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Legaz I, Jimenez-Coll V, González-López R, Fernández-González M, Alegría-Marcos MJ, Galián JA, Botella C, Moya-Quiles R, Muro-Pérez M, Minguela A, Llorente S, Muro M. MicroRNAs as Potential Graft Rejection or Tolerance Biomarkers and Their Dilemma in Clinical Routines Behaving like Devilish, Angelic, or Frightening Elements. Biomedicines 2024; 12:116. [PMID: 38255221 PMCID: PMC10813128 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Allograft rejection is a widespread complication in allograft recipients with chronic kidney disease. Undertreatment of subclinical and clinical rejection and later post-transplant problems are caused by an imperfect understanding of the mechanisms at play and a lack of adequate diagnostic tools. Many different biomarkers have been analyzed and proposed to detect and monitor these crucial events in transplant outcomes. In this sense, microRNAs may help diagnose rejection or tolerance and indicate appropriate treatment, especially in patients with chronic allograft rejection. As key epigenetic regulators of physiological homeostasis, microRNAs have therapeutic potential and may indicate allograft tolerance or rejection. However, more evidence and clinical validation are indispensable before microRNAs are ready for clinical prime time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Legaz
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,” Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia (UMU), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Víctor Jimenez-Coll
- Immunology Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”—IMIB, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosana González-López
- Immunology Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”—IMIB, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - José Antonio Galián
- Immunology Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”—IMIB, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Botella
- Immunology Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”—IMIB, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosa Moya-Quiles
- Immunology Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”—IMIB, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro-Pérez
- Immunology Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”—IMIB, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunology Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”—IMIB, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Santiago Llorente
- Service of Nephrology, Unit Hospital Clinic Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Immunology Service, University Clinical Hospital “Virgen de la Arrixaca”—IMIB, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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2
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MicroRNA Expression Changes in Kidney Transplant: Diagnostic Efficacy of miR-150-5p as Potential Rejection Biomarker, Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132748. [PMID: 34206682 PMCID: PMC8268834 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The kidney allograft biopsy is considered the gold standard for rejection diagnosis but is invasive and could be indeterminate. Several publications point to the role of miRNA expression in suggesting its involvement in the acceptance or rejection of organ transplantation. This study aimed to analyze microRNAs involved in the differentiation and activation of B and T lymphocytes from kidney transplant (KT) patients’ peripheral blood leukocytes to be used as biomarkers of acute renal rejection (AR). Methods: A total of 15 KT patients with and without acute rejection (AR/NAR) were analyzed and quantified by miRNA PCR array. A total of 84 miRNAs related to lymphocyte differentiation and activation B and T were studied. The functions and biological pathways were analyzed to predict the potential targets of differential expressed miRNAs. Results: Six miRNA were increased in the AR group (miR-191-5p, miR-223-3p, miR-346, miR-423-5p, miR-574-3p, and miR-181d) and miR-150-5p was increased in the NAR group. In silico studies showed a total of 2603 target genes for the increased miRNAs in AR, while for the decrease miRNA, a total of 1107 target-potential genes were found. Conclusions: Our results show that KT with AR shows a decrease in miR-150-5p expression compared to NAR, suggesting that the decrease in miR-150-5p could be related to an increased MBD6 whose deregulation could have clinical consequences.
