i.e., solid or liquid), using a nanoemulsion template prepared by ultrasound-assisted phase inversion temperature (PIT) approach. The nanoemulsion template was initially prepared by dissolving lidocaine in the oil phase and surfactant and alginate in the aqueous phase, and keeping the PIT at around 85 °C, accompanied by gradual water dilution at 25 °C, to initiate the formation of nanoparticles (o/w) with the aid of low frequency ultrasound. The composition and concentration of the oil phase had a major impact on the particle size and led to an increase in the size of the droplet. The lipids that showed a higher drug solubility also showed higher particle size. On the other hand, increasing the concentration of surfactant decreases the size of the droplet before the concentration of the surfactant exceeds the limit, after which the size of the particle increases due to the aggregates that could be produced from the excess surfactant. The method used produced nanoemulsions that maintained nano-sized droplets < 50 nm, over long-term storage. Our findings are important for the design of nanocarrier systems for the encapsulation of lipophilic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Sarheed
- RAK College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras AlKhaimah 11172, UAE; (M.D.); (K.V.R.N.S.R.)
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Comparison of Conventional and Sustainable Lipid Extraction Methods for the Production of Oil and Protein Isolate from Edible Insect Meal. Foods 2019; 8:foods8110572. [PMID: 31766306 PMCID: PMC6915342 DOI: 10.3390/foods8110572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible insects represent an interesting alternative source of protein for human consumption but the main hurdle facing the edible insect sector is low consumer acceptance. However, increased acceptance is anticipated when insects are incorporated as a processed ingredient, such as protein-rich powder, rather than presented whole. To produce edible insect fractions with high protein content, a defatting step is necessary. This study investigated the effects of six defatting methods (conventional solvents, three-phase partitioning, and supercritical CO2) on lipid extraction yield, fatty profiles, and protein extraction and purification of house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) meals. Ethanol increased the lipid extraction yield (22.7%–28.8%), irrespective of the insect meal used or the extraction method applied. Supercritical CO2 gave similar lipid extraction yields as conventional methods for Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) (22.1%) but was less efficient for Acheta domesticus (A. domesticus) (11.9%). The protein extraction yield ranged from 12.4% to 38.9% for A.domesticus, and from 11.9% to 39.3% for T. molitor, whereas purification rates ranged from 58.3% to 78.5% for A. domesticus and from 48.7% to 75.4% for T. molitor.
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Vasconcelos B, Teixeira JC, Dragone G, Teixeira JA. Optimization of lipid extraction from the oleaginous yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Lipomyces kononenkoae. AMB Express 2018; 8:126. [PMID: 30083943 PMCID: PMC6077291 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant growing demand for vegetable oil for biodiesel and food is raising many environmental concerns about the sustainability of its production based on crops. Oleaginous yeasts show great potential to end with those concerns due to their high lipid productivity in small areas. To evaluate their productivity in lipids, an efficient and reproducible extraction process should be used. As no standard extraction process is available for the extraction of yeast lipids, an optimized extraction process is presented. In this work, the lipids extraction process for the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Lipomyces kononenkoae is optimized using bead beating for cell rupture and introducing adaptations of the two most used extraction methods (Bligh and Dyer and Folch). For Rhodotorula g. the optimum extraction conditions are obtained by the Bligh and Dyer method applying 4.8 cycles of 47 s with 0.7 g of glass beads. For Lipomyces k. the optimum extraction conditions make use of the Folch method applying seven cycles of 42 s with 0.54 g of glass beads. These results reinforce the idea that, for each yeast, different extraction processes may be needed to correctly determine the lipid yield. The extraction procedure was further evaluated with less harmful solvents. Toluene was tested as a possible substitute of chloroform, and ethanol as a possible substitute of methanol. With the optimized extraction process, better results for Lipomyces k. were obtained using toluene and ethanol, while for Rhodotorula g. toluene proved to be a valid substitute of chloroform but ethanol is far less effective than methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vasconcelos
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Giuliano Dragone
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Khalilpour S, Behnammanesh G, Suede F, Ezzat MO, Muniandy J, Tabana Y, Ahamed MK, Tamayol A, Majid AMS, Sangiovanni E, Dell'Agli M, Majid AS. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rhus coriaria Extract in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020048. [PMID: 29690612 PMCID: PMC6027176 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating oxidative stresses and inflammation can potentially prevent or alleviate the pathological conditions of diseases associated with the nervous system, including ischemic optic neuropathy. In this study we evaluated the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities of Rhus coriaria (R. coriaria) extract in vivo. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for DPPH, ABTS and β⁻carotene were 6.79 ± 0.009 µg/mL, 10.94 ± 0.09 µg/mL, and 6.25 ± 0.06 µg/mL, respectively. Retinal ischemia was induced by optic nerve crush injury in albino Balb/c mice. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of R. coriaria (ERC) and linoleic acid (LA) on ocular ischemia was monitored using Fluorescence Molecular Tomography (FMT). Following optic nerve crush injury, the mice treated with 400 mg/kg of ERC and LA exhibited an 84.87% and 86.71% reduction of fluorescent signal (cathepsin activity) respectively. The results of this study provide strong scientific evidence for the neuroprotective activity of the ERC, identifying LA as one of the main components responsible for the effect. ERC may be useful and worthy of further development for its adjunctive utilization in the treatment of optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Khalilpour
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Ghazaleh Behnammanesh
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - Fouad Suede
- EMAN Biodiscoveries Sdn. Bhd., Suite 126, Level 1, EUREKA Complex, University of Science Malaysia (USM), Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammed O Ezzat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Jayadhisan Muniandy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Yasser Tabana
- EMAN Biodiscoveries Sdn. Bhd., Suite 126, Level 1, EUREKA Complex, University of Science Malaysia (USM), Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Khadeer Ahamed
- EMAN Biodiscoveries Sdn. Bhd., Suite 126, Level 1, EUREKA Complex, University of Science Malaysia (USM), Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincol, NE 68508, USA.
| | - Amin Malik Shah Majid
- EMAN Biodiscoveries Sdn. Bhd., Suite 126, Level 1, EUREKA Complex, University of Science Malaysia (USM), Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia.
| | - Enrico Sangiovanni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Mario Dell'Agli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Aman Shah Majid
- EMAN Biodiscoveries Sdn. Bhd., Suite 126, Level 1, EUREKA Complex, University of Science Malaysia (USM), Minden Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- Centre for Natural Product and Angiogenesis Research/Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University, Ipoh 30250, Malaysia.
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