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Galgani A, Scotto M, Giorgi FS. The Neuroanatomy of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: In Vitro Models of Subcortical Nuclei in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:10180-10199. [PMID: 39329959 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46090607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulatory subcortical systems (NSSs) are monoaminergic and cholinergic neuronal groups that are markedly and precociously involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In humans, although many tools have been developed to infer information on these nuclei, encompassing neuroimaging and neurophysiological methods, a detailed and specific direct evaluation of their cellular features in vivo has been difficult to obtain until recent years. The development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models has allowed research to deeply delve into the cellular and molecular biology of NSS neurons. In fact, iPSCs can be produced easily and non-invasively from patients' fibroblasts or circulating blood monocytes, by de-differentiating those cells using specific protocols, and then be re-differentiated towards neural phenotypes, which may reproduce the specific features of the correspondent brain neurons (including NSS ones) from the same patient. In this review, we summarized findings obtained in the field of NDDs using iPSCs, with the aim to understand how reliably these might represent in vitro models of NSS. We found that most of the current literature in the field of iPSCs and NSSs in NDDs has focused on midbrain dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease, providing interesting results on cellular pathophysiology and even leading to the first human autologous transplantation. Differentiation protocols for noradrenergic, cholinergic, and serotoninergic neurons have also been recently defined and published. Thus, it might be expected that in the near future, this approach could extend to other NSSs and other NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Galgani
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Scotto
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Filippo S Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy
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2
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Danics L, Abbas AA, Kis B, Pircs K. Fountain of youth—Targeting autophagy in aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1125739. [PMID: 37065462 PMCID: PMC10090449 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1125739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As our society ages inexorably, geroscience and research focusing on healthy aging is becoming increasingly urgent. Macroautophagy (referred to as autophagy), a highly conserved process of cellular clearance and rejuvenation has attracted much attention due to its universal role in organismal life and death. Growing evidence points to autophagy process as being one of the key players in the determination of lifespan and health. Autophagy inducing interventions show significant improvement in organismal lifespan demonstrated in several experimental models. In line with this, preclinical models of age-related neurodegenerative diseases demonstrate pathology modulating effect of autophagy induction, implicating its potential to treat such disorders. In humans this specific process seems to be more complex. Recent clinical trials of drugs targeting autophagy point out some beneficial effects for clinical use, although with limited effectiveness, while others fail to show any significant improvement. We propose that using more human-relevant preclinical models for testing drug efficacy would significantly improve clinical trial outcomes. Lastly, the review discusses the available cellular reprogramming techniques used to model neuronal autophagy and neurodegeneration while exploring the existing evidence of autophagy’s role in aging and pathogenesis in human-derived in vitro models such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons (iPSC-neurons) or induced neurons (iNs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Danics
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - Semmelweis University (HCEMM-SU), Neurobiology and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network and Semmelweis University (ELKH-SU), Cerebrovascular and Neurocognitive Disorders Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Anoir Abbas
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - Semmelweis University (HCEMM-SU), Neurobiology and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kis
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - Semmelweis University (HCEMM-SU), Neurobiology and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Karolina Pircs
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - Semmelweis University (HCEMM-SU), Neurobiology and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Karolina Pircs,
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3
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Mamytov M, Mamytova E, Toktomametova A, Miklukhin D, Yethindra V, Tagaev T, Kalikiri S, Kanteti KP. Expression of autophagy and apoptosis biomarkers in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2022. [DOI: 10.51248/.v42i5.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Aim: Apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis are the main mechanisms of neuron death in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). This study aimed to evaluate the expression of apoptosis and autophagy biomarkers in peripheral blood of patients with AIS.
Materials and Methods: Sixty-eight patients (32 men and 36 women) aged 30-60 years with AIS underwent a clinical and neurological examination on the 1st, 7th, and 14th days after the disease onset. The expression of apoptosis and autophagy biomarkers in peripheral blood was evaluated by flow cytometry and compared with the severity of neurological deficit and injury on the 1st, 7th, and 14th days, using correlation analysis.
Results: There is a statistical significance compared with the control group and an increase in the expression of key biomarkers of apoptosis and autophagy was revealed. Increased expression levels of annexin A5 and caspase-3 positively correlate with the severity of neurological deficit and injury on the 1st and 7th days from the onset of the disease.
