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Wang K, Li Y. Signaling pathways and targeted therapeutic strategies for polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1191759. [PMID: 37929034 PMCID: PMC10622806 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1191759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. Although promising strides have been made in the field of PCOS over the past decades, the distinct etiologies of this syndrome are not fully elucidated. Prenatal factors, genetic variation, epigenetic mechanisms, unhealthy lifestyles, and environmental toxins all contribute to the development of this intricate and highly heterogeneous metabolic, endocrine, reproductive, and psychological disorder. Moreover, interactions between androgen excess, insulin resistance, disruption to the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis, and obesity only make for a more complex picture. In this review, we investigate and summarize the related molecular mechanisms underlying PCOS pathogenesis from the perspective of the level of signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, TGF-β/Smads, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hippo/YAP. Additionally, this review provides an overview of prospective therapies, such as exosome therapy, gene therapy, and drugs based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and natural compounds. By targeting these aberrant pathways, these interventions primarily alleviate inflammation, insulin resistance, androgen excess, and ovarian fibrosis, which are typical symptoms of PCOS. Overall, we hope that this paper will pave the way for better understanding and management of PCOS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Hayashi H, Sawada K, Tanaka H, Muro K, Hasebe T, Nakajima S, Okumura T, Fujiya M. The effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis SBL88 on improving selective hepatic insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice without altering the gut microbiota. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:1847-1854. [PMID: 37646384 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There have been several reports that some probiotics improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, many studies have involved cocktail therapies. We evaluated whether heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis SBL88 (L. brevis SBL88) monotherapy improves the clinical features of NAFLD. METHODS The NAFLD model was induced in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) (HFD mice) or HFD + 1% heat-killed L. brevis SBL88 (SBL mice) for 16 weeks. Histopathological liver findings were analyzed. To evaluate the gut microbiota, a modified terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the feces was performed. RNA sequencing in the liver was performed with Ion Proton™. To investigate the direct effects of heat-killed L. brevis SBL88, an in vitro study was performed. RESULTS Histopathological findings revealed that fat droplets in the liver were significantly reduced in SBL mice; however, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism did not show alterations in the gut microbiota between HFD mice and SBL mice. RNA sequencing and pathway analysis revealed that the regulation of lipid and insulin metabolism was affected. The mRNA expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2) was significantly higher in SBL mice, whereas the expression of IRS-1 was not significantly different. Phospho-IRS-2 expression was also significantly increased in SBL mice. In addition, an in vitro study revealed significant alterations in IRS-2 and forkhead box protein O1 expression levels. CONCLUSION SBL mice exhibited partially improved selective hepatic insulin resistance. Our data suggest that heat-killed L. brevis SBL88 could attenuate the clinical features of NAFLD that are not mediated by alterations in the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Hayashi
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Koji Sawada
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuki Muro
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takumu Hasebe
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakajima
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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Chen Y, Wang W, Morgan MP, Robson T, Annett S. Obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and therapeutic targets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1148934. [PMID: 37361533 PMCID: PMC10286797 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1148934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic and overwhelming evidence indicates that it is a risk factor for numerous cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Obesity-associated hepatic tumorigenesis develops from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), progressing to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and ultimately to HCC. The rising incidence of obesity is resulting in an increased prevalence of NAFLD and NASH, and subsequently HCC. Obesity represents an increasingly important underlying etiology of HCC, in particular as the other leading causes of HCC such as hepatitis infection, are declining due to effective treatments and vaccines. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and cellular signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated HCC. We summarize the preclinical experimental animal models available to study the features of NAFLD/NASH/HCC, and the non-invasive methods to diagnose NAFLD, NASH and early-stage HCC. Finally, since HCC is an aggressive tumor with a 5-year survival of less than 20%, we will also discuss novel therapeutic targets for obesity-associated HCC and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshuang Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Maria P. Morgan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tracy Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephanie Annett