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3
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Li J, Deng Q, Fan W, Zeng Q, He H, Huang F. Melatonin-induced suppression of DNA methylation promotes odontogenic differentiation in human dental pulp cells. Bioengineered 2020; 11:829-840. [PMID: 32718272 PMCID: PMC8291816 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1795425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation potency of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) is essential for dentin regeneration. DNA methylation is one of the major epigenetic mechanisms and is suggested to involve in differentiation of hDPCs, the machinery of which includes DNA methyltransferase enzymes (DNMTs) and methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins (MBDs). Our previous study has found that melatonin (MT) promoted hDPC differentiation, but its mechanism remains elusive. We aimed to investigate the role of DNA methylation in the promotion of MT to differentiation of hDPCs in vitro. hDPCs were cultured in basal growth medium (CO) or odontogenic medium (OM) exposed to MT at different concentrations (0, 10-12, 10-10, 10-8, 10-6, 10-4 M). The cell growth was analyzed using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and mineralized tissue formation was measured using Alizarin red staining. The expression of the 10 genes (DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MBD1-6, MeCP2) was determined using real-time qPCR and western blotting. The abundance of MeCP2 in the nuclei was evaluated using immunofluorescence analysis. Global methylation level was tested using ELISA. We found that mineralized tissue formation significantly increased in OM with MT at 10-4 M, while the levels of MeCP2 and global DNA methylation level declined. The expression of MBD1, MBD3, and MBD4 significantly increased in OM alone, and the expession of DNMT1 and MBD2 was decreased. These results indicate that MT promotes odontogenic differentiation of hDPCs in vitro by regulating the levels of DNMT1, MeCP2, and global DNA methylation, suggesting that MT-induced DNA methylation machinery may play an important role in tooth regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhou Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianyi Deng
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Hospital of Stomatology,Guanghua School of Stomatology,Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Hospital of Stomatology,Guanghua School of Stomatology,Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Zhang Q, Han Z, Zhu Y, Chen J, Li W. The Role and Specific Mechanism of OCT4 in Cancer Stem Cells: A Review. Int J Stem Cells 2020; 13:312-325. [PMID: 32840233 PMCID: PMC7691851 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, evidences show that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a type of cancer cell group with self-renewal and play a huge role in tumor recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance. Finding new treatment directions and targets for cancer prognosis and reducing mortality has become a top priority. OCT4, as a transcription factor, participates in maintaining the stem characteristics of CSCs, but the mechanism of OCT4 is often overlooked. In this review, we try to illustrate the mechanism by which OCT4 plays a role in CSCs from the perspective of genetic modification of OCT4, non-coding RNA, complexes and signaling pathways associated with OCT4. Our ultimate goal is to provide new targets for cancer treatment to prolong the survival of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenzhen Han
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanbo Zhu
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingcheng Chen
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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5
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang N, Li Z, Heller R, Liu R, Zhao Y, Han J, Pan X, Zheng Z, Dai X, Chen C, Dou M, Peng S, Chen X, Liu J, Li M, Wang K, Liu C, Lin Z, Chen L, Hao F, Zhu W, Song C, Zhao C, Zheng C, Wang J, Hu S, Li C, Yang H, Jiang L, Li G, Liu M, Sonstegard TS, Zhang G, Jiang Y, Wang W, Qiu Q. Genetic basis of ruminant headgear and rapid antler regeneration. Science 2020; 364:364/6446/eaav6335. [PMID: 31221830 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav6335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ruminants are the only extant mammalian group possessing bony (osseous) headgear. We obtained 221 transcriptomes from bovids and cervids and sequenced three genomes representing the only two pecoran lineages that convergently lack headgear. Comparative analyses reveal that bovid horns and cervid antlers share similar gene expression profiles and a common cellular basis developed from neural crest stem cells. The rapid regenerative properties of antler tissue involve exploitation of oncogenetic pathways, and at the same time some tumor suppressor genes are under strong selection in deer. These results provide insights into the evolutionary origin of ruminant headgear as well as mammalian organ regeneration and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chenzhou Zhang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Nini Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of Special Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Rasmus Heller
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiangang Han
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhuqing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xueqin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Mingle Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shujun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xianqing Chen
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zeshan Lin
