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Cooper CP, Cheng L, Bhatti J, Melendez ER, Huell D, Banuelos C, Perez E, Long JM, Rapp PR. Cerebellum Purkinje cell vulnerability in aged rats with memory impairment. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25610. [PMID: 38605461 PMCID: PMC11027960 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in higher order cognitive function and is susceptible to age-related atrophy. However, limited evidence has directly examined the cerebellum's role in cognitive aging. To interrogate potential substrates of the relationship between cerebellar structure and memory in aging, here we target the Purkinje cells (PCs). The sole output neurons of the cerebellum, PC loss and/or degeneration underlie a variety of behavioral abnormalities. Using a rat model of normal cognitive aging, we immunostained sections through the cerebellum for the PC-specific protein, calbindin-D28k. Although morphometric quantification revealed no significant difference in total PC number as a function of age or cognitive status, regional cell number was a more robust correlate of memory performance in the young cerebellum than in aged animals. Parallel biochemical analysis of PC-specific protein levels in whole cerebellum additionally revealed that calbindin-D28k and Purkinje cell protein-2 (pcp-2) levels were lower selectively in aged rats with spatial memory impairment compared to both young animals and aged rats with intact memory. These results suggest that cognitive aging is associated with cerebellum vulnerability, potentially reflecting disruption of the cerebellum-medial temporal lobe network.
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Affiliation(s)
- C’iana P. Cooper
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liam Cheng
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jafar Bhatti
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward R. Melendez
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Derek Huell
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cristina Banuelos
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Evelyn Perez
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey M. Long
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter R. Rapp
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral
Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
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2
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Jimenez-Armijo A, Morkmued S, Ahumada JT, Kharouf N, de Feraudy Y, Gogl G, Riet F, Niederreither K, Laporte J, Birling MC, Selloum M, Herault Y, Hernandez M, Bloch-Zupan A. The Rogdi knockout mouse is a model for Kohlschütter-Tönz syndrome. Sci Rep 2024; 14:445. [PMID: 38172607 PMCID: PMC10764811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50870-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Kohlschütter-Tönz syndrome (KTS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe intellectual disability, early-onset epileptic seizures, and amelogenesis imperfecta. Here, we present a novel Rogdi mutant mouse deleting exons 6-11- a mutation found in KTS patients disabling ROGDI function. This Rogdi-/- mutant model recapitulates most KTS symptoms. Mutants displayed pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures, confirming epilepsy susceptibility. Spontaneous locomotion and circadian activity tests demonstrate Rogdi mutant hyperactivity mirroring patient spasticity. Object recognition impairment indicates memory deficits. Rogdi-/- mutant enamel was markedly less mature. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed its hypomineralized/hypomature crystallization, as well as its low mineral content. Transcriptomic RNA sequencing of postnatal day 5 lower incisors showed downregulated enamel matrix proteins Enam, Amelx, and Ambn. Enamel crystallization appears highly pH-dependent, cycling between an acidic and neutral pH during enamel maturation. Rogdi-/- teeth exhibit no signs of cyclic dental acidification. Additionally, expression changes in Wdr72, Slc9a3r2, and Atp6v0c were identified as potential contributors to these tooth acidification abnormalities. These proteins interact through the acidifying V-ATPase complex. Here, we present the Rogdi-/- mutant as a novel model to partially decipher KTS pathophysiology. Rogdi-/- mutant defects in acidification might explain the unusual combination of enamel and rare neurological disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Jimenez-Armijo
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Supawich Morkmued
- Pediatrics Division, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - José Tomás Ahumada
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, Inserm UMR_S 1121, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvan de Feraudy
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gergo Gogl
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Fabrice Riet
- CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Karen Niederreither
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie Christine Birling
- CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Magali Hernandez
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Competence Center for Rare Oral and Dental Diseases, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Agnès Bloch-Zupan
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Institut d'études Avancées (USIAS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Hôpital Civil, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Orales et Dentaires, O-Rares, Filière Santé Maladies Rares TETE COU, European Reference Network ERN CRANIO, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, France.
- Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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3
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Hernandez M, Ghislin S, Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Corticosterone effects on postnatal cerebellar development in mice. Neurochem Int 2023; 171:105611. [PMID: 37704081 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids administered early in infancy can affect the architectonic organization of brain structures, particularly those with a postnatal development and resulting in long-term deficits of neuromotor function and cognition. The present study was undertaken to study the effects of daily corticosterone (CORT) injections at a pharmacological dose from postnatal days 8-15 on cerebellar and hippocampal development in mouse pups. Gene expression status for trophic factors involved in synaptic development and function as well as measures of layer thickness associated with cytochrome oxidase labelling were analyzed in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and specific cerebellar lobules involved in motor control. Repeated CORT injections dysregulated the HPA axis with increased Crh and Nr3c1 mRNA levels in the hypothalamus and a resulting higher serum corticosterone level. The CORT treatment altered the morphology of the hippocampus and down-regulated gene transcription for corticotropin-releasing hormone (Crh) and its type-1 receptor (Crhr1), glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor Bdnf and its receptor Ntrk2 (neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2). Similar mRNA expression decreases were found in the cerebellum for Crhr1, Crhr2, Nr3c1, and Grid2 (glutamatergic δ2 receptor). Morphological alterations and metabolic activity variations were observed in specific cerebellar lobules involved in motor control. The paramedian lobule, normally characterized by mitotic activity in the external germinative layer during the second postnatal week, was atrophic but metabolically hyperactive in its granule cell and molecular layers. On the contrary, lobules with an earlier cell proliferation displayed neurogenesis but a hypoactivated granule cell layer, suggesting a developmental delay in synaptogenesis. The results indicate that glucocorticoid, administered daily during the second postnatal week modulated the developmental programming of the hippocampus and cerebellum. These growth and metabolic alterations may lead possibly to morphological and functional changes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hernandez
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA 7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - S Ghislin
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA 7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - R Lalonde
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA 7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - C Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA 7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France.