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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González-Herrera F, Anfossi R, Catalán M, Gutiérrez-Figueroa R, Maya JD, Díaz-Araya G, Vivar R. Lipoxin A4 prevents high glucose-induced inflammatory response in cardiac fibroblast through FOXO1 inhibition. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110657. [PMID: 36933776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac cells respond to various pathophysiological stimuli, synthesizing inflammatory molecules that allow tissue repair and proper functioning of the heart; however, perpetuation of the inflammatory response can lead to cardiac fibrosis and heart dysfunction. High concentration of glucose (HG) induces an inflammatory and fibrotic response in the heart. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are resident cells of the heart that respond to deleterious stimuli, increasing the synthesis and secretion of both fibrotic and proinflammatory molecules. The molecular mechanisms that regulate inflammation in CFs are unknown, thus, it is important to find new targets that allow improving treatments for HG-induced cardiac dysfunction. NFκB is the master regulator of inflammation, while FoxO1 is a new participant in the inflammatory response, including inflammation induced by HG; however, its role in the inflammatory response of CFs is unknown. The inflammation resolution is essential for an effective tissue repair and recovery of the organ function. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is an anti-inflammatory agent with cytoprotective effects, while its cardioprotective effects have not been fully studied. Thus, in this study, we analyze the role of p65/NFκB, and FoxO1 in CFs inflammation induced by HG, evaluating the anti-inflammatory properties of LXA4. Our results demonstrated that HG induces the inflammatory response in CFs, using an in vitro and ex vivo model, while FoxO1 inhibition and silencing prevented HG effects. Additionally, LXA4 inhibited the activation of FoxO1 and p65/NFκB, and inflammation of CFs induced by HG. Therefore, our results suggest that FoxO1 and LXA4 could be novel drug targets for the treatment of HG-induced inflammatory and fibrotic disorders in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola González-Herrera
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renatto Anfossi
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Catalán
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renata Gutiérrez-Figueroa
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Raúl Vivar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Yu J, Lee H, Heo H, Jeong HS, Sung J, Lee J. Sucrose-induced abiotic stress improves the phytochemical profiles and bioactivities of mung bean sprouts. Food Chem 2022; 400:134069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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TNF-α Antagonizes the Effect of Leptin on Insulin Secretion through FOXO1-Dependent Transcriptional Suppression of LepRb in INS-1 Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9142798. [PMID: 35198097 PMCID: PMC8860543 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9142798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines play a causal role in the development of hyperinsulinemia and T2MD. FOXO1, a transcription factor which is known to enhance proinflammation, was recently shown to be involved in obesity-induced β cell dysfunction. However, molecular mechanisms for the association remained elusive. In this study, we first found that both leptin (10 nM) and TNF-α (20 ng/ml) significantly inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of INS-1E cells. When in combination, the GSIS function of INS-1E cells was significantly increased compared with that of the leptin alone treatment, indicating that TNF-α attenuated the inhibiting effect of leptin on GSIS of INS-1E cells. Similarly, we found that TNF-α has the same inhibitory effect on leptin in regulating insulin synthesis and secretion, and the survival and apoptosis of insulin cells. Further studies showed that TNF-α blocks leptin pathway by reducing the expression of leptin receptor (LepRb, also called OBRb) and inhibiting the activation of STAT3, a key molecule involved in the leptin signaling pathway in INS-1E cells. Besides, the downregulated expression of phosphorylated FOXO1 was found to be involved in the possible mechanism of TNF-α. Overexpression of constitutively active FOXO1 markedly aggravated the LepRb reduction by TNF-α treatment of INS-1E cells, and the endogenous FOXO1 knockdown abolished the effect of TNF-α on INS-1E cells. Furthermore, we have proved that FOXO1 could directly bind to the promoter of LepRb as a negative transcription regulator. Taken together, the results of this study reveal that TNF-α-induced LepRb downregulated in pancreatic β cells and demonstrate that transcriptional reduction of FOXO1 might be the primary mechanism underlying TNF-α promoting INS-1E leptin resistance and β cell dysfunction. Conclusions. Our current studies based on INS-1E cells in vitro indicate that the inflammatory factor TNF-α plays an important role in the development of INS-1E leptin resistance and glucose metabolism disorders, probably through FOXO1-induced transcription reduction of LepRb promoter in pancreatic β cells, and FOXO1 may be a novel target for treating β cell dysfunction in obesity-induced hyperinsulinemia and T2DM.
