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Upadhyay A, Chhangani D, Rao NR, Kofler J, Vassar R, Rincon-Limas DE, Savas JN. Amyloid fibril proteomics of AD brains reveals modifiers of aggregation and toxicity. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:61. [PMID: 37710351 PMCID: PMC10503190 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in fibrils is prerequisite for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our understanding of the proteins that promote Aβ fibril formation and mediate neurotoxicity has been limited due to technical challenges in isolating pure amyloid fibrils from brain extracts. METHODS To investigate how amyloid fibrils form and cause neurotoxicity in AD brain, we developed a robust biochemical strategy. We benchmarked the success of our purifications using electron microscopy, amyloid dyes, and a large panel of Aβ immunoassays. Tandem mass-spectrometry based proteomic analysis workflows provided quantitative measures of the amyloid fibril proteome. These methods allowed us to compare amyloid fibril composition from human AD brains, three amyloid mouse models, transgenic Aβ42 flies, and Aβ42 seeded cultured neurons. RESULTS Amyloid fibrils are primarily composed by Aβ42 and unexpectedly harbor Aβ38 but generally lack Aβ40 peptides. Multidimensional quantitative proteomics allowed us to redefine the fibril proteome by identifying 20 new amyloid-associated proteins. Notably, we confirmed 57 previously reported plaque-associated proteins. We validated a panel of these proteins as bona fide amyloid-interacting proteins using antibodies and orthogonal proteomic analysis. One metal-binding chaperone metallothionein-3 is tightly associated with amyloid fibrils and modulates fibril formation in vitro. Lastly, we used a transgenic Aβ42 fly model to test if knock down or over-expression of fibril-interacting gene homologues modifies neurotoxicity. Here, we could functionally validate 20 genes as modifiers of Aβ42 toxicity in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These discoveries and subsequent confirmation indicate that fibril-associated proteins play a key role in amyloid formation and AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Upadhyay
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Deepak Chhangani
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, and Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nalini R Rao
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Julia Kofler
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Diego E Rincon-Limas
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, and Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Bluhm A, Schrempel S, von Hörsten S, Schulze A, Roßner S. Proteolytic α-Synuclein Cleavage in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5450. [PMID: 34064208 PMCID: PMC8196865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, aggregates of α-synuclein within Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites represent neuropathological hallmarks. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms triggering oligomeric and fibrillary α-synuclein aggregation are not fully understood. Recent evidence indicates that oxidative stress induced by metal ions and post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, nitration, glycation, and SUMOylation affect α-synuclein conformation along with its aggregation propensity and neurotoxic profiles. In addition, proteolytic cleavage of α-synuclein by specific proteases results in the formation of a broad spectrum of fragments with consecutively altered and not fully understood physiological and/or pathological properties. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on proteolytical α-synuclein cleavage by neurosin, calpain-1, cathepsin D, and matrix metalloproteinase-3 in health and disease. We also shed light on the contribution of the same enzymes to proteolytical processing of pathogenic proteins in Alzheimer's disease and report potential cross-disease mechanisms of pathogenic protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bluhm
- Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarah Schrempel
- Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy, University Clinics Erlangen and Preclinical Experimental Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Anja Schulze
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (A.B.); (S.S.)
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Valente T, Gella A, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Unzeta M, Durany N. Immunohistochemical analysis of human brain suggests pathological synergism of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:67-76. [PMID: 19778613 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been extensively reported that diabetes mellitus (DM) patients have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), but a mechanistic connection between both pathologies has not been provided so far. Carbohydrate-derived advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) have been implicated in the chronic complications of DM and have been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. The earliest histopathological manifestation of AD is the apparition of extracellular aggregates of the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta). To investigate possible correlations between AGEs and Abeta aggregates with both pathologies, we have performed an immuhistochemical study in human post-mortem samples of AD, AD with diabetes (ADD), diabetic and nondemented controls. ADD brains showed increased number of Abeta dense plaques and receptor for AGEs (RAGE)-positive and Tau-positive cells, higher AGEs levels and major microglial activation, compared to AD brain. Our results indicate that ADD patients present a significant increase of cell damage through a RAGE-dependent mechanism, suggesting that AGEs may promote the generation of an oxidative stress vicious cycle, which can explain the severe progression of patients with both pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Valente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra-08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sultana R, Butterfield DA. Redox Proteomics Analysis of Oxidative Modified Brain Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: Insights into the Progression of This Dementing Disorder. Clin Proteomics 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527622153.ch23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abstract
