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Daou L, Rached A, Jrad M, Naja W, Haddad R. Substance use disorder in the context of the economic crisis, covid-19 pandemic and social unrest: a cross-sectional study across Beirut (2020-2021). L'ENCEPHALE 2024; 50:483-489. [PMID: 37985261 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorder (SUD) is related to the interplay of various factors. The primary objective of this study was to assess the variation in substance use (SU) among a set of Lebanese people undergoing treatment for SUD during the Lebanese economic crisis, COVID-19 pandemic, and Beirut Blast. METHODS A cross-sectional study including Lebanese adults previously diagnosed with and being treated for SUD at the Skoun center was conducted. Data collection was done using a paper-based Arabic questionnaire tackling the economic crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the Beirut Blast, as well as the following scores: APGAR, PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PCL-6. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 with P value<0.05 considered significant. A bivariate analysis was conducted to study the association between the use of substances and study variables and scores. RESULTS The sample included 126 men and 10 women. Most participants had a stable consumption of illicit drugs (58.8%), alcohol (76.5%), prescription drugs (70.6%) and non-prescription drugs (89%). Additionally, most participants had concomitant mild or moderate depression (55.1%), mild or moderate anxiety (50.7%), and PTSD (61.8%). Factors found to significantly increase SU were economic distress, change in employment status, and decrease in working hours. PTSD was also identified as a risk factor for increased illicit drug and alcohol use. Furthermore, severe anxiety was found to be a risk factor for increased alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION Most participants were able to maintain a stable pattern of SU despite the quadruple crisis in Lebanon highlighting the important role played by Lebanese Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and efforts employed to control SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Daou
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Betchay, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon.
| | - Ahmad Rached
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Betchay, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Manal Jrad
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Betchay, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Wadih Naja
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Betchay, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Ramzi Haddad
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Betchay, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon; Department of Psychiatry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Lawler T, Warren Andersen S, Trentham-Dietz A, Sethi AK, Tevaarwerk AJ, Malecki KMC, Litzelman K, Pophali PA, Gangnon RE, Hampton JM, Kwekkeboom K, LoConte NK. Change in alcohol consumption during the Covid-19 pandemic and associations with mental health and financial hardship: results from a survey of Wisconsin patients with cancer. J Cancer Surviv 2023:10.1007/s11764-023-01502-1. [PMID: 38017319 PMCID: PMC11130075 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-023-01502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alcohol consumption increases health risks for patients with cancer. The Covid-19 pandemic may have affected drinking habits for these individuals. We surveyed patients with cancer to examine whether changes in drinking habits were related to mental health or financial effects of the pandemic. METHODS From October 2020 to April 2021, adult patients (age 18-80 years at diagnosis) treated for cancer in southcentral Wisconsin were invited to complete a survey. Age-adjusted percentages for history of anxiety or depression, emotional distress, and financial impacts of Covid-19 overall and by change in alcohol consumption (non-drinker, stable, decreased, or increased) were obtained via logistic regression. RESULTS In total, 1,875 patients were included in the analysis (median age 64, range 19-87 years), including 9% who increased and 23% who decreased drinking. Compared to stable drinkers (32% of sample), a higher proportion of participants who increased drinking alcohol also reported anxiety or depression (45% vs. 26%), moderate to severe emotional distress (61% vs. 37%) and viewing Covid-19 as a threat to their community (67% vs. 55%). Decreased (vs. stable) drinking was associated with higher prevalence of depression or anxiety diagnosis, emotional distress, and negative financial impacts of the pandemic. Compared to non-drinkers (36% of sample), participants who increased drinking were more likely to report emotional distress (61% vs. 48%). CONCLUSIONS Patients with cancer from Wisconsin who changed their alcohol consumption during the Covid-19 pandemic were more likely to report poor mental health including anxiety, depression, and emotional distress than persons whose alcohol consumption was stable. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Clinicians working with cancer survivors should be aware of the link between poor mental health and increased alcohol consumption and be prepared to offer guidance or referrals to counseling, as needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lawler
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Shaneda Warren Andersen
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy Trentham-Dietz
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ajay K Sethi
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Kristen M C Malecki
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristin Litzelman
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Priyanka A Pophali
