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Nones S, Sousa E, Holighaus G. Symbiotic Fungi of an Ambrosia Beetle Alter the Volatile Bouquet of Cork Oak Seedlings. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1965-1978. [PMID: 35357159 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0345-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In Portugal, fungal symbionts of the ambrosia beetle Platypus cylindrus affect tree vigor of cork oak (Quercus suber) and are linked with the cork oak decline process. Fungal symbionts play crucial roles in the life history of bark and ambrosia beetles and recent work indicates complex interactions on the fungal and plant metabolic level. Colonized trees may respond with an array of currently unknown volatile metabolites being indicative of such interactions, acting as infochemicals with their environment. In this study, we examined volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of cork oak seedlings wound inoculated with strains of three fungal associates of P. cylindrus (Raffaelea montetyi, R. quercina, and Ceratocystiopsis sp. nov.) over a 45-day period by means of thermodesorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. Fungal strains induced largely quantitative but species-specific changes among the 58 VOCs characterized. Overall, monoterpenes-the major volatiles of cork oak foliage-were significantly reduced, possibly a result of fungal biotransformation. Acetophenone, sulcatone, and nonanal-volatiles known for mediating ambrosia beetle behavior-increased in response to fungal inoculation. Qualitative VOC profiles of excised tissue of wood lesions (21 VOCs) and pure fungal cultures (60 VOCs) showed little overlap with seedling VOCs, indicating their plant-derived but fungal-induced origin. This chemoecological study expands on the limited knowledge of VOCs as infochemicals emitted from oak trees threatened by oak decline in relation to beetle-vectored ophiostomatoid fungi. It opens new avenues of research to clarify mutualistic or pathogenic aspects of these complex symbiotic interactions and develop new control strategies for P. cylindrus, including its mycobiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Nones
- Agrarian and Forestry Systems and Vegetal Health Unit, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV, I.P.), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology António Xavier, NOVA University of Lisbon, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Edmundo Sousa
- Agrarian and Forestry Systems and Vegetal Health Unit, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV, I.P.), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gerrit Holighaus
- Department of Forest Zoology and Forest Conservation, Büsgen Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, Grätzelstraße 2, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
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Mutualism promotes insect fitness by fungal nutrient compensation and facilitates fungus propagation by mediating insect oviposition preference. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:1831-1842. [PMID: 35418221 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium and Bactrocera dorsalis (oriental fruit fly, Hendel) are major pathogens and pests of citrus fruits, as both of them can cause detrimental losses in citrus production. However, their interaction in the cohabitation of citrus fruits remains elusive. In this study, we revealed a mutualistic relationship between Penicillium and B. dorsalis. We found that insect behaviors can facilitate the entry of fungal pathogens into fruits, and fungal pathogens promote the fitness of insects in return. More specifically, Penicillium could take advantage of the openings left by ovipositors of flies, and adult flies contaminated with Penicillium could spread the fungus to new sites. Moreover, the volatile emissions from fungi could attract gravid flies to the infected site for egg laying. The fungus and B. dorsalis were able to establish mutual interaction, as revealed by the presence of Penicillium DNA in intestinal tracts of flies throughout all larval stages. The fungal partner seemed to promote the emergence rate and shorten the emergence duration of the flies by providing pyridoxine, one of the B group vitamins. Different from previously reported scenarios of strong avoidance of Drosophila and attraction of Aedes aegypti toward Penicillium, our findings unveil a hitherto new paradigm of the mutualism between Penicillium and B. dorsalis, by which both insect and fungus earn benefits to facilitate their propagation.
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Holighaus G, Rohlfs M. Volatile and non-volatile fungal oxylipins in fungus-invertebrate interactions. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Caballero Ortiz S, Trienens M, Pfohl K, Karlovsky P, Holighaus G, Rohlfs M. Phenotypic responses to microbial volatiles render a mold fungus more susceptible to insect damage. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4328-4339. [PMID: 29721301 PMCID: PMC5916272 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In decomposer systems, fungi show diverse phenotypic responses to volatile organic compounds of microbial origin (volatiles). The mechanisms underlying such responses and their consequences for the performance and ecological success of fungi in a multitrophic community context have rarely been tested explicitly. We used a laboratory‐based approach in which we investigated a tripartite yeast–mold–insect model decomposer system to understand the possible influence of yeast‐borne volatiles on the ability of a chemically defended mold fungus to resist insect damage. The volatile‐exposed mold phenotype (1) did not exhibit protein kinase A‐dependent morphological differentiation, (2) was more susceptible to insect foraging activity, and (3) had reduced insecticidal properties. Additionally, the volatile‐exposed phenotype was strongly impaired in secondary metabolite formation and unable to activate “chemical defense” genes upon insect damage. These results suggest that volatiles can be ecologically important factors that affect the chemical‐based combative abilities of fungi against insect antagonists and, consequently, the structure and dynamics of decomposer communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caballero Ortiz
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology Animal Ecology Group University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Monika Trienens
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology Animal Ecology Group University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany.,Present address: Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of Muenster Muenster Germany
| | - Katharina Pfohl
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Gerrit Holighaus
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology Animal Ecology Group University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany.,Forest Zoology and Forest Conservation University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Marko Rohlfs
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology Animal Ecology Group University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany.,Institute of Ecology, Population and Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Bremen Bremen Germany
