Neue orale Antikoagulanzien in der perioperativen Medizin

[Perioperative management of trauma surgery patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants]

As the population gets older the prevalence of atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism also increases. Therefore, more patients require anticoagulation and currently direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), such as dabigatran etexilate, apixaban, rivaroxaban and edoxaban are preferred to vitamin K antagonists (VKA), mainly because of the more favorable risk-benefit profile with respect to bleeding. Older patients in particular frequently present at the accident and emergency department due to falls and an increased risk of fractures. The perioperative management of these patients who are treated with DOACs is a challenge in the clinical routine and needs special consideration. This article discusses these issues in an interdisciplinary approach and develops strategies for the perioperative management of patients treated with DOACs and undergoing trauma or orthopedic surgery.

Update on Direct Oral AntiCoagulants (DOACs)

Recent findings require an update of previous recommendations for the perioperative use of Direct Oral AntiCoagulants (DOACs). A break in preoperative treatment of 24-96 hours is recommended based on the pharmacokinetic profiles of DOACs and depends on individual patient characteristics, their renal and possibly liver function, and their surgery-related risk of bleeding. In cases of renal or hepatic insufficiency, whether to extend the preoperative interruption of IIa- and Xa-inhibitors is a clinical decision that must be reached on an individual patient basis. In cases of epidural or spinal anaesthesia, more conservative pausing-intervals are recommended due to the risk of persistent neurologic deficits (e.g., paraplegia) following the development of spinal subdural and epidural haematomas. Elective surgery should be postponed according to these recommendations. Preoperative "bridging" with LMWH (more precisely referred to as "switching") should be omitted due to a significantly increased risk of bleeding. In addition, the incidence of perioperative thromboembolic risks, such as DVT, PE, and stroke, are no different whether interruption or "switching" is undertaken. Postoperatively, the DOACs can be reinstituted within the first 24 hours. In cases of major surgery or if there is a higher risk of bleeding, resumption of DOACS should only begin after 24-72 hours. In patients with an elevated thromboembolic risk, transient postoperative LMWH administration can be recommended during this period.Interaction of DOACs with other drugs usually occurs during the absorption, transport and elimination of these drugs. Therefore, substance- specific restrictions and recommendations should be observed during these times. In everyday clinical practice, webbased, independent information portals on drug-interactions are very helpful in providing safe and rapid information about potential interactions when DOACs are used in combination with other drugs, especially during perioperative management.Non-adherence to medications is a worldwide problem that has dangerous and costly consequences. Present data suggest that persistence is the primary factor that supports adherence. Despite the adherence data presented in the DOACS approval studies (e.g., persistence in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism has been reported to be between 94-99%), the first registries and meta-analyses provide sobering results regarding the incidence of persistence and the success rate of interventions designed to improve adherence with DOACs in cases of long-term usage.

[Anesthesia for medical students : A brief guide to practical anesthesia in adults with a web-based video illustration]

In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, anesthesiologists are the second largest group of physicians in hospitals, but this does not correspond to the amount of anesthesiology teaching that medical students receive in medical schools. Accordingly, the chances of medical students recognizing anesthesiology as a promising personal professional career are smaller than in other disciplines with large teaching components. Subsequent difficulties to recruit anesthesiology residents are likely, although many reasons support anesthesiology as a professional career.Traditional strategies to teach medical students in anesthesiology in medical school consist of airway management or cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts in manikins. Anesthesiology is a complex interaction consisting of anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, clinical evaluation, experience, knowledge, and manual skills. While some medical schools offer teaching in high fidelity simulators, clinical teaching in the operating room is often limited. When medical students opt for a clinical rotation in anesthesiology, there is a chance to demonstrate the fascinating world of anesthesiology, but this chance has to be utilized carefully by anesthesiologists, as young talents have to be discovered, supported, and challenged.We have put together a short guide for medical students for a clinical rotation in anesthesiology in adults in order to generate basic knowledge and interest in anesthesiology as well as a sense of achievement. Basic knowledge about premedication, induction, maintenance and strategies for anesthesia is discussed. Further, the most important anesthesia drugs are discussed and manual skills, such as intravenous cannulation, mask ventilation, intubation, and regional anesthesia are featured with QR-code based video illustrations on a smartphone or personal computer. We did not discuss possible local mannerism and special patient groups (e. g., children, special medical history), local guidelines, or standard operating procedures.Medical students can be inspired by anesthesiology when not simply told about the tools of the trade and strategies, but instead by gaining knowledge and clinical skills that render a sense of achievement, likely during a clinical rotation into anesthesiology. A short theoretical instruction of anesthesiology enables rapid and targeted orientation even before a clinical rotation. Whether this subsequently results in a higher recruiting chance is currently unknown.

