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Methun MIH, Kabir A, Islam S, Hossain MI, Darda MA. A machine learning logistic classifier approach for identifying the determinants of Under-5 child morbidity in Bangladesh. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Inequality in access to improved drinking water sources and childhood diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 226:113493. [PMID: 32155581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the conventional wisdom of categorizing countries based on nationally-averaged coverage in access to improved drinking water sources (IDWS), this study incorporated sub-national inequality into a novel categorisation framework. The association between access to IDWS and the incidence of childhood diarrhoea (ICD) was also quantified. Information from 1.63 million households obtained through nationally representative and cross-sectional demographic and health survey (DHS) and multiple indicator cluster survey (MICS) from 81 countries were analysed. Sub-national inequalities in the access to IDWS were measured using proportional variability (PV). Most studied countries with low coverage and high inequalities in accessing IDWS were from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Wealth status of households showed a higher variability in the IDWS than the variability across locations. Significant negative associations between accessing IDWS and ICD were observed for regional models, except for SSA. This study adds knowledge towards understanding the state of sustainable development goal achievements in terms of accessing IDWS. The knowledge may be helpful in designing country-specific, achievable, short- and long-term strategies. The non-decisive relation between access to IDWS and ICD indicates the adoption of additional measures in the modelling mechanism.
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Hasan MM, Richardson A. How sustainable household environment and knowledge of healthy practices relate to childhood morbidity in South Asia: analysis of survey data from Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015019. [PMID: 28615269 PMCID: PMC5623452 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prevalence of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection (ARI) is considerably high among South Asian children. The objective of this study is to compare the associations of sustainable household environment and knowledge of healthy practices with episodes of these diseases among the children in the region. DESIGN The study analysed the latest, nationally representative and cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey data. SETTING Data from three countries were analysed: Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. PARTICIPANTS Women aged between 12 and 49 years living in selected households provided information on 23 940 of their children under the age of 5 years. PRIMARY OUTCOMES MEASURES The morbidity status of the children was recorded with respect to episodes of diarrhoea and/or ARI in the 2 weeks preceding data collection. RESULTS Consuming unhygienic drinking water increased the risks of childhood diarrhoea, and use of solid fuel for indoor cooking increased the risk of ARI, across all three countries investigated. However, far more significant were the effects of mother's education, with incomplete primary education leading to an odds of diarrhoea approaching twice that of a mother with secondary education or higher (OR 1.70 in Bangladesh, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.49). CONCLUSIONS Results from the current research underline the importance of developing and implementing integrated strategic plans for mothers and children in the countries investigated. Promoting hygienic water and sanitation facilities can help reduce the prevalence of childhood diarrhoea. Replacing indoor solid fuel cooking arrangements with cleaner fuel or more airy conditions can help reduce the prevalence of ARI. However, these strategies need to be integrated with education for women to raise the likelihood that reduced risks are actually realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Hasan
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alice Richardson
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Zahangir MS, Hasan MM, Richardson A, Tabassum S. Malnutrition and non-communicable diseases among Bangladeshi women: an urban-rural comparison. Nutr Diabetes 2017; 7:e250. [PMID: 28319102 PMCID: PMC5380895 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2017.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This study aims at examining the urban-rural differentials in the effects of socioeconomic predictors on underweight and obesity of ever-married women in Bangladesh. The effect of malnutrition and other risk factors on non-communicable diseases is also examined. SUBJECTS/METHODS The information regarding nutritional status, socioeconomic and demographic background, and non-communicable diseases of ever-married women was extracted from the nationally representative, cross-sectional Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS 2011) data set. Both bivariate (χ2 test) and multivariate (multinomial logistic regression model) analyses were performed in determining the risk factors of malnutrition. The effect of malnutrition and associated risk factors on non-communicable diseases was determined using binary logistic regression models. RESULTS The overall prevalence as well as the effects of individual risk factors of malnutrition differ in urban and rural settings. Regional differentials in the prevalence of underweight were statistically significant only for rural areas. In rural and urban settings, women from households with poor economic status were 67% (odds ratio (OR) 