1
|
Gázquez A, Sabater-Molina M, Domínguez-López I, Sánchez-Campillo M, Torrento N, Tibau J, Moreno-Muñoz JA, Rodríguez-Palmero M, López-Sabater MC, Larqué E. Milk fat globule membrane plus milk fat increase docosahexaenoic acid availability in infant formulas. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:833-845. [PMID: 36280613 PMCID: PMC9941230 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) has components with emulsifier properties that could affect the provision of substrates to the brain. We evaluated the effects of MFGM plus milk fat addition to infant formulas on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) availability and gut development. METHODS In Experiment 1, suckling piglets were divided into 3 groups: Group L1 (n = 8): fed with a vegetal fat formula with palm oil; L2 (n = 8): canola oil formula and L3 (n = 8): milk fat + canola oil + 1% Lacprodan (3% MFGM of total protein content). In Experiment 2, Group L4 (n = 7): fed with canola oil + 1% Lacprodan (3% MFGM) and Group L5 (n = 5): milk fat + canola oil + 2% Lacprodan (6% MFGM). All formulas contained 0.2% DHA and 0.2% arachidonic acid. RESULTS In Experiment 1, DHA was similar among the groups in both total fatty acids and plasma phospholipids (PL). However, 3% MFGM (L3) increased significantly the proportion of DHA and LC-PUFA n-3 in liver total fatty acids, jejunum, and also in jejunum PL respect to the other formulas. There were no changes in gut histology, cell proliferation, apoptosis, or brain DHA content. In Experiment 2, higher MFGM dose was used. Then, higher DHA was not only found in peripheral tissues of 6% MFGM (L5) piglets but also in plasma PL, while a similar trend was observed in cortex PL (p = 0.123). CONCLUSION In conclusion, MFGM plus milk fat may increase DHA availability of infant formulas which could contribute to their beneficial health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gázquez
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain ,grid.452553.00000 0004 8504 7077Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Sabater-Molina
- grid.452553.00000 0004 8504 7077Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Inés Domínguez-López
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Campillo
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain ,grid.452553.00000 0004 8504 7077Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Neus Torrento
- grid.8581.40000 0001 1943 6646Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Monells, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Tibau
- grid.8581.40000 0001 1943 6646Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Monells, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - María C. López-Sabater
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elvira Larqué
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Antioxidant activity, fatty acid composition, phenolic compounds and mineral contents of stem, leave and fruits of two morphs of wild myrtle plants. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
3
|
Park IS, Lim SY, Lee TH, Gil HW, Yoo GY. Various Characteristics of Hybrid between River Puffer, Takifugu obscurus and Tiger Puffer, T. rubripes, and Their Hybrid Triploid. Dev Reprod 2017; 21:181-191. [PMID: 28785739 PMCID: PMC5532310 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of the growth, hematological values, fatty acids, and gonadal and growth hormonal changes of river puffer, Takifugu obscurus, tiger puffer, T. rubripes, their hybrids (river puffer × tiger puffer) and hybrid triploids was performed during 3 months of their early growth period. Several features were observed during these 3 months: hybrids showed the highest levels of specific growth rate, 1.48%; hybrid triploids showed the smallest change in viscera fat (P<0.05), but GSI was not significantly different among groups (P>0.05). Considering hematological parameters, hybrid triploids had increased mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P<0.05), but other parameters were not significantly different between groups (P>0.05). With respect to fatty acids, puffer fish, hybrids and hybrid triploids contained fatty acids such as SFAs, MUFAs, n-3 PUFAs and n-6 PUFAs. There were significantly different amounts of total fatty acids between groups (P<0.05), however, rates of changes in fatty acids did not differ significantly between groups (P>0.05). Gonadal hormone (estradiol and testosterone) changes in the river puffer and tiger puffer were significantly higher than that observed in hybrids and hybrid triploids. The hybrids and tiger puffers had higher amounts of growth hormone (thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroxine) than the hybrid triploids and river puffers (P<0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In-Seok Park
- Division of Marine Bioscience, College of Ocean Science and
Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112,
Korea
| | - Sung Young Lim
- Division of Marine Bioscience, College of Ocean Science and
Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112,
Korea
| | - Tae Ho Lee
- Division of Marine Bioscience, College of Ocean Science and
Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112,
Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Gil
- Division of Marine Bioscience, College of Ocean Science and
Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112,
Korea
| | - Gwang Yeol Yoo
- Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Examination Division,
Korean Intellectual Property Office, Daejeon 35208, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cholesterol overload impairing cerebellar function: The promise of natural products. Nutrition 2015; 31:621-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
5
|
Borba JMC, Rocha-de-Melo AP, dos Santos ÂA, Andrade da Costa BLDS, da Silva RP, Passos PP, Guedes RCA. Essential fatty acid deficiency reduces cortical spreading depression propagation in rats: a two-generation study. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 13:144-50. [DOI: 10.1179/147683010x12611460763887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
6
|