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Apostolopoulou EP, Raikos N, Vlemmas I, Michaelidis E, Brellou GD. Metallothionein I/II Expression and Metal Ion Levels in Correlation with Amyloid Beta Deposits in the Aged Feline Brain. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1115. [PMID: 37509045 PMCID: PMC10377600 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging has been correlated with high metallothionein I-II (MT-I/II) expression, iron and zinc dyshomeostasis, and Aβ deposition in humans and experimental animals. In the present study, iron and zinc accumulation, the expression of MT-I/II and Aβ42, and their potential association with aging in the feline brain were assessed. Tissue sections from the temporal and frontal grey (GM) and white (WM) matter, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, cerebellum, and dentate nucleus were examined histochemically for the presence of age-related histopathological lesions and iron deposits and distribution. We found, using a modified Perl's/DAB method, two types of iron plaques that showed age-dependent accumulation in the temporal GM and WM and the thalamus, along with the age-dependent increment in cerebellar-myelin-associated iron. We also demonstrated an age-dependent increase in MT-I/II immunoreactivity in the feline brain. In cats over 7 years old, Aβ immunoreactivity was detected in vessel walls and neuronal somata; extracellular Aβ deposits were also evident. Interestingly, Aβ-positive astrocytes were also observed in certain cases. ICP-MS analysis of brain content regarding iron and zinc concentrations showed no statistically significant association with age, but a mild increase in iron with age was noticed, while zinc levels were found to be higher in the Mature and Senior groups. Our findings reinforce the suggestion that cats could serve as a dependable natural animal model for brain aging and neurodegeneration; thus, they should be further investigated on the basis of metal ion concentration changes and their effects on aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouela P Apostolopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Raikos
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vlemmas
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstratios Michaelidis
- Laboratories of the 3rd Army Veterinary Hospital, Chemical Department, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia D Brellou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Hamamoto Y, Yu Y, Asada R, Mizuno S, Hasegawa D. Age-related brain atrophy in cats without apparent neurological and behavioral signs using voxel-based morphometry. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1071002. [PMID: 36504872 PMCID: PMC9729775 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1071002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brain atrophy is observed with aging and may cause cognitive decline or dysfunction. Aging cats may demonstrate behavioral changes related to cognitive dysfunction. In the clinical veterinary field, although the conventional region of interest method by manual or semiauto tracing on magnetic resonance imaging is used to detect atrophy of regional structures, such as the hippocampus, it is difficult to assess atrophy globally. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) has been developed to detect global and regional abnormalities in humans. The purpose of the present study investigates whether the feline brain volume decreases with aging using VBM analysis. Materials A total of 65 cats, aged 17-200 months, without apparent neurological and behavioral signs were included in the statistical analysis. Results We observed that the gray matter in the bilateral parietal lobes was decreased significantly with aging. The regions that showed decreased volume included the right postcruciate, cingulate gyrus, rostral suprasylvian/ectosylvian gyri, and the left postcruciate gyrus. No significant reduction in white matter was observed. Together, our results show that age-related brain atrophy can be detected using VBM analysis. Discussion The age-related atrophy of the parietal cortex may not cause neurological and behavioral signs in cats. Therefore, veterinarians should consider age when assessing the relation between morphometric and functional abnormalities of the parietal cortex in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hamamoto
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan,Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan,The Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan,*Correspondence: Yuji Hamamoto
| | - Yoshihiko Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Rikako Asada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan,The Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
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Gernone F, Uva A, Cavalera MA, Zatelli A. Neurogenic Bladder in Dogs, Cats and Humans: A Comparative Review of Neurological Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3233. [PMID: 36496754 PMCID: PMC9739254 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) includes abnormalities in the structure and function of the bladder and the urethra. LUTD caused by neurological disease is defined neurogenic bladder (NB). The integrity of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) is required to explicate normal micturition, maintaining the proper function of bladder and urethra. The location and type of neurological lesions influence the pattern of clinical manifestations, potential treatment, and prognosis. Though, in dogs and cats, spinal cord injury is considered mainly responsible for bladder and/or urethra incompetence, other disorders, congenital or acquired, involving CNS or PNS, could play a role in NB. In veterinary medicine, the information about the epidemiology, prevalence, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of NB are scattered. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the epidemiology, prevalence, clinical findings, diagnosis and prognosis for NB in dogs and cats compared with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Gernone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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Tomer O, Barazany D, Baratz Z, Tsarfaty G, Assaf Y. In vivo measurements of lamination patterns in the human cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:2861-2868. [PMID: 35274794 PMCID: PMC9120563 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The laminar composition of the cerebral cortex is tightly connected to the development and connectivity of the brain, as well as to function and pathology. Although most of the research on the cortical layers is done with the aid of ex vivo histology, there have been recent attempts to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with potential in vivo applications. However, the high-resolution MRI technology and protocols required for such studies are neither common nor practical. In this article, we present a clinically feasible method for assessing the laminar properties of the human cortex using standard pulse sequence available on any common MRI scanner. Using a series of low-resolution inversion recovery (IR) MRI scans allows us to calculate multiple T1 relaxation time constants for each voxel. Based on the whole-brain T1 -distribution, we identify six different gray matter T1 populations and their variation across the cortex. Based on this, we show age-related differences in these population and demonstrate that this method is able to capture the difference in laminar composition across varying brain areas. We also provide comparison to ex vivo high-resolution MRI scans. We show that this method is feasible for the estimation of layer variability across large population cohorts, which can lead to research into the links between the cortical layers and function, behavior and pathologies that was heretofore unexplorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Tomer
- Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Daniel Barazany
