1
|
Xue M, Liao Y, Jiang W. Insights into the molecular changes of adipocyte dedifferentiation and its future research opportunities. J Lipid Res 2024:100644. [PMID: 39303983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have challenged the traditional belief that mature fat cells are irreversibly differentiated and revealed they can dedifferentiate into fibroblast-like cells known as dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells. Resembling pluripotent stem cells, DFAT cells hold great potential as a cell source for stem cell therapy. However, there is limited understanding of the specific changes that occur following adipocyte dedifferentiation and the detailed regulation of this process. This review explores the epigenetic, genetic, and phenotypic alterations associated with DFAT cell dedifferentiation, identifies potential targets for clinical regulation and discusses the current applications and challenges in the field of DFAT cell research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingheng Xue
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yunjun Liao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao Z, Zhang K, Liu J, Pan Y, Shi J, Li L, Sun X, Li S, Yuan X, Wu D. F127-SE-tLAP thermosensitive hydrogel alleviates bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis via TGF-β/Smad pathway. Mol Med 2024; 30:52. [PMID: 38641575 PMCID: PMC11031956 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00815-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin fibrosis affects the normal function of the skin. TGF-β1 is a key cytokine that affects organ fibrosis. The latency-associated peptide (LAP) is essential for TGF-β1 activation. We previously constructed and prepared truncated LAP (tLAP), and confirmed that tLAP inhibited liver fibrosis by affecting TGF-β1. SPACE peptide has both transdermal and transmembrane functions. SPACE promotes the delivery of macromolecules through the stratum corneum into the dermis. This study aimed to alleviate skin fibrosis through the delivery of tLAP by SPACE. METHODS The SPACE-tLAP (SE-tLAP) recombinant plasmid was constructed. SE-tLAP was purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The effects of SE-tLAP on the proliferation, migration, and expression of fibrosis-related and inflammatory factors were evaluated in TGF-β1-induced NIH-3T3 cells. F127-SE-tLAP hydrogel was constructed by using F127 as a carrier to load SE-tLAP polypeptide. The degradation, drug release, and biocompatibility of F127-SE-tLAP were evaluated. Bleomycin was used to induce skin fibrosis in mice. HE, Masson, and immunohistochemistry were used to observe the skin histological characteristics. RESULTS SE-tLAP inhibited the proliferation, migration, and expression of fibrosis-related and inflammatory factors in NIH-3T3 cells. F127-SE-tLAP significantly reduced ECM production, collagen deposition, and fibrotic pathological changes, thereby alleviating skin fibrosis. CONCLUSION F127-SE-tLAP could increase the transdermal delivery of LAP, reduce the production and deposition of ECM, inhibit the formation of dermal collagen fibers, and alleviate the progression of skin fibrosis. It may provide a new idea for the therapy of skin fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Cao
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, No. 3, Tongxiang Street, Aimin District, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, No. 3, Tongxiang Street, Aimin District, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingruo Liu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, No. 3, Tongxiang Street, Aimin District, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, No. 3, Tongxiang Street, Aimin District, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiayi Shi
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, No. 3, Tongxiang Street, Aimin District, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Luxin Li
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, No. 3, Tongxiang Street, Aimin District, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaocan Sun
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, No. 3, Tongxiang Street, Aimin District, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, No. 3, Tongxiang Street, Aimin District, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohuan Yuan
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, No. 3, Tongxiang Street, Aimin District, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, No. 3, Tongxiang Street, Aimin District, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, 157011, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang Y, Zhao H, Shi X, Liu J, Lin JM, Ma Q, Jiang S, Pu W, Ma Y, Liu J, Wu W, Wang J, Liu Q. GRB2 serves as a viable target against skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis by regulating endothelial cell apoptosis. J Dermatol Sci 2023; 111:109-119. [PMID: 37661474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by vascular and immune system dysfunction, along with tissue fibrosis. Our previous study found GRB2 was downregulated by salvianolic acid B, a small molecule drug that attenuated skin fibrosis of SSc. OBJECTIVES Here we aim to investigate the role of GRB2 in SSc. METHODS The microarray data of SSc skin biopsies in Caucasians were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The expression of GRB2 was further detected in Chinese SSc and healthy controls. Bleomycin (BLM)-induced skin fibrosis mice were used to explore how GRB2 downregulation affected fibrosis. The apoptosis of EA.hy926 endothelial cells was induced by H2O2 and apoptosis ratio was measured by flow cytometric. Transcriptome and phosphoproteomic analyses were performed to explore the regulated pathway. RESULTS The expression of GRB2 was significantly enhanced in SSc patient skin, 1.51-fold in Caucasians and 1.40-fold in Chinese. Double immunofluorescence staining showed the endothelial cells of SSc patient's skin highly expressed GRB2. The in vivo study revealed that GRB2 knockdown alleviated skin fibrosis and apoptosis of endothelial cells in BLM mouse skin. The in vitro study showed that GRB2 downregulation inhibited the apoptosis of EA.hy926 and protected them from H2O2-induced hyperpermeability. Moreover, transcriptome and phosphoproteomic analysis suggested the focal adhesion pathway was enriched in GRB2 siRNA transfected endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated GRB2 highly expressed in endothelial cells of SSc skin, and inhibiting GRB2 could effectively attenuate BLM-induced skin fibrosis and endothelial cell apoptosis. GRB2 is expected to be a new therapeutic target for SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Nanjing Intellectual Property Protection Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangguang Shi
- Division of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jui-Ming Lin
- Division of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weilin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- Institute for Six-sector Economy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianlan Liu