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chengchuang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chengli Zheng
- Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Shengwei Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Cunyuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Department of Special Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Mingjun Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Xinjiang, Urumqi 830026, China
| | | | - Guojie Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Wen Wang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Qiang Qiu
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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6
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Liang MR, Zeng Y, Zeng SY, Zhang JW, Yang BC, Zhang ZY, Liu FY, Luo Y, Zou Y, Wang F, Huang OP. The Expression of MBD6 Is Associated with Tumor Size in Uterine Leiomyomas. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2019; 23:523-532. [PMID: 31313936 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2019.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Uterine leiomyoma (UL) is the most common benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterus in reproductive women. Prior studies indicated that methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins (MBDs) may be involved in the pathogenesis of UL. Materials and Methods: In this study, UL tissues and paired adjacent myometrium were collected from a total of 51 patients. The expression of MBD mRNAs and their cognate proteins were analyzed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays and western blotting, respectively. The relationships between the MBD expression levels and the patients' clinicopathologic variables were assessed using Student's t test, nonparametric tests, or Pearson χ2 methods. Results: Our results show that both the mRNA and protein levels of MBD2 were significantly decreased in ULs compared to the adjacent myometrium. In addition, MBD6 protein expression was also decreased significantly in UL samples when compared to the adjacent myometrium. There was, however, no significant difference on the mRNA expression of MBD6 between these two groups. Neither the mRNA nor the protein levels of the other MBD members (MBD1, MBD3, MBD4, MBD5, and MeCP2) showed any significant differences between ULs and the adjacent myometria. The decreased expression of the MBD6 protein was correlated with the tumor size of ULs. Conclusions: These results suggest that the dysregulated expression of MBD2 and MBD6 in ULs may play a role in their development; however, a larger sample size together with cellular functional assays should be carried out to further elucidate the precise role of MBD6 in ULs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Rong Liang
- 1Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China.,2Department of Oncology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China.,3Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zeng
- 3Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yuan Zeng
- 2Department of Oncology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Wen Zhang
- 1Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Cheng Yang
- 3Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhang
- 3Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Ying Liu
- 3Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yong Luo
- 3Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zou
- 3Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- 3Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Ou-Ping Huang
- 1Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China.,3Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China.,4Department of Gynecology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
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7
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Mahmood N, Rabbani SA. DNA Methylation Readers and Cancer: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Applications. Front Oncol 2019; 9:489. [PMID: 31245293 PMCID: PMC6579900 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a major epigenetic process that regulates chromatin structure which causes transcriptional activation or repression of genes in a context-dependent manner. In general, DNA methylation takes place when methyl groups are added to the appropriate bases on the genome by the action of "writer" molecules known as DNA methyltransferases. How these methylation marks are read and interpreted into different functionalities represents one of the main mechanisms through which the genes are switched "ON" or "OFF" and typically involves different types of "reader" proteins that can recognize and bind to the methylated regions. A tightly balanced regulation exists between the "writers" and "readers" in order to mediate normal cellular functions. However, alterations in normal methylation pattern is a typical hallmark of cancer which alters the way methylation marks are written, read and interpreted in different disease states. This unique characteristic of DNA methylation "readers" has identified them as attractive therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on the different classes of DNA methylation "readers" identified thus far along with their normal biological functions, describe how they are dysregulated in cancer, and discuss the various anti-cancer therapies that are currently being developed and evaluated for targeting these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Shafaat A Rabbani
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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8