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Kumar S, Duan Q, Wu R, Harris EN, Su Q. Pathophysiological communication between hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells in liver injury from NAFLD to liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113869. [PMID: 34280515 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial disease that encompasses a spectrum of pathological conditions, ranging from simple steatosis (NAFL), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis/cirrhosis which can further progress to hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. The progression of NAFL to NASH and liver fibrosis is closely associated with a series of liver injury resulting from lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, redox imbalance (excessive nitric oxide), ER stress, inflammation and apoptosis that occur sequentially in different liver cells which ultimately leads to the activation of liver regeneration and fibrogenesis, augmenting collagen and extracellular matrix deposition and promoting liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Type 2 diabetes is a significant risk factor in NAFLD development by accelerating liver damage. Here, we overview recent findings from human study and animal models on the pathophysiological communication among hepatocytes (HCs), Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) during the disease development. The mechanisms of crucial signaling pathways, including Toll-like receptor, TGFβ and hedgehog mediated hepatic injury are also discussed. We further highlight the potentials of precisely targeting hepatic individual cell-type using nanotechnology as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NASH and liver fibrosis.
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Luo J, Wang F, Sun F, Yue T, Zhou Q, Yang C, Rong S, Yang P, Xiong F, Yu Q, Zhang S, Wang CY, Li J. Targeted Inhibition of FTO Demethylase Protects Mice Against LPS-Induced Septic Shock by Suppressing NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663295. [PMID: 34017338 PMCID: PMC8128997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis refers to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by infection. It is a major clinical problem and cause of death for patients in intensive care units worldwide. The Fat mass and obesity-related protein (FTO) is the primary N6-methyladenosine demethylase. However, the role of FTO in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases remains unclear. We herein show that nanoparticle-mediated Fto-siRNA delivery or FTO inhibitor entacapone administration dramatically inhibited macrophage activation, reduced the tissue damage and improved survival in a mouse model of LPS-induced endotoxic shock. Importantly, ablation of FTO could inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome through FoxO1/NF-κB signaling in macrophages. In conclusion, FTO is involved in inflammatory response of LPS-induced septic shock and inhibition of FTO is promising for the treatment of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Luo
- The Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Faxi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Sun
- The Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tiantian Yue
- The Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- The Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunliang Yang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanjie Rong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- The Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Xu R, Wang Z. Involvement of Transcription Factor FoxO1 in the Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649295. [PMID: 33746783 PMCID: PMC7973228 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FoxO1 is a member of the forkhead transcription factor family subgroup O (FoxO), which is expressed in many cell types, and participates in various pathophysiological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolism, inflammatory response, cytokine expression, immune differentiation, and oxidative stress resistance. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in the women of childbearing age, which is regulated via a variety of signaling pathways. Currently, the specific mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of PCOS is still unclear. As an important transcription factor, FoxO1 activity might be involved in the pathophysiology of PCOS. PCOS has been associated with insulin resistance and low-grade inflammatory response. Therefore, the studies regarding the role of FoxO1 in the incidence and associated complications of PCOS will help provide novel ideas for establishing the treatment strategy of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfeng Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhengchao Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Zhang WN, Su RN, Gong LL, Yang WW, Chen J, Yang R, Wang Y, Pan WJ, Lu YM, Chen Y. Structural characterization and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of a glucan from Euryale ferox Salisb. seeds. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 209:363-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jiang M, Wu N, Chen X, Wang W, Chu Y, Liu H, Li W, Chen D, Li X, Xu B. Pathogenesis of and major animal models used for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:1453-1466. [PMID: 30871397 PMCID: PMC6460620 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519833527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its pathologically more severe form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), have become prevalent worldwide and carry an increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma and other metabolic diseases. Diverse animal models have been proposed to replicate particular characteristics of NAFLD and NASH and have provided significant clues to the critical molecular targets of NASH treatment. In this review, we summarize the histopathology, pathogenesis, and molecular basis of NAFLD progression and discuss the benchmark animal models of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzuo Jiang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Air-Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nan Wu
