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Gartner K, Mösko M, Becker JC, Hanft-Robert S. Barriers to use of interpreters in outpatient mental health care: Exploring the attitudes of psychotherapists. Transcult Psychiatry 2024; 61:285-297. [PMID: 38298011 PMCID: PMC10943597 DOI: 10.1177/13634615241227337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The support of professional interpreters is an essential component of adequate mental health care for migrants with limited language proficiency. Nevertheless, for varied reasons, only a small proportion of outpatient psychotherapists provide interpreter-mediated psychotherapy for migrants. This study explored the perspectives of psychotherapists who have not worked with professional interpreters in outpatient mental health care to identify factors that may prevent the use of interpreters in outpatient care and explore possible incentives to provide interpreter-mediated psychotherapy for migrants with limited language proficiency. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 outpatient psychotherapists in Northern Germany who had not yet worked with professional interpreters in outpatient care. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using a structured content analysis approach. The psychotherapists named structural as well as subjective barriers and concerns. Findings suggest that improving structural factors, such as secure funding, minimal additional work, better preparation and training could facilitate the integration of professional interpreters into everyday treatment. Psychotherapists also mentioned concerns about their own confidence (e.g., insecurities regarding the triadic situation), the patient (e.g., reduced openness), the interpreter (e.g., doubts about suitability, motivation and empathy), as well as the therapeutic process (e.g., unclear allocation of roles). However, positive aspects and opportunities of interpreter-mediated psychotherapy were also described. These could be enhanced by the presence of conducive factors, such as existing trust between all parties and professional cooperation between interpreter and psychotherapist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Gartner
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Psychology, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mike Mösko
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Medical Psychology, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Department of Applied Human Sciences, Stendal, Germany
| | - Julia C. Becker
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Psychology, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Saskia Hanft-Robert
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Medical Psychology, Hamburg, Germany
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Heinz A, Hein J, Weitzenegger F, Seitz A. [On the Ideological Function of a Traditional Criticism of Psychiatry in Neoliberalism]. PSYCHIATRISCHE PRAXIS 2023; 50:214-220. [PMID: 36807108 DOI: 10.1055/a-2018-3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation and discrimination play a major role in the development and maintenance of mental disorders. This could motivate a critical public to demand improved treatment facilities for persons with mental illness. Instead, the media and a critical public tend to repeat a traditional critique of psychiatry, which was articulated before psychiatry reform in the 1970s and which tends to romanticize or neglect mental illness. The replication of this traditional critique of psychiatry today has an ideological function: it reassures a neoliberal public that it is emancipated from traditional authoritarian patterns of dominance, rejects demands for increased funding of mental health treatment facilities, and emphasizes individual autonomy at the price of blaming the victims for homelessness and social impoverishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heinz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charite Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Hein
- Facharztpraxis Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie , Praxis Dr. Jakob Hein, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritzi Weitzenegger
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charite Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Assina Seitz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charite Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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Lotzin A, Lindert J, Koch T, Liedl A, Schäfer I. STARC-SUD - Adaptation of a Transdiagnostic Intervention for Refugees With Substance Use Disorders. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN EUROPE 2021; 3:e5329. [PMID: 36405673 PMCID: PMC9670832 DOI: 10.32872/cpe.5329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Refugees often suffer from multiple mental health problems, which transdiagnostic interventions can address. STARC (Skills-Training of Affect Regulation - A Culture-sensitive Approach) is a culturally sensitive transdiagnostic group intervention that has been developed for refugees to improve affect regulation. In refugees with substance use disorders (SUD), the consideration of SUD-specific elements might improve the acceptance and effectiveness of such an intervention. We aimed to adapt the STARC program for refugees with SUD in a culturally sensitive way. Method The conceptual framework of Heim and Kohrt (2019) was used to culturally sensitively adapt the STARC program to the needs of Syrian refugees with SUD. The results of five focus group discussions with refugees on cultural concepts of SUD and their treatment informed the adaption. An expert group suggested adaptions and decided by consensus on their implementation. Two pilot groups were conducted with the adapted STARC-SUD program. Interviews with the therapists of these pilot groups informed further adaption. Results The concepts related to SUD identified in focus groups and therapists' interviews that differed from Western concepts were integrated into the STARC intervention. Discussion Further studies should assess the acceptance and effectiveness of the culturally sensitive STARC-SUD program for refugees with SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Lotzin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Lindert