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Medici V, LaSalle JM. Genetics and epigenetic factors of Wilson disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:S58. [PMID: 31179295 PMCID: PMC6531661 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.01.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a complex condition due to copper accumulation mainly in the liver and brain. The genetic base of WD is represented by pathogenic mutations of the copper-transporting gene ATP7B with consequent lack of copper excretion through the biliary tract. ATP7B is the only gene so far identified and known to be responsible for the development of the disease. Our understanding of the disease has been evolving as functional studies have associated specific disease-causing mutations with specific copper-transporter impairments. The most frequent variant in patients of European descent is the H1069Q missense mutation and it has been associated with protein misfolding, aberrant phosphorylation of the P-domain, and altered ATP binding orientation and affinity. Conversely, there is much less understanding of the relation between the genotype and the clinical manifestations of WD. WD is characterized by a highly varied and unpredictable presentation with different combined hepatic, neurological, and psychiatric symptoms. Several studies have attempted to correlate genotype and phenotype but the most recent evidences on larger populations failed to identify a relation between genotype and clinical presentations. Given that so far also modifier genes have not shown convincing association with WD, there is growing interest to identify epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression regulation as underlying the onset and progression of WD phenotype. Evidence from animal models indicated changes in methionine metabolism regulation with possible effects on DNA methylation. Mouse models of WD have indicated transcript level changes of genes related to DNA methylation in fetal and adult livers. And finally, evidence is accumulating regarding DNA methylation changes in patients with WD. It is unexplored how ATP7B genetic mutations combine with epigenetic changes to affect the phenotype. In conclusion, WD is a genetic disease with a complex regulation of its phenotype that includes molecular genetics and epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Janine M. LaSalle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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9
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Kluska A, Kulecka M, Litwin T, Dziezyc K, Balabas A, Piatkowska M, Paziewska A, Dabrowska M, Mikula M, Kaminska D, Wiernicka A, Socha P, Czlonkowska A, Ostrowski J. Whole-exome sequencing identifies novel pathogenic variants across the ATP7B gene and some modifiers of Wilson's disease phenotype. Liver Int 2019; 39:177-186. [PMID: 30230192 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with disease-causing alterations across the ATP7B gene, with highly variable symptoms and age of onset. We aimed to assess whether the clinical variability of WD relates to modifier genes. METHODS A total of 248 WD patients were included, of whom 148 were diagnosed after age of 17. Human exome libraries were constructed using AmpliSeq technology and sequenced using the IonProton platform. RESULTS ATP7B p.His1069Gln mutation was present in 215 patients, with 112 homozygotes and 103 heterozygotes. Three other mutations: p.Gln1351Ter, p.Trp779Ter and c.3402delC were identified in >10 patients. Among patients, 117 had a homozygous mutation, 101 were compound heterozygotes, 27 had one heterozygous mutation, and 3 other patients had no identifiable pathogenic variant of ATP7B. Sixteen mutations were novel, found as part of a compound mutation or as a sole, homozygous mutation. For disease phenotype prediction, age at diagnosis was a deciding factor, while frameshift allelic variants of ATP7B and being male increased the odds of developing a neurological phenotype. Rare allelic variants in ESD and INO80 increased and decreased chances for the neurological phenotype, respectively, while rare variants in APOE and MBD6 decreased the chances of WD early manifestation. Compound mutations contributed to earlier age of onset. CONCLUSIONS In a Polish population, genetic screening for WD may help genotype for four variants (p.His1069Gln, p.Gln1351Ter, p.Trp779Ter and c.3402delC), with direct sequencing of all ATP7B amplicons as a second diagnostic step. We also identified some allelic variants that may modify a WD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kluska
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Center-Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Dziezyc
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Balabas
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Center-Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Paziewska
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michal Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Center-Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Kaminska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wiernicka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Socha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czlonkowska
