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Bhardwaj M, Kamble P, Mundhe P, Jindal M, Thakur P, Bajaj P. Multifaceted personality and roles of heme enzymes in industrial biotechnology. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:389. [PMID: 37942054 PMCID: PMC10630290 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme enzymes are the most prominent category of iron-containing metalloenzymes with the capability of catalyzing an astonishingly wide range of reactions like epoxidation, hydroxylation, demethylation, desaturation, reduction, sulfoxidation, and decarboxylation. Various enzymes in this category are P450s, heme peroxidases, catalases, myoglobin, cytochrome C, and others. Besides this, the natural promiscuity and amenability of these enzymes to protein engineering and evolution have also added several non-native reactions such as C-H, N-H, S-H insertions, cyclopropanation, and other industrially important reactions to their capabilities. Surprisingly, all of these reactions and their wide substrate scopes are attributed to changes in the active site scaffold of different heme enzymes as the center of all enzymes is constituted by a porphyrin ring containing iron. Multiple prominent research groups across the world, including 2018, Nobel Laureate Frances Arnold's group, have shown keen interest in engineering and evolving these enzymes for utilizing their industrial potential. Besides engineering the active site, researchers have also explored the possibility of these enzymes catalyzing non-native reactions by replacing the center porphyrin ring with other cofactors or by changing the iron in the porphyrin ring with other metal ions along with engineering the active site and thereby creating novel artificial metalloenzymes. Thus, in this mini-review from our group, for the first time, we are trying to catalog various activities catalyzed by heme enzymes and their engineered variants and their active usage in various industries along with shedding light on their potential for use in various applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahipal Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kukatpally Industrial Estate, NH-9, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037 India
| | - Pranay Kamble
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kukatpally Industrial Estate, NH-9, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037 India
| | - Priyanka Mundhe
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kukatpally Industrial Estate, NH-9, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037 India
| | - Monika Jindal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kukatpally Industrial Estate, NH-9, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037 India
| | - Payal Thakur
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTech), Sector-39A, Chandigarh, 160036 India
| | - Priyanka Bajaj
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kukatpally Industrial Estate, NH-9, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037 India
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Keri RS, Reddy D, Budagumpi S, Adimule V. Reusable nano-catalyzed green protocols for the synthesis of quinoxalines: an overview. RSC Adv 2023; 13:20373-20406. [PMID: 37425629 PMCID: PMC10326672 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03646d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are very widely distributed in nature and are essential for life activities. They play a vital role in the metabolism of all living cells, for example, vitamins and co-enzyme precursors thiamine, riboflavin etc. Quinoxalines are a class of N-heterocycles that are present in a variety of natural and synthetic compounds. The distinct pharmacological activities of quinoxalines have attracted medicinal chemists considerably over the past few decades. Quinoxaline-based compounds possess extensive potential applications as medicinal drugs, presently; more than fifteen drugs are available for the treatment of different diseases. Diverse synthetic protocols have been developed via a one-pot approach using efficient catalysts, reagents, and nano-composites/nanocatalysts etc. But the use of homogeneous and transition metal-based catalysts suffers some demerits such as low atom economy, recovery of catalysts, harsh reaction conditions, extended reaction period, expensive catalysts, the formation of by-products, and unsatisfactory yield of products as well as toxic solvents. These drawbacks have shifted the attention of chemists/researchers to develop green and efficient protocols for synthesizing quinoxaline derivatives. In this context, many efficient methods have been developed for the synthesis of quinoxalines using nanocatalysts or nanostructures. In this review, we have summarized the recent progress (till 2023) in the nano-catalyzed synthesis of quinoxalines using condensation of o-phenylenediamine with diketone/other reagents with plausible mechanistic details. With this review, we hope that some more efficient ways of synthesizing quinoxalines can be developed by synthetic chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangappa S Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University) Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Bangalore Karnataka 562112 India +918027577199 +919620667075
| | - Dinesh Reddy
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University) Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Bangalore Karnataka 562112 India +918027577199 +919620667075
| | - Srinivasa Budagumpi
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University) Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Bangalore Karnataka 562112 India +918027577199 +919620667075
| | - Vinayak Adimule
- Angadi Institute of Technology and Management (AITM) Savagaon Road Belagavi-5800321 Karnataka India
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Efficient synthesis of 2-aryl benzothiazoles mediated by Vitreoscilla hemoglobin. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Bio-desulfurization is an efficient technology for removing recalcitrant sulfur derivatives from liquid fuel oil in environmentally friendly experimental conditions. In this context, the development of heterogeneous bio-nanocatalysts is of great relevance to improve the performance of the process. Here we report that lignin nanoparticles functionalized with concanavalin A are a renewable and efficient platform for the layer-by-layer immobilization of horseradish peroxidase. The novel bio-nanocatalysts were applied for the oxidation of dibenzothiophene as a well-recognized model of the recalcitrant sulfur derivative. The reactions were performed with hydrogen peroxide as a green primary oxidant in the biphasic system PBS/n-hexane at 45 °C and room pressure, the highest conversion of the substrate occurring in the presence of cationic polyelectrolyte layer and hydroxy-benzotriazole as a low molecular weight redox mediator. The catalytic activity was retained for more transformations highlighting the beneficial effect of the support in the reusability of the heterogeneous system.