- The Strauss Center for Computational NeuroimagingTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Zvi Baratz
- Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Galia Tsarfaty
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel‐Hashomer, Affiliated to the Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Yaniv Assaf
- Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- The Strauss Center for Computational NeuroimagingTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Life ScienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
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Gao T, Deng B, Wang J, Wang J, Yi G. The passive properties of dendrites modulate the propagation of slowly-varying firing rate in feedforward networks. Neural Netw 2022; 150:377-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Morgunova GV, Shilovsky GA, Khokhlov AN. Effect of Caloric Restriction on Aging: Fixing the Problems of Nutrient Sensing in Postmitotic Cells? BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:1352-1367. [PMID: 34903158 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses the role of metabolic disorders (in particular, insulin resistance) in the development of age-related diseases and normal aging with special emphasis on the changes in postmitotic cells of higher organisms. Caloric restriction helps to prevent such metabolic disorders, which could probably explain its ability to prolong the lifespan of laboratory animals. Maintaining metabolic homeostasis is especially important for the highly differentiated long-lived body cells, whose lifespan is comparable to the lifespan of the organism itself. Normal functioning of these cells can be ensured only upon correct functioning of the cytoplasm clean-up system and availability of all required nutrients and energy sources. One of the central problems in gerontology is the age-related disruption of glucose metabolism leading to obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and other related pathologies. Along with the adipose tissue, skeletal muscles are the main consumers of insulin; hence the physical activity of muscles, which supports their energy metabolism, delays the onset of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance disrupts the metabolism of cardiomyocytes, so that they fail to utilize the nutrients to perform their functions even being surrounded by a nutrient-rich environment, which contributes to the development of age-related cardiovascular diseases. Metabolic pathologies also alter the nutrient sensitivity of neurons, thus disrupting the action of insulin in the central nervous system. In addition, there is evidence that neurons can develop insulin resistance as well. It has been suggested that affecting nutritional sensors (e.g., AMPK) in postmitotic cells might improve the state of the entire multicellular organism, slow down its aging, and increase the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Morgunova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - Gregory A Shilovsky
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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10
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Ebrahim HA, El-Gamal R, Sherif RN. Intermittent Fasting Attenuates High Fat Diet-Induced Cerebellar Changes in Rats: Involvement of TNFα, autophagy and oxidative stress. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 210:351-367. [PMID: 34551416 DOI: 10.1159/000519088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hasnaa Ali Ebrahim
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Randa El-Gamal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rania N Sherif
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Dentistry, Horus University, Damietta, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
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11
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De Silva M, Sadeghinezhad J, Nyengaard JR, Aghabalazadeh Asl M, Saeidi A, De Sordi N, Chiocchetti R, Grandis A. Design-based stereological study of the guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus) cerebellum. J Anat 2021; 239:517-528. [PMID: 33763861 PMCID: PMC8273595 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Guinea pigs have proved useful as experimental animal models in studying cerebellar anatomical and structural alterations in human neurological disease; however, they are also currently acquiring increasing veterinary interest as companion animals. The morphometric features of the normal cerebellum in guinea pigs have not been previously investigated using stereology. The objective of the present work was to establish normal volumetric and quantitative stereological parameters for cerebellar tissues in guinea pigs, by means of unbiased design-based stereology. Cerebellar total volume, gray and white matter volume fractions, molecular and granular layers volume fractions, cerebellar surface area, Purkinje cellular and nuclear volumes, and the Purkinje cell total count were stereologically estimated. For this purpose, cerebellar hemispheres from six adult male guinea pigs were employed. Isotropic, uniform random sections were obtained by applying the orientator method, and subsequently processed for light microscopy. The cerebellar total volume, the white and grey matter volume fractions, and the molecular and granular layer volumes were estimated using the Cavalieri's principle and the point counting system. The cerebellar surface area was estimated through the use of test lines; Purkinje cellular and nuclear volumes were analysed using the nucleator technique, whereas the Purkinje cell total count was obtained by means of the optical disector technique. The mean ± standard deviation total volume of a guinea-pig cerebellar hemisphere was 0.11 ± 0.01 cm3 . The mean volumetric proportions occupied by the gray and white matters were, respectively, 78.0 ± 2.6% and 22.0 ± 2.6%, whereas their mean absolute volumes were found to be 0.21 ± 0.02 cm3 and 0.059 ± 0.006 cm3 . The volumes of the molecular and granular layers were estimated at 112.4 ± 20.6 mm3 and 104.4 ± 7.3 mm3 , whereas their mean thicknesses were calculated to be 0.184 ± 0.020 mm and 0.17 ± 0.02 mm. The molecular and granular layers accounted for 40.7 ± 3.9% and 37.4 ± 1.8% of total cerebellar volume respectively. The surface area of the cerebellum measured 611.4 ± 96.8 mm2 . Purkinje cells with a cellular volume of 3210.1 µm3 and with a nuclear volume of 470.9 µm3 had a higher incidence of occurrence. The mean total number of Purkinje cells for a cerebellar hemisphere was calculated to be 253,090 ± 34,754. The morphometric data emerging from the present study provide a set of reference data which might prove valuable as basic anatomical contribution for practical applications in veterinary neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita De Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Javad Sadeghinezhad
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mahdi Aghabalazadeh Asl