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Center-Institute, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Wang M, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wei F, Lian Y, Wu Y, Gong Z, Zhang S, Zhou J, Cao K, Li X, Xiong W, Li G, Zeng Z, Guo C. Role of tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis. J Cancer 2017; 8:761-773. [PMID: 28382138 PMCID: PMC5381164 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 888] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex and dynamic process, consisting of three stages: initiation, progression, and metastasis. Tumors are encircled by extracellular matrix (ECM) and stromal cells, and the physiological state of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely connected to every step of tumorigenesis. Evidence suggests that the vital components of the TME are fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, neuroendocrine cells, adipose cells, immune and inflammatory cells, the blood and lymphatic vascular networks, and ECM. This manuscript, based on the current studies of the TME, offers a more comprehensive overview of the primary functions of each component of the TME in cancer initiation, progression, and invasion. The manuscript also includes primary therapeutic targeting markers for each player, which may be helpful in treating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maonan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jingzhou Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Lishen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yingfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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11
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MiR-218 Induces Neuronal Differentiation of ASCs in a Temporally Sequential Manner with Fibroblast Growth Factor by Regulation of the Wnt Signaling Pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39427. [PMID: 28045049 PMCID: PMC5206743 DOI: 10.1038/srep39427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of neural lineages from mesenchymal stem cells has raised the hope of generating functional cells as seed cells for nerve tissue engineering. As important gene regulators, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been speculated to play a vital role in accelerating stem cell differentiation and repairing neuron damage. However, miRNA roles in directing differentiation of stem cells in current protocols are underexplored and the mechanisms of miRNAs as regulators of neuronal differentiation remain ambiguous. In this study, we have determined that miR-218 serves as crucial constituent regulator in neuronal differentiation of adipose stem cells (ASCs) through Wnt signaling pathway based on comprehensive annotation of miRNA sequencing data. Moreover, we have also discovered that miR-218 and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF2) modulate neuronal differentiation in a sequential manner. These findings provide additional understanding of the mechanisms regulating stem cell neuronal differentiation as well as a new method for neural lineage differentiation of ASCs.
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12
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Gigek CO, Chen ES, Smith MAC. Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein (MBD) Family: Epigenomic Read-Outs Functions and Roles in Tumorigenesis and Psychiatric Diseases. J Cell Biochem 2016. [PMID: 26205787 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of the heritable changes on gene expression that are responsible for the regulation of development and that have an impact on several diseases. However, it is of equal importance to understand how epigenetic machinery works. DNA methylation is the most studied epigenetic mark and is generally associated with the regulation of gene expression through the repression of promoter activity and by affecting genome stability. Therefore, the ability of the cell to interpret correct methylation marks and/or the correct interpretation of methylation plays a role in many diseases. The major family of proteins that bind methylated DNA is the methyl-CpG binding domain proteins, or the MBDs. Here, we discuss the structure that makes these proteins a family, the main functions and interactions of all protein family members and their role in human disease such as psychiatric disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Oliveira Gigek
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740, Edifício Leitão da Cunha, 1, ° andar, CEP 04023-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Disciplina de Gastroenterologia Cirúrgica, Departamento de Cirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Napoleão de Barros, 715, 2º andar, CEP:04024-002, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Suchi Chen
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740, Edifício Leitão da Cunha, 1, ° andar, CEP 04023-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marilia Arruda Cardoso Smith
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740, Edifício Leitão da Cunha, 1, ° andar, CEP 04023-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Saei Arezoumand K, Alizadeh E, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Esmaeillou M, Zarghami N. An overview on different strategies for the stemness maintenance of MSCs. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1255-1271. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1246452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Saei Arezoumand
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Esmaeillou
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Universita degli Studi di siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Du Q, Luu PL, Stirzaker C, Clark SJ. Methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins: readers of the epigenome. Epigenomics 2015; 7:1051-73. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How DNA methylation is interpreted and influences genome regulation remains largely unknown. Proteins of the methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) family are primary candidates for the readout of DNA methylation as they recruit chromatin remodelers, histone deacetylases and methylases to methylated DNA associated with gene repression. MBD protein binding requires both functional MBD domains and methyl-CpGs; however, some MBD proteins also bind unmethylated DNA and active regulatory regions via alternative regulatory domains or interaction with the nucleosome remodeling deacetylase (NuRD/Mi-2) complex members. Mutations within MBD domains occur in many diseases, including neurological disorders and cancers, leading to loss of MBD binding specificity to methylated sites and gene deregulation. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge about MBD proteins and their role as readers of the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics & Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Phuc-Loi Luu