- Division of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Division of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China; Department of Dermatology, Jing' an District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Division of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China; Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
| | - Qingmei Liu
- Division of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zeng F, Gao M, Liao S, Zhou Z, Luo G, Zhou Y. Role and mechanism of CD90 + fibroblasts in inflammatory diseases and malignant tumors. Mol Med 2023; 29:20. [PMID: 36747131 PMCID: PMC9900913 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are highly heterogeneous mesenchymal stromal cells, and different fibroblast subpopulations play different roles. A subpopulation of fibroblasts expressing CD90, a 25-37 kDa glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored protein, plays a dominant role in the fibrotic and pro-inflammatory state. In this review, we focused on CD90+ fibroblasts, and their roles and possible mechanisms in disease processes. First, the main biological functions of CD90+ fibroblasts in inducing angiogenesis and maintaining tissue homeostasis are described. Second, the role and possible mechanism of CD90+ fibroblasts in inducing pulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory arthritis, inflammatory skin diseases, and scar formation are introduced, and we discuss how CD90+ cancer-associated fibroblasts might serve as promising cancer biomarkers. Finally, we propose future research directions related to CD90+ fibroblasts. This review will provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment CD90+ fibroblast-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zeng
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China
| | - Mengxiang Gao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China
| | - Shan Liao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Pathology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China
| | - Zihua Zhou
- grid.508130.fDepartment of Oncology, Loudi Central Hospital, Loudi, 417000 China
| | - Gengqiu Luo
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, No. 88 of Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Cai J, Zhang Q, Wen J, Liao Y, Lu F. Fat transplantation induces dermal adipose regeneration and reverses skin fibrosis through dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of adipocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:499. [PMID: 36210466 PMCID: PMC9549649 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Localized scleroderma causes cosmetic disfigurement, joint contractures, and other functional impairment, but no currently available medications can reverse the resulting skin lesions. Fat grafting is beneficial for reversing skin fibrosis; however, the mechanism by which adipose tissue transplantation contributes to lesion improvement has not been fully clarified. The purpose of our study was to verify the therapeutic effect of fat grafts in reversing skin fibrosis. Methods Inguinal fat pads from AdipoqCreER+;mT/mG mice, which were treated with tamoxifen, were transplanted to the skin lesion in bleomycin-treated wild-type C57 mice. Tdtomato transgenic mice-derived adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), dedifferentiated adipocytes (DAs) were embedded in matrigel and transplanted beneath the skin lesion of bleomycin-treated wild-type C57 mice. A transwell co‐culture system was used to verify the effect of ASCs, adipocytes or DAs on scleroderma fibroblasts or monocytes. Results Adipocytes from the fat grafts could undergo dedifferentiation and redifferentiation for dermal adipose tissue re-accumulation within the skin lesion. Moreover, compared with ASCs and adipocytes, DAs show greater potency of inducing adipogenesis. ASCs and DAs showed comparable effect on inducing angiogenesis and suppressing macrophage infiltration in fibrotic skin. Co-culture assay showed that DAs and ASCs were able to reduce fibrosis-related genes in human scleroderma fibroblasts and drive M2 macrophage polarization. Conclusion Our results indicated that adipocytes would transform into a more functional and dedifferentiated state and reverse dermal fibrosis, by promoting dermal adipose tissue regeneration, improving angiogenesis, suppressing macrophage-mediated inflammation and myofibroblast accumulation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Y, Cheng L, Zhan H, Li H, Li X, Huang Y, Li Y. The Roles of Noncoding RNAs in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856036. [PMID: 35464474 PMCID: PMC9024074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute more than 90% of the RNAs in the human genome. In the past decades, studies have changed our perception of ncRNAs from “junk” transcriptional products to functional regulatory molecules that mediate critical processes, including chromosomal modifications, mRNA splicing and stability, and translation, as well as key signaling pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that ncRNAs are abnormally expressed in not only cancer but also autoimmune diseases, such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), and may serve as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of SSc. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of ncRNAs in SSc remain incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss the current findings on the biogenetic processes and functions of ncRNAs, including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, as well as explore emerging ncRNA-based diagnostics and therapies for SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haoting Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haolong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongzhe Li,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rosendahl AH, Schönborn K, Krieg T. Pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2022; 38:187-195. [PMID: 35234358 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is an autoimmune-triggered chronic fibrosing disease that affects the skin and many other organs. Its pathophysiology is complex and involves an early endothelial damage, an inflammatory infiltrate and a resulting fibrotic reaction. Based on a predisposing genetic background, an altered balance of the acquired and the innate immune system leads to the release of many cytokines and chemokines as well as autoantibodies, which induce the activation of fibroblasts with the formation of myofibroblasts and the deposition of a stiff and rigid connective tissue. A curative treatment is still not available but remarkable progress has been made in the management of organ complications. In addition, several breakthroughs in the pathophysiology have led to new therapeutic concepts. Based on these, many new compounds have been developed during the last years, which target these different pathways and offer specific therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Helen Rosendahl
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katrin Schönborn
