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Anyan F, Hjemdal O, Ernstsen L, Havnen A. Change in Physical Activity During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lockdown in Norway: The Buffering Effect of Resilience on Mental Health. Front Psychol 2020; 11:598481. [PMID: 33384645 PMCID: PMC7770128 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.598481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imposition of lockdown restrictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was sudden and unprecedented and dramatically changed the life of many people, as they were confined to their homes with reduced movement and access to fitness training facilities. Studies have reported significant associations between physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, and common mental health problems. This study investigated relations between participants' reports of change in physical activity (PA; i.e., Reduced PA, Unchanged PA, or Increased PA) and levels of anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Norway in the time period from March 12, 2020 to June 15, 2020. The relations between age and gender and levels of anxiety and depression symptoms as well as how different levels of resilience influenced the relation between changes in PA and levels of anxiety and depression symptoms were also investigated. A cross-sectional survey design was used. Participants (N = 1,314; females = 31%) were members of an endurance sports organization aged between 18 and 81 years (M = 49 years; SD = 11.50 years). Participants completed the Resilience Scale for Adults and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and reported their changes in PA after lockdown restrictions were implemented on March 12, 2020. Regression analysis, independent samples t-test, and two-way multivariate analysis of variance were conducted. Reduced PA was associated with a higher risk of anxiety and depression symptoms. Younger participants in Reduced PA and Unchanged PA subgroups scored significantly higher on levels of anxiety symptoms and significantly higher on depression symptoms in Unchanged PA subgroup. Females in Unchanged PA and Increased PA subgroups scored significantly higher on levels of anxiety symptoms, whereas no gender differences were found for depression symptoms. The main and interaction effects of change in PA and resilience were significantly associated with depression symptoms. For anxiety symptoms, only the main effect of resilience, but not PA, and the interaction effect were significant. Results further showed that resilience was an important factor that influenced the levels of change in PA. High levels of resilience were associated with lower anxiety and depression symptoms in Reduced, Unchanged, and Increased PA subgroups during the COVID-19 lockdown. Promoting PA while boosting resilience factors such as confidence in own ability and drawing on the social support of even reduced social networks or connections while under lockdown can protect against common mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Anyan
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Odin Hjemdal
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Linda Ernstsen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Audun Havnen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Su M, Li E, Tang C, Zhao Y, Liu R, Gao K. Comparison of blood lipid profile/thyroid function markers between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients and in depressed patients with anhedonia or suicidal thoughts. Mol Med 2019; 25:51. [PMID: 31747876 PMCID: PMC6865003 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the differences in the serum levels of glucose, lipid, and thyroid function markers between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients, as well as the effect of anhedonia and suicidal thoughts on the levels of these biochemical parameters. Methods A total of 287 unmedicated depressed patients from January 2016 to December 2017 were included in this study, including 92 bipolar depressions and 195 unipolar depressions. Anhedonia was determined using the item 32 of Symptom Checklist (SCL-90). Suicide ideation was assessed by item 15 of SCL-90. Results The bipolar group had significantly lower lipid levels (including triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL], very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [VLDL]) and insulin resistance index but higher levels of prolactin, low triiodothyronine (T3) and free T3 (FT3) as well as higher incidence of anhedonia as compared with the unipolar group. Depressed patients with anhedonia had significantly higher LDL level than those without anhedonia. Depressed patients with suicidal thoughts had cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) level. The above-mentioned differences were confirmed by logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) ranged from 0.546 to 0.685. Conclusion Triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL T3, FT3 levels were significantly different between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients, which might have the potential to be the markers for differential diagnosis. Patients with anhedonia had lower LDL level, while patients with suicidal thoughts had higher levels of cholesterol and HDL as compared with the corresponding control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilei Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Enze Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruqing Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keming Gao
- Mood and Anxiety Clinic in the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
National health data are presented to demonstrate that important issues of women's health are linked to inequality and to the generalized oppression of women. Health issues of violence, reproductive health, coronary health, and mental health are reviewed as they relate to women of color and diverse ethnicity as well as to women in general. Feminist principles are applied to these issues, pointing out inequalities in assessment, treatment and access to care, bias in research and lack of research on topics particularly relevant to women and minorities, and limitations in the education and training of health care providers. It is imperative that these problems, which are not solely biological, be addressed in light of systems-level analysis that includes a feminist lens. Guided by feminist principles and sensibilities, the relevance of behavioral and social science is outlined for research, training, assessment, intervention, evaluation, and overall social change.
