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Iyiola OA. Genetic Diversity and Molecular Characterization of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) In North-Central Nigeria Using Ribosomal DNA ITS2 and Mitochondrial 16S-DNA Sequences. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v44i2.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are vectors of various life-threatening diseases like malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever etc. Their close proximity to human habitations allows ease for disease transmission. They have been identified by key morphological tools like their wings, legs, bristles etc. but closely related species are difficult to identify based on morphology. Molecular tools have, therefore, been employed to help with the more accurate identification. This study was aimed at identifying and characterizing different mosquito species in five different states in North-Central Nigeria using internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial 16S rDNA regions. Mosquito larvae were collected from stagnant water in breeding places at each collection site in North-central Nigeria. Morphological identification was carried out using standard keys. DNA extraction was performed using EZNA extraction kit. PCR amplification of ribosomal ITS2 and mitochondrial 16S-rDNA gene regions were carried out. The PCR amplicons were sequenced using primers initially used for the PCR. Sequence data were aligned in MEGA 6.0 using ClustalW multiple alignment feature and then compared with GenBank databases for similarity. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the ITS2 region was able to distinguish two mosquito subfamilies; Anophelinae and Culicinae as well as differentiate between and amongst Culex and Aedes species. However, it was unable to effectively distinguish between the two different species of Anopheles sequenced. Mitochondrial 16S rRNA marker was also able to distinguish the two mosquito subfamilies. It efficiently identified and differentiated Culex, Aedes and Anopheles mosquito species sequenced in this study. This study concludes that heterogeneity among Nigerian populations of Anopheles mosquitoes of may likely impact malaria vector control programs. We recommend the combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers for effective and reliable phylogenetic study and determination of evolutionary relationship among mosquito species.
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Identification of some Egyptian leafhopper species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) using DNA barcoding. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yssouf A, Almeras L, Raoult D, Parola P. Emerging tools for identification of arthropod vectors. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:549-66. [PMID: 27070074 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.16.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and reliable identification of arthropod vector species is an essential component of the fight against vector-borne diseases. However, owing to the lack of entomological expertise required for the morphological identification method, development of alternative and complementary tools is needed. This review describes the main methods used for arthropod identification, focusing on the emergence of protein profiling using MALDI-TOF MS technology. Sample preparation, analysis of reproducibility, database creation and blind tests for controlling accuracy of this tool for arthropod identification are described. The advantages and limitations of the MALDI-TOF MS method are illustrated by emphasizing different hematophagous arthropods, including mosquitoes and ticks, the top two main vectors of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Yssouf
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198 (Dakar, Sénégal), Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198 (Dakar, Sénégal), Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198 (Dakar, Sénégal), Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198 (Dakar, Sénégal), Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
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Khadem M. Deep Interisland Genetic Divergence in the Macaronesian Endemic Mosquito Ochlerotatus eatoni (Diptera: Culicidae), Indication of Cryptic Species. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1175-1180. [PMID: 26336234 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ochlerotatus eatoni (Edwards, 1916) is a species endemic to Canary and Madeira Islands that, based on morphology, is considered to be single species. Mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequence data demonstrate that the populations from Tenerife and Madeira Islands are highly differentiated (F(ST) = 0.93). The phylogenetic analysis also separates the two populations into two highly distinct groups. The sharp mitochondrial genetic differentiation between islands is congruent with the published nuclear (allozyme) data. However, mtDNA data did not reveal any significant genetic differentiation within islands. Extreme interisland genetic divergence, but lack of morphological variation, is indicative of the existence of cryptic species. I suggest the elevation of populations to at least incipient species status, designating the populations from Tenerife and Madeira Islands as Oc. eatoni. hewitti and Oc. eatoni. krimbasi, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Khadem
- Isoplexis & Centre of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Funchal 9000, Portugal.