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Micus LC, Trautschold-Krause FS, Jelit AL, Schön MP, Lorenz VN. NF-кB c-Rel modulates pre-fibrotic changes in human fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:943-951. [PMID: 34888734 PMCID: PMC9522690 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Skin fibrosis is one central hallmark of the heterogeneous autoimmune disease systemic sclerosis. So far, there are hardly any standardized and effective treatment options. Pathogenic mechanisms underlying fibrosis comprise excessive and uncontrolled myofibroblast differentiation, increased extracellular matrix protein (ECM) synthesis and an intensification of the forces exerted by the cytoskeleton. A deeper understanding of fibroblast transformation could help to prevent or reverse fibrosis by specifically interfering with abnormally regulated signaling pathways. The transcription factor NF-κB has been implicated in the progression of fibrotic processes. However, the cellular processes regulated by NF-κB in fibrosis as well as the NF-κB isoforms preferentially involved are still completely unknown. In an in vitro model of fibrosis, we consistently observed the induction of the c-Rel subunit of NF-κB. Functional abrogation of c-Rel by siRNA resulted in diminished cell contractility of dermal fibroblasts in relaxed, but not in stressed 3D collagen matrices. Furthermore, directed migration was reduced after c-Rel silencing and total N-cadherin expression level was diminished, possibly mediating the observed cellular defects. Therefore, NF-кB c-Rel impacts central cellular adhesion markers and processes which negatively regulate fibrotic progression in SSc pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Carolina Micus
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen Lower Saxony, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Susanne Trautschold-Krause
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen Lower Saxony, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Jelit
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen Lower Saxony, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Peter Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen Lower Saxony, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Verena Natalie Lorenz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen Lower Saxony, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Metabolic orchestration of the wound healing response. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1726-1743. [PMID: 34384520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing requires cooperation between different cell types, among which macrophages play a central role. In particular, inflammatory macrophages are engaged in the initial response to wounding, and alternatively activated macrophages are essential for wound closure and the resolution of tissue repair. The links between temporal activation-induced changes in the metabolism of such macrophages and the influence this has on their functional states, along with the realization that metabolites play both intrinsic and extrinsic roles in the cells that produce them, has focused attention on the metabolism of wound healing. Here, we discuss macrophage metabolism during distinct stages of normal healing and its related pathologic processes, such as during cancer and fibrosis. Further, we frame these insights in a broader context of the current understanding of macrophage metabolic reprogramming linked to cellular activation and function. Finally, we discuss parallels between the metabolism of macrophages and fibroblasts, the latter being a key stromal cell type in wound healing, and consider the importance of the metabolic interplay between different cell types in the wound microenvironment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rusek M, Krasowska D. Non-Coding RNA in Systemic Sclerosis: A Valuable Tool for Translational and Personalized Medicine. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1296. [PMID: 34573278 PMCID: PMC8471866 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic factors are heritable and ultimately play a role in modulating gene expression and, thus, in regulating cell functions. Non-coding RNAs have growing recognition as novel biomarkers and crucial regulators of pathological conditions in humans. Their characteristic feature is being transcribed in a tissue-specific pattern. Now, there is emerging evidence that lncRNAs have been identified to be involved in the differentiation of human skin, wound healing, fibrosis, inflammation, and immunological response. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis, vascular abnormalities, and immune system activation. The pathogenesis remains elusive, but clinical manifestations reveal autoimmunity with the presence of specific autoantibodies, activation of innate and adaptive immunity, vascular changes, and active deposition of extracellular matrix components leading to fibrosis. The use of multi-omics studies, including NGS, RNA-seq, or GWAS, has proposed that the non-coding genome may be a significant player in its pathogenesis. Moreover, it may unravel new therapeutic targets in the future. The aim of this review is to show the pathogenic role of long non-coding RNAs in systemic sclerosis. Investigation of these transcripts' functions has the potential to elucidate the molecular pathology of SSc and provide new opportunities for drug-targeted therapy for this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rusek
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology, Laboratory for Immunology of Skin Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology, Laboratory for Immunology of Skin Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
TGFβ-1 Induced Cross-Linking of the Extracellular Matrix of Primary Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22030984. [PMID: 33498156 PMCID: PMC7863744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive cross-linking is a major factor in the resistance to the remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during fibrotic progression. The role of TGFβ signalling in impairing ECM remodelling has been demonstrated in various fibrotic models. We hypothesised that increased ECM cross-linking by TGFβ contributes to skin fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). Proteomics was used to identify cross-linking enzymes in the ECM of primary human dermal fibroblasts, and to compare their levels following treatment with TGFβ-1. A significant upregulation and enrichment of lysyl-oxidase-like 1, 2 and 4 and transglutaminase 2 were found. Western blotting confirmed the upregulation of lysyl hydroxylase 2 in the ECM. Increased transglutaminase activity in TGFβ-1 treated ECM was revealed from a cell-based assay. We employed a mass spectrometry-based method to identify alterations in the ECM cross-linking pattern caused by TGFβ-1. Cross-linking sites were identified in collagens I and V, fibrinogen and fibronectin. One cross-linking site in fibrinogen alpha was found only in TGFβ-treated samples. In conclusion, we have mapped novel cross-links between ECM proteins and demonstrated that activation of TGFβ signalling in cultured dermal fibroblasts upregulates multiple cross-linking enzymes in the ECM.