- 2 Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Chen
- 3 Department of Surgical Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Air-Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Chu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Air-Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Liu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Air-Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjiao Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Air-Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Di Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Air-Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,5 Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- 4 Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China.,5 Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing Xu
- 5 Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Modulation of hepatic inflammation and energy-sensing pathways in the rat liver by high-fructose diet and chronic stress. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:1829-1845. [PMID: 29845385 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-fructose consumption and chronic stress are both associated with metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. Recently, disturbed activity of energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was recognized as mediator between nutrient-induced stress and inflammation. Thus, we analyzed the effects of high-fructose diet, alone or in combination with chronic stress, on glucose homeostasis, inflammation and expression of energy sensing proteins in the rat liver. METHODS In male Wistar rats exposed to 9-week 20% fructose diet and/or 4-week chronic unpredictable stress we measured plasma and hepatic corticosterone level, indicators of glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, hepatic inflammation (pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, Toll-like receptor 4, NLRP3, activation of NFκB, JNK and ERK pathways) and levels of energy-sensing proteins AMPK, SIRT1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α). RESULTS High-fructose diet led to glucose intolerance, activation of NFκB and JNK pathways and increased intrahepatic IL-1β, TNFα and inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 on Ser307. It also decreased phospho-AMPK/AMPK ratio and increased SIRT1 expression. Stress alone increased plasma and hepatic corticosterone but did not influence glucose tolerance, nor hepatic inflammatory or energy-sensing proteins. After the combined treatment, hepatic corticosterone was increased, glucose tolerance remained preserved, while hepatic inflammation was partially prevented despite decreased AMPK activity. CONCLUSION High-fructose diet resulted in glucose intolerance, hepatic inflammation, decreased AMPK activity and reduced insulin sensitivity. Chronic stress alone did not exert such effects, but when applied together with high-fructose diet it could partially prevent fructose-induced inflammation, presumably due to increased hepatic glucocorticoids.
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Shavva VS, Bogomolova AM, Efremov AM, Trofimov AN, Nikitin AA, Babina AV, Nekrasova EV, Dizhe EB, Oleinikova GN, Missyul BV, Orlov SV. Insulin downregulates C3 gene expression in human HepG2 cells through activation of PPARγ. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:204-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Lu X, Yin D, Zhou B, Li T. MiR-135a Promotes Inflammatory Responses of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells From db/db Mice via Downregulation of FOXO1. Int Heart J 2018; 59:170-179. [PMID: 29332916 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.17-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) greatly affect the functions of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), but the effects of mRNAs under diabetic conditions remain unclear.Using a model of diabetic db/db mice, we studied the functions of microRNA-135a (miR-135a) during VSMC dysfunction.Compared to control WT mice, miR-135a expression in VSMC was significantly increased while the level of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) protein decreased significantly. After transfecting miR-135a mimics into VSMC, the expression of FOXO1 was decreased, while cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression levels were increased, thus promoting the interaction between monocytes and WT VSMC. On the other hand, transfection of an miR-135a inhibitor reversed the activated interaction between monocytes and db/db VSMC. The pro-inflammatory responses could also be enhanced by using siRNAs to silence the FOXO1 gene in WT VSMC, suggesting a negative regulatory role of FOXO1. FOXO1 siRNAs and miR-135a mimics could both enhance the transcriptional activity of COX-2 promoter. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that in db/db VSMC, the occupancy in promoter regions of inflammatory genes by FOXO1 was reduced.miR-135a increased the inflammatory responses of VSMC involved in complications of vascular diseases by downregulating the expression of FOXO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Lu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Dawei Yin
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, the Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University
| | - Tieling Li
- Department of Cadre Clinic, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital
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Pinkosky SL, Groot PHE, Lalwani ND, Steinberg GR. Targeting ATP-Citrate Lyase in Hyperlipidemia and Metabolic Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1047-1063. [PMID: 28993031 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle promote imbalances in metabolism, often manifesting as risk factors for life-threating diseases such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nucleocytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) has emerged as a central signaling node used to coordinate metabolic adaptations in response to a changing nutritional status. ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) is the enzyme primarily responsible for the production of extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA and is thus strategically positioned at the intersection of nutrient catabolism and lipid biosynthesis. Here, we discuss recent findings from preclinical studies, as well as Mendelian and clinical randomized trials, demonstrating the importance of ACL activity in metabolism, and supporting its inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach to treating ASCVD, NAFLD, and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Pinkosky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada; Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Pieter H E Groot
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Narendra D Lalwani
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic progressive liver disorder that begins with simple hepatic steatosis and progresses to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. As the global prevalence of NAFLD rises, it is increasingly important that we understand its pathogenesis and develop effective therapies for this chronic disease. Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors are key downstream regulators in the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling pathway, and have been implicated in a range of cellular functions including the regulation of glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol homeostasis. The role of FOXOs in the modulation of immune response and inflammation is complex, with reports of both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. FOXOs are reported to protect against hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting proliferation and transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells. Mice that are deficient in hepatic FOXOs are more susceptible to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis than wild-type controls. In summary, FOXOs play a critical role in maintaining metabolic and cellular homeostasis in the liver, and dysregulation of FOXOs may be involved in NAFLD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Kaji H. Adipose Tissue‐Derived Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 Function and Regulation. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1873-1896. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Machado MV, Diehl AM. Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1769-77. [PMID: 26928243 PMCID: PMC4887389 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a necro-inflammatory response that ensues when hepatocytes are injured by lipids (lipotoxicity). NASH is a potential outcome of nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), a condition that occurs when lipids accumulate in hepatocytes. NASH may be reversible, but it can also result in cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. We are beginning to learn about the mechanisms of progression of NAFL and NASH. NAFL does not inevitably lead to NASH because NAFL is a heterogeneous condition. This heterogeneity exists because different types of lipids with different cytotoxic potential accumulate in the NAFL, and individuals with NAFL differ in their ability to defend against lipotoxicity. There are no tests that reliably predict which patients with NAFL will develop lipotoxicity. However, NASH encompasses the spectrum of wound-healing responses induced by lipotoxic hepatocytes. Differences in these wound-healing responses among individuals determine whether lipotoxic livers regenerate, leading to stabilization or resolution of NASH, or develop progressive scarring, cirrhosis, and possibly liver cancer. We review concepts that are central to the pathogenesis of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Verdelho Machado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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The Mechanism by Which Amentoflavone Improves Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050624. [PMID: 27187341 PMCID: PMC6274486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism by which amentoflavone (AME) improves insulin resistance in a human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2). Methods: A model of insulin resistant cells was established in HepG2 by treatment with high glucose and insulin. The glucose oxidase method was used to detect the glucose consumption in each group. To determine the mechanism by which AME improves insulin resistance in HepG2 cells, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting were used to detect the expression of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and pAkt; the activity of the enzymes involved in glucose metabolism; and the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Results: Insulin resistance was successfully induced in HepG2 cells. After treatment with AME, the glucose consumption increased significantly in HepG2 cells compared with the model group (MG). The expression of PI3K, Akt, and pAkt and the activity of 6-phosphofructokinas (PFK-1), glucokinase (GCK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) increased, while the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) as well as the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C reactive protein (CRP) decreased. Conclusions: The mechanism by which treatment with AME improves insulin resistance in HepG2 cells may involve the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the processes of glucose oxygenolysis, glycogen synthesis, gluconeogenesis and inflammatory cytokine expression.