- University of Applied Sciences, Emden / Leer, Emden, Germany
- Women`s Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ingo Schäfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Hempler I, Riccetti N, Hermes-Moll K, Heidt V, Singer S. [Psycho-Oncological Care for People with a Migration Background and their Relatives - Results of Semi-Structured Interviews with Physicians]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2021; 71:335-342. [PMID: 33773520 DOI: 10.1055/a-1390-4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with a migration background represent a heterogeneous population group with different ethnic, cultural, and religious views and experiences. Cancer diagnosis and treatment are associated with a variety of psychosocial burdens. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the current perspective of physicians regarding barriers in psycho-oncological care of people with a migration background and to analyse the assistance they need. In addition, the study also aimed to determine the need for as well as structures and processes of psycho-oncological care in order to develop recommendations for improvements in this area of medical care. METHODS Eight physicians in private practices from the field of hematological-oncological care across Germany were interviewed individually in qualitative interviews that were digitally recorded and transcribed. The evaluation was carried out using content analysis with the software program MAXQDA 2020. RESULTS 255 codes were identified in the main categories "Definition of people with a migration background", "Communication", "Cultural differences", "Psycho-oncological care", "Coordination and referral to psycho-oncological care services", and "Optimal psycho-oncological care". The results provided insight into daily and practical issues that arise while caring for this group of people, such as transcultural communication, barriers regarding the identification of needs, psycho-oncological continuing care, or translation by relatives. DISCUSSION Even the identification of needs during medical treatment is associated with barriers. Screening instruments for people with a migration background in different languages and for different cultures could help the identification. In addition, networks would have to be created in order to provide psycho-oncological care to patients afterwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Hempler
- Wissenschaftliches Institut der Niedergelassenen Hämatologen und Onkologen (WINHO GmbH), Köln, Deutschland
| | - Nicola Riccetti
- Abteilung Epidemiologie und Versorgungsforschung, Institut für Medizinische Biometrie, Epidemiologie und Informatik (IMBEI), Universitätsklinikum der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Deutschland
| | | | - Vitali Heidt
- Universitätskrebszentrum (UCT), Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Susanne Singer
- Abteilung Epidemiologie und Versorgungsforschung, Institut für Medizinische Biometrie, Epidemiologie und Informatik (IMBEI), Universitätsklinikum der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Deutschland.,Universitätskrebszentrum (UCT), Mainz, Deutschland
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Schouler-Ocak M, Graef-Calliess IT, Bajbouj M, Plener PL. [Mental Disorders among Refugees]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2020; 48:453-457. [PMID: 33172360 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mental Disorders among Refugees Abstract. Children and adolescents with migration and refugee backgrounds are subject to various health-related, psychosocial, sociocultural, and economic burdens that may influence the prevalence, manifestation, course, and treatment as well as prognosis of mental disorders. In addition, they are particularly disadvantaged by numerous barriers to accessing the mental healthcare and treatment granted natives. The so-called transition gap only exacerbates the situation. As a solution, we provide recommendations for improving the mental healthcare of children and adolescents with a migration and refugee background analogous to the situation for adults. For inpatient settings, where mental healthcare is inadequate, we recommend the establishment of so-called adolescent wards under child and adolescent and adult psychiatric-psychotherapeutic management, with appropriate nursing and therapeutic staffing as well as a special "transition management" including the training of intercultural competence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris T Graef-Calliess
- Klinik für Allgemeinpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, KRH Psychiatrie GmbH, KRH Psychiatrie Wunstorf
| | - Malek Bajbouj
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, CBF, Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Paul L Plener
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie der Medizinischen Universität Wien/AKH Wien
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Kempny C, Breimann C. Retention Management im Krankenhaus – Arbeiten im Spannungsfeld der Gesundheitsversorgung. GIO-GRUPPE-INTERAKTION-ORGANISATION-ZEITSCHRIFT FUER ANGEWANDTE ORGANISATIONSPSYCHOLOGIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11612-020-00521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schouler-Ocak M, Kastrup MC, Vaishnav M, Javed A. Mental health of migrants. Indian J Psychiatry 2020; 62:242-246. [PMID: 32773865 PMCID: PMC7368438 DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_358_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meryam Schouler-Ocak
