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Kargahi N, Keshani F, Yousefi H. Estrogen receptor α expression in different stages of salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2022; 19:16. [PMID: 35308445 PMCID: PMC8927961 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.338779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Materials and Methods: Results: Conclusion:
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2
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Valstar MH, Schaapveld M, van den Broek EC, van Velthuysen MLF, de Ridder M, Schmidt MK, van Dijk BAC, Balm AJM, Smeele LE. Risk of breast cancer in women after a salivary gland carcinoma or pleomorphic adenoma in the Netherlands. Cancer Med 2020; 10:424-434. [PMID: 33247629 PMCID: PMC7826476 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary and mammary gland tumors show morphological similarities and share various characteristics, including frequent overexpression of hormone receptors and female preponderance. Although this may suggest a common etiology, it remains unclear whether patients with a salivary gland tumor carry an increased risk of breast cancer (BC). Our purpose was to determine the risk of BC in women diagnosed with salivary gland carcinoma (SGC) or pleomorphic adenoma (SGPA). BC incidence (invasive and in situ) was assessed in two nationwide cohorts: one comprising 1567 women diagnosed with SGC and one with 2083 women with SGPA. BC incidence was compared with general population rates using standardized incidence ratio (SIR). BC risk was assessed according to age at SGC/SGPA diagnosis, follow‐up time and (for SGC patients) histological subtype. The mean follow‐up was 7.0 years after SGC and 9.9 after SGPA diagnosis. During follow‐up, 52 patients with SGC and 74 patients with SGPA developed BC. The median time to BC was 6 years after SGC and 7 after SGPA. The cumulative risk at 10 years of follow‐up was 3.1% after SGC and 3.5% after SGPA (95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) 2.1%–4.7% and 2.6%–4.6%, respectively). BC incidence was 1.59 times (95%CI 1.19–2.09) higher in the SGC‐cohort than expected based on incidence rates in the general population. SGPA‐patients showed a 1.48 times (95%CI 1.16–1.86) higher incidence. Women with SGC or SGPA have a slightly increased risk of BC. The magnitude of risk justifies raising awareness, but is no reason for BC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs H Valstar
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Schaapveld
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther C van den Broek
- The Nationwide Network and Registry of Histo- and Cytopathology in the Netherlands (PALGA, Houten, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mischa de Ridder
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boukje A C van Dijk
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization (IKNL, Department of Research and Development, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J M Balm
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ludi E Smeele
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Sex Hormone Receptors in Benign and Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors: Prognostic and Predictive Role. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020399. [PMID: 29385707 PMCID: PMC5855621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of sex hormone receptors in human cancer development and progression has been well documented in numerous studies, as has the success of sex hormone antagonists in the biological therapy of many human tumors. In salivary gland tumors (SGTs), little and conflicting information about the role of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), progesterone receptor (PgR) and androgen receptor (AR) has been described and in most cases the use of sex hormone antagonists is not contemplated in clinical practice. In this study, we analyzed a panel of sex hormone receptors that have not been widely investigated in SGTs—ERα, PgR, AR, but also ERβ and GPR30—to define their expression pattern and their prognostic and predictive value in a case series of 69 benign and malignant SGTs. We showed the aberrant expression of AR in mucoepidermoid and oncocytic carcinoma, a strong relation between cytoplasmic ERβ expression and tumor grade, and a strong correlation between nuclear GPR30 expression and disease-free survival (DFS) of SGT patients.