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Becher PG, Hagman A, Verschut V, Chakraborty A, Rozpędowska E, Lebreton S, Bengtsson M, Flick G, Witzgall P, Piškur J. Chemical signaling and insect attraction is a conserved trait in yeasts. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2962-2974. [PMID: 29531709 PMCID: PMC5838033 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast volatiles attract insects, which apparently is of mutual benefit, for both yeasts and insects. However, it is unknown whether biosynthesis of metabolites that attract insects is a basic and general trait, or if it is specific for yeasts that live in close association with insects. Our goal was to study chemical insect attractants produced by yeasts that span more than 250 million years of evolutionary history and vastly differ in their metabolism and lifestyle. We bioassayed attraction of the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster to odors of phylogenetically and ecologically distinct yeasts grown under controlled conditions. Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the insect-associated species Candida californica, Pichia kluyveri and Metschnikowia andauensis, wine yeast Dekkera bruxellensis, milk yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, the vertebrate pathogens Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, and oleophilic Yarrowia lipolytica were screened for fly attraction in a wind tunnel. Yeast headspace was chemically analyzed, and co-occurrence of insect attractants in yeasts and flowering plants was investigated through a database search. In yeasts with known genomes, we investigated the occurrence of genes involved in the synthesis of key aroma compounds. Flies were attracted to all nine yeasts studied. The behavioral response to baker's yeast was independent of its growth stage. In addition to Drosophila, we tested the basal hexapod Folsomia candida (Collembola) in a Y-tube assay to the most ancient yeast, Y. lipolytica, which proved that early yeast signals also function on clades older than neopteran insects. Behavioral and chemical data and a search for selected genes of volatile metabolites underline that biosynthesis of chemical signals is found throughout the yeast clade and has been conserved during the evolution of yeast lifestyles. Literature and database reviews corroborate that yeast signals mediate mutualistic interactions between insects and yeasts. Moreover, volatiles emitted by yeasts are commonly found also in flowers and attract many insect species. The collective evidence suggests that the release of volatile signals by yeasts is a widespread and phylogenetically ancient trait, and that insect-yeast communication evolved prior to the emergence of flowering plants. Co-occurrence of the same attractant signals in yeast and flowers suggests that yeast-insect communication may have contributed to the evolution of insect-mediated pollination in flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Becher
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Arne Hagman
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Vasiliki Verschut
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Elżbieta Rozpędowska
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Sébastien Lebreton
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Marie Bengtsson
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Gerhard Flick
- Department of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity of Applied SciencesNeubrandenburgGermany
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Jure Piškur
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
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Trienens M, Kraaijeveld K, Wertheim B. Defensive repertoire of Drosophila larvae in response to toxic fungi. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5043-5057. [PMID: 28746736 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical warfare including insecticidal secondary metabolites is a well-known strategy for environmental microbes to monopolize a food source. Insects in turn have evolved behavioural and physiological defences to eradicate or neutralize the harmful microorganisms. We studied the defensive repertoire of insects in this interference competition by combining behavioural and developmental assays with whole-transcriptome time-series analysis. Confrontation with the toxic filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans severely reduced the survival of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Nonetheless, the larvae did not behaviourally avoid the fungus, but aggregated at it. Confrontation with fungi strongly affected larval gene expression, including many genes involved in detoxification (e.g., CYP, GST and UGT genes) and the formation of the insect cuticle (e.g., Tweedle genes). The most strongly upregulated genes were several members of the insect-specific gene family Osiris, and CHK-kinase-like domains were over-represented. Immune responses were not activated, reflecting the competitive rather than pathogenic nature of the antagonistic interaction. While internal microbes are widely acknowledged as important, our study emphasizes the underappreciated role of environmental microbes as fierce competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Trienens
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Cloonan KR, Andreadis SS, Chen H, Jenkins NE, Baker TC. Attraction, Oviposition and Larval Survival of the Fungus Gnat, Lycoriella ingenua, on Fungal Species Isolated from Adults, Larvae, and Mushroom Compost. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167074. [PMID: 27936070 PMCID: PMC5147838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the females of the mushroom sciarid, Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour, 1839) (Diptera: Sciaridae), one of the most severe pests of the cultivated white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Emil J. Imbach (Agaricales: Agaricaceae), are attracted to the mushroom compost that mushrooms are grown on and not to the mushrooms themselves. We also showed that females are attracted to the parasitic green mold, Trichoderma aggressivum. In an attempt to identify what is in the mushroom compost that attracts female L. ingenua, we isolated several species of fungi from adult males and females, third instar larvae, and mushroom compost itself. We then analyzed the attraction of females to these substrates using a static-flow two choice olfactometer, as well as their oviposition tendencies in another type of assay under choice and no-choice conditions. We also assessed the survival of larvae to adulthood when first instar larvae were placed on each of the isolated fungal species. We found that female flies were attracted most to the mycoparasitic green mold, T. aggressivum, to Penicilium citrinum isolated from adult female bodies, and to Scatylidium thermophilium isolated from the mushroom compost. Gravid female flies laid the most eggs on T. aggressivum, Aspergillus flavus isolated from third instar larval frass, Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from adult male bodies, and on P. citrinum. This egg-laying trend remained consistent under no-choice conditions as females aged. First instar larvae developed to adulthood only on S. thermophilium and Chaetomium sp. isolated from mushroom compost, and on P. citrinum. Our results indicate that the volatiles from a suite of different fungal species act in tandem in the natural setting of mushroom compost, with some first attracting gravid female flies and then others causing them to oviposit. The ecological context of these findings is important for creating an optimal strategy for using possible semiochemicals isolated from these fungal species to better monitor and control this pestiferous mushroom fly species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Cloonan
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Stefanos S. Andreadis
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Haibin Chen
- Institute of Health and Environmental Ecology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Nina E. Jenkins
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Baker
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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