- Psychiatric University Clinic of Charité at St. Hedwig Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marianne C Kastrup
- Department of Psychiatry, Samvedna Happiness Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mrugesh Vaishnav
- Director, Samvedna Happiness Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Afzal Javed
- President Elect, World Psychiatric Association, Geneva, Switzerland.,Chairman, Pakistan Psychiatric Research Centre, Fountain House, Lahore, Pakistan, India.,Honorary Associate Clinical Teacher, University of Warwick, London, England, UK
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Frank LK, Schenk L, Rommel A, Thamm R, Ellert U, Lampert T. [Utilization of outpatient medical services and satisfaction with care in children and adolescents with a migration background-results of the KiGGS study]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 63:103-112. [PMID: 31802152 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-019-03069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Reasons for lower use of medical services by children and adolescents with migration background have not yet been investigated. The aim is therefore to identify factors that are related to the utilization of outpatient medical care and subjective patient satisfaction as well as explain differences according to migration background. METHODS On the basis of the "German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents" (KiGGS, baseline study: 2003-2006), in which 17,640 children and adolescents participated, prevalences with 95% confidence intervals as well as multivariate binary logistic regression analyzes on the relationship between migration background, country of origin, the use of outpatient medical care services in the last 12 months, and satisfaction with the last medical treatment were calculated. RESULTS Children up to age 13 with two-sided migration background had lower utilization of specialist doctors compared to those without migration background (OR = 0.64 [0.56-0.74]). However, among the 14- to 17-year-olds, the utilization did not differ significantly (OR = 0.79 [0.60-1.03]). The lower use of outpatient medical care is associated with a shorter length of stay and limited German language skills. In addition, parents from Poland and the former Soviet Union are less likely to be very satisfied with the last outpatient treatment of their 0‑ to 13-year-old child, even after adjustments for German language skills and length of stay. CONCLUSION To make it easier for children with migration background to access specialist services, it is important to reduce language barriers in outpatient medical care and to promote processes of intercultural opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Frank
- Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Liane Schenk
- Institut für Medizinische Soziologie und Rehabilitationswissenschaft, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Alexander Rommel
- Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Roma Thamm
- Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Ute Ellert
- Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Lampert
- Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
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Ambulante Suchtmaßnahmen in der Schweiz: eine Alternative zum deutschen geschlossenen Maßregelvollzug nach § 64? FORENSISCHE PSYCHIATRIE, PSYCHOLOGIE, KRIMINOLOGIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11757-019-00541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Klein J, von dem Knesebeck O. Inequalities in health care utilization among migrants and non-migrants in Germany: a systematic review. Int J Equity Health 2018; 17:160. [PMID: 30382861 PMCID: PMC6211605 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-018-0876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the growing number of people with migrant background in Germany, a systematic review about their utilization of health care and differences to the non-migrant population is lacking. By covering various sectors of health care and migrant populations, the review aimed at giving a general overview and identifying special areas of potential intervention. METHODS A systematic review was conducted in PubMed database including records that were published until 1st of June 2017. Further criteria for eligibility were a publication in a peer-reviewed journal written in English or German language. The studies have to report quantitative and original data of a population residing in Germany. The appropriateness of the studies was judged by both authors. Studies were excluded if native controls were not originated from the same sample. Moreover, indicators of health care utilization have to assess individual behaviour like consultation or participation rates. 63 studies met the inclusion criteria for a qualitative synthesis of the findings. RESULTS The overall findings indicate a lower utilization among migrants, although the results vary in terms of health care sector, indicator of health care utilization and migrant population. For specialist care, medication use, therapist consultations and counselling, rehabilitation as well as disease prevention (early cancer detection, prevention programs for children and oral health check-ups) a lower utilization among people with migrant background was found. The lower usage was particularly shown for migrants of the 1st generation, people with two-sided migrant background, children/adolescents and women. Due to the methodological heterogeneity a meta-analysis was not feasible. As most of the studies were cross-sectional, no causal interpretations could be drawn. CONCLUSIONS The inequalities in utilization could not substantially be explained by differences in the socioeconomic status. Other reasons of lower utilization could be due to differences in need, preferences, information, language and formal access barriers (e.g. charges, waiting times, travel distances or lost wages). Different migrant-specific and migrant-sensitive strategies are relevant to address the problem for certain health care sectors and migrant populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO ( CRD42014015162 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Klein