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald E Gangnon
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John M Hampton
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kristine Kwekkeboom
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Noelle K LoConte
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Shrestha NR, Vrotsos K, Fajardo DR, Baumann MR, Howard KJ, Perrotte JK. Pathways between Adverse Change in Employment and Alcohol Use among U.S. Women during a Global Pandemic: The Moderating Role of Conformity to Masculine Norms. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1177-1186. [PMID: 37259841 PMCID: PMC10289011 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2212059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined changes in reported alcohol use among women during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and the relations to adverse changes in employment (e.g. job loss, furlough, reduced pay). Further, this study assessed how the relation between changes in alcohol use and experiencing an adverse change in employment was moderated by four theoretically relevant dimensions of conformity to masculine norms (CMNI, i.e. risk-taking, winning, self-reliance, and primacy of work). METHODS The sample for the present study is a subset of a survey that was conducted in the spring of 2020 among U.S. adults and includes 509 participants who met the inclusion criteria. We assessed pandemic-related employment change status, changes in reported frequency and quantity of alcohol consumed, and four CMNI dimensions. Relations between these variables were assessed with a multinomial logistic regression path model. RESULTS Experiencing an adverse change in employment early in the pandemic was related to increased alcohol use when moderated by the CMNI dimension primacy of work. For people higher on primacy of work, an adverse change in employment was associated with a higher likelihood of reporting an increase in frequency, but not quantity, of drinking (rather than a decrease or no change). Not experiencing an adverse change in employment early in the pandemic was associated with an increased likelihood of reporting an increase for quantity but not frequency. CONCLUSION The results highlight the importance of considering how work-oriented women may be at risk for increasing alcohol use when confronted with changes in work status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha R. Shrestha
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
| | | | | | - Michael R. Baumann
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas – San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Krista J. Howard
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
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Nolte-Troha C, Roser P, Henkel D, Scherbaum N, Koller G, Franke AG. Unemployment and Substance Use: An Updated Review of Studies from North America and Europe. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11081182. [PMID: 37108016 PMCID: PMC10137824 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the industrial revolution, the relationship between unemployment and psychiatric disorders has been a subject of high interest. Currently, regarding the correlation between unemployment and substance-use disorders (SUDs), only older, often isolated and fragmented research results are available in the literature. This review was based on an extensive literature search of the European and North American literature in most relevant databases for "unemployment" and "substance use" related to "drugs", "alcohol", "nicotine", and "tobacco" between November 2022 and January 2023, according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. A total of 59,117 papers were identified, of which only 33 articles were identified as relevant to the research objective. The literature showed significantly higher prevalence rates of SUDs involving divergent psychotropic substances among unemployed people. Unemployment was found to be a risk factor for SUD, and vice versa. However, the correlation between unemployment and relapses or smoking cessation was inconsistent. In addition, there appeared to be a mild effect of business cycles on SUD. The results showed significant multifaceted correlations between unemployment and SUD, indicating that prevention and early intervention are required to prevent harmful psychosocial consequences, such as social disintegration and severe psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nolte-Troha
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Patrik Roser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Dieter Henkel
- Main Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), University of Applied Sciences Frankfurt, Nibelungenplatz 1, 60318 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Koller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas G Franke
- University of Applied Labour Studies, Seckenheimer Landstr. 16, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