Serce S, Ercisli S, Sengul M, Gunduz K, Orhan E. Antioxidant activities and fatty acid composition of wild grown myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) fruits. Pharmacogn Mag 2010; 6:9-12. [PMID: 20548930 PMCID: PMC2881653 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.59960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruits of eight myrtles, Myrtus communis L. accessions from the Mediterranean region of Turkey were evaluated for their antioxidant activities and fatty acid contents. The antioxidant activities of the fruit extracts were determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. The fatty acid contents of fruits were determined by using gas chromatography. The methanol extracts of fruits exhibited a high level of free radical scavenging activity. There was a wide range (74.51-91.65%) of antioxidant activity among the accessions in the β-carotene-linoleic acid assay. The amount of total phenolics (TP) was determined to be between 44.41-74.44 μg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mg, on a dry weight basis. Oleic acid was the dominant fatty acid (67.07%), followed by palmitic (10.24%), and stearic acid (8.19%), respectively. These results suggest the future utilization of myrtle fruit extracts as food additives or in chemoprevention studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Serce
- Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Mustafa Kemal University, 31034 Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Noffs MD, Martino RC, Trugo LC, Urbinati EC, Fernandes JBK, Takahashi LS. Dietary fish oil replacement with lard and soybean oil affects triacylglycerol and phospholipid muscle and liver docosahexaenoic acid content but not in the brain and eyes of surubim juveniles Pseudoplatystoma sp. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2009; 35:399-412. [PMID: 18989742 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Triplicate groups of juvenile suribim were fed for 183 days one of four different isonitrogenous (47.6% crude protein) and isolipidic (18.7% lipid) diets formulated using three different lipid sources: 100% fish oil (FO, diet 1); 100% pig lard (L, diet 2); 100% soybean oil (SO, diet 3), and FO/L/SO (1:1:1, w/w/w; diet 4). The tissue levels of fatty acids 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 decreased relative to corresponding dietary fatty acid values. The 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 composition of muscle and liver neutral lipids were linearly correlated with corresponding dietary fatty acid composition. In contrast, the 22:6n-3 composition of the brain and eye were similar among treatments. The 22:6n-3 level was enriched in all tissues, particularly in the neural tissues. Similar results were observed for tissue polar lipids: fatty acids content reflected dietary composition, with the exception of the 22:6n-3 level, which showed enrichment and no differences between groups. Given these results, the importance of the biochemical functions (transport and/or metabolism) of 22:6n-3 in the development of the neural system of surubim warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Noffs
- Instituto de Química (CT), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional e de Alimentos, Bl. A Lab. 528, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels. Prog Lipid Res 2009; 48:355-74. [PMID: 19619583 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is little doubt regarding the essential nature of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), yet the capacity of dietary ALA to maintain adequate tissue levels of long chain n-3 fatty acids remains quite controversial. This simple point remains highly debated despite evidence that removal of dietary ALA promotes n-3 fatty acid inadequacy, including that of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and that many experiments demonstrate that dietary inclusion of ALA raises n-3 tissue fatty acid content, including DHA. Herein we propose, based upon our previous work and that of others, that ALA is elongated and desaturated in a tissue-dependent manner. One important concept is to recognize that ALA, like many other fatty acids, rapidly undergoes beta-oxidation and that the carbons are conserved and reused for synthesis of other products including cholesterol and fatty acids. This process and the differences between utilization of dietary DHA or liver-derived DHA as compared to ALA have led to the dogma that ALA is not a useful fatty acid for maintaining tissue long chain n-3 fatty acids, including DHA. Herein, we propose that indeed dietary ALA is a crucial dietary source of n-3 fatty acids and its dietary inclusion is critical for maintaining tissue long chain n-3 levels.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hamilton JA, Hillard CJ, Spector AA, Watkins PA. Brain uptake and utilization of fatty acids, lipids and lipoproteins: application to neurological disorders. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 33:2-11. [PMID: 17901539 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-007-0060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transport, synthesis, and utilization of brain fatty acids and other lipids have been topics of investigation for more than a century, yet many fundamental aspects are unresolved and, indeed, subject to controversy. Understanding the mechanisms by which lipids cross the blood brain barrier and how they are utilized by neurons and glia is critical to understanding normal brain development and function, for the diagnosis and therapy of human diseases, and for the planning and delivery of optimal human nutrition throughout the world. Two particularly important fatty acids, both of which are abundant in neuronal membranes are: (a) the omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, deficiencies of which can impede brain development and compromise optimal brain function, and (b) the omega6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid, which yields essential, but potentially toxic, metabolic products. There is an exciting emerging evidence that modulating dietary intake of these fatty acids could have a beneficial effect on human neurological health. A workshop was held in October, 2004, in which investigators from diverse disciplines interacted to present new findings and to discuss issues relevant to lipid uptake, utilization, and metabolism in the brain. The objectives of this workshop were: (1) to assess the state-of-the-art of research in brain fatty acid/lipid uptake and utilization; (2) to discuss progress in understanding molecular mechanisms and the treatment of neurological diseases related to lipids and lipoproteins; (3) to identify areas in which current knowledge is insufficient; (4) to provide recommendations for future research; and (5) to stimulate the interest and involvement of additional neuroscientists, particularly young scientists, in these areas. The meeting was divided into four sessions: (1) mechanisms of lipid uptake and transport in the brain, (2) lipoproteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids, (3) eicosanoids in brain function, and (4) fatty acids and lipids in brain disorders. In this article, we will provide an overview of the topics discussed in these sessions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin YH, Salem N. Whole body distribution of deuterated linoleic and α-linolenic acids and their metabolites in the rat. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2709-24. [PMID: 17876057 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700369-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the uptake or metabolism of essential fatty acids (EFAs) in various mammalian organs. Thus, the distribution of deuterated alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and their metabolites was studied using a stable isotope tracer technique. Rats were orally administered a single dose of a mixture (20 mg each) of ethyl D5-18:3n-3 and D5-18:2n-6, and 25 tissues per animal were analyzed for D5-labeled PUFAs at 4, 8, 24, 96, 168, 240, 360, and 600 h after dosing. Plasma, stomach, and spleen contained the highest concentrations of labeled precursors at the earliest time points, whereas other internal organs and red blood cells reached their maximal concentrations at 8 h. The time-course data were consistent with liver metabolism of EFAs, but local metabolism in other tissues could not be ruled out. Brain, spinal cord, heart, testis, and eye accumulated docosahexaenoic acid with time, whereas skin accumulated mainly 20:4n-6. On average, approximately 16-18% of the D5-18:3n-3 and D5-18:2n-6 initial dosage was eventually accumulated in tissues, principally in adipose, skin, and muscle. Approximately 6.0% of D5-18:3n-3 and 2.6% of D5-18:2n-6 were elongated/desaturated and stored, mainly in muscle, adipose, and the carcass. The remaining 78% of both precursors was apparently catabolized or excreted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hong Lin
- Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pifferi F, Jouin M, Alessandri JM, Haedke U, Roux F, Perrière N, Denis I, Lavialle M, Guesnet P. n-3 Fatty acids modulate brain glucose transport in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007; 77:279-86. [PMID: 18042368 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that glucose utilization and glucose transport were impaired in the brain of rats made deficient in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The present study examines whether n-3 PUFA affect the expression of glucose transporter GLUT1 and glucose transport activity in the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. GLUT1 expression in the cerebral cortex microvessels of rats fed different amounts of n-3 PUFA (low vs. adequate vs. high) was studied. In parallel, the glucose uptake was measured in primary cultures of rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC) exposed to supplemental long chain n-3 PUFA, docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids, or to arachidonic acid (AA). Western immunoblotting analysis showed that endothelial GLUT1 significantly decreased (-23%) in the n-3 PUFA-deficient microvessels compared to control ones, whereas it increased (+35%) in the microvessels of rats fed the high n-3 PUFA diet. In addition, binding of cytochalasin B indicated that the maximum binding to GLUT1 (Bmax) was reduced in deficient rats. Incubation of RBEC with 15 microM DHA induced the membrane DHA to increase at a level approaching that of cerebral microvessels isolated from rats fed the high n-3 diet. Supplementation of RBEC with DHA or EPA increased the [(3)H]-3-O-methylglucose uptake (reflecting the basal glucose transport) by 35% and 50%, respectively, while AA had no effect. In conclusion, we suggest that n-3 PUFA can modulate the brain glucose transport in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, possibly via changes in GLUT1 protein expression and activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Pifferi
- Unité de Nutrition et Régulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cérébrales (Nu.Ré.Li.Ce.), UR909 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CRJ, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Scholljegerdes EJ, Lake SL, Weston TR, Rule DC, Moss GE, Nett TM, Hess BW. Fatty acid composition of plasma, medial basal hypothalamus, and uterine tissue in primiparous beef cows fed high-linoleate safflower seeds. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:1555-64. [PMID: 17325123 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2005-732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental objectives were to evaluate the influence of supplemental high-linoleate safflower seeds on fatty acid concentrations in plasma, medial basal hypothalamus, uterine tissues, and serum 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF(2)alpha metabolite (PGFM) in primiparous beef cows during early lactation. Beginning 1 d postpartum, 18 primiparous, crossbred beef cows (411 +/- 24.3 kg of BW) were fed foxtail millet hay at 1.68% of BW (DM basis) and either a low-fat supplement (control: 63.7% cracked corn; 33.4% safflower seed meal; and 2.9% liquid molasses; DM basis) at 0.35% of BW (n = 9) or a supplement (linoleate) containing 95.3% cracked high-linoleate (79% 18:2n-6) safflower seeds and 4.7% liquid molasses (DM basis) at 0.23% of BW (n = 9). Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The linoleate diet contained 5.4% of DMI as fat vs. 1.2% for control. Beginning 1 d postpartum, cattle were bled every 3 d for collection of serum and plasma. Cattle were slaughtered at 37 +/- 3 d postpartum for collection of the medial basal hypothalamus, myometrium, endometrium, caruncular tissue, intercaruncular tissue, and oviduct. Feeding linoleate increased (P = 0.001) plasma concentrations of 18:2n-6, 18:2cis-9 trans-11 and total unsaturated fatty acids; however, 18:1trans-11 did not differ (P = 0.19) between treatments. Concentrations of 20:5n-3 in the medial basal hypothalamus tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for cattle fed linoleate. Concentrations of fatty acids in the oviduct were greater (P < 0.05) than in other uterine tissues. Cows fed linoleate had greater (P = 0.05) concentrations of 18:3n-3 in the endometrium and less (P = 0.06) 18:2cis-9 trans-11 in the myometrium than cows fed the control. Supplemental fat increased (dietary treatment x day postpartum, P = 0.01) concentrations of PGFM in serum more in linoleate than control cows from d 3 to 9 postpartum. Lipid supplementation early in the postpartum period altered the fatty acid composition of medial basal hypothalamus, uterine tissue, and serum concentrations of PGFM. The most novel observation was that the oviduct appeared to be the most sensitive tissue to additional dietary linoleic acid, which could potentially influence fertility.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ercisli S, Orhan E. Chemical composition of white (Morus alba), red (Morus rubra) and black (Morus nigra) mulberry fruits. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
14
|