- Institute of Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf von dem Knesebeck
- Institute of Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Bünnemann M, Schlarb AA. Entwicklung und Aufbau eines niedrigschwelligen psychologischen Versorgungsangebots für unbegleitete minderjährige Flüchtlinge. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1026/1616-3443/a000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Bünnemann
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Psychologie und Sportwissenschaft, Abteilung für Psychologie
| | - Angelika A. Schlarb
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Psychologie und Sportwissenschaft, Abteilung für Psychologie
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Adorjan K, Kluge U, Heinz A, Stamm T, Odenwald M, Dohrmann K, Mokhtari-Nejad R, Hasan A, Schulze TG, Falkai P, Pogarell O. [Healthcare models for traumatized refugees in Germany]. DER NERVENARZT 2017. [PMID: 28642982 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-017-0364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
People with a migration background are a risk group for psychiatric disorders. Innovative, transnational and sustainable projects are necessary to ensure adequate care for refugees and asylum seekers. Selected projects of the University of Munich, the Charité Berlin and the University of Konstanz show promising approaches in addition to other initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adorjan
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336, München, Deutschland. .,Institut für Psychiatrische Phänomik und Genomik, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, München, Deutschland. .,Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland.
| | - U Kluge
- Zentrum für Interkulturelle Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie (ZIPP), Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.,Berliner Institut für empirische Integrations- und Migrationsforschung (BIM), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - A Heinz
- Berliner Institut für empirische Integrations- und Migrationsforschung (BIM), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.,Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - T Stamm
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Ruppiner Kliniken, Hochschulklinikum der Medizinischen Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Deutschland
| | - M Odenwald
- Klinische Psychologie und klinische Neuropsychologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Deutschland.,vivo international e. V., Konstanz, Deutschland
| | - K Dohrmann
- Klinische Psychologie und klinische Neuropsychologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Deutschland.,vivo international e. V., Konstanz, Deutschland
| | - R Mokhtari-Nejad
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336, München, Deutschland.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Migrationsambulanz, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, München, Deutschland
| | - A Hasan
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336, München, Deutschland
| | - T G Schulze
- Institut für Psychiatrische Phänomik und Genomik, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, München, Deutschland
| | - P Falkai
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336, München, Deutschland
| | - O Pogarell
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336, München, Deutschland.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Migrationsambulanz, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, München, Deutschland
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The Negative Impact of an Uncertain Residence Status: Analysis of Migration-Related Stressors in Outpatients with Turkish Migration Background and Psychiatric Disorders in Germany Over a 10-Year Period (2005-2014). J Immigr Minor Health 2017; 20:317-326. [PMID: 28293898 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-017-0555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies indicate that immigration is associated with a higher risk for mental disorders, particularly in refugees and asylum seekers. We investigated migration-related distress in outpatients with Turkish migration background and a psychiatric disorder. Asylum applicants (ASA) and migrants with a permanent residency status (PRS) from a specialized German psychiatric outpatient service were compared with respect to clinical variables and stressors related to migration and acculturation. Of n = 620 migrant outpatients (main diagnosis: 3.9% ICD-10 F2, 58.2% F3, 36.5% F4, 1.5% F60), n = 78 (12.6%) were ASA with larger proportions of illiteracy and language difficulties. Communication problems, stress related to migration, shame feelings, homesickness and perceived discrimination occurred more often in ASA whereas family conflicts were more frequent in PRS (P < 0.05). According to our results, adaptation to the new environment of asylum applicants implies more difficulties, especially language problems, feelings of shame, and experience of discrimination. Asylum seeking seems to denote an additional severe psychological stressor.
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