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Quadri MFA, Lusher J, Folayan MO, Tantawi ME, Zuñiga AA, Brown B, Aly NM, Okeibunor JC, Florencia G, Jafer M, Ara E, Miranda KA, Al-Khanati NM, Ellakany P, Gaffar B, Ishabiyi AO, Khan AT, Khalid Z, Lawal FB, Nzimande N, Shamala A, Al-Tammemi AB, Osamika BE, Yousaf MA, Virtanen JI, Nguyen AL. Factors associated with an increase in tobacco use and alcohol drinking during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study of data from 105 countries. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:14. [PMID: 36741539 PMCID: PMC9881585 DOI: 10.18332/tid/157205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has inevitably led to monumental challenges, and alcohol drinking and tobacco use have unlikely been spared. This cross-sectional survey reports on factors associated with an increase in alcohol drinking and tobacco use during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS An online survey conducted in 2020, generated data from 14899 adults residing in 105 countries. Dependent variables were changes in alcohol drinking and tobacco use. Independent variables were age, sex, education level, job loss, lost or reduced wages, investment/retirement benefits, interrupted substance addiction care, and income level of the countries. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was computed to explore the associations between dependent and independent variables in adjusted models using the backward stepwise method. The probability of including or excluding a covariate was set at p(in)<0.05 and p(out)>0.1, respectively. RESULTS Of the regular alcohol consumers (N=4401), 22.9% reported an increase in their alcohol drinking. Of the regular tobacco users (N=2718), 31% reported an increase in their tobacco use. Job loss (Alcohol: AOR=1.26; Tobacco: AOR=1.32) and lost/reduced wages (Alcohol: AOR=1.52; Tobacco: AOR=1.52) were associated with higher odds of increased alcohol drinking and tobacco use. Many interruptions to addiction care (AOR=1.75) were associated with higher odds of increased alcohol drinking. Whereas no interruption to addiction care was associated with lower odds of increased alcohol drinking (AOR=0.77). Also, none (AOR=0.66) or some (AOR=0.70) interruptions to addiction care were associated with lower odds of increased tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS This global survey alludes to the unintended consequences of the current COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol drinking and tobacco use. It is critical that the strategies for emergency responses should include support to ameliorate the impact of financial distress and disruption in substance dependence treatment services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Faeq A. Quadri
- Dental Public Health Division, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia,Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Morenike O. Folayan
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Maha El Tantawi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Brandon Brown
- Department of Social Medicine, Population and Public Health, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, United States
| | - Nourhan M. Aly
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Joseph C. Okeibunor
- World Health Organization - Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Mohammed Jafer
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eshrat Ara
- Department of Psychology, Government College for Women, Cluster University of Srinagar, Srinagar, India
| | - Kessketlen A. Miranda
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuraldeen M. Al-Khanati
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Passent Ellakany
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Balgis Gaffar
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anthonia O. Ishabiyi
- Migration Health Division, International Organization for Migration, United Nations Migration Agency, Amman, Jordan,Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abeedha T. Khan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zumama Khalid
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Folake B. Lawal
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ntombifuthi Nzimande
- Department of Economic and Human Geography, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anas Shamala
- Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Ala’a B. Al-Tammemi
- Migration Health Division, International Organization for Migration, United Nations Migration Agency, Amman, Jordan,Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Muhammad A. Yousaf
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan,Department of Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Annie L. Nguyen
- Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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Martínez-Vélez NA, Tiburcio M, Natera Rey G, Villatoro Velázquez JA, Arroyo-Belmonte M, Sánchez-Hernández GY, Fernández-Torres M. Psychoactive Substance Use and Its Relationship to Stress, Emotional State, Depressive Symptomatology, and Perceived Threat During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico. Front Public Health 2021; 9:709410. [PMID: 34497792 PMCID: PMC8419305 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.709410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
People can increase their use of psychoactive substances in response to stressful situations as a maladaptive mechanism for reducing negative affective states. It is therefore necessary to examine changes in the use of such substances and their relationship to mental health in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: Evaluate the relationship between psychoactive substances and stress, emotional state, and symptomatology during the COVID-19 lockdown in Mexico. Method: A national survey was conducted, using the free Google Forms platform, of residents of Mexico aged 18 and older. The survey was disseminated through social media. Results: The sample comprised 4,122 individuals, mostly women (71.8%), with an age range of 18–81 years (M = 37.08, SD = 12.689), of which 46.8% were single, and 42.9% married. In general, there was a reduction in substance use during the first 2 months of the quarantine; the most commonly used substances were alcohol, tobacco, and tranquilizers. Respondents who described having greater use than before the pandemic presented greater stress, depressive symptomatology, and perceived threat than those who did not use substances. Conclusions: Respondents who did not use substances reported lower levels of stress, depressive symptomatology, impact of the coronavirus pandemic, and perception of its threat. Women reported greater stress, depressive symptomatology, and emotional intensity than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Angélica Martínez-Vélez