DeMar JC, Lee HJ, Ma K, Chang L, Bell JM, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP. Brain elongation of linoleic acid is a negligible source of the arachidonate in brain phospholipids of adult rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1050-9. [PMID: 16920015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which the adult brain can derive some of its arachidonic acid (AA) through internalized synthesis from linoleic acid (LA) is uncertain. Thus, we determined for plasma-derived LA in vivo rates for brain incorporation, beta-oxidation, and conversion to AA. Adult male unanesthetized rats, reared on a diet enriched in LA but low in AA, were infused intravenously for 5 min with [1-(14)C]LA. Timed arterial samples were collected until the animals were killed at 5 min and the brain was removed after microwaving. Within plasma lipids, >96% of radioactivity was in the form of unchanged [1-(14)C]LA, but [(14)C]AA was insignificant (<0.2%). Eighty-six percent of brain radioactivity at 5 min was present as beta-oxidation products, whereas the remainder was mainly in 'stable' phospholipid or triglyceride as LA or AA (11 and <1%, respectively). Unesterified unlabeled LA rapidly enters brain from plasma, but its incorporation into brain total phospholipid and triglyceride, in the form of synthesized AA, is <1% of the amount that enters the brain. Thus, in rats fed even a diet containing low amounts of AA, the LA that enters brain is largely beta-oxidized, and is not a major source of AA in brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C DeMar
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 9, Room 1S 126, Bethesda, MD 20892-1582, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Acar N, Bonhomme B, Joffre C, Bron AM, Creuzot-Garcher C, Bretillon L, Doly M, Chardigny JM. The retina is more susceptible than the brain and the liver to the incorporation oftransisomers of DHA in rats consumingtransisomers of alpha-linolenic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 46:515-25. [PMID: 17107641 DOI: 10.1051/rnd:2006033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trans polyunsaturated fatty acids are formed during heat treatments of vegetable oils from polyunsaturated fatty acids containing cis double bonds. After dietary intake, they are distributed in the body and are incorporated into nervous tissues including the retina. Since nervous tissues are known to be rich in n-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), we studied the ability of the retina and the brain to incorporate trans isomers of DHA formed in vivo from the dietary precursor trans alpha-linolenic acid. Wistar rats were fed with trans isomers of alpha-linolenic acid for 21 months. A linear incorporation of trans DHA and a decrease in cis DHA was observed in the retina, whereas no major changes were observed in the brain. In parallel to the modifications in retinal cis and trans DHA levels, the retinal functionality evaluated by the electroretinogram showed defects in animals that consumed trans alpha-linolenic acid. These results suggest that the mechanisms leading to the incorporation of cis and trans fatty acids are quite different in the retina when compared to the brain and the liver, the retina being more susceptible to changes in the dietary lipid contribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niyazi Acar
- INRA, Lipid Nutrition Unit, 17, rue Sully, BP86510, Dijon Cedex, 21065 France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ando S, Tanaka Y. Mass spectrometric studies on brain metabolism, using stable isotopes. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2005; 24:865-86. [PMID: 16052499 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In fields related to biomedicine, mass spectrometry has been applied to metabolism research and chemical structural analysis. The introduction of stable isotopes has advanced research related to in vivo metabolism. Stable-isotope labeling combined with mass spectrometry appears to be a superior method for the metabolism studies, because it compensates for the shortcomings of conventional techniques that use radioisotopes. Biomolecules labeled with stable isotopes have provided solid evidence of their metabolic pathways. Labeled large molecules, however, cannot homogeneously mix in vivo with the corresponding endogenous pools. To overcome that problem, small tracers labeled with stable isotopes have been applied to in vivo studies because they can diffuse and attain a homogeneous distribution throughout the inter- and intracellular spaces. In particular, D(2)O-labeling methods have been used for studies of the metabolism in different organs, including the brain, which is isolated from other extraneural organs by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Cellular components, such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and DNA, can be endogenously and concurrently labeled with deuterium, and their metabolic fluxes examined by mass spectrometry. Application of the D(2)O-labeling method to the measurements of lipid metabolism and membrane turnover in the brain is described, and the potential advantages of this method are discussed in this review. This methodology also appears to have the potential to be applied to dynamic and functional metabolomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ando
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Barceló-Coblijn G, Collison LW, Jolly CA, Murphy EJ. Dietary α-linolenic acid increases brain but not heart and liver docosahexaenoic acid levels. Lipids 2005; 40:787-98. [PMID: 16296397 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil-enriched diets increase n-3 FA in tissue phospholipids; however, a similar effect by plant-derived n-3 FA is poorly defined. To address this question, we determined mass changes in phospholipid FA, individual phospholipid classes, and cholesterol in the liver, heart, and brain of rats fed diets enriched in flax oil (rich in 18:3n-3), fish oil (rich in 22:6n-3 and 20:5n-3), or safflower oil (rich in 18:2n-6) for 8 wk. In the heart and liver phospholipids, 22:6n-3 levels increased only in the fish oil group, although rats fed flax oil accumulated 20:5n-3 and 22:5n-3. However, in the brain, the flax and fish oil diets increased the phospholipid 22:6n-3 mass. In all tissues, these diets decreased the 20:4n-6 mass, although the effect was more marked in the fish oil than in the flax oil group. Although these data do not provide direct evidence for 18:3n-3 elongation and desaturation by the brain, they demonstrate that 18:3n-3-enriched diets reduced tissue 20:4n-6 levels and increased cellular n-3 levels in a tissue-dependent manner. We hypothesize, based on the lack of increased 22:6n-3 but increased 18:3n-3 in the liver and heart, that the flax oil diet increased circulating 18:3n-3, thereby presenting tissue with this EFA for further elongation and desaturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn Barceló-Coblijn