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Saeidi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nadia De Sordi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annamaria Grandis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Childs R, Gamage R, Münch G, Gyengesi E. The effect of aging and chronic microglia activation on the morphology and numbers of the cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neurosci Lett 2021; 751:135807. [PMID: 33705934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduced cerebellar volume and motor dysfunction have previously been observed in the GFAP-IL6 murine model of chronic neuroinflammation. This study aims to extend these findings by investigating the effect of microglial activation and ageing on the total number of Purkinje cells and the morphology of their dendritic arborization. Through comparison of transgenic GFAP-IL6 mice and their wild-type counterparts at the ages of 12 and 24-months, we were able to investigate the effects of ageing and chronic microglial activation on Purkinje cells. Unbiased stereology was used to estimate the number of microglia in Iba1+ stained tissue and Purkinje cells in calbindin stained tissue. Morphological analyses were made using 3D reconstructions of images acquired from the Golgi-stained cerebellar tissue. We found that the total number of microglia increased by approximately 5 times in the cerebellum of GFAP-IL6 mice compared to their WT littermates. The number of Purkinje cells decreased by as much as 50 % in aged wild type mice and 83 % in aged GFAP-IL6 mice. The remaining Purkinje cells in these cohorts were found to have significant reductions in their total dendritic length and number of branching points, indicating how the complexity of the Purkinje cell dendritic arbor reduces through age and inflammation. GFAP-IL6 mice, when compared to WT mice, had higher levels of microglial activation and more profound neurodegenerative changes in the cerebellum. The presence of constitutive IL6 production, driving chronic neuroinflammation, may account for these neurodegenerative changes in GFAP-IL6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Childs
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rashmi Gamage
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
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13
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Kirch C, Gollo LL. Single-neuron dynamical effects of dendritic pruning implicated in aging and neurodegeneration: towards a measure of neuronal reserve. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1309. [PMID: 33446683 PMCID: PMC7809359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a main risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. It is often accompanied by reduced cognitive functions, gray-matter volume, and dendritic integrity. Although age-related brain structural changes have been observed across multiple scales, their functional implications remain largely unknown. Here we simulate the aging effects on neuronal morphology as dendritic pruning and characterize its dynamical implications. Utilizing a detailed computational modeling approach, we simulate the dynamics of digitally reconstructed neurons obtained from Neuromorpho.org. We show that dendritic pruning affects neuronal integrity: firing rate is reduced, causing a reduction in energy consumption, energy efficiency, and dynamic range. Pruned neurons require less energy but their function is often impaired, which can explain the diminished ability to distinguish between similar experiences (pattern separation) in older people. Our measures indicate that the resilience of neuronal dynamics is neuron-specific, heterogeneous, and strongly affected by dendritic topology and the position of the soma. Based on the emergent neuronal dynamics, we propose to classify the effects of dendritic deterioration, and put forward a topological measure of “neuronal reserve” that quantifies the resilience of neuronal dynamics to dendritic pruning. Moreover, our findings suggest that increasing dendritic excitability could partially mitigate the dynamical effects of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kirch
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,The Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leonardo L Gollo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. .,The Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. .,The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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14
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Ahmed AS. JAK-1/STAT-3 pathway mediated role in aging cerebellar cortex degenerative changes of albino wistar rats. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2020.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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15
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Sadeghinezhad J, Aghabalazadeh Asl M, Saeidi A, De Silva M. Morphometrical study of the cat cerebellum using unbiased design‐based stereology. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:788-797. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sadeghinezhad
- Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Mahdi Aghabalazadeh Asl
- Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Ava Saeidi
- Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Margherita De Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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16
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Mohamed EA, Sayed WM. Implication of JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3 Pathway in Aging of Cerebellum of Male Rat: Histological and Molecular study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8840. [PMID: 32483368 PMCID: PMC7264275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging causes morphological and functional changes in the cerebellum. This work aimed to demonstrate the implication of JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3 on aging-induced changes of rat cerebellum. Thirty male rats were divided into: adult (12 months), early senile (24 months) and late senile (32 months) groups. Immunohistochemical reaction of the cerebellum to GFAP and caspase-3 was assessed and the expression of JAK1, STAT3, SOCS3 proteins was also evaluated. TNFα as well as the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in cerebellar tissue were also measured. The cerebellum of late senile rats revealed more degenerative changes than early senile rats in the form of increase in GFAP and caspase-3 immunoreaction. Additionally, there was decrease in JAK1and STAT3 expression in early and late senile rats and increase in SOCS3 when compare early and late senile groups with adult one. Enhancement of TNFα was noticed with aging as well as significant decrease in GSH and increase in MDA in early senile group. Moreover, late senile group revealed significant decrease in GSH and increase in MDA. It could be concluded that aging resulting in variable changes of the cerebellum as detected by morphological changes, immunohistochemical reactions of caspase-3 and GFAP and expression of JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3 proteins. Additionally, inflammatory marker TNFα and the activity of oxidative/antioxidative stress markers; malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also affected with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Ahmed Mohamed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Meleda, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa Mohamed Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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17
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Effects of corticosterone injections in mid-to-late mouse postnatal development on adult motor activity and coordination. Neurosci Res 2020; 164:22-32. [PMID: 32320709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are involved in the developing brain but, in excessive amounts, may depress its growth and cause psychomotor development disorders. To test the long-term vulnerability of motor structures such as the cerebellum to supraphysiological corticosterone (CORT), the hormone was subcutaneously delivered at a dose of 20 mg/kg from postnatal day (P) 8 to P29 in C57BL/6 male mice evaluated for sensorimotor functions at P15, P22, P29, and 3 months. Relative to placebo, CORT increased motor activity in the open-field at P29 and 3 months as well as facilitating rotorod acquisition and visuomotor control necessary for swimming towards a visible goal without affecting spatial learning in the Morris water maze. CORT caused lobule-specific effects on cerebellar morphology by decreasing granule cell layer thickness in simplex lobule but increasing molecular and granule cell layer thickness in crus 2. The functional impact of these changes is indicated by significant correlations found between cerebellar size and activity levels or proficiency on the rotorod test of motor coordination.