[Anticoagulants in thoracic surgery]

BACKGROUND

Many patients undergoing thoracic surgery are treated with anticoagulants or platelet aggregation inhibitors because of different comorbidities. Additionally the risk of thromboembolic events is increased perioperatively; therefore, a perioperative thrombosis prophylaxis is necessary. On the other hand the risk of intraoperative or postoperative bleeding is increased because of the volume of the thoracic cavity and the partially negative intrathoracic pressure.

OBJECTIVES

This article gives an overview of the perioperative management of anticoagulant therapy in thoracic surgery and presents an appropriate approach in cases of severe bleeding.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A literature search was carried out regarding currently used anticoagulants.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

For the correct perioperative application of vitamin K antagonists, platelet aggregation inhibitors, new oral anticoagulants and drugs for thrombosis prophylaxis, it is of major importance to conceive an individual risk profile of thoracic surgery patients. However, there are not enough evidence-based data referring to the correct perioperative management for new oral anticoagulants.

Direct oral anticoagulants – laboratory monitoring

Die zum niedermolekularen Heparin (NMH) ähnliche Pharmakokinetik der DOAKs (Direkte Orale Antikoagulanzien) ermöglicht im klinischen Alltag den Austausch dieser Substanzen unter Beibehaltung der Anwendungsfrequenz. Vor allem bei nicht sicherer oder nicht möglicher oraler Anwendung von DOAKs erfolgt die parenterale Gabe von NMH. Die benötigte Karenzzeit vor Interventionen oder Operationen ist für beide Anwendungen präzise darstellbar. Beide Substanzklassen werden, wo nötig, durch ähnliche Labortests überwacht.

Ein generelles therapiebegleitendes Gerinnungsmonitoring, wie es seit vielen Jahrzehnten unter Verwendung von Vitamin-K Antagonisten üblich ist, ist unter Einnahme der neuen Xa- und Thrombin-Inhibitoren nicht erforderlich. Treten bei Patienten, die mit den DOAK behandelt werden, spezielle klinische Situationen auf (z.B. notfallmäßige Operationen oder Interventionen, akute Blutungssituation, akutes Organversagen), so können für den behandelnden Arzt Informationen über die Wirkspiegel im Plasma des Patienten die Einschätzung des Blutungsrisikos erleichtern. Da die DOAKs an zentraler Stelle in das Gerinnungssystem eingreifen, zeigen sie eine Interferenz mit den globalen Gerinnungstesten wie z.B. Thromboplastinzeit (TPZ; Quick/INR), aktivierte partielle Thromboplastinzeit (aPTT) und Thrombinzeit (TZ)(nur Thrombininhibitoren!) und speziellen gerinnungsphysiologischen Untersuchungen. Die Veränderungen in der Gerinnungsdiagnostik sind sowohl abhängig vom Wirkmechanismus des DOAK und der entsprechenden Halbwertszeit als auch vom Zeitpunkt der Tabletteneinnahme, der Dosierung und vom dem im Gerinnungslabor verwendetem Testsystem/Reagenz. Zur Interpretation der hämostaseologischen Messergebnisse muss dem behandelnden Arzt und dem Labormediziner bekannt sein, welches DOAK zu welchem Zeitpunkt eingenommen wurde. Weiters muss die Empfindlichkeit (Dosis-Wirkungskurve) des jeweiligen verwendeten Testsystems berücksichtigt werden. Mit den Globaltesten der Gerinnung können unter Behandlung mit DOAK lediglich abschätzende (semi-quantitative) Aussagen getroffen werden:

Liegt unter Einnahme von Rivaroxaban die Thromboplastinzeit (Quick / INR) im Normbereich (vorausgesetzt es wurde im Labor ein auf Rivaroxaban empfindliches Reagenz, z.B. Neoplastin Plus benutzt), so kann gefolgert werden, dass eine klinisch relevante Restwirkung von Rivaroxaban im Patientenplasma unwahrscheinlich ist. Unter Einnahme von Dabigatran weist eine aPTT >80 sec im Talspiegel auf ein erhöhtes Blutungsrisiko hin, eine im Normbereich liegende TZ lässt auf die Abwesenheit von Dabigatran im Plasma schließen.

Für die Quantifizierung der Plasmakonzentration von anti-Xa Inhibitoren stehen speziell auf die jeweilige Substanz kalibrierte chromogene anti-Xa-Teste zur Verfügung. Für die Quantifizierung der Plasmakonzentration von Dabigatran kann die kalibrierte verdünnte Thrombinzeit (Hemoclot®) eingesetzt werden. Eine Messung der Medikamentenkonzentrationen ist im klinischen Alltag jedoch bislang routinemäßig nicht vorgesehen, da die gemessenen Plasmakonzentrationen klinisch derzeit nicht für den einzelnen Patienten interpretiert werden können. Insgesamt muss der Einsatz hämostaseologischer Labormethoden zum Nachweis von DOAKS den lokalen Gegebenheiten entsprechend geplant und immer wieder (z. B. bei Reagenzienwechsel) zwischen Labor und Klinik abgestimmt werden.