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Senthilkumar R, Nalini N. Effect of glycine on tissue fatty acid composition in an experimental model of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 31:456-61. [PMID: 15236634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.04021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the administration of glycine, a non-essential amino acid, on blood alcohol levels and tissue fatty acid composition in experimental rats. 2. Liver cell damage was induced by the administration of ethanol (7.9 g/kg bodyweight) for 30 days by intragastric intubation. Control rats were given isocaloric glucose solution. Glycine was subsequently administered at a dose of 0.6 g/kg bodyweight every day by intragastric intubation for the next 30 days. 3. Feeding alcohol significantly elevated the activities of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and altered the liver and brain fatty acid composition compared with control rats. Subsequently, glycine supplementation to alcohol-fed rats significantly lowered the activities of serum AST, ALT, ALP, GGT and normalized the liver and brain fatty acid composition compared with untreated alcohol-fed rats. 4. Thus, the present study demonstrates that oral administration of glycine confers a significant protective effect against alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity by virtue of its ability to optimize the activities of serum AST, ALT, ALP and GGT, as well as the tissue fatty acid composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal Senthilkumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Werner A, Havinga R, Kuipers F, Verkade HJ. Treatment of EFA deficiency with dietary triglycerides or phospholipids in a murine model of extrahepatic cholestasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286:G822-32. [PMID: 14670824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00425.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency during cholestasis is mainly due to malabsorption of dietary EFA (23). Theoretically, dietary phospholipids (PL) may have a higher bioavailability than dietary triglycerides (TG) during cholestasis. We developed murine models for EFA deficiency (EFAD) with and without extrahepatic cholestasis and compared the efficacy of oral supplementation of EFA as PL or as TG. EFAD was induced in mice by feeding a high-fat EFAD diet. After 3 wk on this diet, bile duct ligation was performed in a subgroup of mice to establish extrahepatic cholestasis. Cholestatic and noncholestatic EFAD mice continued on the EFAD diet (controls) or were supplemented for 3 wk with EFA-rich TG or EFA-rich PL. Fatty acid composition was determined in plasma, erythrocytes, liver, and brain. After 4 wk of EFAD diet, induction of EFAD was confirmed by a sixfold increased triene-to-tetraene ratio (T/T ratio) in erythrocytes of noncholestatic and cholestatic mice (P < 0.001). EFA-rich TG and EFA-rich PL were equally effective in preventing further increase of the erythrocyte T/T ratio, which was observed in cholestatic and noncholestatic nonsupplemented mice (12- and 16-fold the initial value, respectively). In cholestatic mice, EFA-rich PL was superior to EFA-rich TG in decreasing T/T ratios of liver TG and PL (each P < 0.05) and in increasing brain PL concentrations of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid (each P < 0.05). We conclude that oral EFA supplementation in the form of PL is more effective than in the form of TG in increasing LCPUFA concentrations in liver and brain of cholestatic EFAD mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anniek Werner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatric Research Laboratory, CMC IV Rm. Y2115, P. O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Harmon SD, Kaduce TL, Manuel TD, Spector AA. Effect of the delta6-desaturase inhibitor SC-26196 on PUFA metabolism in human cells. Lipids 2003; 38:469-76. [PMID: 12848296 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of 2,2-diphenyl-5-(4-[[(1 E)-pyridin-3-yl-methylidene]amino]piperazin-1-yl)pentanenitrile (SC-26196), a delta6-desaturase inhibitor, on PUFA metabolism in human cells. SC-26196 inhibited the desaturation of 2 microM [1-14C] 18:2n-6 by 87-95% in cultured human skin fibroblasts, coronary artery smooth muscle cells, and astrocytes. By contrast, SC-26196 did not affect the conversion of [1-14C]20:3n-6 to 20:4 in the fibroblasts, demonstrating that it is selective for delta6-desaturase. The IC50 values for inhibition of the desaturation of 2 microM [1-14C] 18:3n-3 and [3-14C]24:5n-3 in the fibroblasts, 0.2-0.4 microM, were similar to those for the inhibition of [1-14C 18:2n-6 desaturation, and the rates of recovery of [1-14C]18:2n-6 and [3-14C]24:5n-3 desaturation after removal of SC-26196 from the culture medium also were similar. SC-26196 reduced the conversion of [3-14C]22:5n-3 and [3-14C]24:5n-3 to DHA by 75 and 84%, respectively, but it had no effect on the retroconversion of [3-14C]24:6n-3 to DHA. These results demonstrate that SC-26196 effectively inhibits the desaturation of 18- and 24-carbon PUFA and, therefore, decreases the synthesis of arachidonic acid, EPA, and DHA in human cells. Furthermore, they provide additional evidence that the conversion of 22:5n-3 to DHA involves delta6-desaturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Harmon
- Departmentof Biochemistry , University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dunbar BL, Bauer JE. Metabolism of dietary essential fatty acids and their conversion to long-chain polyunsaturated metabolites. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 220:1621-6. [PMID: 12051499 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.220.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent L Dunbar
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4474, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pawlosky RJ, Bacher J, Salem N. Ethanol Consumption Alters Electroretinograms and Depletes Neural Tissues of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Rhesus Monkeys: Nutritional Consequences of a Low n-3 Fatty Acid Diet. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Williard DE, Harmon SD, Kaduce TL, Preuss M, Moore SA, Robbins ME, Spector AA. Docosahexaenoic acid synthesis from n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in differentiated rat brain astrocytes. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
25
|