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Can NT, Lingen MW, Mashek H, McElherne J, Briese R, Fitzpatrick C, van Zante A, Cipriani NA. Expression of Hormone Receptors and HER-2 in Benign and Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors. Head Neck Pathol 2017; 12:95-104. [PMID: 28681314 PMCID: PMC5873488 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-017-0833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of targeted therapies, expression of sex hormone receptors and HER-2 in salivary gland tumors (SGTs) is of clinical interest. Previous reports of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptor expression have varied. Androgen receptor (AR) and HER-2 overexpression are frequently reported in salivary duct carcinoma (SDC), but have not been studied systematically in other SGTs. This study examines ER, PR, AR, and HER-2 expression in SGTs. Immunohistochemistry for ER, PR, AR, and HER-2 was performed on 254 SGTs (134 malignant). ER, PR, and AR expression was scored using Allred system. HER-2 expression was scored using Dako HercepTest guidelines. FISH for HER-2 amplification was performed on select cases with HER-2 overexpression (2-3+). No SGT demonstrated strong expression of ER or PR. Combined strong AR and HER-2 expression was seen in 22 carcinomas: 14/25 SDC, 3/16 poorly differentiated, two oncocytic, and one each carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, squamous cell, and intraductal carcinoma. Eighteen additional high grade carcinomas had HER-2 overexpression with absent, weak, or moderate AR expression; eight high grade carcinomas had isolated strong AR expression with 0-1+ HER-2 staining. Of 15 tested cases, six demonstrated HER-2 amplification by FISH, all of which had 3+ immunoreactivity. Neither benign nor malignant SGTs had strong expression of ER or PR. None of the benign SGTs overexpressed AR or HER-2. Coexpression of AR and HER-2 should not define SDC, but immunostaining should be considered in high grade salivary carcinomas, as some show overexpression and may benefit from targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu Thuy Can
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 6101, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ,Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Mark W. Lingen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 6101, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Heather Mashek
- Constitutional Cytogenetics and Cytogenomics, Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - James McElherne
- Constitutional Cytogenetics and Cytogenomics, Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Renee Briese
- Constitutional Cytogenetics and Cytogenomics, Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Carrie Fitzpatrick
- Constitutional Cytogenetics and Cytogenomics, Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Annemieke van Zante
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Nicole A. Cipriani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 6101, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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Unsal AA, Chung SY, Zhou AH, Baredes S, Eloy JA. Sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma: a population-based analysis of 694 cases. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 7:312-320. [PMID: 27863150 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, limited literature exists about sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma (SNACC). In this study, we analyze the demographics, survival, and treatment efficacy of this rare entity. METHODS Our study was a retrospective population-based analysis of SNACC in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database assessing the 40-year time-frame of 1973 to 2013. RESULTS Six hundred ninety-four SNACC patients were identified; 53.2% were female and 46.8% were male. Caucasians were most commonly affected (77.1%). SNACC most often arose from the maxillary sinuses, followed by the nasal cavity. The majority of SNACC cases presented as stage IV disease. Nodal and distant metastases were present in 3.6% and 7.1% of all cases, respectively. Overall 5-, 10-, and 20-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rates were 66.5%, 41.1%, and 17.6%, respectively. The presence of distant metastasis dropped the 5-year DSS rate from 64.5% to 20.0%. Cases treated with combined surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy had a slightly improved 5-year DSS rate compared with surgery alone (73.5% vs 72.5%). Surgery alone resulted in higher 10- and 20-year DSS rates (54.2% and 36.8%, respectively) when compared with combined therapy (44.2% and 15.5%), radiotherapy alone (10.8% and 0%), and no surgery or radiotherapy (9.3% and 0%). CONCLUSION This study represents the largest cohort of SNACC patients to date. Factors that confer a survival benefit in SNACC include M0 disease, and presentation primarily in the nasal cavity. Overall low rates of nodal metastasis may not warrant the use of elective neck dissections, unless there is clinical suspicion. Modalities of therapy that include surgery greatly improve survival. Adjuvant radiotherapy appears to slightly improve 5-year disease-free survival but does not impact long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut A Unsal
- Department of Otolaryngology & Facial Plastic Surgery, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ
| | - Sei Y Chung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Albert H Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Soly Baredes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ.,Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Jean Anderson Eloy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ.,Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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Marcinow A, Ozer E, Teknos T, Wei L, Hurtuk A, Old M, Agrawal A, Carrau R, Iwenofu OH. Clinicopathologic predictors of recurrence and overall survival in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: a single institutional experience at a tertiary care center. Head Neck 2014; 36:1705-11. [PMID: 24166847 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine factors that impact recurrence and long-term survival of head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of 87 patients with head and neck ACC who were evaluated between 1992 and 2009. Staining for Ki-67, p53, α-estrogen receptor (αER), and progesterone receptor (PR) was performed. RESULTS Forty men (46%) and 47 women (54%) were included in this study. Median follow-up for patients was 98 months. Five-year recurrence-free and overall survival (OS) rates were 56% and 81%, respectively. Ki-67 and p53 expression was observed in 5 (6%) and 2 (2%) patients, respectively. αER and PR were all negative. The most important determinants of disease-free survival (DFS) were perineural invasion (PNI; p = .001) and female sex (p = .027). Disease site (major vs minor salivary gland) was the only predictor of worse OS on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Perineural invasion, female sex, and disease site were the most consistent predictors of poor outcome in head and neck ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marcinow