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Brand M, Laier C, Young KS. Internet addiction: coping styles, expectancies, and treatment implications. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1256. [PMID: 25426088 PMCID: PMC4227484 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Internet addiction (IA) has become a serious mental health condition in many countries. To better understand the clinical implications of IA, this study tested statistically a new theoretical model illustrating underlying cognitive mechanisms contributing to development and maintenance of the disorder. The model differentiates between a generalized Internet addiction (GIA) and specific forms. This study tested the model on GIA on a population of general Internet users. The findings from 1019 users show that the hypothesized structural equation model explained 63.5% of the variance of GIA symptoms, as measured by the short version of the Internet Addiction Test. Using psychological and personality testing, the results show that a person’s specific cognitions (poor coping and cognitive expectations) increased the risk for GIA. These two factors mediated the symptoms of GIA if other risk factors were present such as depression, social anxiety, low self-esteem, low self-efficacy, and high stress vulnerability to name a few areas that were measured in the study. The model shows that individuals with high coping skills and no expectancies that the Internet can be used to increase positive or reduce negative mood are less likely to engage in problematic Internet use, even when other personality or psychological vulnerabilities are present. The implications for treatment include a clear cognitive component to the development of GIA and the need to assess a patient’s coping style and cognitions and improve faulty thinking to reduce symptoms and engage in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen Duisburg, Germany ; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Laier
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen Duisburg, Germany
| | - Kimberly S Young
- Center for Internet Addiction, Russell J. Jandoli School of Journalism and Mass Communication, St. Bonaventure University Olean, NY, USA
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Ottenbreit ND, Dobson KS, Quigley L. An examination of avoidance in major depression in comparison to social anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther 2014; 56:82-90. [PMID: 24727363 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The construct of avoidance has begun to receive attention in theoretical models and empirical investigations of depression. However, little is known about relative levels of avoidance across diagnostic categories or about the relationships between avoidance and other correlates of depression. The present study compared levels of avoidance across groups of depressed women without social anxiety disorder (MDD without SAD), depressed women with social anxiety disorder (MDD with SAD), women with social anxiety disorder (SAD), and nonclinical women, and investigated the relationships among avoidance, and sociotropy and autonomy, rumination, and negative and positive problem orientations within the clinically depressed group. Avoidance was found to be significantly higher in all clinical groups relative to the nonclinical group of women, and highest in the comorbid MDD with SAD group. Avoidance showed significant positive relationships with sociotropy, autonomy, rumination, and negative problem orientation, and a significant negative relationship with positive problem orientation within the overall sample of depressed women. These results suggest that avoidance should be given greater consideration in psychosocial models of depression and point to several important directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith S Dobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
| | - Leanne Quigley
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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A Psychometric Evaluation of the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale in Women with Major Depressive Disorder. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-014-9416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Accortt EE, Kogan AV, Allen JJ. Personal history of major depression may put women at risk for premenstrual dysphoric symptomatology. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:1234-7. [PMID: 23800446 PMCID: PMC3759648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a chronic condition that significantly affects a woman's well-being on a monthly basis. Although co-occurrence of PMDD and major depressive disorder (MDD) is common, most studies examine whether women with PMDD are at risk for depression and investigations of PMDD in depressed women are scant. Therefore, the present study examined rates of PMDD in young depressed women. METHODS PMDD was assessed using a structured clinical interview (SCID-PMDD) in a sample of 164 young women with (n=85) and without (n=79) any history of depression. RESULTS Rates of PMDD were elevated among women with MDD in this sample. This result held true regardless of participants' MDD status (current, lifetime or past history-only symptoms of MDD) and regardless of whether all or most DSM-IV-TR PMDD criteria were met. LIMITATIONS Sample size in the present study was relatively small, and daily diary data were not available to confirm a PMDD diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The current study highlights the need for clinicians to assess for PMDD in young female patients with major depression. Depressed women experiencing the added physical and psychological burden of PMDD may have a more severe disease course, and future studies will need to identify appropriate treatments for this subset of depressed women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eynav E. Accortt