0.33, 95% CI 0.26-0.43) and 81% (OR=0.19, 95% CI 0.13-0.29) less likely to be overweight, respectively, with respect to those from affluent households. Women from the Rangpur division were significantly more likely to suffer from anemia (OR=1.41, 95% CI 1.13-1.77) and hypertension (OR=1.67, 95% CI 1.19-2.34) than those from the Sylhet division (reference division). With respect to those considered as underweight, women who were categorized as overweight were 0.47 (OR=0.53, 95% CI 0.43-0.65) times less likely to suffer from anemia, and 1.83 (OR=2.83, 95% CI 1.99-4.02) and 1.70 (OR=2.70, 95% CI 2.09-3.50) times more likely to suffer from diabetes and hypertension, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Rural-urban differentials in the effects of individual risk factors of malnutrition were observed. Wealth status of households and nutritional status of women showed significant effect on the prevalence of anemia, diabetes and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Zahangir
- Department of Statistics, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - M M Hasan
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - A Richardson
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - S Tabassum
- Department of Statistics, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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Biswas T, Islam MS, Linton N, Rawal LB. Socio-Economic Inequality of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167140. [PMID: 27902760 PMCID: PMC5130253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a major public health challenge, and undermine social and economic development in much of the developing world, including Bangladesh. Epidemiologic evidence on the socioeconomic status (SES)-related pattern of NCDs remains limited in Bangladesh. This study assessed the relationship between three chronic NCDs and SES among the Bangladeshi population, paying particular attention to the differences between urban and rural areas. Materials and Method Data from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey were used for this study. Using a concentration index (CI), we measured relative inequality across pre-diabetes, diabetes, pre-hypertension, hypertension, and BMI (underweight, normal weight, and overweight/obese) in urban and rural areas in Bangladesh. A CI and its associated curve can be used to identify whether socioeconomic inequality exists for a given health variable. In addition, we estimated the health achievement index, integrating mean coverage and the distribution of coverage by rural and urban populations. Results Socioeconomic inequalities were observed across diseases and risk factors. Using CI, significant inequalities observed for pre-hypertension (CI = 0.09, p = 0.001), hypertension (CI = 0.10, p = 0.001), pre-diabetes (CI = -0.01, p = 0.005), diabetes (CI = 0.19, p<0.001), and overweight/obesity (CI = 0.45, p<0.001). In contrast to the high prevalence of the chronic health conditions among the urban richest, a significant difference in CI was observed for pre-hypertension (CI = -0.20, p = 0.001), hypertension (CI = -0.20, p = 0.005), pre-diabetes (CI = -0.15, p = 0.005), diabetes (CI = -0.26, p = 0.004) and overweight/obesity (CI = 0.25, p = 0.004) were observed more among the low wealth quintiles of rural population. In the same vein, the poorest rural households had more co-morbidities compared to the richest rural households (p = 0.003), and prevalence of co-morbidities was much higher for the richest urban households compared to the poorest urban households. On the other hand in rural the “disachievement” of health indicators is more noticeable than the urban ones. Conclusion The findings indicate the high burden of selected NCDs among the low wealth quintile populations in rural areas and wealthy populations in urban areas. Particular attentions may be necessary to address the problem of NCDs among these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Biswas
- Health Systems and Populations Studies Division, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
| | - Md. Saimul Islam
- Health Systems and Populations Studies Division, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Natalie Linton
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lal B. Rawal
- Health Systems and Populations Studies Division, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Bangladesh
- James P Grant Schools of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Devkota S, Panda B. Socioeconomic gradients in early childhood health: evidence from Bangladesh and Nepal. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15:78. [PMID: 27184747 PMCID: PMC4867530 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-016-0364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large literature has developed researching the origins of socioeconomic gradients in child health in developed countries. Particularly, this research examines the age at which these gradient effects emerge and how they change across different stages of childhood. However, similar research on developing countries is limited. Methods This paper examines the socioeconomic gradients in early childhood health in two developing countries, Bangladesh and Nepal using the 2011 Demographic and Health Surveys. The paper separately studies two measures of household socioeconomic status: household wealth and maternal educational attainment. Two anthropometric measures of early childhood health, height-for-age and weight-for-age Z scores for 0–59 months of children, are used for our empirical exercise. The paper uses both non-parametric and multivariate ordinary least squares approaches to examine at what age socioeconomic disparities in health emerge, and investigates if these disparities increase with age in early