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Kubota M, Shimizu M, Baba A, Ohno T, Kochi T, Shirakami Y, Moriwaki H. Combination of bevacizumab and acyclic retinoid inhibits the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 60:357-62. [PMID: 25744425 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poor and the development of effective treatments for this malignancy, including combination chemotherapy, is required. This study examined the possible combined inhibitory effects of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody, and acyclic retinoid (ACR), which can prevent the development of HCC, on the growth of Huh7 human HCC cells. Xenograft tumors were produced by subcutaneously injecting Huh7 cells into nude mice. Starting 1 wk after the tumor cell injection, the mice were treated with bevacizumab alone (5 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneous injection, twice a week), ACR alone (given in a diet containing 0.03%), or their combination for 6 wk, and the effects of these regimens on xenograft growth were examined. Combined treatment with bevacizumab plus ACR significantly suppressed the growth of Huh7 xenografts. The combination of these agents significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of the Akt protein in tumor tissues. With combination therapy, the population of Ki-67-positive cells in xenografts decreased, while that of TUNEL-positive cells increased. The combination of bevacizumab and ACR exerts growth-suppressing effects on HCC cells by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. This combination might be an effective regimen for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology/Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine
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Lu H, Lei X, Zhang Q. Moderate activation of IKK2-NF-kB in unstressed adult mouse liver induces cytoprotective genes and lipogenesis without apparent signs of inflammation or fibrosis. BMC Gastroenterol 2015. [PMID: 26219821 PMCID: PMC4518658 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The NF-kB signaling, regulated by IKK1-p52/RelB and IKK2-p65, is activated by various stresses to protect or damage the liver, in context-specific manners. Two previous studies of liver-specific expression of constitutive active IKK2 (IKK2ca) showed that strong activation of IKK2-NF-kB in mouse livers caused inflammation, insulin resistance, and/or fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to understand how moderate activation of IKK2-NF-kB in adult mouse livers alters hepatic gene expression and pathophysiology. Method We generated mice with adult hepatocyte-specific activation of Ikk2 (Liv-Ikk2ca) using Alb-cre mice and Ikk2ca Rosa26 knockin mice in which a moderate expression of Ikk2ca transgene was driven by the endogenous Rosa26 promoter. Results Surprisingly, compared to wild-type mice, adult male Liv-Ikk2ca mice had higher hepatic mRNA expression of Ikk2 and classical NF-kB targets (e.g. Lcn2 and A20), as well as IKK1, NIK, and RelB, but no changes in markers of inflammation or fibrosis. Blood levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 remained unchanged, and histology analysis showed a lack of injury or infiltration of inflammatory cells in livers of Liv-Ikk2ca mice. Moreover, Liv-Ikk2ca mice had lower mRNA expression of prooxidative enzymes Cyp2e1 and Cyp4a14, higher expression of antioxidative enzymes Sod2, Gpx1, and Nqo1, without changes in key enzymes for fatty acid oxidation, glucose utilization, or gluconeogenesis. In parallel, Liv-Ikk2ca mice and wild-type mice had similar levels of hepatic reduced glutathione, endogenous reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, Liv-Ikk2ca mice had higher Cyp3a11 without down-regulation of most drug processing genes. Regarding nuclear proteins of NF-kB subunits, Liv-Ikk2ca mice had moderately higher p65 and p50 but much higher RelB. Results of ChIP-qPCR showed that the binding of p50 to multiple NF-kB-target genes was markedly increased in Liv-Ikk2ca mice. Additionally, Liv-Ikk2ca mice had moderate increase in triglycerides in liver, which was associated with higher lipogenic factors Pparγ, Lxr, Fasn, Scd1, and CD36. Conclusion In summary, moderate activation of IKK2-NF-kB in unstressed adult mouse hepatocytes produces a cytoprotective gene expression profile and induces lipogenesis without apparent signs of inflammation or fibrosis, likely due to strong activation of the anti-inflammatory IKK1-RelB alternative NF-kB pathway as well as the Lxr. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12876-015-0325-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams ST, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams ST, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Qinghao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams ST, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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Tamura Y, Kawao N, Yano M, Okada K, Okumoto K, Chiba Y, Matsuo O, Kaji H. Role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in glucocorticoid-induced diabetes and osteopenia in mice. Diabetes 2015; 64:2194-206. [PMID: 25552599 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-term use of glucocorticoids (GCs) causes numerous adverse effects, including glucose/lipid abnormalities, osteoporosis, and muscle wasting. The pathogenic mechanism, however, is not completely understood. In this study, we used plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)-deficient mice to explore the role of PAI-1 in GC-induced