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu Q, Zaba LC, Satpathy AT, Longmire M, Zhang W, Li K, Granja J, Guo C, Lin J, Li R, Tolentino K, Kania G, Distler O, Fiorentino D, Chung L, Qu K, Chang HY. Chromatin accessibility landscapes of skin cells in systemic sclerosis nominate dendritic cells in disease pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5843. [PMID: 33203843 PMCID: PMC7672105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a disease at the intersection of autoimmunity and fibrosis. However, the epigenetic regulation and the contributions of diverse cell types to SSc remain unclear. Here we survey, using ATAC-seq, the active DNA regulatory elements of eight types of primary cells in normal skin from healthy controls, as well as clinically affected and unaffected skin from SSc patients. We find that accessible DNA elements in skin-resident dendritic cells (DCs) exhibit the highest enrichment of SSc-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and predict the degrees of skin fibrosis in patients. DCs also have the greatest disease-associated changes in chromatin accessibility and the strongest alteration of cell-cell interactions in SSc lesions. Lastly, data from an independent cohort of patients with SSc confirm a significant increase of DCs in lesioned skin. Thus, the DCs epigenome links inherited susceptibility and clinically apparent fibrosis in SSc skin, and can be an important driver of SSc pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, China
| | - Lisa C Zaba
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Longmire
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, China
| | - Jeffrey Granja
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Chuang Guo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, China
| | - Rui Li
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Karen Tolentino
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gabriela Kania
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Fiorentino
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lorinda Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kun Qu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230021, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
- School of Data Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Piera-Velazquez S, Wermuth PJ, Gomez-Reino JJ, Varga J, Jimenez SA. Chemical exposure-induced systemic fibrosing disorders: Novel insights into systemic sclerosis etiology and pathogenesis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 50:1226-1237. [PMID: 33059296 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Numerous drugs and chemical substances are capable of inducing exaggerated tissue fibrotic responses. The vast majority of these agents cause localized fibrotic tissue reactions or fibrosis confined to specific organs. Although much less frequent, chemically-induced systemic fibrotic disorders have been described, sometimes occurring as temporally confined outbreaks. These include the Toxic Oil Syndrome (TOS), the Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome (EMS), and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF). Although each of these disorders displays some unique characteristics, they all share crucial features with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc), the prototypic idiopathic systemic fibrotic disease, including vasculopathy, chronic inflammatory cell infiltration of affected tissues, and cutaneous and visceral tissue fibrosis. The study of the mechanisms and molecular alterations involved in the development of the chemically-induced systemic fibrotic disorders has provided valuable clues that may allow elucidation of SSc etiology and pathogenesis. Here, we review relevant aspects of the TOS, EMS, and NSF epidemic outbreaks of chemically-induced systemic fibrosing disorders that provide strong support to the hypothesis that SSc is caused by a toxic or biological agent that following its internalization by endothelial cells induces in genetically predisposed individuals a series of molecular alterations that result in the development of SSc clinical and pathological alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peter J Wermuth
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Juan J Gomez-Reino
- Fundacion IDIS, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - John Varga
- Rheumatology Division, North Western Scleroderma Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsai CY, Hsieh SC, Wu TH, Li KJ, Shen CY, Liao HT, Wu CH, Kuo YM, Lu CS, Yu CL. Pathogenic Roles of Autoantibodies and Aberrant Epigenetic Regulation of Immune and Connective Tissue Cells in the Tissue Fibrosis of Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093069. [PMID: 32349208 PMCID: PMC7246753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multi-system autoimmune disease with tissue fibrosis prominent in the skin and lung. In this review, we briefly describe the autoimmune features (mainly autoantibody production and cytokine profiles) and the potential pathogenic contributors including genetic/epigenetic predisposition, and environmental factors. We look in detail at the cellular and molecular bases underlying tissue-fibrosis which include trans-differentiation of fibroblasts (FBs) to myofibroblasts (MFBs). We also state comprehensively the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines relevant to MFB trans-differentiation, vasculopathy-associated autoantibodies, and fibrosis-regulating microRNAs in SSc. It is conceivable that tissue fibrosis is mainly mediated by an excessive production of TGF-β, the master regulator, from the skewed Th2 cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and keratinocytes. After binding with TGF-β receptors on MFB, the downstream Wnt/β-catenin triggers canonical Smad 2/3 and non-canonical Smad 4 signaling pathways to transcribe collagen genes. Subsequently, excessive collagen fiber synthesis and accumulation as well as tissue fibrosis ensue. In the later part of this review, we discuss limited data relevant to the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tissue-fibrosis in SSc. It is expected that these lncRNAs may become the useful biomarkers and therapeutic targets for SSc in the future. The prospective investigations in the development of novel epigenetic modifiers are also suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Youh Tsai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & National Yang-Ming University, #201 Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.T.); (C.-L.Y.); Fax: +886-2-28717483 (C.-Y.T.); +886-2-23957801 (C.-L.Y.)