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Abstract
Objectives: In this study we have evaluated the genotoxic potential of pesticides acephate and profenofos by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay with the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus taken as experimental model. Material and Methods: Second instar larvae were treated with LC20 of each pesticide for 24 h and induced mutations in the sequence of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene were studied from restriction patterns generated with PacI and PsiI restriction endonucleases. Results: Variations in the number and size of digested fragments were recorded from treated individuals compared with controls showing that the restriction enzymes created a cut at different locations. In addition, sequences of the 16S gene from control and treated individuals were also used to confirm the RFLP patterns. From the sequence alignment data, it was found that mutations caused the destruction and generation of restriction sites in the gene sequence of treated individuals. Conclusion: This study indicates that both the pesticides had significant potential to induce mutations in the 16S gene of Culex quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Bhinder
- Department of Zoology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Asha Chaudhry
- Department of Zoology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Sharma AK, Mendki MJ, Tikar SN, Kulkarni G, Veer V, Prakash S, Shouche YS, Parashar BD. Molecular phylogenetic study of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito from different geographical regions of India using 16S rRNA gene sequences. Acta Trop 2010; 116:89-94. [PMID: 20542009 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus is a major vector of filariasis and various encephalitis in India and worldwide. Vector control remains the most successful strategy for the suppression of mosquito borne diseases. The genetic structure of vector populations in terms of insecticide resistance and susceptibility or refractoriness to infection may possibly vary. To exploit the genetic variability in vector population could pave the path for the alternative strategies in vector management. The sequences of ribosomal RNA molecules have been widely used for such studies. Here, we examined the molecular phylogenetic relationship among the Cx. quinquefasciatus collected from different geographical regions of India, using 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene nucleotide sequences. The distances among the species were measured using Pearson correlation; the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method was used for the clustering with appropriate bootstrap values using Data Analysis in Molecular Biology and Evolution (DAMBE) software. The results revealed that the populations are genetically diverse. Based on the distance values and the tree topology on the basis of 16S rRNA sequences reflected the clear biogeographical and geoclimatic pattern among the different geographical populations from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Sharma
- Entomology Division, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Sharma A, Mendki M, Tikar S, Chandel K, Sukumaran D, Parashar B, Veer V, Agarwal O, Prakash S. Genetic variability in geographical populations of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) from India based on random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Acta Trop 2009; 112:71-6. [PMID: 19577531 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variability and environmental factors may influence the refractiveness, propagation of pathogen and transmission of disease. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is one of the widely used molecular markers for population genetic diversity studies. In present study, RAPD is used to ascertain the genetic variability in Culex quinquefasciatus populations collected from various Indian geographical locations. Out of 50 RAPD primers screened, 14 primers exhibited clear, concrete and distinct banding pattern showing up to 100% polymorphism. Primer OPBD3 was tested with DNA of 14 geographical populations from India (including one laboratory population) showed 21 loci representing 14 populations with 100% polymorphism. The genetic diversity among the populations indicated the Shannon index (I) and gene diversity index (H(ST)), 0.48 and 0.31, respectively among the population, displaying rich genetic variation among the Cx. quinquefasciatus populations. Consensus tree showed two clusters indicating the genetic variation among the various geographical populations. The findings of this study may be useful to understand the population variation under different ecological conditions and development of effective vector management strategies.