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18
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Chaudhuri D, Roy Chowdhury A, Biswas B, Chakravortty D. Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Leads to Colonization of the Mouse Brain and Is Not Completely Cured With Antibiotics. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1632. [PMID: 30072981 PMCID: PMC6058050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella systemic infections claim thousands of lives worldwide even today. Certain cases lead to an infection in the brain culminating in meningitis and associated neurological abnormalities. Multiple reports have indicated neurological manifestations in patients suffering from typhoid fever during the course of infection and afterwards. While the meanderings of Salmonella systemic infections are fairly well studied, the flow of events in the brain is very poorly understood. We investigated the colonization of various brain parts by Salmonella in mice. It was observed that the bacterium is frequently able to invade various brain parts in mice. Selected mutants namely deletion mutants of key proteins encoded by the Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) 1 and 2 and ompA gene were also used to decipher the roles of specific genes in establishing an infection in the brain. Our results suggest roles for the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) 1 and outer membrane protein A gene in enabling blood-brain barrier penetration by the pathogen. We further investigated behavioral abnormalities in infected mice and used an antibiotic treatment regime in an attempt to reverse the same. Results show some mice still display behavioral abnormalities and a high bacterial burden in brain despite clearance from spleen and liver. Overall, our study provides novel insights into S. Typhimurium's capacity to invade the mouse brain and the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment on behavioral manifestations due to infection. These observations could have important implications in understanding reported neurological manifestations in typhoid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debalina Chaudhuri
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Biswendu Biswas
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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19
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Elkholy WB, Al-Gholam MA. Role of medical ozone in attenuating age-related changes in the rat cerebellum. Microscopy (Oxf) 2018; 67:4964816. [PMID: 29635467 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable biological process characterized by motor in coordination and decline in the ability to learn new motor skills. The purpose of this study is to investigate, for the first time, the beneficial antiaging effects of medical ozone (O3) on the age-related structural damage of the rat cerebellum. We have examined the cerebellum of albino rats at the ages of 6, 20 and 22, and the effect of intraperitoneal medical O3 administration (0.7 g/kg) by histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric studies. Age-related changes in the cerebellum were in the form of a significant reduction in the number of Purkinje cells (PCs), which appeared shrunken with a darkly stained cytoplasm and vacuolated spaces in all layers. The decrease in Nissl granule content of the PCs was also observed. A significant reduction in Mab2, Ki67 immunoreactivity associated with significant increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein, Caspase-3 and iNos immunoreactivity were also detected. Medical O3 administration reversed all these histopathological and immunohistochemical changes. This protective effect was mediated by reducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, astrocyte activation and improving both neuritogenesis and neurogenesis. We can conclude from the results of the present study that medical O3 can prevent the retardation of age-related changes in rat cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael B Elkholy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin el Kom, 32511 Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Al-Gholam
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin el Kom, 32511 Menoufia, Egypt
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20
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Fan WJ, Yan MC, Wang L, Sun YZ, Deng JB, Deng JX. Synaptic aging disrupts synaptic morphology and function in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1019-1025. [PMID: 29926829 PMCID: PMC6022458 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.233445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are key structures in neural networks, and are involved in learning and memory in the central nervous system. Investigating synaptogenesis and synaptic aging is important in understanding neural development and neural degeneration in diseases such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson's disease. Our previous study found that synaptogenesis and synaptic maturation were harmonized with brain development and maturation. However, synaptic damage and loss in the aging cerebellum are not well understood. This study was designed to investigate the occurrence of synaptic aging in the cerebellum by observing the ultrastructural changes of dendritic spines and synapses in cerebellar Purkinje cells of aging mice. Immunocytochemistry, DiI diolistic assays, and transmission electron microscopy were used to visualize the morphological characteristics of synaptic buttons, dendritic spines and synapses of Purkinje cells in mice at various ages. With synaptic aging in the cerebellum, dendritic spines and synaptic buttons were lost, and the synaptic ultrastructure was altered, including a reduction in the number of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria in presynaptic termini and smaller thin specialized zones in pre- and post-synaptic membranes. These findings confirm that synaptic morphology and function is disrupted in aging synapses, which may be an important pathological cause of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Fan
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Ming-Chao Yan
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Lai Wang
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-Zheng Sun
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Jin-Bo Deng
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Jie-Xin Deng
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
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21
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Zhu JW, Li YF, Wang ZT, Jia WQ, Xu RX. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Deficiency Impairs Motor Coordination. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:33. [PMID: 26909014 PMCID: PMC4754460 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays an essential role in balance and motor coordination. Purkinje cells (PCs) are the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex and are critical for the execution of its functions, including motor coordination. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is involved in the innate immune response and is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system; however, little is known about its role in cerebellum-related motor functions. To address this question, we evaluated motor behavior in TLR4 deficient mice. We found that TLR4(-∕-) mice showed impaired motor coordination. Morphological analyses revealed that TLR4 deficiency was associated with a reduction in the thickness of the molecular layer of the cerebellum. TLR4 was highly expressed in PCs but not in Bergmann glia or cerebellar granule cells; however, loss of TLR4 decreased the number of PCs. These findings suggest a novel role for TLR4 in cerebellum-related motor coordination through maintenance of the PC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Zhu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Tao Wang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Jia
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
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22
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Age-related forgetting in locomotor adaptation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 128:1-6. [PMID: 26589520 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The healthy aging process affects the ability to learn and remember new facts and tasks. Prior work has shown that motor learning can be adversely affected by non-motor deficits, such as time. Here we investigated how age, and a dual task influence the learning and forgetting of a new walking pattern. We studied healthy younger (<30 yo) and older adults (>50 yo) as they alternated between 5-min bouts of split-belt treadmill walking and resting. Older subjects learned a new walking pattern at the same rate as younger subjects, but forgot some of the new pattern during the rest breaks. We tested if forgetting was due to reliance on a cognitive strategy that was not fully engaged after rest breaks. When older subjects performed a dual cognitive task to reduce strategic control of split-belt walking, their adaptation rate slowed, but they still forgot much of the new pattern during the rest breaks. Our results demonstrate that the healthy aging process is one component that weakens motor memories during rest breaks and that this phenomenon cannot be explained solely by reliance on a conscious strategy in older adults.