| | - Song-Chou Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, #7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Tsai-Hung Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & National Yang-Ming University, #201 Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
| | - Ko-Jen Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, #7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Chieh-Yu Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, #7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.); (C.-S.L.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, #7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Tzung Liao
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & National Yang-Ming University, #201 Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Han Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, #7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.); (C.-S.L.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, #7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, #7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.); (C.-S.L.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, #7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Shiun Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, #7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.); (C.-S.L.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, #7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, #7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-Y.S.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.); (C.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.T.); (C.-L.Y.); Fax: +886-2-28717483 (C.-Y.T.); +886-2-23957801 (C.-L.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing in systemic sclerosis provides novel targets to understand disease pathogenesis. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:144. [PMID: 31651337 PMCID: PMC6813992 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disease whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Increasing evidence suggests that both genetic susceptibilities and changes in DNA methylation influence pivotal biological pathways and thereby contribute to the disease. The role of DNA methylation in SSc has not been fully elucidated, because existing investigations of DNA methylation predominantly focused on nucleotide CpGs within restricted genic regions, and were performed on samples containing mixed cell types. Methods We performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing on purified CD4+ T lymphocytes from nine SSc patients and nine controls in a pilot study, and then profiled genome-wide cytosine methylation as well as genetic variations. We adopted robust statistical methods to identify differentially methylated genomic regions (DMRs). We then examined pathway enrichment associated with genes located in these DMRs. We also tested whether changes in CpG methylation were associated with adjacent genetic variation. Results We profiled DNA methylation at more than three million CpG dinucleotides genome-wide. We identified 599 DMRs associated with 340 genes, among which 54 genes exhibited further associations with adjacent genetic variation. We also found these genes were associated with pathways and functions that are known to be abnormal in SSc, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, skin lesion formation and progression, and angiogenesis. Conclusion The CD4+ T cell DNA cytosine methylation landscape in SSc involves crucial genes in disease pathogenesis. Some of the methylation patterns are also associated with genetic variation. These findings provide essential foundations for future studies of epigenetic regulation and genome-epigenome interaction in SSc.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare disease characterized by widespread collagen deposition resulting in fibrosis. Although skin involvement is the most common manifestation and also the one that determines the classification of disease, mortality in SSc is usually a result of respiratory compromise in the form of interstitial lung disease (ILD) or pulmonary hypertension (PH). Clinically significant ILD is seen in up to 40% of patients and PH in up to 20%. Treatment with either cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate has been shown to delay disease progression, whereas rituximab and lung transplantation are reserved for refractory cases.
Collapse
|
17
|
Tan WQ, Fang QQ, Shen XZ, Giani JF, Zhao TV, Shi P, Zhang LY, Khan Z, Li Y, Li L, Xu JH, Bernstein EA, Bernstein KE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor works as a scar formation inhibitor by down-regulating Smad and TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) pathways in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4239-4252. [PMID: 30153328 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), an important part of the renin-angiotensin system, is implicated in stimulating the fibrotic processes in the heart, lung, liver and kidney, while an ACE inhibitor (ACEI) promotes physiological tissue repair in these organs. The mechanism is closely related to TGF-β1 pathways. However, the reported effects of applying ACEIs during scar formation are unclear. Hence, we explored the anti-fibrotic effects of an ACEI and the molecular mechanisms involved in a mouse scar model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH After a full-thickness skin wound operation, ACE wild-type mice were randomly assigned to receive either ramipril, losartan or hydralazine p.o. ACE knockout (KO) mice and negative control mice only received vehicle (water). Wound/scar widths during wound healing and histological examinations were recorded at the final day. The ability of ACEI to reduce fibrosis via TGF-β1 signalling was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. KEY RESULTS ACE KO mice and mice that received ramipril showed narrower wound/scar width, reduced fibroblast proliferation, decreased collagen and TGF-β1 expression. ACEI attenuated the phosphorylation of small mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad2/3) and TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) both in vitro and in vivo. The expression of ACE-related peptides varied in murine models with different drug treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ACEI showed anti-fibrotic properties in scar formation by mediating downstream peptides to suppress TGF-β1/Smad and TGF-β1/TAK1 pathways. These findings suggest that dual inhibition of Smad and TAK1 signalling by ACEI is a useful strategy for the development of new anti-fibrotic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qiang Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qing-Qing Fang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao Z Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tuantuan V Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peng Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Yun Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - You Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ji-Hua Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
FRT-Fondation Rene Touraine: An International Foundation For Dermatology. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1179-1189. [PMID: 30260535 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
19
|