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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7
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Kolude B, Adisa A, Adeyemi B, Lawal A. Immunohistochemical expression of oestrogen receptor-α and progesterone receptor in salivary gland tumours. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 42:716-9. [PMID: 23601083 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammary and salivary glands are tubulo-acinar exocrine glands, sharing similar morphological characteristics and tumour histology. It is logical to postulate that they may have similar tumour biology. This study was carried out to define the expression of oestrogen-α (ER-α) and progesterone (PR) in salivary gland tumours (SGTs) presenting at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. METHODS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of different salivary gland neoplasms were processed for antibodies to ER-α and PR using the specifications of the manufacturer. Two independent investigators reviewed the slides scoring the pattern and intensity of staining as follows: negative (0), weakly positive (+1), moderately positive (+2) and strongly positive (+3). Data were analysed using version 16 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS16). The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 40 SGTs from 19 males (47.5%) and 21 females (52.5%) were utilised. There were 15 benign and 25 malignant SGTs. ER expression in benign SGTs was 6.7%, while in malignant SGTs, it was 28.0%. There was no statistically significant difference in the gender and mean age distribution between patients with or without positive ER-α expression (χ(2) = 0.37, P = 0.59 Fisher's exact test; t = 0.054, P = 0.96, respectively). About 66.7% of high-grade SGTs was positive for ER while only 20% of the low-grade lesions were positive. CONCLUSION This study showed that ER-α was expressed more in the high-grade malignant SGTs compared with the low-grade malignant SGTs and the benign SGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamidele Kolude
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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8
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Lagha A, Chraiet N, Ayadi M, Krimi S, Allani B, Rifi H, Raies H, Mezlini A. Systemic therapy in the management of metastatic or advanced salivary gland cancers. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:948-957. [PMID: 22698431 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland cancers are very rare tumors. They are characterized by a histologic heterogeneity and a poor outcome. According to this rarity, few prospective data are available to date. No standard recommendations could be held for the use of systemic therapy in these tumors. Several case reports and small studies have investigated the contribution of different agents of chemotherapy. With the extension of molecular biology approach in oncology several signaling pathways have been discovered in different cancers including salivary gland cancers; thus a number of targeted therapies have been investigated. This paper reviewed exhaustively the studies investigating the role of systemic therapies (chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy) in salivary gland cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Lagha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Salah Azaiez Institute, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Nesrine Chraiet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Salah Azaiez Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ayadi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Salah Azaiez Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sarra Krimi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Salah Azaiez Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bassem Allani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Salah Azaiez Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hela Rifi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Salah Azaiez Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Raies
- Department of Medical Oncology, Salah Azaiez Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Mezlini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Salah Azaiez Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
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9
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Systemic therapy in the management of metastatic or advanced salivary gland cancers. HEAD & NECK ONCOLOGY 2012; 4:19. [PMID: 22558945 PMCID: PMC3414773 DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-4-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland cancers are very rare tumors. They are characterized by a histologic heterogeneity and a poor outcome. According to this rarity, few prospective data are available to date. No standard recommendations could be held for the use of systemic therapy in these tumors. Several case reports and small studies have investigated the contribution of different agents of chemotherapy. With the extension of molecular biology approach in oncology several signaling pathways have been discovered in different cancers including salivary gland cancers; thus a number of targeted therapies have been investigated. This paper reviewed exhaustively the studies investigating the role of systemic therapies (chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy) in salivary gland cancers.