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics & Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Clare Stirzaker
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics & Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Susan J Clark
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics & Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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15
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The fat cell epigenetic signature in post-obese women is characterized by global hypomethylation and differential DNA methylation of adipogenesis genes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:910-9. [PMID: 25783037 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obese subjects have increased number of enlarged fat cells that are reduced in size but not in number in post-obesity. We performed DNA methylation profiling in fat cells with the aim of identifying differentially methylated DNA sites (DMS) linked to adipose hyperplasia (many small fat cells) in post-obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS Genome-wide DNA methylation was analyzed in abdominal subcutaneous fat cells from 16 women examined 2 years after gastric bypass surgery at a post-obese state (body mass index (BMI) 26±2 kg m(-2), mean±s.d.) and from 14 never-obese women (BMI 25±2 kg m(-2)). Gene expression was analyzed in subcutaneous adipose tissue from nine women in each group. In a secondary analysis, we examined DNA methylation and expression of adipogenesis genes in 15 and 11 obese women, respectively. RESULTS The average degree of DNA methylation of all analyzed CpG sites was lower in fat cells from post-obese as compared with never-obese women (P=0.014). A total of 8504 CpG sites were differentially methylated in fat cells from post-obese versus never-obese women (false discovery rate 1%). DMS were under-represented in CpG islands and surrounding shores. The 8504 DMS mapped to 3717 unique genes; these genes were over-represented in cell differentiation pathways. Notably, 27% of the genes linked to adipogenesis (that is, 35 of 130) displayed DMS (adjusted P=10(-8)) in post-obese versus never-obese women. Next, we explored DNA methylation and expression of genes linked to adipogenesis in more detail in adipose tissue samples. DMS annotated to adipogenesis genes were not accompanied by differential gene expression in post-obese compared with never-obese women. In contrast, adipogenesis genes displayed differential DNA methylation accompanied by altered expression in obese women. CONCLUSIONS Global CpG hypomethylation and over-representation of DMS in adipogenesis genes in fat cells may contribute to adipose hyperplasia in post-obese women.
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16
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Choi YJ, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Mutation and expression of a methyl-binding protein 6 (MBD6) in gastric and colorectal cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:857-8. [PMID: 25638327 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jin Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
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17
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DeVeale B, Brokhman I, Mohseni P, Babak T, Yoon C, Lin A, Onishi K, Tomilin A, Pevny L, Zandstra PW, Nagy A, van der Kooy D. Oct4 is required ~E7.5 for proliferation in the primitive streak. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003957. [PMID: 24244203 PMCID: PMC3828132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oct4 is a widely recognized pluripotency factor as it maintains Embryonic Stem (ES) cells in a pluripotent state, and, in vivo, prevents the inner cell mass (ICM) in murine embryos from differentiating into trophectoderm. However, its function in somatic tissue after this developmental stage is not well characterized. Using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase and floxed alleles of Oct4, we investigated the effect of depleting Oct4 in mouse embryos between the pre-streak and headfold stages, ∼E6.0–E8.0, when Oct4 is found in dynamic patterns throughout the embryonic compartment of the mouse egg cylinder. We found that depletion of Oct4 ∼E7.5 resulted in a severe phenotype, comprised of craniorachischisis, random heart tube orientation, failed turning, defective somitogenesis and posterior truncation. Unlike in ES cells, depletion of the pluripotency factors Sox2 and Oct4 after E7.0 does not phenocopy, suggesting that ∼E7.5 Oct4 is required within a network that is altered relative to the pluripotency network. Oct4 is not required in extraembryonic tissue for these processes, but is required to maintain cell viability in the embryo and normal proliferation within the primitive streak. Impaired expansion of the primitive streak occurs coincident with Oct4 depletion ∼E7.5 and precedes deficient convergent extension which contributes to several aspects of the phenotype. Embryogenesis is an intricate process requiring that division, differentiation and position of cells