glucose/lipid abnormalities, osteoporosis, and muscle wasting. Corticosterone markedly increased the levels of circulating PAI-1 and the PAI-1 mRNA level in the white adipose tissue of wild-type mice. PAI-1 deficiency significantly reduced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance but not hyperlipidemia induced by GC. An in vitro experiment revealed that active PAI-1 treatment inhibits insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt and glucose uptake in HepG2 hepatocytes. However, this was not observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes, indicating that PAI-1 suppressed insulin signaling in hepatocytes. PAI-1 deficiency attenuated the GC-induced bone loss presumably via inhibition of apoptosis of osteoblasts. Moreover, the PAI-1 deficiency also protected from GC-induced muscle loss. In conclusion, the current study indicated that PAI-1 is involved in GC-induced glucose metabolism abnormality, osteopenia, and muscle wasting in mice. PAI-1 may be a novel therapeutic target to mitigate the adverse effects of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Tamura
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Masato Yano
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Katsumi Okumoto
- Life Science Research Institute, Kinki University, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Chiba
- Clinical Research Center, Kinki University Hospital, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Osamu Matsuo
- Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
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Macrophage CGI-58 deficiency promotes IL-1β transcription by activating the SOCS3-FOXO1 pathway. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:493-506. [PMID: 25431838 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over-nutrition induces low-grade inflammation that dampens insulin sensitivity, but the underlying molecular mediators are not fully understood. Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) is an intracellular lipolytic activator. In the present study, we show that in mouse visceral fat-derived macrophages or human peripheral blood monocytes, CGI-58 negatively and interleukin (IL)-1β positively correlate with obesity. Saturated non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) suppresses CGI-58 expression in macrophages and this suppression activates FOXO1 (forkhead box-containing protein O subfamily-1) through inhibition of FOXO1 phosphorylation. Activated FOXO1 binds to an insulin-responsive element in IL-1β promoter region to potentiate IL-1β transcription. Gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrate that NEFA-induced CGI-58 suppression activates FOXO1 to augment IL-1β transcription by dampening insulin signalling through induction of SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signalling 3) expression. CGI-58 deficiency-induced SOCS3 expression is NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome-dependent. Our data thus identified a vicious cycle (IL-1β-SOCS3-FOXO1-IL-1β) that amplifies IL-1β secretion and is initiated by CGI-58 deficiency-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. We further show that blocking this cycle with a FOXO1 inhibitor, an antioxidant that inhibits FOXO1 or IL-1 receptor antagonist alleviates chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Collectively, our data suggest that obesity-associated factors such as NEFA and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) probably adopt this vicious cycle to promote inflammation and insulin resistance.
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QIU LIEWANG, GU LUYUN, LÜ LIN, CHEN XIAOFENG, LI CHUANFEI, MEI ZHECHUAN. FOXO1-mediated epigenetic modifications are involved in the insulin-mediated repression of hepatocyte aquaporin 9 expression. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:3064-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Rosiglitazone inhibits hepatic insulin resistance induced by chronic pancreatitis and IKK-β/NF-κB expression in liver. Pancreas 2014; 43:1291-8. [PMID: 25036911 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the influence of rosiglitazone on hepatic insulin resistance and the expressions of IκB kinase-β (IKK-β)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in chronic pancreatitis (CP). METHODS After CP was induced in rats, rosiglitazone and GW9662 were administered at the doses of 4 and 2 mg/kg per day for 4 weeks, respectively. Then, glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. Hepatocytes were isolated for the glucose release experiments. Determination of the IKK-β, NF-κB, and Ser307p-insulin receptor substrates-1 (Ser307p-IRS-1) expression in the liver was performed. RESULTS The increased plasma glucose, reduced insulin sensitivity, and the capacity of insulin to suppress glucose release in hepatocytes were observed in CP rats. The IKK-β, NF-κB, and Ser307p-IRS-1 expressions were significantly higher in the liver of CP rats than in sham-operated rats (P < 0.05). Rosiglitazone treatment significantly improved hepatic insulin sensitivity and inhibited the IKK-β, NF-κB, and Ser307p-IRS-1 expressions in the liver (P < 0.05). Counteraction with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ by GW9662 attenuated the aforementioned effects of rosiglitazone. CONCLUSIONS Rosiglitazone attenuates hepatic insulin resistance induced by CP. The inhibition of hepatic IKK-β and NF-κB expressions via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ may be involved in the therapeutic effect of rosiglitazone.