- Department of Social Sciences in Health, Direction of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Tiburcio
- Department of Social Sciences in Health, Direction of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Natera Rey
- Department of Social Sciences in Health, Direction of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ameth Villatoro Velázquez
- Direction of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Arroyo-Belmonte
- Department of Social Sciences in Health, Direction of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Yazmín Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Social Sciences in Health, Direction of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Morise Fernández-Torres
- Department of Social Sciences in Health, Direction of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
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Azagba S, Shan L, Qeadan F, Wolfson M. Unemployment rate, opioids misuse and other substance abuse: quasi-experimental evidence from treatment admissions data. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:22. [PMID: 33423671 PMCID: PMC7798212 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between economic conditions and substance abuse is unclear, with few studies reporting drug-specific substance abuse. The present study examined the association between economic conditions and drug-specific substance abuse admissions. METHODS State annual administrative data were drawn from the 1993-2016 Treatment Episode Data Set. The outcome variable was state-level aggregate number of treatment admissions for six categories of primary substance abuse (alcohol, marijuana/hashish, opiates, cocaine, stimulants, and other drugs). Additionally, we used a broader outcome for the number of treatment admissions, including primary, secondary, and tertiary diagnoses. We used a quasi-experimental approach -difference-in-difference model- to estimate the association between changes in economic conditions and substance abuse treatment admissions, adjusting for state characteristics. In addition, we performed two additional analyses to investigate (1) whether economic conditions have an asymmetric effect on the number of substance use admissions during economic downturns and upturns, and (2) the moderation effects of economic recessions (2001, 2008-09) on the relationship between economic conditions and substance use treatment. RESULTS The baseline model showed that unemployment rate was significantly associated with substance abuse treatment admissions. A unit increase in state unemployment rate was associated with a 9% increase in treatment admissions for opiates (β = 0.087, p < .001). Similar results were found for other substance abuse treatment admissions (cocaine (β = 0.081, p < .001), alcohol (β = 0.050, p < .001), marijuana (β = 0.036, p < .01), and other drugs (β = 0.095, p < .001). Unemployment rate was negatively associated with treatment admissions for stimulants (β = - 0.081, p < .001). The relationship between unemployment rate and opioids treatment admissions was not statistically significant in models that adjusted for state fixed effects and allowed for a state- unique time trend. We found that the association between state unemployment rates and annual substance abuse admissions has the same direction during economic downturns and upturns. During the economic recession, the negative association between unemployment rate and treatment admissions for stimulants was weakened. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that economic hardship may have increased substance abuse. Treatment for substance use of certain drugs and alcohol should remain a priority even during economic downturns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Azagba
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
| | - Lingpeng Shan
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Fares Qeadan
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Mark Wolfson
- grid.266097.c0000 0001 2222 1582Department of Social Medicine, Population and Public Health, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92501 USA
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Gonçalves PD, Moura HF, do Amaral RA, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Malbergier A. Alcohol Use and COVID-19: Can we Predict the Impact of the Pandemic on Alcohol Use Based on the Previous Crises in the 21st Century? A Brief Review. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:581113. [PMID: 33391048 PMCID: PMC7775307 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.581113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The enormous health and economic challenges precipitated by the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic are comparable or even greater than those associated with previous historical world crises. Alcohol use, especially drinking to cope with stress, is a concern, as an increase in its sales has been reported in some countries during the quarantine. This study aims to provide a better understanding of what to expect in terms of alcohol consumption, risk factors for excessive use, and its potential consequences during this pandemic based on previous experiences. We investigated how traumatic events related to alcohol consumption. Studies on mass traumatic events (i.e., terrorism as 9/11), epidemic outbreaks (i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] in 2003), economic crises (such as 2008's Great Recession), and COVID-19 were selected. The main keywords used to select the studies were alcohol use, drinking patterns, alcohol use disorders, and alcohol-related consequences. Previous studies reported increases in alcohol use associated with those events mediated, at least partially, by anxiety and depressive symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Being male, young, and single also seems to be associated with a higher vulnerability to develop risky drinking behavior after those tragic events. The discussion of previous risk and protective factors can contribute to elaborate more specific public health policies to mitigate the impact of the current pandemic on people's mental health, especially alcohol-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Dib Gonçalves