are coordinated. During mammalian development early pluripotent populations are canalized or restricted in potency during embryogenesis. Due to considerable interest in how this fundamental state of pluripotency is maintained, and the requirement of the transcription factor Oct4 to maintain pluripotency, Oct4 has been intensively studied in culture. However, it is not clear what role Oct4 has during lineage specification of pluripotent cells. Oct4 removal during lineage specification indicates that it is required in the primitive streak of mouse embryos to maintain proliferation. The consequences of Oct4 removal diverge from the consequences of removing another factor required for pluripotency between preimplantation development and early cell fate specification suggesting that the network Oct4 acts within is altered between these stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian DeVeale
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (BD); (DvdK)
| | - Irina Brokhman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paria Mohseni
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomas Babak
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Yoon
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kento Onishi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexey Tomilin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larysa Pevny
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (BD); (DvdK)
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18
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Tan Q, Lui PPY, Lee YW. In vivo identity of tendon stem cells and the roles of stem cells in tendon healing. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:3128-40. [PMID: 23815595 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the spatial distribution of stem cells in tendons and the roles of stem cells in early tendon repair. The relationship between tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) isolated in vitro and tendon stem cells in vivo was also explored. Iododeoxyuridine (IdU) label-retaining method was used for labeling stem cells in rat patellar tendons with and without injury. Co-localization of label-retaining cells (LRCs) with different markers was done by immunofluorescent staining. TDSCs were isolated from patellar tendon mid-substance after IdU pulsing, and the expression of different markers in fresh and expanded cells was done by immunofluorescent staining. More LRCs were found at the peritenon and tendon-bone junction compared with the mid-substance. Some LRCs at the peritenon were located at the perivascular niche. The LRC number and the expression of proliferative, tendon-related, pluripotency, and pericyte-related markers in LRCs in the window wound increased. Most of the freshly isolated TDSCs expressed IdU, and some TDSCs expressed pericyte-related markers, which were lost during expansion. Both freshly isolated and subcultured TDSCs expressed pluripotency markers, which were absent in LRCs in intact tendons. In conclusion, we identified LRCs at the peritenon, mid-substance, and tendon-bone junction. There were both vascular and non-vascular sources of LRCs at the peritenon, while the source of LRCs at the mid-substance was non-vascular. LRCs participated in tendon repair via migration, proliferation, activation for tenogenesis, and increased pluripotency. Some LRCs in the window wound were pericyte like. Most of the mid-substance TDSCs were LRCs. The pluripotency markers and pericyte-related marker in LRCs might be important for function after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tan
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
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19
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Choi JI, Cho HT, Jee MK, Kang SK. Core-shell nanoparticle controlled hATSCs neurogenesis for neuropathic pain therapy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4956-70. [PMID: 23582861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A stem cell-based strategy for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine is crucial to produce and effective therapeutic replacement of injured or damaged tissues. This type of therapeutic replacement requires interaction with the cells and tissues via the incorporation of a beneficial physical microenvironment and cellular biochemical signals. Recently, we studied a cell-function modifying factor, core-shell nanoparticles consisting of an SPIO (superparamagnetic iron oxide) core covered with a photonic ZnO shell for human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hATSCs) that regulate various cellular functions: self-renewal, neurogenesis, and dedifferentiation. We proposed an alternative method of stem cell culture that focuses on the use of Zn++ Finger nanoparticles for stem cell expansion and transdifferentiation modulation in vitro and in in vivo spinal cord injury models. Our study showed that treating hATSC cultures with nanoscale particles could lead to active cell proliferation and self-renewal and could promote nuclear Dicer-regulation of several functional molecules, Oct4 and Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3), and the abundance of specific functional proteins that have been observed using biochemical analysis. These biochemical changes in hATSCs induced the functional development of multiple differentiation potencies such as β-cells and neural cells; specifically, the ability to differentiation into GABA-secreting cells was significantly improved in in vitro- and in vivo-induced animal lesions with significantly improved therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee In Choi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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