Conclusion: A direct correlation was revealed between elevated levels of apoptosis and autophagy biomarkers in peripheral blood and severity of neurological deficit and injury on the 1st, 7th, and 14th days from the onset of AIS.
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Sun C, Rosenstock TR, Cohen MA, Sarkar S. Autophagy Dysfunction as a Phenotypic Readout in hiPSC-Derived Neuronal Cell Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2549:103-136. [PMID: 34490597 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic pathway for the degradation of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells. It is the primary disposal route for selective removal of undesirable cellular materials like aggregation-prone proteins and damaged organelles for maintaining cellular homeostasis, and for bulk degradation of intracellular macromolecules and recycling the breakdown products for providing energy homeostasis during starvation. These functions of autophagy are attributed to cellular survival and thus pertinent for human health; however, malfunction of this process is detrimental to the cells, particularly for post-mitotic neurons. Thus, basal autophagy is vital for maintaining neuronal homeostasis, whereas autophagy dysfunction contributes to neurodegeneration. Defective autophagy has been demonstrated in several neurodegenerative diseases wherein pharmacological induction of autophagy is beneficial in many of these disease models. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying defective autophagy is imperative for the development of therapies targeting this process. Disease-affected human neuronal cells can be established from patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that provide a clinically relevant platform for studying disease mechanisms and drug discovery. Thus, modeling autophagy dysfunction as a phenotypic readout in patient-derived neurons provides a more direct platform for investigating the mechanisms underlying defective autophagy and evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of autophagy inducers. Toward this, several hiPSC-derived neuronal cell models of neurodegenerative diseases have been employed. In this review, we highlight the key methodologies pertaining to hiPSC maintenance and neuronal differentiation, and studying autophagy at an endogenous level in hiPSC-derived neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxin Sun
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tatiana R Rosenstock
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Malkiel A Cohen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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5
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Tan A, Prasad R, Jho EH. TFEB regulates pluripotency transcriptional network in mouse embryonic stem cells independent of autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:343. [PMID: 33795648 PMCID: PMC8016867 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB), a well-known master regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, is a member of the microphthalmia family of transcription factors (MiT family). Over the years, TFEB has been shown to have diverse roles in various physiological processes such as clearance for intracellular pathogenic factors and having developmental functions such as dendritic maturation, as well as osteoclast, and endoderm differentiation. However, in the present study, we propose a novel mechanism for TFEB governing pluripotency of mouse ESCs (mESCs) by regulating the pluripotency transcriptional network (PTN) in these cells. We observed high levels of TFEB mRNA and protein levels in undifferentiated mESCs. Interestingly, we found a reduction of Nanog and Sox2 levels in TFEB knockout (KO) mESCs while pluripotency was maintained as there was an upregulation of TFE3, a potent stem cell maintenance factor. In consistent, double knockout of TFEB/TFE3 (TFEB/3 DKO) reduced mESC pluripotency, as indicated by the loss of ESC morphology, reduction of ESC markers, and the emergence of differentiation markers. We further discovered that Nanog was a TFEB target gene in undifferentiated mESCs. TFEB also promoted sex-determining region Y-box2 (Sox2) transcription by forming a heterodimer with Sox2 in mESCs. Notably, Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog were also binding to the TFEB promoter and thus generating a feed-forward loop in relation to TFEB. Although high levels of nuclear TFEB are expected to enhance autophagy-lysosomal activity, undifferentiated mESC remarkably displayed low basal autophagy-lysosomal activity. Overexpression or knockout of TFEB did not affect the expression of TFEB lysosomal-autophagy target genes and TFEB also had a lesser binding affinity to its own lysosomal promoter-target genes in mESCs compared to differentiated cells. Collectively, these findings define a newly incorporative, moonlighting function for TFEB in regulating PTN, independent of its autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Tan
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 130-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Renuka Prasad
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 130-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 130-743, Republic of Korea.