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23
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Zhang C, Sun T, Zhou P, Zhu Q, Zhang L. Role of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-2 in the Cerebellar Cortex in Cardiovascular Modulation in Anaesthetized Rats. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:804-12. [PMID: 26526144 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous investigations have demonstrated that microinjection of acetylcholine (ACh) or muscarinic ACh receptor activation in the cerebellar cortex induces a systemic blood pressure depressor response. This study aimed to determine the role of muscarinic ACh receptor-2 (M2 receptor) in the cerebellar cortex in cardiovascular function regulation in rats. A nonselective muscarinic receptor agonist (oxotremorine M, OXO; 30 mM), a selective M2 receptor agonist (arecaidine but-2-ynyl ester tosylate, ABET; 3, 10, and 30 mM), 30 mM OXO mixed with a selective M2 receptor antagonist (methoctramine hydrate, MCT; 0.3, 1, and 3 mM), and normal saline (0.9 % NaCl) were separately microinjected (0.5 µl/5 s) into the cerebellar cortex (lobule VI) of anaesthetized rats. We measured the mean arterial pressure (MAP), maximum change in MAP, and reactive time (RT; the duration required for the blood pressure to return to basal levels), heart rate (HR) and the maximum change in HR during the RT in response to drug activation. The results demonstrated that ABET dose-dependently decreased MAP and HR, increased the maximum change in MAP and the maximum change in HR, and prolonged the RT. Furthermore, MCT dose-dependently blocked the OXO-mediated cardiovascular depressor response. This study provides the first evidence that M2 receptors in the cerebellar cortex are involved in cardiovascular regulation, the activation of which evokes significant depressor and bradycardic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, 128 South Linghu Road, Anqing, 246011, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tingzhe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, 128 South Linghu Road, Anqing, 246011, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiling Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, 1 East Beijing Road, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, 128 South Linghu Road, Anqing, 246011, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Liefeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Olude MA, Mustapha OA, Aderounmu OA, Olopade JO, Ihunwo AO. Astrocyte morphology, heterogeneity, and density in the developing African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus). Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:67. [PMID: 26074782 PMCID: PMC4443027 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte morphologies and heterogeneity were described in male African giant rats (AGR; Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse) across three age groups (five neonates, five juveniles, and five adults) using Silver impregnation method and immunohistochemistry against glial fibrillary acidic protein. Immunopositive cell signaling, cell size and population were least in neonates, followed by adults and juveniles, respectively. In neonates, astrocyte processes were mostly detected within the glia limitans of the mid and hind brain; their cell bodies measuring 32 ± 4.8 μm in diameter against 91 ± 5.4 μm and 75 ± 1.9 μm in juveniles and adults, respectively. Astrocyte heterogeneity in juvenile and adult groups revealed eight subtypes to include fibrous astrocytes chiefly in the corpus callosum and brain stem, protoplasmic astrocytes in the cortex and dentate gyrus (DG); radial glia were found along the olfactory bulb (OB) and subventricular zone (SVZ); velate astrocytes were mainly found in the cerebellum and hippocampus; marginal astrocytes close to the pia mater; Bergmann glia in the molecular layer of the cerebellum; perivascular and periventricular astrocytes in the cortex and third ventricle, respectively. Cell counts from twelve anatomical regions of the brain were significantly higher in juveniles than in adults (p ≤ 0.01) using unpaired student t-test in the cerebral cortex, pia, corpus callosum, rostral migratory stream, DG, and cerebellum. Highest astrocyte count was found in the DG, while the least count was in the brain stem and sub cortex. Astrocytes along the periventricular layer of the OB are believed to be part of the radial glia system that transport newly formed cells towards the hippocampus and play roles in neurogenesis migration and homeostasis in the AGR. Therefore, astrocyte heterogeneity was examined across age groups in the AGR to determine whether age influences astrocytes population in different regions of the AGR brain and discuss possible functional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Olude
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria ; Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria ; School of Anatomical Sciences, Neuroscience Unit, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oluwaseun A Mustapha
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria ; Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatunde A Aderounmu
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria ; Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - James O Olopade
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Amadi O Ihunwo
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Neuroscience Unit, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa
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25
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Zhu Q, Zhou P, Wang S, Zhang C, Hua T. A preliminary study on cerebellar acetylcholine-mediated blood pressure regulation in young and old rats. Exp Gerontol 2015; 63:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Álvarez MI, Rivas L, Lacruz C, Toledano A. Astroglial cell subtypes in the cerebella of normal adults, elderly adults, and patients with Alzheimer's disease: A histological and immunohistochemical comparison. Glia 2014; 63:287-312. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luís Rivas
- Department of Ophthalmology; Hospital Ramón y Cajal; Madrid Spain
| | - César Lacruz
- Department of Pathology; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Madrid Spain
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27
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Nóbrega C, Nascimento-Ferreira I, Onofre I, Albuquerque D, Hirai H, Déglon N, de Almeida LP. Silencing mutant ataxin-3 rescues motor deficits and neuropathology in Machado-Joseph disease transgenic mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52396. [PMID: 23349684 PMCID: PMC3551966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) or spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an autosomal dominantly-inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by the over-repetition of a CAG codon in the MJD1 gene. This expansion translates into a polyglutamine tract that confers a toxic gain-of-function to the mutant protein – ataxin-3, leading to neurodegeneration in specific brain regions, with particular severity in the cerebellum. No treatment able to modify the disease progression is available. However, gene silencing by RNA interference has shown promising results. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether lentiviral-mediated allele-specific silencing of the mutant ataxin-3 gene, after disease onset, would rescue the motor behavior deficits and neuropathological features in a severely impaired transgenic mouse model of MJD. For this purpose, we injected lentiviral vectors encoding allele-specific silencing-sequences (shAtx3) into the cerebellum of diseased transgenic mice expressing the targeted C-variant of mutant ataxin-3 present in 70% of MJD patients. This variation permits to discriminate between the wild-type and mutant forms, maintaining the normal function of the wild-type allele and silencing only the mutant form. Quantitative analysis of rotarod performance, footprint and activity patterns revealed significant and robust alleviation of gait, balance (average 3-fold increase of rotarod test time), locomotor and exploratory activity impairments in shAtx3-injected mice, as compared to control ones injected with shGFP. An important improvement of neuropathology was also observed, regarding the number of intranuclear inclusions, calbindin and DARPP-32 immunoreactivity, fluorojade B and Golgi staining and molecular and granular layers thickness. These data demonstrate for the first time the efficacy of gene silencing in blocking the MJD-associated motor-behavior and neuropathological abnormalities after the onset of the disease, supporting the use of this strategy for therapy of MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clévio Nóbrega
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences & Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Nascimento-Ferreira
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences & Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Onofre
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences & Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David Albuquerque
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Lausanne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences & Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Dickstein DL, Weaver CM, Luebke JI, Hof PR. Dendritic spine changes associated with normal aging. Neuroscience 2012; 251:21-32. [PMID: 23069756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given the rapid rate of population aging and the increased incidence of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases with advanced age, it is important to ascertain the determinants that result in cognitive impairment. It is also important to note that much of the aged population exhibit 'successful' cognitive aging, in which cognitive impairment is minimal. One main goal of normal aging studies is to distinguish the neural changes that occur in unsuccessful (functionally impaired) subjects from those of successful (functionally unimpaired) subjects. In this review, we present some of the structural adaptations that neurons and spines undergo throughout normal aging and discuss their likely contributions to electrophysiological properties and cognition. Structural changes of neurons and dendritic spines during aging, and the functional consequences of such changes, remain poorly understood. Elucidating the structural and functional synaptic age-related changes that lead to cognitive impairment may lead to the development of drug treatments that can restore or protect neural circuits and mediate cognition and successful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Dickstein