Ikemoto A, Ohishi M, Hata N, Misawa Y, Fujii Y, Okuyama H. Effect of n-3 fatty acid deficiency on fatty acid composition and metabolism of aminophospholipids in rat brain synaptosomes. Lipids 2000; 35:1107-15. [PMID: 11104017 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-0626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is one of the major polyunsaturated fatty acids esterified predominantly in aminophospholipids such as ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EtnGpl) and serine glycerophospholipid (SerGpl) in the brain. Synaptosomes prepared from rats fed an n-3 fatty acid-deficient safflower oil (Saf) diet had significantly decreased 22:6n-3 content with a compensatory increased 22:5n-6 content when compared with rats fed an n-3 fatty acid-sufficient perilla oil (Per) diet. When the Saf group was shifted to a diet supplemented with safflower oil plus 22:6n-3 (Saf + DHA) after weaning, 22:6n-3 content was found to be restored to the level of the Per group. The uptake of [3H]ethanolamine and its conversion to [3H]EtnGpl did not differ significantly among the three dietary groups, whereas the formation of [3H]lysoEtnGpl from [3H]ethanolamine was significantly lower in the Saf group than in the other groups. The uptake of [3H]serine, its incorporation into [3H]SerGpl, and the conversion into [3H]EtnGpl by decarboxylation of [3H]SerGpl did not differ among the three dietary groups. The observed decrease in lysoEtnGpl formation associated with a reduction of 22:6n-3 content in rat brain synaptosomes by n-3 fatty acid deprivation may provide a clue to reveal biochemical bases for the dietary fatty acids-behavior link.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ikemoto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Arterburn LM, Boswell KD, Koskelo E, Kassner SL, Kelly C, Kyle DJ. A combined subchronic (90-day) toxicity and neurotoxicity study of a single-cell source of docosahexaenoic acid triglyceride (DHASCO oil). Food Chem Toxicol 2000; 38:35-49. [PMID: 10685012 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(99)00119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a 22-carbon long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid of the omega-3 family, is a major structural component of neural membranes and is a particularly important nutrient during infant development. New safe and well-defined sources of DHA are required for infant formula fortification and dietary supplementation. DHASCO oil is an algal-derived triglyceride containing 40-50% DHA. Previous studies have shown that DHASCO oil is neither mutagenic nor toxic in acute or 28-day subchronic tests. To further establish the safety of this oil, a 90-day subchronic toxicity study in rats which included haematology, clinical chemistry, pathology and ophthalmologic, neurobehavioural and neuropathological assessments, using doses of 0.5 and 1.25g/kg body weight/day was performed. There were no treatment-related adverse effects in any of the parameters measured at either dose. Based on these results, the no-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for DHASCO oil under the conditions of this study corresponds to the highest dose level. The DHA in the DHASCO oil was bioavailable, resulting in significant elevations in the levels of this fatty acid in liver, heart and brain after 90 days of administration. In conclusion, this 90-day subchronic toxicity study provides additional evidence that DHASCO oil is a safe and bioavailable source of dietary DHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Arterburn
- Martek Biosciences Corporation, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cunnane SC, Menard CR, Likhodii SS, Brenna JT, Crawford MA. Carbon recycling into de novo lipogenesis is a major pathway in neonatal metabolism of linoleate and alpha-linolenate. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999; 60:387-92. [PMID: 10471127 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(99)80018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that recycling of the beta-oxidized carbon skeleton of linoleate and alpha-linolenate into newly synthesized cholesterol and fatty acids in the brain is quantitatively significant in both suckling rats and pre- and postnatally in rhesus monkeys. The recycling appears to occur via ketones which are not only readily produced from these 18 carbon polyunsaturates but are also the main lipogenic precursors for the developing mammalian brain. Since the neonatal rat brain appears not to acquire cholesterol or long chain saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids from the circulation, ketones and ketogenic precursors seem to be crucial for normal brain synthesis of these lipids. Cholesterol is plentiful in brain membranes and it has also been discovered to be the essential lipid adduct of the 'hedgehog' family of proteins, the appropriate expression of which determines normal embryonic tissue patterning and neurological development. Insufficient cholesterol or inappropriate expression of 'sonic hedgehog' has major adverse neurodevelopmental consequences typified in humans by Smith-Lemli-Optiz syndrome. Hence, we propose that the importance of alpha-linolenate and linoleate for normal neural development arises not only from being precursors to longer chain polyunsaturates incorporated into neuronal membranes but, perhaps equally importantly, by being ketogenic precursors needed for in situ brain lipid synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Cunnane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Knoll A, Sargueil F, Salles J, Garbay B, Lucet-Levannier K, Cassagne C. Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase and trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase activities are consistent with long-chain fatty acid accumulation during rat brain development. Neurosci Lett 1999; 263:5-8. [PMID: 10218897 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The developmental changes of microsomal 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase and trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase activities were analyzed and compared to very-long-chain fatty acid content and biosynthesis in rat brain. Contrary to the elongation rate of eicosanoyl-CoA and 3-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoA, which paralleled myelination during brain maturation, the two partial activities of fatty acid elongation were already present at the earliest stages of development. One day after birth, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase and trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase specific activities already represented 54.8% and 49.6% of the adult values, respectively. As a contribution to the quantitative estimation of the brain's ability to form its own VLCFA, it is shown that dehydrase and reductase activities are sufficient to allow the biosynthesis of all rat brain VLCFA at any age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Knoll