childhood. Results The paper provides significant evidence of age-specific socioeconomic gradients in early childhood health in both countries. Health disparities in household wealth exist in both countries. This disparity emerges in the first 11 months of life, and is particularly severe for children from the poorest quintile. On the other hand, while the emergence of maternal education gradients during the first 11 months is sensitive to the choice of childhood health measure, the study finds the children of mothers with higher education to enjoy significantly higher health outcomes in comparison to those with lower education. However, controlling for father’s education weakens the effects of maternal education on child health in both countries. Further, the paper does not find statistically significant evidence where socioeconomic gradients in health increase with age in early childhood. Conclusions Our study concludes that socioeconomic disparities in health outcomes exist even in very early childhood in Bangladesh and Nepal. This has important implications for targeted policy interventions in the form of food security and nutrition supplement programs, free provision of health care, and maternal education in both countries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0364-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satis Devkota
- University of Minnesota-Morris, Division of Social Science, 600 East 4th Street, Morris, 56267, MN, USA
| | - Bibhudutta Panda
- University of Minnesota-Morris, Division of Social Science, 600 East 4th Street, Morris, 56267, MN, USA.
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Kamal MM, Hasan MM, Davey R. Determinants of childhood morbidity in Bangladesh: evidence from the Demographic and Health Survey 2011. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e007538. [PMID: 26510724 PMCID: PMC4636670 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims to estimate the incidence of preventable infectious diseases or associated symptoms among young children in Bangladesh and also determine the factors affecting these conditions. The study hypothesised that various background characteristics of children as well as their parents influence the incidence of morbidity of children aged below 5 years. SETTING The study used data from the most recent nationally representative cross-sectional Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) conducted in 2011. PARTICIPANTS A total of 7550 children aged below 5 years during the survey from mothers aged between 12 and 49 years are the participants of the study. RESULTS In general, younger children were more likely to suffer from multiple health conditions than their older counterparts. Children belonging to households classified as poor (OR=1.425, 95% CI (1.130 to 1.796)) or middle (OR=1.349, 95% CI (1.113 to 1.636)) faced greater risk of illness than those from well-off households. A combination of source and treatment practices of drinking water showed a significant impact on incidence of childhood morbidity. Children from households using untreated non-piped water were 85.8% (OR=1.860, 95% CI (1.269 to 2.728)) more likely to suffer from comorbidity than those who treat their piped drinking water. However, we observed that water treatment alone has no impact unless the water itself was sourced from a pipe. CONCLUSIONS Accelerated programmes promoting access to safe drinking water along with water treatment practices, and better household environment may prove effective in reducing the incidence of childhood morbidity in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moustafa Kamal
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Md Masud Hasan
- Fenner School of Environment and society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rachel Davey
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Maternal nutritional status (as measured by height, weight and BMI) in Bangladesh: trends and socio-economic association over the period 1996 to 2007. Public Health Nutr 2015; 19:1438-45. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980015002839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo analyse trends in maternal nutritional status in Bangladesh over a 12-year period and to examine the associations between nutritional status and socio-economic variables.DesignMaternal nutritional status indicators were height, weight and BMI. Socio-economic variables used were region, residency, education and occupation of the mothers and their husbands, house type, and possession score in the household.SettingBangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (1996, 2000, 2004 and 2007) were the source of data.SubjectsA total of 16 278 mothers were included.ResultsAll of the socio-economic variables showed significant associations with maternal nutritional status indicators. Regional variation was found to be present; all three indicators were found to be lowest in the Sylhet division. Upward trends in maternal height, weight and BMI were evident from no possessions to four possessions in households, and for no education to higher education of women and their husbands. Bangladeshi mothers measured in 2007 were found to be on average 0·34 cm taller and 3·36 kg heavier than mothers measured in 1996. Between 1996 and 2007 maternal underweight fell from nearly 50 % to just over 30 % while overweight and obesity increased from about 3 % to over 9 % (WHO cut-offs) or from 7 % to nearly 18 % (Asian cut-offs).ConclusionsThe study reveals that over the 12-year period in Bangladesh there has been a substantial reduction in maternal underweight accompanied by a considerable increase in obesity. It is also evident that malnutrition in Bangladesh is a multidimensional problem that warrants a proper policy mix and programme intervention.