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Corresponding authors. Dr. Accortt is to be contacted at Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, United States. Tel.: +1 310-825-2248. Dr. Allen, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Ave., room 312, Tucson, AZ 85721-0068, United States. , (E.E. Accortt), (J.J.B. Allen)
| | | | - John J.B. Allen
- University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
- Corresponding authors. Dr. Accortt is to be contacted at Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, United States. Tel.: +1 310-825-2248. Dr. Allen, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Ave., room 312, Tucson, AZ 85721-0068, United States. , (E.E. Accortt), (J.J.B. Allen)
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Boyer BA, Matour SJ, Crittenden KB, Larson KA, Cox JM, Link DD. Appraisals of Fear, Helplessness, and Perceived Life-Threat During Emergent Cardiac Surgery: Relationship to Pre-surgical Depression, Trauma History, and Posttraumatic Stress. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10880-012-9330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Eriksen K, Kress VE. Gender and Diagnosis: Struggles and Suggestions for Counselors. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Morin AJS, Moullec G, Maïano C, Layet L, Just JL, Ninot G. Psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in French clinical and nonclinical adults. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2011; 59:327-40. [PMID: 21925817 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2011.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) has five main limitations. First, no study provided evidence of the factorial equivalence of this instrument across samples of depressive and community participants. Second, only one study included systematic tests of measurement invariance based on confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), and this study did not consider the higher-order factor structure of depression, although it is the CES-D global scale score that is most often used in the context of epidemiological studies. Third, few studies investigated the screening properties of the CES-D in non-English-language samples and their results were inconsistent. Fourth, although the French version of the CES-D has been used in several previous studies, it has never been systematically validated among community and/or depressed adults. Finally, very few studies have taken into account the ordered-categorical nature of the CES-D answer scale. The purpose of the study reported herein was therefore to examine the construct validity (i.e., factorial, reliability, measurement invariance, latent mean invariance, convergence, and screening properties) of the CES-D in a French sample of depressed patients and community adults. METHODS A total sample of 469 participants, comprising 163 clinically depressed patients and 306 community adults, was involved in this study. The factorial validity, and the measurement and latent mean invariance of the CES-D across gender and clinical status, were verified through CFAs based on ordered-categorical items. Correlation and receiver operator characteristic curves were also used to test the convergent validity and screening properties of the CES-D. RESULTS The present results: (i) provided support for the factor validity and reliability of a second-order measurement model of depression based on responses to the CES-D items; (ii) revealed the full measurement invariance of the first- and second-order measurement models across gender; (iii) showed the partial strict measurement invariance (four uniquenesses had to be freely estimated, but the factor variance-covariance matrix also proved fully invariant) of the first-order factor model and the complete measurement invariance of the second-order model across patients and community adults; (iv) revealed a lack of latent mean invariance across gender and across clinical and community subsamples (with women and patients reporting higher scores on all subscales and on the full scale); (v) confirmed the convergent validity of the CES-D with measures of depression, self-esteem, anxiety, and hopelessness; and (vi) demonstrated the efficacy of the screening properties of this instrument among clinical and nonclinical adults. CONCLUSION This instrument may be useful for assessing depressive symptoms or for the screening of depressive disorders in the context of epidemiological studies targeting French patients and community men and women with a background similar to those from the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J S Morin