Abdulle AE, Diercks GFH, Feelisch M, Mulder DJ, van Goor H. The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Development of Systemic Sclerosis Related Vasculopathy. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1177. [PMID: 30197602 PMCID: PMC6117399 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare connective tissue disease characterized by autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and progressive fibrosis typically affecting multiple organs including the skin. SSc often is a lethal disorder, because effective disease-modifying treatment still remains unavailable. Vasculopathy with endothelial dysfunction, perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells, vascular wall remodeling and rarefaction of capillaries is the hallmark of the disease. Most patients present with vasospastic attacks of the digital arteries referred to as 'Raynaud's phenomenon,' which is often an indication of an underlying widespread vasculopathy. Although autoimmune responses and inflammation are both found to play an important role in the pathogenesis of this vasculopathy, no definite initiating factors have been identified. Recently, several studies have underlined the potential role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of SSc vasculopathy thereby proposing a new aspect in the pathogenesis of this disease. For instance, circulating levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) related markers have been found to correlate with SSc vasculopathy, the formation of fibrosis and the production of autoantibodies. Excess ROS formation is well-known to lead to endothelial cell (EC) injury and vascular complications. Collectively, these findings suggest a potential role of ROS in the initiation and progression of SSc vasculopathy. In this review, we present the background of oxidative stress related processes (e.g., EC injury, autoimmunity, inflammation, and vascular wall remodeling) that may contribute to SSc vasculopathy. Finally, we describe the use of oxidative stress related read-outs as clinical biomarkers of disease activity and evaluate potential anti-oxidative strategies in SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amaal E. Abdulle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gilles F. H. Diercks
- Section Pathology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Douwe J. Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Section Pathology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fang QQ, Wang XF, Zhao WY, Ding SL, Shi BH, Xia Y, Yang H, Wu LH, Li CY, Tan WQ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor reduces scar formation by inhibiting both canonical and noncanonical TGF-β1 pathways. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3332. [PMID: 29463869 PMCID: PMC5820264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) can improve the fibrotic processes in many internal organs. Recent studies have shown a relationship between ACEI with cutaneous scar formation, although it has not been confirmed, and the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we cultured mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts with different concentrations of ACEI. We measured cell proliferation with a Cell Counting Kit-8 and collagen expression with a Sirius Red Collagen Detection Kit. Flow cytometry and western blotting were used to detect transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) signaling. We also confirmed the potential antifibrotic activity of ACEI in a rat scar model. ACEI reduced fibroblast proliferation, suppressed collagen and TGF-β1 expression, and downregulated the phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 and TAK1, both in vitro and in vivo. A microscopic examination showed that rat scars treated with ramipril or losartan were not only narrower than in the controls, but also displayed enhanced re-epithelialization and neovascularization, and the formation of organized granulation tissue. These data indicate that ACEI inhibits scar formation by suppressing both TGF-β1/SMAD2/3 and TGF-β1/TAK1 pathways, and may have clinical utility in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Fang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Wan-Yi Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Shi-Li Ding
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Bang-Hui Shi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, PR China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Li-Hong Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Cai-Yun Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Wei-Qiang Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China. .,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, PR China. .,Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Raker VK, Ook KY, Haub J, Lorenz N, Schmidt T, Stegemann A, Böhm M, Schuppan D, Steinbrink K. Myeloid cell populations and fibrogenic parameters in bleomycin- and HOCl-induced fibrosis. Exp Dermatol 2018; 25:887-894. [PMID: 27307019 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models resembling systemic sclerosis can be chemically induced by application of bleomycin or hypochloric acid (HOCl). To date, little is known about inflammatory cells and their potential role in scleroderma (Scl)-related fibrosis. Therefore, we compared both Scl models to define the early immune cell subsets in relation to fibrosis-related parameters. Both agents induced a significant increase in dermal thickness and collagen deposition after 4 weeks, as hallmarks of Scl. However, clinical skin thickness, densely packed, sirius red-stained collagen bundles and collagen cross-links were more pronounced in HOCl-induced Scl. In parallel, there was a significant upregulation of procollagen α1(I), α-SMA and TGF-β transcripts in HOCl animals, whereas IL-1β and MMP-13 mRNA levels were significantly increased in bleomycin-treated mice. Flow cytometric analysis of the Scl skin demonstrated an early cellular infiltrate containing mainly CD19+ B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD11c+ DC and CD11b+ myeloid cells, the latter ones being significantly more prominent after HOCl injection. Subanalysis revealed that Scl mice exhibited a significant increase of inflammatory myeloid CD11b+ Ly6Clow-high CD64low-high cells (HOCl>bleomycin). In particular, in the HOCl model, activated dermal macrophages (CCR2low MHCIIhigh ) and monocyte-derived DC (CCR2high MHCIIhigh ) predominated over less activated CD11b+ myeloid cells. In conclusion, the two models differ in certain aspects of the murine and human scleroderma but in the HOCl model, myeloid CD11b+ MHCIIhigh cells correlate with some fibrosis-related parameters. Therefore, analysis of both models is suggested to cover a comprehensive profile of Scl symptoms but with focus on the HOCl model when the role of early myeloid immune cells will be evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena K Raker
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. .,Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Kim Y Ook
- Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Haub
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Lorenz
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Talkea Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Markus Böhm
- University Medical Center Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Antioxidants and NOX1/NOX4 inhibition blocks TGFβ1-induced CCN2 and α-SMA expression in dermal and gingival fibroblasts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186740. [PMID: 29049376 PMCID: PMC5648211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFbeta induces fibrogenic responses in fibroblasts. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) may contribute to fibrogenic responses. Here, we examine if the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), the NOX inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and the selective NOX1/NOX4 inhibitor GKT-137831 impairs the ability of TGFbeta to induce profibrotic gene expression in human gingival (HGF) and dermal (HDF) fibroblasts. We also assess if GKT-137831 can block the persistent fibrotic phenotype of lesional scleroderma (SSc) fibroblasts. We use real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis to evaluate whether NAC and DPI impair the ability of TGFbeta1 to induce expression of fibrogenic genes in fibroblasts. The effects of GKT-137831 on TGFbeta-induced protein expression and the persistent fibrotic phenotype of lesional scleroderma (SSc) fibroblasts were tested using Western blot and collagen gel contraction analyses. In HDF and HGF, TGFbeta1 induces CCN2, CCN1, endothelin-1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in a fashion sensitive to NAC. Induction of COL1A1 mRNA was unaffected. Similar results were seen with DPI. NAC and DPI impaired the ability of TGFbeta1 to induce protein expression of CCN2 and alpha-SMA in HDF and HGF. GKT-137831 impaired TGFbeta-induced CCN2 and alpha-SMA protein expression in HGF and HDF. In lesional SSc dermal fibroblasts, GKT-137831 reduced alpha-SMA and CCN2 protein overexpression and collagen gel contraction. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that antioxidants or NOX1/4 inhibition may be useful in blocking profibrotic effects of TGFbeta on dermal and gingival fibroblasts and warrant consideration for further development as potential antifibrotic agents.