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Kang X, Xie QY, Zhou JS, Zhang B, Liao DF, Wu HH, Zheng W, Pan XM, Quan Y. C/EBP-α, involvement of a novel transcription factor in leptin-induced VCAM-1 production in mouse chondrocytes. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1122-7. [PMID: 24582795 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leptin and vascular cell adhesion molecules-1 (VCAM-1) are two important mediators in obesity-related osteoarthritis, while the molecular mechanism linking leptin to VCAM-1 production is still obscure. Here we show that leptin upregulates VCAM-1 mRNA and protein levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, leptin induces VCAM-1 promoter activity by increasing the expression of C/EBP-α and facilitating its binding to a newly identified element in the VCAM-1 gene. Gain or loss of function studies reveal a regulatory role of C/EBP-α on VCAM-1 expression. Finally, elevated plasma leptin level correlates to increased C/EBP-α and VCAM-1 production in chondrocytes from obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Qing-Yun Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Jing-Song Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Dong-Fa Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Hong-Hua Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Xian-Ming Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China.
| | - Yi Quan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China.
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Kaiser G, Gerst F, Michael D, Berchtold S, Friedrich B, Strutz-Seebohm N, Lang F, Häring HU, Ullrich S. Regulation of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) by protein kinase B and glucocorticoids: different mechanisms of induction of beta cell death in vitro. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1587-95. [PMID: 23435785 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In steroid diabetes insulin secretion does not adequately compensate for enhanced hepatic gluconeogenesis and peripheral insulin resistance. Previous studies suggest that activation of the transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) contributes to glucocorticoid-induced beta cell death. This study examines the role and regulation of FOXO1 in insulin-secreting cells. METHODS INS-1E cells and mouse islet cells were cultured in the presence of dexamethasone. Signalling pathways were modified pharmacologically or by small interfering (si)RNA-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis. Changes in protein abundance and phosphorylation were analysed by western blotting, and subcellular localisation was assessed using confocal microscopy. Transcript levels were examined by RT-PCR. RESULTS Surprisingly, downregulation of FOXO1 by siRNA did not affect dexamethasone-induced apoptosis or Bim expression, but it prevented the effects of the pan protein kinase B (AKT) inhibitor (Akti-1/2). Indeed, dexamethasone and Akti-1/2 synergistically increased beta cell death and Bim expression. Akti-1/2 triggered dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of FOXO1. Glucocorticoid-receptor activation stimulated Foxo1 transcription, but FOXO1 phosphorylation was unchanged and the cytosolic concentration of FOXO1 remained high in relation to its nuclear concentration. However, subcellular fractionation revealed a significant increase in both cytosolic and nuclear FOXO1 compared with untreated cells. Dexamethasone diminished Pdx1 mRNA level, an effect which was not reversed by siRNA against Foxo1. Downregulation of AKT isoforms and serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) suggests that only sustained suppression of all three AKT isoforms caused dephosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of FOXO1. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study reveals that FOXO1 is not the main mediator of glucocorticoid-receptor-induced beta cell apoptosis, but rather that it escalates beta cell death when AKT activity is inhibited by distinct pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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