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Natural protective glue protein, sericin bioengineered by silkworms: Potential for biomedical and biotechnological applications. Prog Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kohli R, Chaudhry S. Sequence Analysis of Mitochondrial 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Fragment in the Two Populations of Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus (Culcidae: Diptera). CYTOLOGIA 2007. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.72.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kohli
- Mosquito Cytogenetics Unit, Department of Zoology, Panjab University
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Sobti RC, Sharma VL, Kumari M, Gill TK, Singh J, Sodhi M, Mukesh M, Bansal S, Arya S, Bisnoi S. Genetic relatedness of six North-Indian butterfly species (Lepidoptera :Pieridae) based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 295:145-51. [PMID: 16951984 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present work involves the assessment of level of genetic relatedness or divergence amongst the six North-Indian species of Lepidoptera belonging to family Pieridae and sub family Pierinae on the basis of sequence variation of 16S ribosomal RNA. The PCR amplified products of these species were directly sequenced using ABI Prism BigDye Terminator Sequencing Kits (Applied Biosystems). The multiple nucleotide sequence alignment analysis has revealed several differences across these species. Significantly high percentage of A + T base composition content ranging between 73.13% (Ixias pyrene ) and 79.20 % (Pieris brassica) was observed in studied species. The percentage divergence in the investigated species of Pieridae family varied from 5.5% to 21.7%. The two species of Catopsilia revealed minimum sequence divergence of only 5.5%, whereas the other two groups of Ixias and Pieris revealed 15.5% and 8.6% sequence divergence, respectively. Pieris canidia and Ixias pyrene are genetically most divergent (21.7%) amongst the studied lepidopteran species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence revealed grouping of six species of Lepidoptera in the form of two different clusters, each cluster being represented by two species from the same genera. The separate taxonomic grouping of these Indian species has been observed when compared with several species of Piernae and Coliadinae subfamilies from other country isolates.
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Mahendran B, Ghosh SK, Kundu SC. Molecular phylogeny of silk-producing insects based on 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I genes. J Genet 2006; 85:31-8. [PMID: 16809837 DOI: 10.1007/bf02728967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the molecular-phylogenetic relationships between nonmulberry and mulberry silkworm species that belong to the families Saturniidae, Bombycidae and Lasiocampidae using 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (coxI) gene sequences. Aligned nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA and coxI from 14 silk-producing species were used for construction of phylogenetic trees by maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods. The tree topology on the basis of 16S rRNA supports monophyly for members of Saturniidae and Bombycidae. Weighted parsimony analysis weighted towards transversions relative to transitions (ts, tv4) for coxI resulted in more robust bootstrap support over unweighted parsimony and favours the 16S rRNA tree topology. Combined analysis reflected clear biogeographic pattern, and agrees with morphological and cytological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mahendran
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India
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Vobis M, D'Haese J, Mehlhorn H, Mencke N, Blagburn BL, Bond R, Denholm I, Dryden MW, Payne P, Rust MK, Schroeder I, Vaughn MB, Bledsoe D. Molecular phylogeny of isolates of Ctenocephalides felis and related species based on analysis of ITS1, ITS2 and mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences and random binding primers. Parasitol Res 2004; 94:219-26. [PMID: 15340839 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships among 31 different flea isolates representing seven different species were studied by nucleotide sequence comparison of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and/or mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene (mt16S-rDNA) to examine the patterns of variation. Results show that all regions are useful in discriminating among flea species. In Ctenocephalides felis and Tunga penetrans, some differences in these gene regions occurred among different isolates within the same species. In the latter case, the differences are in the mt16S-rDNA region, with one isolate showing 48% divergence in nucleotide sequence. The taxonomic implications of this result are unclear at present. The gene regions revealed differences between C. felis isolates only after DNA sequencing the PCR products. Further differentiation among C. felis isolates was obtained using four different random binding primers (decamers) and primers for mammalian aldolase to amplify narrow differences in the genome. Using these primers we were able to discriminate between different C. felis isolates and determine that some of the genetic variation coincided with minor differences in response to the control agent imidacloprid. However, overall findings do not support the existence of subspecies of C. felis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vobis