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Emamian MH, Fateh M, Gorgani N, Fotouhi A. Mother's education is the most important factor in socio-economic inequality of child stunting in Iran. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:2010-5. [PMID: 24171933 PMCID: PMC11108709 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980013002280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Malnutrition is one of the most important health problems, especially in developing countries. The present study aimed to describe the socio-economic inequality in stunting and its determinants in Iran for the first time. DESIGN Cross-sectional, population-based survey, carried out in 2009. Using randomized cluster sampling, weight and height of children were measured and anthropometric indices were calculated based on child growth standards given by the WHO. Socio-economic status of families was determined using principal component analysis on household assets and social specifications of families. The concentration index was used to calculate socio-economic inequality in stunting and its determinants were measured by decomposition of this index. Factors affecting the gap between socio-economic groups were recognized by using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method. SETTING Shahroud District in north-eastern Iran. SUBJECTS Children (n 1395) aged <6 years. RESULTS The concentration index for socio-economic inequality in stunting was -0·1913. Mother's education contributed 70 % in decomposition of this index. Mean height-for-age Z-score was -0·544 and -0·335 for low and high socio-economic groups, respectively. Mother's education was the factor contributing most to the gap between these two groups. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant socio-economic inequality in the studied children. If mother's education is distributed equally in all the different groups of Iranian society, one can expect to eliminate 70 % of the socio-economic inequalities. Even in high socio-economic groups, the mean height-for-age Z-score was lower than the international standards. These issues emphasize the necessity of applying new interventions especially for the improvement of maternal education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mansooreh Fateh
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Islamic Republic ofIran
| | - Neman Gorgani
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Islamic Republic ofIran
| | - Akbar Fotouhi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Islamic Republic ofIran
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Rehfuess EA, Best N, Briggs DJ, Joffe M. Diagram-based Analysis of Causal Systems (DACS): elucidating inter-relationships between determinants of acute lower respiratory infections among children in sub-Saharan Africa. Emerg Themes Epidemiol 2013; 10:13. [PMID: 24314302 PMCID: PMC3904753 DOI: 10.1186/1742-7622-10-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective interventions require evidence on how individual causal pathways jointly determine disease. Based on the concept of systems epidemiology, this paper develops Diagram-based Analysis of Causal Systems (DACS) as an approach to analyze complex systems, and applies it by examining the contributions of proximal and distal determinants of childhood acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in sub-Saharan Africa. RESULTS Diagram-based Analysis of Causal Systems combines the use of causal diagrams with multiple routinely available data sources, using a variety of statistical techniques. In a step-by-step process, the causal diagram evolves from conceptual based on a priori knowledge and assumptions, through operational informed by data availability which then undergoes empirical testing, to integrated which synthesizes information from multiple datasets. In our application, we apply different regression techniques to Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) datasets for Benin, Ethiopia, Kenya and Namibia and a pooled World Health Survey (WHS) dataset for sixteen African countries. Explicit strategies are employed to make decisions transparent about the inclusion/omission of arrows, the sign and strength of the relationships and homogeneity/heterogeneity across settings.Findings about the current state of evidence on the complex web of socio-economic, environmental, behavioral and healthcare factors influencing childhood ALRI, based on DHS and WHS data, are summarized in an integrated causal diagram. Notably, solid fuel use is structured by socio-economic factors and increases the risk of childhood ALRI mortality. CONCLUSIONS Diagram-based Analysis of Causal Systems is a means of organizing the current state of knowledge about a specific area of research, and a framework for integrating statistical analyses across a whole system. This partly a priori approach is explicit about causal assumptions guiding the analysis and about researcher judgment, and wrong assumptions can be reversed following empirical testing. This approach is well-suited to dealing with complex systems, in particular where data are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Rehfuess