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Canale TD, Sen D. Hemin-utilizing G-quadruplex DNAzymes are strongly active in organic co-solvents. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:1455-1462. [PMID: 27856300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of organic solvents in industrial processes has focused in recent years on the utility of "green" solvents - those with less harmful environmental, health, and safety properties - such as methanol and formamide. However, protein enzymes, regarded as green catalysts, are often incompatible with organic solvents. Herein, we have explored the oxidative properties of a Fe(III)-heme, or hemin, utilizing catalytic DNA (heme·DNAzyme) in different green solvent-water mixtures. We find that the peroxidase and peroxygenase activities of the heme·DNAzyme are strongly enhanced in 20-30% v/v methanol or formamide, relative to water alone. Protic solvent content of >30% v/v gradually diminishes heme·DNAzyme catalytic activity; however, the heme·DNAzyme is still active in as high as 80% v/v methanol. In contrast to protic solvents, aqueous dimethylformamide solutions largely inhibit heme·DNAzyme activity. In view of the strong catalytic activity of heme·DNAzyme in aqueous methanol, we were able to determine that a 60% v/v methanol-water mixture gives the most optimal yield of the dibenzothiophene sulfoxide (DBTO) oxidation product of petroleum-derived dibenzothiophene (DBT). The high product yield reflects both DNAzyme catalysis and a high substrate availability. Overall, these results emphasize the excellent promise of G-quadruplex forming DNA catalysts in application to "greener" industrial chemistry. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "G-quadruplex" Guest Editor: Dr. Concetta Giancola and Dr. Daniela Montesarchio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Canale
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Dipankar Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Haghighi M, Nikoofar K. Nano TiO2/SiO2: An efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of oxindole derivatives. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Borzenkova NV, Veselova IA, Shekhovtsova TN. Biochemical methods of crude hydrocarbon desulfurization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079086413040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Águila S, Vidal-Limón A, Alderete J, Sosa-Torres M, Vázquez-Duhalt R. Unusual activation during peroxidase reaction of a cytochrome c variant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhou X, Chen X, Jin Y, Markó IE. Evidence of Two Key Intermediates Contributing to the Selectivity of P450-Biomimetic Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides and Sulfones. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2253-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Alinezhad H, Tajbakhsh M, Salehian F, Biparva P. Synthesis of Quinoxaline Derivatives Using TiO2Nanoparticles as an Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.10.3720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Ismagilov Z, Yashnik S, Kerzhentsev M, Parmon V, Bourane A, Al-Shahrani FM, Hajji AA, Koseoglu OR. Oxidative Desulfurization of Hydrocarbon Fuels. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2011.596426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Rahimizadeh M, Bakhtiarpoor Z, Eshghi H, Pordel M, Rajabzadeh G. TiO2 nanoparticles: an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes under solvent-free conditions. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-009-0205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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da Silva Madeira L, Ferreira-Leitão VS, da Silva Bon EP. Dibenzothiophene oxidation by horseradish peroxidase in organic media: effect of the DBT:H2O2 molar ratio and H2O2 addition mode. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:189-194. [PMID: 18022671 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Its is well known that in the biodesulfurization (BDS) process the low water solubility of sulfur compounds hinders its transference from the oil phase to the cells being the rate-limiting step in the metabolism of dibenzothiophenes (DBT). Thus sulfur compounds derivatives with high water solubility could be more easily transported increasing the BDS efficiency. The present work performed a stepwise evaluation of the enzymatic oxidation of DBT by horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Reactions were carried out in monophasic organic media containing 25% (v/v) acetonitrile. The following parameters were evaluated: DBT:H2O2 molar ratio (1:1-1:20); H2O2 addition mode (single or stepwise); pH (6.0-8.0) and temperature (37-50 degrees C). Best results were observed in a reaction medium at pH 8.0 presenting HRP 0.06IUml(-1), DBT 0.267mM, DBT:H2O2 molar ratio of 1:20 (stepwise hydrogen peroxide addition) and incubated at 45 degrees C for 60min. Under these conditions 60% of DBT was converted into dibenzothiophene sulfoxide (12%) and dibenzothiophene sulfone (46%). The DBT oxidation rate observed in this work, of 5mmolmin(-1)g(-1) of HRP, was 250-fold higher than the BDS rate, 20mumolmin(-1)g(-1) of catalyst. As such a combined enzyme-microbial desulfurization process could be envisaged. Products were determined by HPLC RP C-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana da Silva Madeira
