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Ramos P, Pinto E, Santos A, Almeida A. Reference values for trace element levels in the human brain: A systematic review of the literature. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 66:126745. [PMID: 33813265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Some trace elements (TE) are eminently toxic for humans (e.g., Al, Pb, Hg, Cd) and its presence in the central nervous system has been linked to the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases (ND). More recently, the focus has shifted to the potential role of the imbalances on essential TE levels (e.g., Fe, Cu, Zn, Se) within the brain tissue, and they have also been identified as potentially responsible for the cognitive decline associated with normal ageing and the development of some ND, although their definite role remains unclear. Accurately, well-defined reference values for TE levels in human body fluids and tissues are indispensable to identify possible disturbances in individual cases. Moreover, since the brain is a highly heterogeneous organ, with anatomically and physiologically very different areas, a detailed mapping of TE distribution across the brain tissue of normal individuals, with an in-depth analysis of TE levels in the different brain regions, is a mandatory prior work so that the results obtained from patients suffering from ND and other brain diseases can be interpreted. This review aims to compile and summarize the available data regarding TE levels in the different human brain regions of "normal" (non-diseased) individuals in order to contribute to the establishment of robust reference values. Fifty-four studies, published since 1960, were considered. The results showed a great variability between different studies. The potential sources of this variability are discussed. The need for increased harmonization of experimental strategies is highlighted in order to improve the comparability of the data obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Ramos
- LAQV / REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Edgar Pinto
- LAQV / REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, P.Porto, CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Santos
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, North Branch, Jardim Carrilho Videira, 4050-167, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Almeida
- LAQV / REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Kumar V, Kumar P, Kumar S, Singhal D, Gupta R. Turn-On Fluorescent Sensors for the Selective Detection of Al 3+ (and Ga 3+) and PPi Ions. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10364-10376. [PMID: 31342750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rationally designed multiple hydroxyl-group-based chemosensors L1-L4 containing arene-based fluorophores are presented for the selective detection of Al3+ and Ga3+ ions. Changes in the absorption and emission spectra of L1-L4 in ethanol were easily observable upon the addition of Al3+ and Ga3+ ions. Competitive binding studies, detection limits, and binding constants illustrate significant sensing abilities of these chemosensors with L4, showing the best results. The interaction of Al3+/Ga3+ ions with chemosensor L4 was investigated by fluorescence lifetime measurements, whereas Job's plot, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR spectral titrations substantiated the stoichiometry between L4 and Al3+/Ga3+ ions. The solution-generated [L-M3+] species further detected pyrophosphate ion (PPi) by exhibiting emission enhancement and a visible color change. The binding of Al3+/Ga3+ ions with chemosensor L4 was further supported by density functional theory studies. Reversibility for the detection of Al3+/Ga3+ ions was achieved by utilizing a suitable proton source. The multiionic response, reversibility, and optical visualization of the present chemosensors make them ideal for practical applications for real samples, which have been illustrated by paper-strip as well as polystyrene film-based detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , New Delhi 110007 , India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , New Delhi 110007 , India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , New Delhi 110007 , India
| | - Divya Singhal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , New Delhi 110007 , India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , New Delhi 110007 , India
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Wang YW, Liu SB, Ling WJ, Peng Y. A fluorescent probe for relay recognition of homocysteine and Group IIIA ions including Ga(iii). Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:827-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07886e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Relay fluorescence recognition of homocysteine and gallium ions was realized by sequential chemodosimeter and chemosensor approaches for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou, China
| | - Shun-Bang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jian Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou, China
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A pre-irradiation separation procedure based on ion-exchange chromatography for gallium determination in biological and environmental materials by neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02047441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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