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Ferreira Moura
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculty of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience, ABC Health University Center, Santo André, Brazil
| | - André Malbergier
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Tessema ZT, Zeleke TA. Prevalence and predictors of alcohol use among adult males in Ethiopia: multilevel analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:100. [PMID: 33353567 PMCID: PMC7720552 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol is a psychoactive substance that is widely consumed in the world. Alcohol use is one of the world's leading risk factors for disease and disability. It affects individuals' physical, mental, economic, and social issues. To our knowledge, there is limited study on alcohol consumption and associated factors. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of alcohol use in Ethiopia by using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. METHODS This study was based on the most recent Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016. A total of 12,594 men at the age of 15 to 59 were included in this study. Considering the hierarchical nature of EDHS data, a multilevel logistic regression model was applied. The ICC, MOR, and the LR test were done to assess the presence of a significant clustering effect. Besides, deviance was used for model comparison since the models were nested models. Variables with a p value ≤ 0.2 in the bivariable analysis were considered for the multivariable analysis. In the multilevel logistic regression, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported to declare the strength and significance of the association between the dependent variable and independent variables. RESULTS The prevalence of alcohol drinking in this study was 46.64% with a 95% CI of 45.00 to 47.00%. Age groups 30-44 (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.08, 1.56) and 45-59 (AOR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.10, 1.74), Orthodox religion follower (AOR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.24, 0.55), media exposure (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.41, 2.20), khat chewing (AOR = 3.08, 95% CI 2.54, 3.74), smoking (AOR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.71, 2.79), having no occupation (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.22, 0.51), and region were the predictors of alcohol use in Ethiopia. CONCLUSIONS Nearly half of the Ethiopian population reported alcohol use at least once in their lifetime. Old age, Orthodox religion followers, media exposure, khat chewing, smoking, and having no occupation were predictors of alcohol use in Ethiopia. Therefore, health education about the risk of alcohol used is highly recommended. In addition, khat chewing and smoking control mechanisms should be designed and given special attention. Advertising alcohol through media is better to be controlled. Job opportunities should also be created for those who have no occupation to mitigate alcohol use in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemenu Tadesse Tessema
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Amare Zeleke
- Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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10
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Yamamoto V, Bolanos JF, Fiallos J, Strand SE, Morris K, Shahrokhinia S, Cushing TR, Hopp L, Tiwari A, Hariri R, Sokolov R, Wheeler C, Kaushik A, Elsayegh A, Eliashiv D, Hedrick R, Jafari B, Johnson JP, Khorsandi M, Gonzalez N, Balakhani G, Lahiri S, Ghavidel K, Amaya M, Kloor H, Hussain N, Huang E, Cormier J, Wesson Ashford J, Wang JC, Yaghobian S, Khorrami P, Shamloo B, Moon C, Shadi P, Kateb B. COVID-19: Review of a 21st Century Pandemic from Etiology to Neuro-psychiatric Implications. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:459-504. [PMID: 32925078 PMCID: PMC7592693 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease that has claimed >150,000 lives and infected millions in the United States thus far, especially the elderly population. Emerging evidence has shown the virus to cause hemorrhagic and immunologic responses, which impact all organs, including lungs, kidneys, and the brain, as well as extremities. SARS-CoV-2 also affects patients', families', and society's mental health at large. There is growing evidence of re-infection in some patients. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, its mechanism of infection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and treatment strategies, while also focusing on less attended aspects by previous studies, including nutritional support, psychological, and rehabilitation of the pandemic and its management. We performed a systematic review of >1,000 articles and included 425 references from online databases, including, PubMed, Google Scholar, and California Baptist University's library. COVID-19 patients go through acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, acute hypercoagulable state, and autonomic dysfunction, which must be managed by a multidisciplinary team including nursing, nutrition, and rehabilitation. The elderly population and those who are suffering from Alzheimer's disease and dementia related illnesses seem to be at the higher risk. There are 28 vaccines under development, and new treatment strategies/protocols are being investigated. The future management for COVID-19 should include B-cell and T-cell immunotherapy in combination with emerging prophylaxis. The mental health and illness aspect of COVID-19 are among the most important side effects of this pandemic which requires a national plan for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Yamamoto