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazil
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Shumyantseva VV, Bulko TV, Archakov AI. Regulation of cytochrome P450 activity by physicochemical methods. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1999v068n10abeh000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Ono T, Goto M. Peroxidative catalytic behavior of cytochrome c solubilized in reverse micelles. Biochem Eng J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Identification of intermediate and product from methemoglobin-catalyzed oxidation of o-phenylenediamine in two-phase aqueous—organic system. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/pl00021766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Identification of intermediate and product from methemoglobin-catalyzed oxidation of o-phenylenediamine in two-phase aqueous?organic system. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chapter 3 Enzymatic catalysis on petroleum products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(04)80144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Akita M, Tsutsumi D, Kobayashi M, Kise H. Structural change and catalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase in oxidative polymerization of phenol. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:1581-8. [PMID: 11515542 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of solvent and reaction conditions on the catalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were investigated for oxidative polymerization of phenol in water/organic mixtures using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Also, the structural changes of HRP were investigated by CD and absorption spectroscopy in these solvents. The results suggest that the yield of phenol polymer (the conversion of phenol to polymer) is strongly affected by the reaction conditions due to the structural changes of HRP, that is, the changes in higher structure of the apo-protein and dissociation or decomposition of the prosthetic heme. Optimum solvent compositions for phenol polymerization depend on the nature of the organic solvents owing to different effects of the solvents on HRP structure. In addition to initial rapid changes, slower changes of HRP structure occur in water/organic solvents especially at high concentrations of organic solvents. In parallel with these structural changes, catalytic activity of HRP decreases with time in these solvents. At higher reaction temperatures, the yield of the polymer decreases, which is also ascribed to modification of HRP structure. It is known that hydrogen peroxide is an inhibitor of HRP, and the yield of phenol polymer is strongly dependent on the manner of addition of hydrogen peroxide to the reaction solutions. The polymer yield decreases significantly when hydrogen peroxide was added to the reaction solution in a large amount at once. This is probably due to inactivation of HRP by excess hydrogen peroxide. From the CD and absorption spectra, it is suggested that excess hydrogen peroxide causes not only decomposition of the prosthetic heme but also modification of the higher structure of HRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akita
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Castro B, Whitcombe MJ, Vulfson EN, Vazquez-Duhalt R, Bárzana E. Molecular imprinting for the selective adsorption of organosulphur compounds present in fuels. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones with 30% hydrogen peroxide under organic solvent- and halogen-free conditions. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Villegas JA, Mauk AG, Vazquez-Duhalt R. A cytochrome c variant resistant to heme degradation by hydrogen peroxide. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2000; 7:237-44. [PMID: 10780923 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(00)00098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome c has peroxidase-like activity and can catalyze the oxidation of a variety of organic substrates, including aromatic, organosulfur and lipid compounds. Like peroxidases, cytochrome c is inactivated by hydrogen peroxide. During this inactivation the heme prosthetic group is destroyed. RESULTS Variants of the iso-1-cytochrome c were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and were found to be more stable in the presence of hydrogen peroxide than the wild type. No heme destruction was detected in a triple variant (Tyr67-->Phe/Asn52-->Ile/Cys102-->Thr) with the catalytic hydrogen peroxide concentration of 1 mM, even following the loss of catalytic activity, whereas both double variants Tyr67-->Phe/Cys102-->Thr and Asn52-->Ile/Cys102-->Thr showed a greater rate of peroxide-induced heme destruction than observed with the wild-type protein. CONCLUSIONS Heme destruction and catalytic inactivation are two independent processes. An internal water molecule (Wat166) is shown to be important in the heme destruction process. The absence of a protein radical in the resistant variant suggests that the protein radical is necessary in the heme destruction process, but presumably is not involved in the reactions leading up to the protein inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Villegas