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The Role of iPSC Modeling Toward Projection of Autophagy Pathway in Disease Pathogenesis: Leader or Follower. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:539-561. [PMID: 33245492 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is responsible for degradation of non-essential or damaged cellular constituents and damaged organelles. The autophagy pathway maintains efficient cellular metabolism and reduces cellular stress by removing additional and pathogenic components. Dysfunctional autophagy underlies several diseases. Thus, several research groups have worked toward elucidating key steps in this pathway. Autophagy can be studied by animal modeling, chemical modulators, and in vitro disease modeling with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) as a loss-of-function platform. The introduction of iPSC technology, which has the capability to maintain the genetic background, has facilitated in vitro modeling of some diseases. Furthermore, iPSC technology can be used as a platform to study defective cellular and molecular pathways during development and unravel novel steps in signaling pathways of health and disease. Different studies have used iPSC technology to explore the role of autophagy in disease pathogenesis which could not have been addressed by animal modeling or chemical inducers/inhibitors. In this review, we discuss iPSC models of autophagy-associated disorders where the disease is caused due to mutations in autophagy-related genes. We classified this group as "primary autophagy induced defects (PAID)". There are iPSC models of diseases in which the primary cause is not dysfunctional autophagy, but autophagy is impaired secondary to disease phenotypes. We call this group "secondary autophagy induced defects (SAID)" and discuss them. Graphical abstract.
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Stathakos P, Jiménez-Moreno N, Crompton LA, Nistor PA, Badger JL, Barbuti PA, Kerrigan TL, Randall AD, Caldwell MA, Lane JD. A monolayer hiPSC culture system for autophagy/mitophagy studies in human dopaminergic neurons. Autophagy 2020; 17:855-871. [PMID: 32286126 PMCID: PMC8078667 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1739441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy cytoplasmic quality control pathways are required during neural development and are critical for the maintenance of functional neuronal populations in the adult brain. Robust evidence now exists that declining neuronal autophagy pathways contribute to human neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease (PD). Reliable and relevant human neuronal model systems are therefore needed to understand the biology of disease-vulnerable neural populations, to decipher the underlying causes of neurodegenerative disease, and to develop assays to test therapeutic interventions in vitro. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) neural model systems can meet this demand: they provide a renewable source of material for differentiation into regional neuronal sub-types for functional assays; they can be expanded to provide a platform for screening, and they can potentially be optimized for transplantation/neurorestorative therapy. So far, however, hiPSC differentiation protocols for the generation of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs) – the predominant neuronal sub-type afflicted in PD – have been somewhat restricted by poor efficiency and/or suitability for functional and/or imaging-based in vitro assays. Here, we describe a reliable, monolayer differentiation protocol for the rapid and reproducible production of high numbers of mDANs from hiPSC in a format that is amenable for autophagy/mitophagy research. We characterize these cells with respect to neuronal differentiation and macroautophagy capability and describe qualitative and quantitative assays for the study of autophagy and mitophagy in these important cells. Abbreviations: AA: ascorbic acid; ATG: autophagy-related; BDNF: brain derived neurotrophic factor; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; dbcAMP: dibutyryl cAMP; DAN: dopaminergic neuron; DAPI: 4ʹ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DAPT: N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-sphenylglycine; DLG4/PSD95: discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4; DMEM: Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium; EB: embryoid body; ECAR: extracellular acidification rate; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; FCCP: arbonyl cyanide p-triflouromethoxyphenylhydrazone; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GDNF: glia cell derived neurotrophic factor; hiPSC: human induced pluripotent stem cell; LAMP2A: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A; LT-R: LysoTracker Red; MAP1LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; mDAN: midbrain dopaminergic neuron; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MT-GR: MitoTracker Green; MT-R: MitoTracker Red; NAS2: normal SNCA2; NEM: neuroprogenitor expansion media; NR4A2/NURR1: nuclear receptor subfamily group A member 2; OA: oligomycin and antimycin A; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; PD: Parkinson disease; SHH: sonic hedgehog signaling molecule; SNCA/α-synuclein: synuclein alpha; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; VTN: vitronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Stathakos
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Lucy A Crompton
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul A Nistor
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jennifer L Badger
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter A Barbuti
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Talitha L Kerrigan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, UK.,Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew D Randall
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, UK
| | - Maeve A Caldwell