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10
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Marques YMFS, Giudice FS, Freitas VM, Abreu e Lima MDCC, Hunter KD, Speight PM, Machado de Sousa SCO. Oestrogen receptor β in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands. Histopathology 2012; 60:609-16. [PMID: 22260414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to describe the expression of oestrogen receptor (ER)α, ERβ and aromatase in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). METHODS AND RESULTS ERα, ERβ and aromatase expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarray blocks from 38 cases of ACC and seven normal salivary glands. The intracellular localization and amount of total protein expression were investigated by immunofluorescence and western blotting in an ACC cell line. Western blotting analysis showed overexpression of ERα, ERβ and aromatase in the ACC cell line; however, with immunofluorescence, only ERβ was shown to be expressed in the nucleus. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive nuclear expression of ERβ, positive cytoplasmic expression of aromatase and a lack of ERα expression as compared with normal salivary glands. CONCLUSIONS The nuclear expression of ERβ indicates that oestrogen may be active in ACC and possibly able to mediate E2-targeted gene transcription. This study strongly suggests that ERβ may be involved in tumour progression, playing a role in tumour development, and thus corroborating the indication for ER antagonists in the clinical control of ACC. This study opens a new perspective on the potential use of anti-oestrogens and aromatase inhibitors as therapeutic agents against ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonara M F S Marques
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 2227, São Paulo ⁄ SP, Brazil.
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11
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Novel therapeutic strategies for malignant salivary gland tumors: lessons learned from breast cancer. Int J Otolaryngol 2011; 2011:187623. [PMID: 22164169 PMCID: PMC3227505 DOI: 10.1155/2011/187623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant salivary gland tumors (MSGTs) account for 2–6% of all head and neck cancers. Despite the rarity, MSGTs have been of great interest due to a wide variety of pathological features and high metastasis rates resulting in poor prognosis. Surgical resection followed by radiation therapy represents the main treatment of this malignancy. Adjuvant therapy is reserved for the management of local recurrence, no longer amenable to additional local therapy, and for metastasis. Based on the studies from other types of tumors, particularly breast cancer, the expression and function of sex steroid hormone receptors in cancer have been extensively studied and applied to diagnosis and treatment. Although a number of studies in MSGTs have been published, the rationale for hormone therapy is still controversial due to the disparate results and insufficient number of cases. However, some recent reports have demonstrated that certain salivary gland neoplasms are similar to breast cancer, not only in terms of the pathological features, but also at the molecular level. Here, we shed light on the biological similarity between MSGTs and certain types of breast cancer, and describe the potential use of hormone and additional therapies for MSGTs.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Salivary gland malignancies are a rare and heterogeneous group of tumors with considerable variability in their natural history. Historically they have been treated with surgery and radiation therapy. It is only recently that there has been any growth in our understanding of these diseases and their management, and this progress will be reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS There has been a considerable increase in the utilization of the PET scan in the staging of many malignancies. Reports are now emerging of the successful use of PET or PET/CT for the salivary gland cancers as well. The recent identification of characteristic molecular signatures in specific histologic subtypes of salivary gland cancer has sparked interest in the potential for better diagnostic classification and more specific, molecularly targeted therapies. These are being intensively explored. Although the systemic management of these diseases has historically involved a number of relatively ineffective chemotherapeutic agents, newer and more promising schedules of chemotherapy and radiation are now being tested. SUMMARY Although the salivary gland cancers are uncommon, our growing understanding of their unique biologic characteristics is paving the way toward specific and personalized treatment. Enrollment of these patients onto carefully designed clinical trials is critical.