Collapse
|
23
|
Toyama T, Looney AP, Baker BM, Stawski L, Haines P, Simms R, Szymaniak AD, Varelas X, Trojanowska M. Therapeutic Targeting of TAZ and YAP by Dimethyl Fumarate in Systemic Sclerosis Fibrosis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:78-88. [PMID: 28870693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, SSc) is a devastating fibrotic disease with few treatment options. Fumaric acid esters, including dimethyl fumarate (DMF, Tecfidera; Biogen, Cambridge, MA), have shown therapeutic effects in several disease models, prompting us to determine whether DMF is effective as a treatment for SSc dermal fibrosis. We found that DMF blocks the profibrotic effects of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) in SSc skin fibroblasts. Mechanistically, we found that DMF treatment reduced nuclear localization of transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ) and Yes-associated protein (YAP) proteins via inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. In addition, DMF abrogated TGFβ/Akt1 mediated inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen kinase 3β (GSK3β) and a subsequent β-transducin repeat-containing proteins (βTRCP) mediated proteasomal degradation of TAZ, as well as a corresponding decrease of TAZ/YAP transcriptional targets. Depletion of TAZ/YAP recapitulated the antifibrotic effects of DMF. We also confirmed the increase of TAZ/YAP in skin biopsies from patients with diffuse SSc. We further showed that DMF significantly diminished nuclear TAZ/YAP localization in fibroblasts cultured on a stiff surface. Importantly, DMF prevented bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis in mice. Together, our work demonstrates a mechanism of the antifibrotic effect of DMF via inhibition of Akt1/GSK3β/TAZ/YAP signaling and confirms a critical role of TAZ/YAP in mediating the profibrotic responses in dermal fibroblasts. This study supports the use of DMF as a treatment for SSc dermal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Toyama
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Agnieszka P Looney
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lukasz Stawski
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Haines
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Simms
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aleksander D Szymaniak
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Trojanowska
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eckes B, Wang F, Moinzadeh P, Hunzelmann N, Krieg T. Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Sclerosing Skin Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:120. [PMID: 28868289 PMCID: PMC5563304 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerosing skin diseases represent a large number of distinct disease entities, which include systemic sclerosis, localized scleroderma, and scleredema adultorum. These pathologies have a common clinical appearance and share histological features. However, the specific interplay between cytokines and growth factors, which activate different mesenchymal cell populations and production of different extracellular matrix components, determines the biomechanical properties of the skin and the clinical features of each disease. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these events is prerequisite for developing novel targeted therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Eckes
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Moinzadeh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jafarinejad-Farsangi S, Farazmand A, Gharibdoost F, Karimizadeh E, Noorbakhsh F, Faridani H, Mahmoudi M, Jamshidi AR. Inhibition of MicroRNA-21 induces apoptosis in dermal fibroblasts of patients with systemic sclerosis. Int J Dermatol 2017; 55:1259-1267. [PMID: 27637490 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged activation of dermal fibroblasts is the main cause of progressive fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc). It seems that inhibition of apoptosis in SSc fibroblasts deregulates fibrosis. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is a pro-fibrotic factor with high expression in lesional areas of SSc skin and fibroblasts. METHODS The effects of miR-21 on expression of Bcl-2 and Bax, two apoptotic genes, in dermal fibroblasts of SSc patients were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Apoptotic cells were detected using flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining assays. RESULTS Overexpression of miR-21 using synthetic miR-21 RNA increased expression of Bcl-2, an inhibitor of apoptosis, and decreased the Bax : Bcl-2 expression ratio, a cell fate determinant, in SSc fibroblasts. Antisense inhibition of miR-21 induced a high rate of apoptosis in SSc fibroblasts. We propose that this may be associated with a decrease in Bcl-2 expression and a shift in the Bax : Bcl-2 ratio. CONCLUSIONS Although further studies are necessary to determine the underlying apoptotic pathway, we propose that inhibition of miR-21 in dermal fibroblasts from lesional skin may be useful in harnessing progressive fibrosis in SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Farazmand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farhad Gharibdoost
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Karimizadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibeh Faridani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Skin fibrosis: Models and mechanisms. Curr Res Transl Med 2016; 64:185-193. [PMID: 27939457 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix synthesis, deposition and remodeling are complex biological processes that are critical in development, maintenance of tissue homeostasis and repair of injured tissues. Disturbances in the regulation of these processes can result in severe pathological conditions which are associated with tissue fibrosis as e.g. in Scleroderma, cutaneous Graft-versus-Host-Disease, excessive scarring after trauma or carcinogenesis. Therefore, finding efficient treatments to limit skin fibrosis is of major clinical importance. However the pathogenesis underlying the development of tissue fibrosis is still not entirely resolved. In recent years progress has been made unraveling the complex cellular and molecular mechanisms that determine fibrosis. Here we provide an overview of established and more recently developed mouse models that can be used to investigate the mechanisms of skin fibrosis and to test potential therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
27
|
Brady SM, Shapiro L, Mousa SA. Current and future direction in the management of scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:461-71. [PMID: 27139430 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scleroderma is a heterogeneous disease with a complex etiology. As more information is gained about the underlying mechanisms and the improved classifications of scleroderma subtypes, treatments can be better personalized. Improving scleroderma patients' early diagnosis before end organ manifestations occur should improve clinical trial design and outcomes. Two recently FDA-approved antifibrotics for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis may be effective treatments in patients with pulmonary fibrosis secondary to scleroderma after further investigation. The potential impact of Nanobiotechnology in improving the efficacy and safety of existing antifibrotics and immunomodulators might present an exciting new approach in the management of scleroderma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Brady
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive (Room 238), Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Lee Shapiro
- Division of Rheumatology, Steffens Scleroderma Center, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive (Room 238), Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vascular Remodelling and Mesenchymal Transition in Systemic Sclerosis. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4636859. [PMID: 27069480 PMCID: PMC4812480 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4636859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis of the skin and of internal organs, autoimmunity, and vascular inflammation are hallmarks of Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). The injury and activation of endothelial cells, with hyperplasia of the intima and eventual obliteration of the vascular lumen, are early features of SSc. Reduced capillary blood flow coupled with deficient angiogenesis leads to chronic hypoxia and tissue ischemia, enforcing a positive feed-forward loop sustaining vascular remodelling, further exacerbated by extracellular matrix accumulation due to fibrosis. Despite numerous developments and a growing number of controlled clinical trials no treatment has been shown so far to alter SSc natural history, outlining the need of further investigation in the molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. We review some processes potentially involved in SSc vasculopathy, with attention to the possible effect of sustained vascular inflammation on the plasticity of vascular cells. Specifically we focus on mesenchymal transition, a key phenomenon in the cardiac and vascular development as well as in the remodelling of injured vessels. Recent work supports the role of transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt, and Notch signaling in these processes. Importantly, endothelial-mesenchymal transition may be reversible, possibly offering novel cues for treatment.