- Institute for Zoomorphology, Cell Biology und Parasitology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Crochu S, Cook S, Attoui H, Charrel RN, De Chesse R, Belhouchet M, Lemasson JJ, de Micco P, de Lamballerie X. Sequences of flavivirus-related RNA viruses persist in DNA form integrated in the genome of Aedes spp. mosquitoes. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1971-1980. [PMID: 15218182 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus-related sequences have been discovered in the dsDNA genome of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, demonstrating for the first time an integration into a eukaryotic genome of a multigenic sequence from an RNA virus that replicates without a recognized DNA intermediate. In the Aedes albopictus C6/36 cell line, an open reading frame (ORF) of 1557 aa with protease/helicase and polyprotein processing domains characteristic of flaviviruses was identified. It is closely related to NS1-NS4A genes of the Cell Fusing Agent and Kamiti River virus and the corresponding mRNAs were detected. Integrated sequences homologous to the envelope, NS4B and polymerase genes of flaviviruses were identified. Overall, approximately two-thirds of a flavivirus-like genome were characterized. In the Aedes aegypti A20 cell line, a 492 aa ORF related to the polymerase of the Cell Fusing Agent and Kamiti River virus was identified. These flavivirus-related integrated DNA sequences were detected in laboratory-bred and wild Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, demonstrating that their discovery is not an artefact resulting from the manipulation of mosquito cell lines, since they exist under natural conditions. This finding has major implications regarding evolution, as it represents an entirely different mechanism by which genetic diversity may be generated in eukaryotic cells distinct from accepted processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Crochu
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR48-IRD UR034, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Shelley Cook
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR48-IRD UR034, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Remi N Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR48-IRD UR034, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Reine De Chesse
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR48-IRD UR034, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Mourad Belhouchet
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR48-IRD UR034, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Lemasson
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR48-IRD UR034, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe de Micco
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR48-IRD UR034, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, IFR48-IRD UR034, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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Abstract
We recently reported phylogenetic evidence to support the presence of enzootic transmission foci of yellow fever virus (YFV) in Peru [Bryant et al., Emerg. Infect. Dis. (2003)]. Because the prevailing paradigm of YFV transmission in Brazil is that of 'wandering epizootics' rather than discrete enzootic foci, we have now compared the molecular phylogenies of YFV isolates from Peru and Brazil, and re-examined the question of virus mobility by mapping the spatio-temporal distribution of genetic variants from these areas. Sequences were obtained for two genomic regions from 50 strains of YFV collected between 1954 and 2000 comprising 223 codons of the structural proteins (premembrane and envelope genes, 'prM/E'), and a distal region spanning the carboxy terminus of NS5 and part of the 3' non-coding region ('EMF'). Peruvian and Brazilian isolates formed two monophyletic clades with no evidence to support recombination between lineages. Variation within both coding and non-coding regions revealed similar substitution rates and overall levels of diversity within each clade. The branching structure of the prM/E and EMF trees of Brazilian sequences showed strong agreement of intra-lineage relationships; in contrast, the EMF sequences of Peruvian isolates failed to fully support the subclade structure of the prM/E phylogeny. These phylogenies suggest that transmission cycles of YFV in Peru and Brazil may sometimes be locally maintained within specific locales, but have also on occasion become very widely dispersed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet E Bryant
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
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Chen CA, Wallace CC, Wolstenholme J. Analysis of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene supports a two-clade hypothesis of the evolutionary history of scleractinian corals. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2002; 23:137-49. [PMID: 12069546 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Scleractinian corals have long been assumed to be a monophyletic group characterized by the possession of an aragonite skeleton. Analyses of skeletal morphology and molecular data have shown conflicting patterns of suborder and family relationships of scleractinian corals, because molecular data suggest that the scleractinian skeleton could have evolved as many as four times. Here we describe patterns of molecular evolution in a segment of the mitochondrial (mt) 12S ribosomal RNA gene from 28 species of scleractinian corals and use this gene to infer the evolutionary history of scleractinians. We show that the sequences obtained fall into two distinct clades, defined by PCR product length. Base composition among taxa did not differ significantly when the two clades were considered separately or as a single group. Overall, transition substitutions accumulated more quickly relative to transversion substitutions within both clades. Spatial patterns of substitutions along the 12S rRNA gene and likelihood ratio tests of divergence rates both indicate that the 12S rRNA gene of each clade evolved under different constraints. Phylogenetic analyses using mt 12S rRNA gene data do not support the current view of scleractinian phylogeny based upon skeletal morphology and fossil records. Rather, the two-clade hypothesis derived from the mt 16S ribosomal gene is supported.
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