- University of Sherbrooke, Department of Psychology, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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Moullec G, Maïano C, Morin AJS, Monthuy-Blanc J, Rosello L, Ninot G. A very short visual analog form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) for the idiographic measurement of depression. J Affect Disord 2011; 128:220-34. [PMID: 20609480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The experience sampling method, also referred to as ecological momentary assessment (ESM-EMA) has recently gained popularity in the study of depression. However, no psychometrically sound multidimensional depression questionnaires specifically designed for the ESM-EMA context are currently available. AIMS The main objective of the present study was to develop and validate a very short visual analog scale of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scales (CES-D-VAS-VS) specifically designed for the ESM-EMA context. To this end, the full French version of the CES-D was adapted for the ESM-EMA context. From this full-length adapted version a very short version was then extracted from this longer instrument and validated. STUDY DESIGN A sample comprising 163 patients with a major depressive episode (MDE) and 306 participants without mental disorders was involved in this study. RESULTS The obtained results provided support for the factor validity, strong measurement invariance (invariance of the loadings and intercepts of the measurement model) across sex and clinical status groups, reliability and convergent validity of the CES-D-VAS-VS. This instrument comprises 4 items measuring positive affect, depressive affect, somatic complaints and disturbed interpersonal relationships. CONCLUSION The present results provide preliminary evidence regarding the construct validity of the CES-D-VAS-VS among patients and community adults sample but also underline the need to rely on latent variables methods in the use of this instrument to account for the differential levels of measurement errors (uniquenessess) that were observed across groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Moullec
- University of Montpellier I, EA 4206 "Addictive, Performance and Health Behaviors", Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Treatment nonadherence is a leading cause of poor outcomes among populations with bipolar disorder (BD) and is related to subjective experience of illness and treatment. This study examined gender differences in the experience of illness and treatment for those with BD, specifically in regards to treatment adherence. This cross-sectional analysis pooled data from 3 BD studies. A semistructured qualitative instrument, the Subjective Experience of Medication Interview, elicited information on subjective differences in treatment adherence between men and women. Men and women experience comparable levels of stigma and they comparably value lessened irritability and/or impulsivity because of medications. However, men and women differed in fear of weight gain because of medications, value of social support, and self-medication behaviors. Selected differences in subjective illness experience between men and women might be used to inform gender-sensitive approaches to enhance treatment adherence among populations with BD.
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Effects of gestational stress: 2. Evaluation of male and female adult offspring. Brain Res 2009; 1302:194-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Accortt EE, Freeman MP, Allen JJB. Women and major depressive disorder: clinical perspectives on causal pathways. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009; 17:1583-90. [PMID: 19049352 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2007.0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epidemiological data on the prevalence of mood disorders demonstrate that major depressive disorder (MDD) is approximately twice as common in women as in men and that its first onset peaks during the reproductive years. We aimed to review key social, psychological, and biological factors that seem strongly implicated in the etiology of major depression and to focus on sex-specific aspects of depression, such as the role of a woman's reproductive life cycle in depressive symptomatology. METHODS A review of the literature, from 1965 to present, was conducted. RESULTS An integrated etiological model best explains gender and sex differences in depression. Social, psychological, and biological variables must be simultaneously taken into account. These vulnerabilities include (but are not limited to) gender-specific roles in society, life stress such as trauma, a tendency toward ruminative coping strategies, and the effects of sex hormones and genetic factors. CONCLUSIONS To effectively treat MDD in women and to prevent the recurrence of illness in vulnerable women, clinicians must understand the sex-specific aspects of mood disorders over the longitudinal course of women's reproductive lives. A biopsychosocial approach should, therefore, be the main focus of future research and practice, to eventually result in an integrated etiological model of depression in women. Based on the prevalence of MDD in women, timely screening, diagnosis, and intervention should be public health priorities.