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS-UMR 5544, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Goustard-Langelier B, Guesnet P, Durand G, Antoine JM, Alessandri JM. n-3 and n-6 fatty acid enrichment by dietary fish oil and phospholipid sources in brain cortical areas and nonneural tissues of formula-fed piglets. Lipids 1999; 34:5-16. [PMID: 10188591 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sufficient availability of both n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) is required for optimal structural and functional development in infancy. The question has been raised as to whether infant formulae would benefit from enrichment with 20 and 22 carbon fatty acids. To address this issue, we determined the effect of fish oil and phospholipid (LCPUFA) sources on the fatty acid composition of brain cortical areas and nonneural tissues of newborn piglets fed artificially for 2 wk. They were fed sow milk, a control formula, or the formula enriched with n-3 fatty acids from a low-20:5n-3 fish oil added at a high or a low concentration, or the formula enriched with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids from either egg yolk- or pig brain-phospholipids. Both the fish oil- and the phospholipid-enriched formula produced significantly higher plasma phospholipid 22:6n-3 concentrations than did the control formula. The 22:6n-3 levels in the brain, hepatic, and intestinal phospholipids were significantly correlated with plasma values, whereas cardiac 22:6n-3 content appeared to follow a saturable dose-response. Feeding sow milk resulted in a much higher 20:4n-6 content in nonneural tissues than did feeding formula. Supplementation with egg phospholipid increased the 20:4n-6 content in the heart, red blood cells, plasma, and intestine in comparison to the control formula, while pig brain phospholipids exerted this effect in the heart only. The addition of 4.5% fish oil in the formula was associated with a decline in 20:4n-6 in the cortex, cerebellum, heart, liver, and plasma phospholipids, whereas using this source at 1.5% limited the decline to the cerebellum, liver, and plasma. Whatever the dietary treatment, the phosphatidylethanolamine 20:4n-6 level was 10-20% higher in the brain temporal lobe than in the parietal, frontal, and occipital lobes in the temporal lobe by administering the formula enriched with egg or brain phospholipids. In conclusion, feeding egg phospholipids to neonatal pigs increased both the 22:6n-3 content in the brain and the 20:4n-6 content in the temporal lobe cortex. This source also increased the 22:6n-3 levels in nonneural tissues with only minor alterations of 20:4n-6. These data support the notion that infant formulae should be supplemented with both 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 rather than with 22:6n-3 alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Goustard-Langelier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Nutrition et Sécurité Alimentaire, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bernoud N, Fenart L, Molière P, Dehouck MP, Lagarde M, Cecchelli R, Lecerf J. Preferential transfer of 2-docosahexaenoyl-1-lysophosphatidylcholine through an in vitro blood-brain barrier over unesterified docosahexaenoic acid. J Neurochem 1999; 72:338-45. [PMID: 9886086 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0720338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The passage of either unesterified docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or lysophosphatidylcholine-containing DHA (lysoPC-DHA) through an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier was investigated. The model was constituted by a brain capillary endothelial cell monolayer set over the medium of an astrocyte culture. Cells were incubated for 4 h with a medium devoid of serum, then the endothelial cell medium was replaced by the same medium containing labeled DHA or lysoPC-DHA and incubations were performed for 2 h. DHA uptake by cells and its transfer to the lower medium (astrocyte medium when they were present) were measured. When the lower medium from preincubation and astrocytes were maintained during incubation, the passage of lysoPC-DHA was higher than that of unesterified DHA. The passage of both forms decreased when astrocytes were removed. The preference for lysoPC-DHA was not seen when the lower medium from preincubation was replaced by fresh medium, and was reversed when albumin was added to the lower medium. A preferential lysoPC-DHA passage also occurred after 2 h with brain endothelial cells cultured without astrocytes but not with aortic endothelial cells cultured and incubated under the same conditions. Altogether, these results suggest that the blood-brain barrier cells released components favoring the DHA transfer and exhibit a preference for lysoPC-DHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Bernoud
- U 352 INSERM, Biochimie et Pharmacologie, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bourre JM, Durand G, Erre JP, Aran JM. Changes in auditory brainstem responses in alpha-linolenic acid deficiency as a function of age in rats. AUDIOLOGY : OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF AUDIOLOGY 1999; 38:13-8. [PMID: 10052831 DOI: 10.3109/00206099909072997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to click stimuli have been compared in young (21-day-old), adult (6-month-old), and old (18-month-old) rats fed a normal (Arachid-Colza) or an alpha-linolenic acid deficient (Arachid only) diet. Wave I amplitude and latency did not show any significant change with either age or diet. However, wave III showed a progressive decrease in amplitude and latency from young to adult and from adult to old rats having a normal diet. With alpha-linolenic acid deficiency, wave III amplitude and latency values decreased faster than in the normal diet control groups. Although final values in the old groups with the two diets were similar, with alpha-linolenic acid deficiency values for wave III decreased to this final level in the adult group. These data indicate that the central auditory nervous system ages faster, or earlier, with a fatty acid deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Bourre