- Instituto de Biotecnologia UNAM, Cuernavaca, 62250, México
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25
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Biocatalytic removal of nickel and vanadium from petroporphyrins and asphaltenes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1998; 70-72:765-77. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02920187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Tinoco R, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Chemical modification of cytochrome C improves their catalytic properties in oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Enzyme Microb Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Rob A, Hernandez M, Ball AS, Tuncer M, Arias ME, Wilson MT. Production and partial characterization of extracellular peroxidases produced bystreptomyces avermitilis UAH30. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02787992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Torres E, Tinoco R, Vazquez-duhalt R. Solvent hydrophobicity predicts biocatalytic behaviour of lignin peroxidase and cytochrome c in aqueous solution of water-miscible organic solvents. J Biotechnol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(96)01522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Stachyra T, Guillochon D, Pulvin S, Thomas D. Hemoglobin, horseradish peroxidase, and heme-bovine serum albumin as biocatalyst for the oxidation of dibenzothiophene. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1996; 59:231-44. [PMID: 8702255 DOI: 10.1007/bf02783567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin, horseradish peroxidase, and bovine serum albumin incubated heme-catalyzed the oxidation of dibenzothiophene into sulfoxide in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. This reaction was carried out in an aqueous buffer containing 25% of water-miscible organic solvents. The observation of this transient state of hemoproteins during sulfoxidation showed heme degradation. None of the compounds usually involved in a classical peroxidative activity mechanism were detected. Furthermore, this activity did not appear to be based on a Fenton-type reaction. The highest degrees of sulfoxidation were obtained with hemoglobin. Under the best conditions of reaction, 100% of dibenzothiophene were converted into dibenzothiophene sulfoxide by hemoglobin. Heat-denatured hemoproteins did keep their sulfoxidation activity. With hemoglobin, a kcat of 0.22 min-1 was determined. Nearly the same values were obtained with heat-denatured hemoglobin and bovine serum albumin-adsorbed heme. With horseradish peroxidase, only 4% of conversion was attained. This percentage could be slightly increased by using a less pure peroxidase or heat-denatured peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stachyra
- Laboratoire de Technologie Enzymatique, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Université de Technologie de Compiegne, France
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Torres E, Victor Sandoval J, Rosell FI, Grant Mauk A, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Site-directed mutagenesis improves the biocatalytic activity of iso-1-cytochrome c in polycyclic hydrocarbon oxidation. Enzyme Microb Technol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(95)00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization and depolymerization of coal in organic solvents. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02788549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Wu S, Lin J, Chan SI. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene catalyzed by heme-containing enzymes encapsulated in sol-gel glass. A new form of biocatalysts. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1994; 47:11-20. [PMID: 8203869 DOI: 10.1007/bf02788671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have encapsulated several hemoproteins in the sol-gel glass to catalyze the oxidation reaction of dibenzothiophene (model for organic sulfur compounds in coal) with hydrogen peroxide. In addition to cytochrome c and myoglobin, which have previously been encapsulated in sol-gel glasses, two other hemoproteins, horseradish peroxidase and bovine blood hemoglobin, have now been successfully immobilized in sol-gel media with the retention of their spectroscopic properties. All four hemoproteins studied also demonstrate similar catalytic activities toward the oxidation of dibenzothiophene as compared with the results obtained with the proteins in solution. In the case of encapsulated cytochrome c, the more water-soluble S-oxide was obtained with much higher selectivity over the less water-soluble sulfone (S-oxide/sulfone = 7.1) as compared to what was obtained in the aqueous/organic medium (S-oxide/sulfone = 2.3). Because of the advantage of easy separation of the encapsulated proteins from the liquid reaction mixture, it is clear from these studies that the immobilization of active hemoproteins in the solid glass media could serve as more practical biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wu
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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