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Leach LS, Christensen H, Mackinnon AJ, Windsor TD, Butterworth P. Gender differences in depression and anxiety across the adult lifespan: the role of psychosocial mediators. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008; 43:983-98. [PMID: 18575787 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-008-0388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is robust epidemiological and clinical evidence that a greater number of women than men experience depression and anxiety. This study investigated a number of socio-demographic, health and lifestyle, psychological and social factors as possible mediators for the gender difference in depression and anxiety in three cohorts (20-24, 40-44, 60-64). METHODS Responses were from a representative, community based survey (n = 7,485) conducted in Canberra and Queanbeyan (NSW), in Australia. Depression and anxiety were measured using the self-report Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scales. The analyses initially identified gender differences in the potential mediators, followed by univariate and multivariate mediation models. RESULTS The results indicated several shared mediators for depression and anxiety across the three age groups including: childhood adversity, mastery, behavioural inhibition, ruminative style, neuroticism, physical health, physical activity, and perceived interpersonal and employment problems. There was a decrease in the number of social mediators as age increased. The multivariate models accounted for gender differences in both conditions for all age groups, except for anxiety in the 20-24 years old. This suggests further important unmeasured mediators for this age group. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to the literature surrounding gender differences in depression and anxiety, and provide a basis for future research exploring variation in these gender disparities over the adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana S Leach
- Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Boughton S, Street H. Integrated review of the social and psychological gender differences in depression. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00050060601139770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Boughton
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Street
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Hermann KS, Betz NE. Path Models of the Relationships of Instrumentality and Expressiveness, Social Self–Efficacy, and Self–Esteem to Depressive Symptoms in College Students. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2006.25.10.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nortvedt MW, Riise T, Sanne B. Are men more depressed than women in Norway? Validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. J Psychosom Res 2006; 60:195-8. [PMID: 16439273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHODS The aim was to evaluate the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) by comparing the gender-specific scores with another self-rated measure of mental health (MH), the SF-12 Health Survey, in a large general population (N=16,116). RESULTS Using a score of 8 as a cut-off point for depression, the odds ratio for depression among men versus women was 1.29 [P<.0001; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16-1.43]. This contrasted with the results from the SF-12, in which the women had markedly and significantly poorer scores than men did. The women also reported a higher use of medicine for depression. Two of the seven HADS-D questions, related to interest in personal appearance and the ability to enjoy television, radio, and books, explained 70% of the higher depression scores among men. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the validity related to gender differences in HADS-D is highly questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica W Nortvedt
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Health and Social Science, Bergen University College, Norway
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Fiksenbaum LM, Greenglass ER, Marques SR, Eaton J. A psychosocial model of functional disability. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-005-1016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sigmon ST, Pells JJ, Boulard NE, Whitcomb-Smith S, Edenfield TM, Hermann BA, LaMattina SM, Schartel JG, Kubik E. Gender Differences in Self-Reports of Depression: The Response Bias Hypothesis Revisited. SEX ROLES 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-005-6762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Conway M, Mendelson M, Giannopoulos C, Csank PAR, Holm SL. Childhood and adult sexual abuse, rumination on sadness, and dysphoria. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2004; 28:393-410. [PMID: 15120922 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2001] [Revised: 05/19/2003] [Accepted: 05/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study addressed the hypothesis that adults reporting sexual abuse are more likely to exhibit a general tendency to ruminate on sadness. The relations between reported abuse, rumination on sadness, and dysphoria were also examined. METHOD Undergraduate students (101 women and 100 men) reported on childhood and adult sexual abuse and instances of intimidation, as well as completing the Rumination on Sadness Scale [Journal of Personality Assessment 75 (2000) 404] and the Beck Depression Inventory [Depression: Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects, Harper & Row, New York]. RESULTS Participants who reported more abuse were more likely to report rumination on sadness. Both reports of abuse and of rumination were linked to dysphoria. Overall, causal modeling indicated that two models were equally effective in accounting for the data: (a) victimization leads to dysphoria, with this relation being partly mediated by rumination and (b) victimization leads to dysphoria, which in turn leads to rumination. Both models are consistent with prior research. For men considered separately, both models were equally effective. For women, model a best accounted for the data. CONCLUSION One of the pathways by which victimization may lead to depression in adulthood is by encouraging the development of a tendency to ruminate on sadness. Alternatively, victimization may lead to depression by other means, and the experienced depression or dysphoria may foster rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Conway