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13
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Ito FA, Ito K, Coletta RD, Vargas PA, Lopes MA. Immunohistochemical study of androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptors in salivary gland tumors. Braz Oral Res 2010; 23:393-8. [PMID: 20027446 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242009000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the immunohistochemical expression of androgen receptor, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor in pleomorphic adenomas, Warthin's tumors, mucoepidermoid carcinomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas of salivary glands. A total of 41 pleomorphic adenomas, 30 Warthin's tumors, 30 mucoepidermoid carcinomas and 30 adenoid cystic carcinomas were analyzed, and the immunohistochemical expression of these hormone receptors were assessed. It was observed that all cases were negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors. Androgen receptor was positive in 2 cases each of pleomorphic adenoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. In conclusion, the results do not support a role of estrogen and progesterone in the tumorigenesis of pleomorphic adenomas, Warthin's tumors, mucoepidermoid carcinomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas. However, androgen receptors can play a role in a small set of salivary gland tumors, and this would deserve further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Augusto Ito
- Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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14
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Jamal AM, Sun ZJ, Chen XM, Zhao YF. Salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland: case report and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 66:1708-13. [PMID: 18634961 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alsharif Mohd Jamal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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15
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Laurie SA, Licitra L. Systemic therapy in the palliative management of advanced salivary gland cancers. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:2673-8. [PMID: 16763282 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.05.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers of the salivary glands are unusual lesions that vary widely in their histologic appearance and molecular characteristics. Likewise, there is a wide spectrum of biologic behavior, ranging from low-grade, minimally invasive tumors, to highly lethal malignancies. There are few data on the role of systemic therapies in the management of these cancers, and chemotherapy is generally reserved for the palliative management of advanced disease that is not amenable to local therapies such as surgery and/or radiation. The majority of patients for whom systemic therapy is considered will have either adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, or high-grade adenocarcinoma. This article will review the available literature regarding the use of palliative chemotherapy for patients with advanced salivary gland cancer of these histologies, with an emphasis on the potential role of targeted agents. There is a need for a determined, coordinated effort to conduct high-quality clinical trials in patients with these rare cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Boronic Acids/therapeutic use
- Bortezomib
- Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/pathology
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/pathology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Lapatinib
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Palliative Care
- Pyrazines/therapeutic use
- Quinazolines/therapeutic use
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Salivary Ducts
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/pathology
- Trastuzumab
- Gemcitabine
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Laurie
- Ottawa Hospital Regional Cancer Centre, the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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16
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Dodd RL, Slevin NJ. Salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma: A review of chemotherapy and molecular therapies. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:759-69. [PMID: 16757203 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) accounts for about 1% of all head and neck malignancies. It has a tendency for a prolonged clinical course, with local recurrences and distant metastases sometimes occurring many years after presentation. Standard treatment for salivary gland ACC is surgery and post-operative radiotherapy. The aim of this review was to examine the reported efficacy of various chemotherapy regimens and molecular therapies on recurrent/metastatic salivary gland ACC. One hundred and fourteen publications were reviewed on chemotherapy as well as possible molecular targets of therapy, including KIT, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth receptor-2 (HER-2), oestrogen and progesterone receptors, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67 and the p53, bcl-2 and SOX-4 genes. Reported response rates to combination chemotherapy are low and response duration generally short lived. The response to molecular therapies is low also. More research into novel molecular targets is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Dodd
- Manchester University Medical School, UK
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Pelosi G, Rosai J, Viale G. Immunoreactivity for Sex Steroid Hormone Receptors in Pulmonary Hamartomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30:819-27. [PMID: 16819323 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000208898.38730.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormone [ie, estrogen (ER), progesterone (PgR), and androgen (AR)] receptors have been identified previously in normal salivary glands and, more variably, in salivary gland and salivary gland-type tumors. No data are available, however, on their expression in pulmonary hamartoma, a benign biphasic tumor consisting of reactive epithelial cells and neoplastic fibromyxoid stroma, cartilage and fat, which shares some morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genotypic features to pleomorphic adenoma of major salivary glands. Thirty pulmonary hamartomas (15 in male patients and 15 in age-matched female patients), were evaluated for ER, PgR, and AR immunoreactivity, and also for mesenchymal, epithelial, and myoepithelial markers, in the fibromyxoid, epithelial, and chondroid components. ER immunoreactivity was encountered in 90% of hamartomas, PgRs in 90%, and ARs in 53% (P<0.001), but not in normal lung tissues. ARs were confined to males (P<0.001), with a marginal prevalence in the fibromyxoid component (P=0.067). PgRs and ERs were instead present in both sex, with the former being restricted to the fibromyxoid stromal component (P<0.001) and the latter preferentially located in epithelial cells (P=0.107). In most cases, fibromyxoid stroma and spindle cells surrounding the chondroid foci displayed simultaneous immunoreactivity for ERs, PgRs, and ARs, along with immunoreactivity for vimentin, S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acid protein, smooth muscle actin, and calponin but lack of staining for cytokeratins. This profile is consistent with an incomplete myoepithelial differentiation of the receptor-expressing mesenchymal cells. In conclusion, sex steroid hormone receptor expression is a nonrandom event in pulmonary hamartoma, and may be related to the development and growth of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pelosi
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, European Institute of Oncology and University of Milan School of Medicine, Voa G. Ripamonti 435, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
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