Collapse
|
29
|
Thy-1/β3 Integrin Interaction-Induced Apoptosis of Dermal Fibroblasts Is Mediated by Up-Regulation of FasL Expression. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:526-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
30
|
MicroRNAs Regulating Signaling Pathways: Potential Biomarkers in Systemic Sclerosis. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2015; 13:234-41. [PMID: 26365208 PMCID: PMC4610971 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystem fibrotic and autoimmune disease. Both genetic and epigenetic elements mediate SSc pathophysiology. This review summarizes the role of one epigenetic element, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), involved in different signaling pathways of SSc pathogenesis. The expression of key components in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway has been found to be regulated by miRNAs both upstream and downstream of TGF-β. We are specifically interested in the pathway components upstream of TGF-β, while miRNAs in other signaling pathways have not been extensively studied. The emerging role of miRNAs in vasculopathy of SSc suggests a promising new direction for future investigation. Elucidation of the regulatory role of miRNAs in the expression of signaling factors may facilitate the discovery of novel biomarkers in SSc and improve the understanding and treatment of this disease.
Collapse
|
31
|
Miao CG, Xiong YY, Yu H, Zhang XL, Qin MS, Song TW, Du CL. Critical roles of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: New advances, challenges and potential directions. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:626-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
32
|
Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Role of cellular senescence and NOX4-mediated oxidative stress in systemic sclerosis pathogenesis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2015; 17:473. [PMID: 25475596 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-014-0473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by progressive fibrosis of skin and numerous internal organs and a severe fibroproliferative vasculopathy resulting frequently in severe disability and high mortality. Although the etiology of SSc is unknown and the detailed mechanisms responsible for the fibrotic process have not been fully elucidated, one important observation from a large US population study was the demonstration of a late onset of SSc with a peak incidence between 45 and 54 years of age in African-American females and between 65 and 74 years of age in white females. Although it is not appropriate to consider SSc as a disease of aging, the possibility that senescence changes in the cellular elements involved in its pathogenesis may play a role has not been thoroughly examined. The process of cellular senescence is extremely complex, and the mechanisms, molecular events, and signaling pathways involved have not been fully elucidated; however, there is strong evidence to support the concept that oxidative stress caused by the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species may be one important mechanism involved. On the other hand, numerous studies have implicated oxidative stress in SSc pathogenesis, thus, suggesting a plausible mechanism in which excessive oxidative stress induces cellular senescence and that the molecular events associated with this complex process play an important role in the fibrotic and fibroproliferative vasculopathy characteristic of SSc. Here, recent studies examining the role of cellular senescence and of oxidative stress in SSc pathogenesis will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Suite 509 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schmidt M, Gutknecht D, Simon JC, Schulz JN, Eckes B, Anderegg U, Saalbach A. Controlling the Balance of Fibroblast Proliferation and Differentiation: Impact of Thy-1. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1893-1902. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
34
|
Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 63:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
35
|
Li M, Lu S, Liu X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Ling C. [Expression of endoglin in human non-small cell lung cancer and its clinical significance]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2013; 129:706-16. [PMID: 23746240 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.180216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of endoglin (ENG) in human non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, cancer and adjacent non-cancer tissues, and its role in NSCLC development, progression, metastasis and recurrence. METHODS Five strains of NSCLC cells and one strain of normal human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were cultured in vitro. Human NSCLC tissues and their corresponding adjacent lung tissues were taken from 22 NSCLC cases to detect the mRNA and protein levels of ENG using real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Chi-square test was performed to analyze the correlations between the ENG expression and clinical data. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of ENG were up-regulated in 3 NSCLC cell strains of high metastasis. However, the expression of ENG was missing in the other low-metastatic NSCLC cell strains and the HBE cell strain. Besides, the mRNA and protein levels of ENG were up-regulated in the 19 out of 22 lung cancer tissues (86.36%), which were significantly higher than those in the adjacent non-cancer tissues (P<0.01). The over-expression of ENG was significantly correlated positively with lymph node metastasis (P<0.01), but not with age, sex, tumor size, clinical stage, pathological grade or histopathological type. CONCLUSION The expression of ENG in NSCLC is significantly correlated positively with lymph node metastasis, and it might be a biomarker for the metastasis and prognosis of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Soochow 215000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|