- Department of Psychology and Center for Research in Human Development, Concordia University, Montreal, Que., Canada H4B 1R6
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24
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Wu AMS, Tang CSK, Kwok TCY. Self-efficacy, health locus of control, and psychological distress in elderly Chinese women with chronic illnesses. Aging Ment Health 2004; 8:21-8. [PMID: 14690864 DOI: 10.1080/13607860310001613293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the associations among self-efficacy, health locus of control, and psychological distress in 159 elderly Chinese women who had chronic physical illnesses. The present findings did not support the dual health control hypothesis that specifies the balance between internal and external health control beliefs is related to a low level of psychological distress. Correlation results showed that internal health locus of control was linked to general self-efficacy. Results from hierarchical regression analysis indicated that health control beliefs did not interact with general self-efficacy; instead, these two variables each exerted their main effects on participants' negative mental health status. It was found that psychological distress was best predicted by a low level of general self-efficacy as well as a high level of external health locus of control. Internal health control beliefs did not contribute to the prediction of distress. Implications and limitations of this study were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M S Wu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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25
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Konkle ATM, Baker SL, Kentner AC, Barbagallo LSM, Merali Z, Bielajew C. Evaluation of the effects of chronic mild stressors on hedonic and physiological responses: sex and strain compared. Brain Res 2003; 992:227-38. [PMID: 14625061 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm was developed in order to simulate in animals the symptom of anhedonia, a major feature of depression. Typically, changes in hedonic status are interpreted from a decrease in either intake or preference for a mild sucrose solution. Although the incidence of clinical depression is significantly higher in women than in men, the study of this disorder in most animal models of depression has been based on the responses of male rodents. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 6 weeks of CMS administration among male and female rats of two rat strains, Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Long Evans (LE), with respect to physiological (body, adrenal gland, and spleen weight) and biochemical (plasma corticosterone levels) indices of stress as well as evaluations of 1 and 24 h sucrose intake and preference. Estrous cycle was tracked throughout the study. Overall, our results indicate a slower rate of weight gain in animals, greater in males, exposed to the chronic stressor regime. Furthermore, CMS is shown to disrupt estrous cycling, predominantly in the Long Evans strain of rats. The main behavioral finding was a significant reduction in 24 h sucrose intake in female treated groups, which was not accompanied by alterations in preference. Corticosterone levels were elevated in CMS-treated animals relative to the singly housed control groups, but exposure to a subsequent stressor was not influenced by the stress history. Taken together, the effects of chronic stressor exposure are evident, based on physiological and biochemical indices, although none of the measures distinguished any striking gender specific reactions. The usefulness of sucrose intake or preference as behavioral indices of CMS-induced anhedonia in males and females is modest at best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne T M Konkle
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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26
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Kuehner C. Gender differences in unipolar depression: an update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003; 108:163-74. [PMID: 12890270 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To give an update on epidemiological findings on sex differences in the prevalence of unipolar depression and putative risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Systematic review of the literature. RESULTS Recent epidemiological research yields additional evidence for a female preponderance in unipolar depression, holding true across different cultural settings. Current explanations include artefacts, genetic, hormonal, psychological and psychosocial risk factors. Rather consistently, intrapsychic and psychosocial gender role related risk factors have been identified which may contribute to the higher depression risk in women. Gender role aspects are also reflected in endocrine stress reactions and possibly influence associated neuropsychological processes. CONCLUSION There is a need for more integrative models taking into account psychological, psychosocial, and macrosocial risk factors as well as their interactions, which also connect these factors with physiological and endocrine responses. Furthermore, it is conceivable that across the life span, as well as across cultural settings, individual risk factors will add with varying emphasis to the higher prevalence of depression in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kuehner
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
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27