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA; Computational Neurobiology and Imaging Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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29
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Landsberg GM, Nichol J, Araujo JA. Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:749-68, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Guillot M, Moreau M, d'Anjou MA, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Troncy E. Evaluation of osteoarthritis in cats: novel information from a pilot study. Vet Surg 2012; 41:328-35. [PMID: 22380935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.00976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe structural changes associated with osteoarthritis (OA) in cats and to quantify OA-associated disability using functional evaluations. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional pilot study with longitudinal data. ANIMALS Normal cats (n = 2) and coxofemoral joint OA cats (n = 4) were evaluated by physical examination, radiography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Structural changes related to OA were scored using computed radiographs (CR) and MRI. Functional evaluation consisted of podobarometric gait analyses performed using a pressure-sensitive mattress and motor activity assessments using collar-attached, accelerometer-based activity sensors. RESULTS Structural scores for the coxofemoral joint OA-related lesions were lower in normal cats than OA cats for MRI (P = .07). Use of MRI allowed for whole-organ assessment of the coxofemoral joint. Pelvic limb peak vertical ground reaction force (PVF) was higher in normal cats than OA cats (P = .10). During the night, motor activity was greater in normal cats than OA cats (P = .04). PVF was positively correlated with mean motor activity (Spearman coefficient [Rho] = 0.83, P = .04) and negatively correlated with age and MRI structural score (Rho = -0.93 and -0.79, P < .01 and .06, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first description of OA-related lesions in cats using MRI. Gait analysis and accelerometry should be considered as objective tools to characterize OA-associated disability, although these assessments were weakly correlated with structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Guillot
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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31
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Janmaat S, Akwa Y, Doulazmi M, Bakouche J, Gautheron V, Liere P, Eychenne B, Pianos A, Luiten P, Groothuis T, Baulieu EE, Mariani J, Sherrard RM, Frédéric F. Age-related Purkinje cell death is steroid dependent: RORα haplo-insufficiency impairs plasma and cerebellar steroids and Purkinje cell survival. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 33:565-578. [PMID: 21222044 PMCID: PMC3220403 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major problem of ageing is progressive impairment of neuronal function and ultimately cell death. Since sex steroids are neuroprotective, their decrease with age may underlie age-related neuronal degeneration. To test this, we examined Purkinje cell numbers, plasma sex steroids and cerebellar neurosteroid concentrations during normal ageing (wild-type mice, WT), in our model of precocious ageing (Rora(+/sg), heterozygous staggerer mice in which expression of the neuroprotective factor RORα is disrupted) and after long-term hormone insufficiency (WT post-gonadectomy). During normal ageing (WT), circulating sex steroids declined prior to or in parallel with Purkinje cell loss, which began at 18 months of age. Although Purkinje cell death was advanced in WT long-term steroid deficiency, this premature neuronal loss did not begin until 9 months, indicating that vulnerability to sex steroid deficiency is a phenomenon of ageing Purkinje neurons. In precocious ageing (Rora(+/sg)), circulating sex steroids decreased prematurely, in conjunction with marked Purkinje cell death from 9 months. Although Rora(+/sg) Purkinje cells are vulnerable through their RORα haplo-insufficiency, it is only as they age (after 9 months) that sex steroid failure becomes critical. Finally, cerebellar neurosteroids did not decrease with age in either genotype or gender; but were profoundly reduced by 3 months in male Rora(+/sg) cerebella, which may contribute to the fragility of their Purkinje neurons. These data suggest that ageing Purkinje cells are maintained by circulating sex steroids, rather than local neurosteroids, and that in Rora(+/sg) their age-related death is advanced by premature sex steroid loss induced by RORα haplo-insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Janmaat
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Molecular Imaging and Electron Microscopy, University Medical Centre, Groningen, 9700 AD The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Biological Psychiatry, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette Akwa
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Bakouche
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Gautheron
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Liere
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Bernard Eychenne
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Antoine Pianos
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Paul Luiten
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Biological Psychiatry, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Groothuis
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Biological Psychiatry, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Etienne-Emile Baulieu
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Jean Mariani
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Charles Foix, UEF, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Rachel M. Sherrard
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florence Frédéric
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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Vardi N, Parlakpinar H, Ates B. Beneficial effects of chlorogenic acid on methotrexate-induced cerebellar Purkinje cell damage in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 43:43-7. [PMID: 21946024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have well confirmed the contribution of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of methotrexate (MTX)-induced damage in the various organs. Many agents have been tested experimentally to reduce or inhibit the oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the possible protective effect of chlorogenic acid (CLG) on MTX-induced cerebellar damage in rats. The rats were randomly divided into three groups as follows: I: control group; II: MTX group; III: CLG+MTX group. In the MTX group; malondialdehyde (MDA) content was found to be increased, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, and glutathione (GSH) content were decreased. On the other hand, CLG markedly attenuated the elevated MDA content and prevented the deleterious effects of MTX on oxidative stress markers. MTX caused severe loss of Purkinje cells and apoptotic cell death in the cerebellum. The CLG administration before MTX treatment significantly reduced Purkinje cell damage and the expression of apoptotic cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that chlorogenic acid treatment may protect the impairment of oxidative stress and ameliorate MTX-induced cerebellar damage at biochemical and histological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigar Vardi
- Department of Embryology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey.
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33
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Landsberg GM, Denenberg S, Araujo JA. Cognitive dysfunction in cats: a syndrome we used to dismiss as 'old age'. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:837-48. [PMID: 20974401 PMCID: PMC11220932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is a widely accepted diagnosis in dogs, with established treatment options. In cats, however, our understanding of cognitive dysfunction is still being shaped by ongoing research in the field, and limited treatment options are available. Recent clinical studies indicate that old age in the cat is accompanied by increased behavioural signs such as wandering, vocalization and night-time activity that are not attributable to identifiable medical problems. It is essential, therefore, that veterinarians include behavioural well-being in the routine care of senior cats. PATIENT GROUP While the exact age of onset is not established, studies suggest that age-related behavioural changes consistent with cognitive dysfunction are prevalent in cats as early as 10 years of age and that prevalence increases significantly in older cats. CLINICAL CHALLENGES The diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction requires the identification of geriatric behavioural changes that are not caused by other medical problems, although the two may not be mutually exclusive. Therefore, the practitioner must rely heavily on owner reports and history to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment. The absence of any approved dietary or pharmaceutical interventions for cognitive dysfunction adds a further challenge, although several possibilities exist. EVIDENCE BASE This article draws on recent research that has produced neuropathological, cognitive and behavioural evidence for cognitive dysfunction in aging cats. As an impetus to further our understanding of this disease and potential treatment options, the authors propose a behavioural checklist that might aid in the clinical diagnosis of feline CDS and discuss treatment options that have proven successful in the canine counterpart of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Landsberg
- North Toronto Animal Clinic, Thornhill, Ontario L3T 2K9, Canada.