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Keck School of Medicine, The USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joe F. Bolanos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Fiallos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susanne E. Strand
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Morris
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sanam Shahrokhinia
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tim R. Cushing
- UCLA-Cedar-Sinai California Rehabilitation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Hopp
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center Department of Ophthalmology and UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ambooj Tiwari
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- New York University, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Hariri
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Celularity Corporation, Warren, NJ, USA
- Weill Cornell School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rick Sokolov
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Infectious Disease Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Wheeler
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- T-NeuroPharma, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Arts, and Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, USA
| | - Ashraf Elsayegh
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Pulmonology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dawn Eliashiv
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA David Geffen, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Hedrick
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Behrouz Jafari
- University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J. Patrick Johnson
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Spine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mehran Khorsandi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nestor Gonzalez
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guita Balakhani
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nephrology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shouri Lahiri
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kazem Ghavidel
- University of Tehran School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marco Amaya
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harry Kloor
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Namath Hussain
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University, Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Edmund Huang
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nephrology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Cormier
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Lafayette Surgical Specialty Hospital, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine (Affiliated), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Department of Veteran’s Affair, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Wang
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC-Keck School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shadi Yaghobian
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Payman Khorrami
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bahman Shamloo
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Pain Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles Moon
- Cedars Sinai Orthopaedic Center, Department of Orthopedics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Payam Shadi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University, Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- National Center for NanoBioElectronic (NCNBE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Caroli D, Rosa-Rizzotto E, Pilerci C, Lobello S, De Lazzari F, Saia M. Falling Rates of Hospital Admissions for Alcoholic Liver Disease in Northeast Italy: A Retrospective Study on a Large Database. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:662-666. [PMID: 31566688 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe recent trends in hospital admission rates for alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in the Veneto region of Italy. METHODS This retrospective cohort study is based on anonymous hospital discharge records (HDRs) for 2000-2017 from all public and accredited private hospitals operating within the context of the Regional (Veneto) Health Services that are conserved in National/Regional database. It examined the HDR's of all the hospitalizations of the residents of the Veneto region that were registered under an ALD diagnosis. These were classified under three subheadings: acute alcoholic hepatitis Alcoholic liver cirrhosis and 'other ALD'. RESULTS During 2000-2017, 30,089 hospital admissions (out of a total regional population of 4,900,000) were registered for ALD. Hospitalization stratified by age showed that the percentage attributable to acute alcoholic hepatitis is higher in younger age groups: 42% in 15-24-year-old (odds ratios (ORs): 14.74; CI95%: 7-30.86; P < 0.000) and 15% in the 25-44-year-old (OR: 3.51; CI95%: 3.12-3.94; P < 0.000). A longitudinal analysis of hospitalization patterns showed a 7% increase in average age in both sexes (from 58.8 ± 9.2 to 62.4 ± 9.7) and a substantial decrease (63.5%) in standardized hospitalization rates (HRs, χ2 trend: 4099.827; P < 0.000) and a smaller decrease (47%) in standardized mortality rates (χ2 trend: 89.563; P < 0.000). CONCLUSIONS The fall in the overall ALD-related HR in the Veneto region can be explained by a decrease in population alcohol consumption. Increase in the HRs for acute alcoholic hepatitis in the age group 15-44 suggests an ongoing need for strategies to prevent alcohol abuse by young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Caroli