Oxidative damage is a major feature in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we discuss free radical-mediated damage to the biochemical components involved in the pathology and clinical symptoms of AD. We explain how amyloid beta-protein (Abeta), microtubule-associated protein tau, presenilins, apolipoprotein E, mitochondria and proteases play a role in increasing oxidative stress in AD. Abeta not only can induce oxidative stress, but its generation is also increased as a result of oxidative stress. Finally, a hypothetical model linking oxidative stress with beta-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangle pathology in AD is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Chauhan
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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Chander H, Chauhan A, Wegiel J, Malik M, Sheikh A, Chauhan V. Binding of trypsin to fibrillar amyloid beta-protein. Brain Res 2006; 1082:173-81. [PMID: 16510132 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that fibrillar amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) inhibits the proteolytic activity of trypsin and high molecular weight bovine brain protease. We report here that trypsin binds to fibrillar Abeta (fAbeta) and the resulting complex of trypsin/fAbeta is sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-stable. Electron microscopic analysis confirmed the binding of trypsin on the fibrils of both Abeta 1-40 and Abeta 1-42. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of fAbeta sample incubated in the presence of trypsin showed that major amount of trypsin was associated with fAbeta that did not enter the gel. The presence of trypsin in this protein complex was confirmed by Western blotting after its elution from the gel. Kinetic studies showed that the binding of trypsin to fibrillar Abeta was dependent on the degree of Abeta fibrillization and on the concentration of fAbeta. However, the trypsin binding to Abeta oligomers did not affect the fibril growth. The maximum binding (B(max)) of trypsin to fAbeta 1-40 and fAbeta 1-42 was 36 pmol and 40 pmol, and dissociation constant (K(d)) was 18.31 microM and 20 microM respectively. Similar to fAbeta, trypsin could also bind to fibrillar amylin. This binding was dependent on the concentration of fibrillar amylin. Under similar conditions, bovine serum albumin did not bind to fibrillar Abeta. These results suggest that fAbeta and fibrillar amylin have strong affinities for trypsin, and chelation of proteases by abnormal aggregated proteins may be a general mechanism for inflicting pathological conditions in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Chander
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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Ogawa K, Yamada T, Tsujioka Y, Taguchi J, Takahashi M, Tsuboi Y, Fujino Y, Nakajima M, Yamamoto T, Akatsu H, Mitsui S, Yamaguchi N. Localization of a novel type trypsin-like serine protease, neurosin, in brain tissues of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000; 54:419-26. [PMID: 10997858 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurosin, a novel type of trypsin-like serine protease, has been shown to be preferentially expressed in human brain by northern blotting. We examined neurosin immunolabeling in the brains of neurologically normal persons and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and with Parkinson's disease. We also identified the expression of the mRNA for neurosin by in situ hybridization histochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The neurosin antibody stained all of the nuclei of various cell types. In neurons, there was also staining of neuronal cytoplasm, nucleoli and their processes. In AD, staining of neurons with processes was rare in the damaged areas. Some senile plaques, extracellular tangles and Lewy bodies were also positive for neurosin. Expression of the mRNA for neurosin was seen in neurons in the gray matter, and in microglial cells in the white matter. In AD, the intensity of the signal for neurosin mRNA in the gray matter was decreased compared with normal control brains. The relative levels of neurosin mRNA in AD brains, measured by RT-PCR, were lower than those in controls. These results suggest that in human brain neurosin plays various physiological roles, and that in AD this molecule, like other serine proteases, may have a role in the degradation of such substances as beta-amyloid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ogawa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Health Care, Fukuoka University, Japan
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Loske C, Gerdemann A, Schepl W, Wycislo M, Schinzel R, Palm D, Riederer P, Münch G. Transition metal-mediated glycoxidation accelerates cross-linking of beta-amyloid peptide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:4171-8. [PMID: 10866821 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
beta-Amyloid deposits, hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, contain both sugar-derived 'advanced glycation end products' (AGEs) and copper and iron ions. Our in vitro experiments using synthetic beta-amyloid peptide and glucose or fructose show that formation of covalently cross-linked high-molecular-mass beta-amyloid peptide oligomers is accelerated by micromolar amounts of copper (Cu+, Cu2+) and iron (Fe2+, Fe3+) ions. Formation of these covalent AGE cross-links can be inhibited by capping agents of amino groups, redox-inactive metal chelators and antioxidants, suggesting that these drugs may be able to slow down the formation of insoluble beta-amyloid deposits in vivo and possibly the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Loske
- Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Opazo C, Inestrosa NC. Crosslinking of amyloid-beta peptide to brain acetylcholinesterase. MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY 1998; 33:39-49. [PMID: 9493175 DOI: 10.1007/bf02815858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central nervous system. Recently, we have found that AChE promotes the assembly of amyloid-beta peptides (A beta) into Alzheimer fibrils. The action of AChE on the state of aggregation of the A beta peptide supposes a near neighbor relationship between these two molecules. In the present work, we have studied A beta-AChE interactions using the crosslinker reagent disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS), in the presence of [125I]-A beta peptide. The A beta-AChE complexes formed by crosslinkage were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. We observed the formation of [125I] A beta-labeled complexes of 70, 160, 250, and 300 kDa corresponding to monomers, dimers, tetramers, and oligomers of AChE, respectively crosslinked with the A beta peptide. Our results suggest that AChE and the A beta peptide may be involved in physiologically relevant interactions, related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Opazo
- Departmento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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