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Abstract
Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), the sole output neurons in the cerebellar cortex, play an important role in the cerebellar circuit. PCs appear to be rather sensitive to aging, exhibiting significant changes in both morphology and function during senescence. This article reviews such changes during the normal aging process, including a decrease in the quantity of cells, atrophy in the soma, retraction in the dendritic arborizations, degeneration in the subcellular organelles, a decline in synapse density, disorder in the neurotransmitter system, and alterations in electrophysiological properties. Although these deteriorative changes occur during aging, compensatory mechanisms exist to counteract the impairments in the aging PCs. The possible neural mechanisms underlying these changes and potential preventive treatments are discussed.
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Eşrefoğlu M, Gül M, Ateş B, Yilmaz I. The ultrastructural and biochemical evidences of the beneficial effects of chronic caffeic acid phenethyl ester and melatonin administration on brain and cerebellum of aged rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 24:305-15. [PMID: 19817869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system is highly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of age-related oxidative stress. A large body of researches has consistently confirmed the implication of free radicals both in normal cerebral ageing and ageing-related pathologies. In the present study, in addition to the light and electron microscopic pictures of brain and cerebellum of young, old and antioxidant administered old Sprague-Dawley rats, pro-oxidant status was evaluated in terms of measurements of total glutathione, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Taking the results together, we suggest that supplemental administration of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and melatonin is beneficial in delaying age-related cellular damage in nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukaddes Eşrefoğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, 44280 Malatya, Turkey.
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36
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Genomic and biochemical approaches in the discovery of mechanisms for selective neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:12. [PMID: 19228403 PMCID: PMC2677396 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress (OS) is an important factor in brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Certain neurons in different brain regions exhibit selective vulnerability to OS. Currently little is known about the underlying mechanisms of this selective neuronal vulnerability. The purpose of this study was to identify endogenous factors that predispose vulnerable neurons to OS by employing genomic and biochemical approaches. Results In this report, using in vitro neuronal cultures, ex vivo organotypic brain slice cultures and acute brain slice preparations, we established that cerebellar granule (CbG) and hippocampal CA1 neurons were significantly more sensitive to OS (induced by paraquat) than cerebral cortical and hippocampal CA3 neurons. To probe for intrinsic differences between in vivo vulnerable (CA1 and CbG) and resistant (CA3 and cerebral cortex) neurons under basal conditions, these neurons were collected by laser capture microdissection from freshly excised brain sections (no OS treatment), and then subjected to oligonucleotide microarray analysis. GeneChip-based transcriptomic analyses revealed that vulnerable neurons had higher expression of genes related to stress and immune response, and lower expression of energy generation and signal transduction genes in comparison with resistant neurons. Subsequent targeted biochemical analyses confirmed the lower energy levels (in the form of ATP) in primary CbG neurons compared with cortical neurons. Conclusion Low energy reserves and high intrinsic stress levels are two underlying factors for neuronal selective vulnerability to OS. These mechanisms can be targeted in the future for the protection of vulnerable neurons.
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Olyntho-Tokunaga HHV, Pinto ML, Souccar C, Schoorlemmer GHM, Lapa RCRS. Projections From the Anterior Interposed Nucleus to the Red Nucleus Diminish With Age in the Mouse. Anat Histol Embryol 2008; 37:438-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2008.00877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Flammer J, Mozaffarieh M. What is the present pathogenetic concept of glaucomatous optic neuropathy? Surv Ophthalmol 2008; 52 Suppl 2:S162-73. [PMID: 17998042 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucomatous optic neuropathy implies loss of neural tissue, activation of glial cells, tissue remodeling, and change of blood flow. The blood flow reduction is not only secondary but has a primary component. Activation of astrocytes leads to an altered microenvironment. An unstable ocular perfusion, either due to IOP fluctuation or a disturbed autoregulation (due to primary vascular dysregulation syndrome) leads to a mild reperfusion injury. The superoxide (O(2)(-)) anion produced in the mitochondria of the axons, fuses with the nitric oxide (NO) diffusing from the astrocytes, leading to the damaging peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). It is possible that the diffusion of endothelin and metalloproteinases to the surrounding of the optic nerve head leads to a local vasoconstriction and thereby increases the risk for venous occlusion and weakens the blood-brain barrier, which in extreme situations results in splinter hemorrhages. Activated retinal astrocytes can be visualized clinically. The involvement of primary vascular dysregulation in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy may explain why women, as well as Japanese, suffer more often from normal-tension glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Flammer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Gunn-Moore D, Moffat K, Christie LA, Head E. Cognitive dysfunction and the neurobiology of ageing in cats. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:546-53. [PMID: 17617164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With improvements in nutrition and veterinary medicine the life expectancy of pet cats is increasing. Accompanying this growing geriatric population there are increasing numbers of cats with signs of apparent senility. A recent study suggests that 28 per cent of pet cats aged 11 to 14 years develop at least one geriatric onset behavioural problem, and this increases to over 50 per cent for cats of 15 years of age or older. While behavioural changes may result from systemic illness, organic brain disease or true behavioural problems, the possibility of age-related cognitive dysfunction is often overlooked. Studies have revealed a number of changes in the brains of geriatric cats that showed signs of cognitive dysfunction, and potential causes include vascular insufficiency leading to hypoxia, increased free radical damage and the deposition of beta-amyloid plaques and/or the modification of other proteins. By recognising the importance of behavioural changes in old cats, investigating them fully for potentially treatable medical conditions, and instigating dietary and environmental modifications to meet their changing needs, we can make the lives of our geriatric cats much more comfortable and rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gunn-Moore
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Hospital for Small Animals, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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