- INSERM U 26, Hôpital Fernand, Vidal, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Tracer studies have long been an important tool for lipid metabolism research. Recent advances and availability of high performance mass spectrometers (MS) and improved stable isotopically labeled tracers contribute to an increase in stable isotope tracer studies in humans. We briefly review recent studies and discuss advances in high sensitivity methods and applications. GC/MS analysis. Tracer studies with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) usually rely on D labeling, where labeling with more that three D atoms shifts the analyte mass above that of the natural abundance envelope, and the MS monitors selected masses representing the isotopimers of interest. Recent examples are the work of Emken and coworkers, who investigated the desaturation of 18:0 and 16:0, and 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 elongation/desaturation, in adults, with oral doses of about 3 g of d2,4,6 fatty acids. They showed modest levels of 18:0 and 16:0 desaturation over 2 days and an influence of dietary 18:2n-6 on elongation. In premature infants, Salem, Uauy and coworkers recently have used d5-18:2n-6 and d5-18:3n-3 doses of 50-100 mg/kg body weight to show that infants as small as 1980 g and 32 weeks gestation elongate and desaturate both precursors within 24 h. Most fatty acid metabolites including 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3 were easily detected in serum. High precision isotope ratio MS (IRMS). In 1992, we introduced a high sensitivity fatty acid tracer method based on [U-13C] tracers and GC-combustion-IRMS (GCC-IRMS). The combustion interface facilitates carbon-by-carbon tracer detection; with U-13C tracers all GC peaks are detected with highest precision. Rhee et al have quantified the desaturation of 18:0 and 16:0 in lipoproteins of adults using 30 mg oral doses (0.5 mg/kg). In the first 12 h, conversion of 18:0 to 18:1 was 7% in chylomicrons and 17% in VLDL, showing that both intestine and liver desaturate 18:0. Plasma conversion of 18:0 over 144 h was 14%, while that for 16:0 was 2%, showing that combined intestine and liver desaturation is minor compared with normal fluctuations in dietary levels. Carnielli applied GCC-IRMS to 8:0 elongation in very-low-birth-weight infants. Significant conversion products of 8:0 were 14:0 (5%), 16:0 (8%) but not 10:0 or 12:0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bourre JME, Dumont OL, Piciotti MJ, Clément ME, Durand GA. Comparison of vegetable and fish oil in the provision of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for nervous tissue and selected organs. J Nutr Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(97)00059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
34
|
Bourre JM, Dinh L, Boithias C, Dumont O, Piciotti M, Cunnane S. Possible role of the choroid plexus in the supply of brain tissue with polyunsaturated fatty acids. Neurosci Lett 1997; 224:1-4. [PMID: 9132678 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)13440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Delta-6 desaturase was measured in rat brain microvessels and choroid plexus by incubation in the presence of radioactive linoleic acid. Under our conditions, in 21-day-old animals, delta-6 desaturase was not detected in brain microvessels. In contrast, it was present in choroid plexus (about 21 pmol/min per mg protein). In comparison, the activity in brain was much lower (about 1 pmol/min per mg protein) and higher in liver (about 55 pmol/min per mg protein). Interestingly, during development the activity in choroid plexus peaked at day 6 after birth and declined slightly thereafter. The pattern of incorporation of linoleic acid radioactivity was not the same in choroid plexus and microvessels. These results show that delta-6 desaturase was not detected in brain microvessels but was present in choroid plexus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Bourre
- INSERM U 26, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cunnane SC, Moine G, Likhodii SS, Vogt J, Corso TN, Brenna JT, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Tovar KH, Kohn G, Sawatzki G, Muggli R. [3-13C] gamma-linolenic acid: a new probe for 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of arachidonic acid synthesis in the suckling rat. Lipids 1997; 32:211-7. [PMID: 9075213 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to develop a suitable probe to study metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in the suckling rat pup. [3-13C] gamma-Linolenic acid was chemically synthesized, and a 20 mg (Experiment 1) or 5 mg (Experiment 2) dose was injected into the stomachs of 6-10-day-old suckling rat pups that were then killed over a 192 h (8 d) time course. 13C NMR showed that 13C in gamma-linolenate peaked in liver total lipids by 12-h post-dosing and that [5-13C]-arachidonic acid peaked in both brain and liver total lipids 48-96 h post-dosing. 13C enrichment in brain gamma-linolenic acid was not detected by NMR, but gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry showed that its mass enrichment in brain phospholipids at 48-96 h post-dosing was 1-2% of that in brain arachidonic acid. 13C was present in liver and brain cholesterol and in perchloric acid-extractable water-soluble metabolites in the brain, liver and carcass. We conclude that low but measurable amounts of exogenous gamma-linolenic acid do access the suckling rat brain in vivo. The slow time course of [5-13C] arachidonic acid appearance in the brain suggests most of it was probably transported there after synthesis elsewhere, probably in the liver. Some carbon from gamma-linolenic acid is also incorporated into lipid products other than n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Cunnane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The fatty acid (FA) composition and distribution in a variety of phospholipids (PL) and neutral lipids (NL) at two discrete stages during the embryonic rat brain development were investigated. Over 96% of the FA were acylated into fetal brain PL at embryonic day 17 after the peak of neuronal proliferation and at embryonic day 20, one day prior to delivery. Phosphatidylcholine constituted approximately 60% of the total PL pool, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) 30%, phosphatidylserine (PS) 6%, and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4%. The diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols constituted 1-2% of the fetal brain lipids. alpha-Linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) were found in very low amounts in all fetal brain PL and NL. The percentage of the n-6 polyunsaturated FA, consisting of arachidonic acid (AA), 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-6, remained unchanged in all the fractions, except in PI, in which the proportion of AA increased. The concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased with age in all the fractions, with the bulk of accumulation accounted for by its increase in PE and, to a lesser extent, in PS. This finding suggests a "DHA accretion spurt" during the last three days of pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Green
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|