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicky Best
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David J Briggs
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mike Joffe
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Islam MM, Alam M, Tariquzaman M, Kabir MA, Pervin R, Begum M, Khan MMH. Predictors of the number of under-five malnourished children in Bangladesh: application of the generalized poisson regression model. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:11. [PMID: 23297699 PMCID: PMC3599578 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malnutrition is one of the principal causes of child mortality in developing countries including Bangladesh. According to our knowledge, most of the available studies, that addressed the issue of malnutrition among under-five children, considered the categorical (dichotomous/polychotomous) outcome variables and applied logistic regression (binary/multinomial) to find their predictors. In this study malnutrition variable (i.e. outcome) is defined as the number of under-five malnourished children in a family, which is a non-negative count variable. The purposes of the study are (i) to demonstrate the applicability of the generalized Poisson regression (GPR) model as an alternative of other statistical methods and (ii) to find some predictors of this outcome variable. Methods The data is extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007. Briefly, this survey employs a nationally representative sample which is based on a two-stage stratified sample of households. A total of 4,460 under-five children is analysed using various statistical techniques namely Chi-square test and GPR model. Results The GPR model (as compared to the standard Poisson regression and negative Binomial regression) is found to be justified to study the above-mentioned outcome variable because of its under-dispersion (variance < mean) property. Our study also identify several significant predictors of the outcome variable namely mother’s education, father’s education, wealth index, sanitation status, source of drinking water, and total number of children ever born to a woman. Conclusions Consistencies of our findings in light of many other studies suggest that the GPR model is an ideal alternative of other statistical models to analyse the number of under-five malnourished children in a family. Strategies based on significant predictors may improve the nutritional status of children in Bangladesh.
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Mahbub MM, Ahsan CR, Yasmin M, Nessa J. Analysis of Different Prognostic Indicators for Malnutrition and Shigella flexneri Infection Among the Children in Bangladesh. Indian J Microbiol 2012; 52:400-5. [PMID: 23997331 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-012-0247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates into some socio-economic, demographic, and nutritional features that can predispose Bangladeshi children to malnutrition and Shigella flexneri infection. Significant prognostic indicators associated with malnutrition were mother's illiteracy (unadjusted odds ratio, OR = 2.580; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.134-5.867 and adjusted odds ratio, ORa, 3.814; 95% CI = 1.124-12.943), low birth weight (OR = 3.143; 95% CI = 1.2-8.232 and ORa = 2.404; 95% CI = 0.870-6.644) and poor socioeconomic status (OR = 2.549; 95% CI = 1.382-4.701 and ORa = 1.808; 95% CI = 0.852-3.838). Age was the strongest predictor for the acquisition of S. flexneri infection in the studied population (OR = 5.472; 95% CI = 2.583-11.592 and ORa = 5.808; 95% CI = 2.420-13.942). The severity of malnutrition was significantly (P = 0.033) related to seroprevalence of S. flexneri infection. To reduce malnutrition emphasis should be given on controlling the incidence of low birth weight, improving the literacy status especially of mothers and narrowing the gap between different socio-economic levels. Malnourished children should be examined for severity and direct intervention therapy should be given when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murshida Mahbub
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
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Avan BI, Kirkwood B. Role of neighbourhoods in child growth and development: Does ‘place’ matter? Soc Sci Med 2010; 71:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Parvanta CF, Thomas KK, Zaman KS. Changing Nutrition Behavior in Bangladesh: Successful Adaptation of New Theories and Anthropological Methods∗. Ecol Food Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/03670240701407616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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