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Cramer KM, Thoms N. Factor structure of the silencing the self scale in women and men. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Hamilton KE, Dobson KS. Cognitive therapy of depression: pretreatment patient predictors of outcome. Clin Psychol Rev 2002; 22:875-93. [PMID: 12214329 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the role of patient predictors of outcome in cognitive therapy of depression. Studies that meet eligibility criteria are reviewed for demonstrated linkage between various predictors (i.e., pretreatment severity, historical features, demographic predictors, dysfunctional attitudes and other cognitive features, and treatment acceptability) and outcome, and several effects are found. Notably, high pretreatment severity scores are associated with poorer response to cognitive therapy, as are high chronicity, younger age at onset, an increased number of previous episodes, and marital status. High pretreatment levels of dysfunctional attitudes and certain beliefs about the nature of depression were also found to predict differential response to cognitive therapy of depression. Limitations of the research and directions for further investigations of patient predictors of outcome in cognitive therapy of depression are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Sprock J, Crosby JP, Nielsen BA. Effects of sex and sex roles on the perceived maladaptiveness of DSM-IV personality disorder symptoms. J Pers Disord 2001; 15:41-59. [PMID: 11236814 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.15.1.41.18648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of sex on the perceived maladaptiveness of DSM-IV personality disorder criteria based on previous findings that inconsistency of symptoms with sex roles affects the perception of personality disorder symptoms. The effects of rater characteristics (i.e., sex, sex role) were also examined. A total of 161 undergraduates (65 men, 96 women) rated the diagnostic criteria according to how maladaptive they were for males (male condition), females (female condition), or without regard to sex (neutral condition that served as a baseline) using a 7-point scale. Participants' sex role was determined using the Bem Sex Role (1981a) Inventory. Dependent and depressive personality disorder criteria (trend for borderline) were rated more maladaptive for females than males, whereas obsessive-compulsive personality disorder criteria were rated more maladaptive for males than females. Participant sex and sex role had little or no significant effects on the ratings. Results are compared with those of previous research. Methodological issues and implications for the diagnosis of personality disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sprock
- Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terry Haute 47809, USA.
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31
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Sprock J, Rader TJ, Kendall JP, Yoder CY. Neuropsychological functioning in patients with borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychol 2000; 56:1587-600. [PMID: 11132573 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4679(200012)56:12<1587::aid-9>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although results have been variable, studies suggest that individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) exhibit cognitive deficits suggestive of frontal- and temporal-lobe dysfunction. Patients diagnosed with BPD (n = 18) using two structured interviews, and who were carefully screened for neurological and substance-use disorders, were compared to depressed patients (n = 18) and a nonpsychiatric control group (n = 18) on a series of neuropsychological tasks. The role of emotion on cognitive functioning was assessed by including emotional stimuli and interference on several of the tasks. Little support was found for the neurobehavioral hypothesis of BPD. The BPD group performance did not differ from the normal group on most tasks of executive functioning or memory, and the introduction of emotional stimuli did not impair performance. The depressed group performed less effectively than the other groups. Reasons for variable findings and factors affecting the cognitive functioning of patients with BPD are discussed. There may be considerable heterogeneity in the cognitive functioning of BPD patients, with those exhibiting significant cognitive deficits comprising only a subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sprock
- Indiana State University, Psychology Department, Terre Haute 47809, USA
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Kuehner C. Gender differences in the short-term course of unipolar depression in a follow-up sample of depressed inpatients. J Affect Disord 1999; 56:127-39. [PMID: 10701470 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper examined sex differences in the short-term course of depression and assessed the impact of possibly outcome-affecting factors, including sex-specific recall artefacts and demographic and clinical characteristics. METHODS A cohort of 179 unipolar depressed inpatients was followed up 1 (T1) and 7 months (T2) after discharge. RESULTS Residual depression at T1 was comparable in both sexes as was the rate of follow-up nonremissions in patients who had failed to remit from the index episode at T1. In contrast, female gender was a significant predictor of relapse. This sex difference was partly attributable to women who relapsed after T1 and were again in remission at T2. Potential sex-related recall artefacts were tested by contrasting the patients' retrospective assessment of their T1-depression status reported at T2 with their interviewer-rated depression status assessed at T1. Results suggest that the observed sex difference in relapses could neither be explained by memory artefacts nor by differences in demographic and clinical sample compositions. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that due to their higher risk for early relapses, particular efforts with regard to continuation treatment are required for women during the critical period of remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kuehner
- Division of Psychiatric Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
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