- Gastroenterology Unit, St. Anthony Hospital, Local Health Unit 6, Padova, Italy
| | - Erik Rosa-Rizzotto
- Gastroenterology Unit, St. Anthony Hospital, Local Health Unit 6, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Franca De Lazzari
- Gastroenterology Unit, St. Anthony Hospital, Local Health Unit 6, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Saia
- Medical Directorate, Local Health Unit 6, Padova, Italy
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12
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Single transitions and persistence of unemployment are associated with poor health outcomes. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:740. [PMID: 31196081 PMCID: PMC6567908 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although job loss has been associated with decline in health, the effect of long term unemployment is less clear and under-researched. Furthermore, the impact of an economic recession on this relationship is unclear. We investigated the associations of single transitions and persistence of unemployment with health. We subsequently examined whether these associations are affected by the latest recession, which began in 2008. Methods In total, 57,911 participants from the Dutch Health Interview Survey who belonged to the labour force between 2004 and 2014 were included. Based on longitudinal tax registration data, single employment transitions between time point 1 (t1) and time point 2 (t2) and persistent unemployment (i.e. number of years individuals were unemployed) between t1 and time point 5 (t5) were defined. General and mental health, smoking and obesity were assessed at respectively time point 3 (t3) and time point 6 (t6). Logistic regression models were performed and interactions with recession indicators (year, annual gross domestic product estimates and regional unemployment rates) were tested. Results Compared with individuals who stayed employed at t1 and t2, the likelihood of poor mental health at the subsequent year was significantly higher in those who became unemployed at t2. Persistent unemployment was associated with poor mental health, especially for those who were persistently unemployed for 5 years. Similar patterns, although less pronounced for smoking, were found for general health and obesity. Indicators of the economic recession did not modify these associations. Conclusions Single transitions into unemployment and persistent unemployment are associated with poor mental and general health, obesity, and to a lesser extend smoking. Our study suggests that re-employment might be an important strategy to improve health of unemployed individuals. The relatively extensive Dutch social security system may explain that the economic recession did not modify these associations.
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Prins SJ, McKetta S, Platt J, Muntaner C, Keyes KM, Bates LM. Mental illness, drinking, and the social division and structure of labor in the United States: 2003-2015. Am J Ind Med 2019; 62:131-144. [PMID: 30565724 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We draw on a relational theoretical perspective to investigate how the social division and structure of labor are associated with serious and moderate mental illness and binge and heavy drinking. METHODS The Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Occupational Information Network were linked to explore how occupation, the productivity-to-pay gap, unemployment, the gendered division of domestic labor, and factor-analytic and theory-derived dimensions of work are related to mental illness and drinking outcomes. RESULTS Occupations involving manual labor and customer interaction, entertainment, sales, or other service-oriented labor were associated with increased odds of mental illness and drinking outcomes. Looking for work, more hours of housework, and a higher productivity-to-pay gap were associated with increased odds of mental illness. Physical/risky work was associated with binge and heavy drinking and serious mental illness; technical/craft work and automation were associated with binge drinking. Work characterized by higher authority, autonomy, and expertise was associated with lower odds of mental illness and drinking outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Situating work-related risk factors within their material context can help us better understand them as determinants of mental illness and identify appropriate targets for social change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J. Prins
- Department of Epidemiology; Columbia University; New York New York
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences; Columbia University; New York New York
| | - Sarah McKetta
- Department of Epidemiology; Columbia University; New York New York
| | - Jonathan Platt
- Department of Epidemiology; Columbia University; New York New York
| | - Carles Muntaner
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario
| | - Katherine M. Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology; Columbia University; New York New York
- Center for Research on Society and Health; Universidad Mayor; Santiago Chile
| | - Lisa M. Bates
- Department of Epidemiology; Columbia University; New York New York
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