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jon D Lane
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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8
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Seranova E, Palhegyi AM, Verma S, Dimova S, Lasry R, Naama M, Sun C, Barrett T, Rosenstock TR, Kumar D, Cohen MA, Buganim Y, Sarkar S. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models of Neurodegenerative Disorders for Studying the Biomedical Implications of Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2754-2798. [PMID: 32044344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that is essential for cellular survival, tissue homeostasis, and human health. The housekeeping functions of autophagy in mediating the clearance of aggregation-prone proteins and damaged organelles are vital for post-mitotic neurons. Improper functioning of this process contributes to the pathology of myriad human diseases, including neurodegeneration. Impairment in autophagy has been reported in several neurodegenerative diseases where pharmacological induction of autophagy has therapeutic benefits in cellular and transgenic animal models. However, emerging studies suggest that the efficacy of autophagy inducers, as well as the nature of the autophagy defects, may be context-dependent, and therefore, studies in disease-relevant experimental systems may provide more insights for clinical translation to patients. With the advancements in human stem cell technology, it is now possible to establish disease-affected cellular platforms from patients for investigating disease mechanisms and identifying candidate drugs in the appropriate cell types, such as neurons that are otherwise not accessible. Towards this, patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have demonstrated considerable promise in constituting a platform for effective disease modeling and drug discovery. Multiple studies have utilized hiPSC models of neurodegenerative diseases to study autophagy and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of autophagy inducers in neuronal cells. This review provides an overview of the regulation of autophagy, generation of hiPSCs via cellular reprogramming, and neuronal differentiation. It outlines the findings in various neurodegenerative disorders where autophagy has been studied using hiPSC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Seranova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Adina Maria Palhegyi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Surbhi Verma
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Simona Dimova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lasry
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Moriyah Naama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Congxin Sun
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Barrett
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Rosado Rosenstock
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Malkiel A Cohen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yosef Buganim
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Ge JY, Zheng YW, Liu LP, Isoda H, Oda T. Impelling force and current challenges by chemicals in somatic cell reprogramming and expansion beyond hepatocytes. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:650-665. [PMID: 31616541 PMCID: PMC6789182 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i9.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of regenerative medicine, generating numerous transplantable functional cells in the laboratory setting on a large scale is a major challenge. However, the in vitro maintenance and expansion of terminally differentiated cells are challenging because of the lack of specific environmental and intercellular signal stimulations, markedly hindering their therapeutic application. Remarkably, the generation of stem/progenitor cells or functional cells with effective proliferative potential is markedly in demand for disease modeling, cell-based transplantation, and drug discovery. Despite the potent genetic manipulation of transcription factors, integration-free chemically defined approaches for the conversion of somatic cell fate have garnered considerable attention in recent years. This review aims to summarize the progress thus far and discuss the advantages, limitations, and challenges of the impact of full chemicals on the stepwise reprogramming of pluripotency, direct lineage conversion, and direct lineage expansion on somatic cells. Owing to the current chemical-mediated induction, reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells with reproducibility difficulties, and direct lineage converted cells with marked functional deficiency, it is imperative to generate the desired cell types directly by chemically inducing their potent proliferation ability through a lineage-committed progenitor state, while upholding the maturation and engraftment capacity posttransplantation in vivo. Together with the comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of chemical drives, as well as the elucidation of specificity and commonalities, the precise manipulation of the expansion for diverse functional cell types could broaden the available cell sources and enhance the cellular function for clinical application in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yun Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Li X, Hu X, Tian GG, Cheng P, Li Z, Zhu M, Zhou H, Wu J. C89 Induces Autophagy of Female Germline Stem Cells via Inhibition of the PI3K-Akt Pathway In Vitro. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060606. [PMID: 31216656 PMCID: PMC6627605 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal female germline stem cells (FGSCs) are a type of germline stem cell with self-renewal ability and the capacity of differentiation toward oocyte. The proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of FGSCs have been researched in recent years, but autophagy in FGSCs has not been explored. This study investigated the effects of the small-molecule compound 89 (C89) on FGSCs and the underlying molecular mechanism in vitro. Cytometry, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay showed that the number, viability, and proliferation of FGSCs were significantly reduced in C89-treated groups (0.5, 1, and 2 µM) compared with controls. C89 had no impact on FGSC apoptosis or differentiation. However, C89 treatment induced the expression of light chain 3 beta II (LC3BII) and reduced the expression of sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) in FGSCs, indicating that C89 induced FGSC autophagy. To investigate the mechanism of C89-induced FGSC autophagy, RNA-seq technology was used to compare the transcriptome differences between C89-treated FGSCs and controls. Bioinformatics analysis of the sequencing data indicated a potential involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and kinase Akt (PI3K-Akt) pathway in the effects of C89's induction of autophagy in FGSCs. Western blot confirmed that levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt were significantly reduced in the C89- or LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor)-treated groups compared with controls. Moreover, we found cooperative functions of C89 and LY294002 in inducing FGSC autophagy through suppressing the PI3K-Akt pathway. Taken together, this research demonstrates that C89 can reduce the number, viability, and proliferation of FGSCs by inducing autophagy. Furthermore, C89 induced FGSC autophagy by inhibiting the activity of PI3K and Akt. The PI3K-Akt pathway may be a target to regulate FGSC proliferation and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Hu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Geng G Tian
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Ping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Zezhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Mingyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Huchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Ji Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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11
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Li J, Sun Y, Chen J. Transcriptome sequencing in a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Genes Genet Syst 2019; 94:61-69. [PMID: 30713215 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.18-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) has been widely exploited as a tool for modeling Parkinson's disease (PD) in the rat. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive profile of the mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in rats treated with 6-OHDA as a model of PD. Female SPF Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: a PD model group and a control group. The PD model was induced by 6-OHDA injection. RNA-seq analysis was performed on 6-OHDA-treated rats and corresponding controls. Novel lncRNAs were identified. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified in the PD group compared with controls. Gene Ontology function and pathway enrichment analyses were conducted on the DEGs, followed by construction of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. In addition, prediction of lncRNA target genes and function prediction of lncRNAs were performed. Moreover, microRNAs (miRNAs) that interacted with the DEGs and differentially expressed lncRNAs were predicted to construct a miRNA-lncRNA-mRNA regulatory network. A total of 536 DEGs and 512 differentially expressed lncRNAs (44 up-regulated and 10 down-regulated known lncRNAs; 407 up-regulated and 51 down-regulated novel lncRNAs) were identified in the PD rat model compared with controls. The DEGs and target genes of lncRNAs were mainly associated with the innate immune response, 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity, GTPase activity, GTP binding and the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. IRF7 and ISG15 were hub proteins in the PPI network. Many mRNAs and lncRNAs interacted with other molecules in a competing endogenous RNA network, such as MAS1, TMPRSS2, NPTX1, XLOC_016191, XLOC_026924 and XLOC_005439. We conclude that IRF7, ISG15, MAS1, TMPRSS2, NPTX1, XLOC_016191, XLOC_026924 and XLOC_005439 may contribute critical roles in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Yajuan Sun
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University
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12
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Päth G, Perakakis N, Mantzoros CS, Seufert J. Stem cells in the treatment of diabetes mellitus - Focus on mesenchymal stem cells. Metabolism 2019; 90:1-15. [PMID: 30342065 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 have become a global epidemic with dramatically increasing incidences. Poorly controlled diabetes is associated with severe life-threatening complications. Beside traditional treatment with insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs, clinicians try to improve patient's care by cell therapies using embryonic stem cells (ESC), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). ESC display a virtually unlimited plasticity, including the differentiation into insulin producing β-cells, but they raise ethical concerns and bear, like iPSC, the risk of tumours. IPSC may further inherit somatic mutations and remaining somatic transcriptional memory upon incomplete re-programming, but allow the generation of patient/disease-specific cell lines. MSC avoid such issues but have not been successfully differentiated into β-cells. Instead, MSC and their pericyte phenotypes outside the bone marrow have been recognized to secrete numerous immunomodulatory and tissue regenerative factors. On this account, the term 'medicinal signaling cells' has been proposed to define the new conception of a 'drug store' for injured tissues and to stay with the MSC nomenclature. This review presents the biological background and the resulting clinical potential and limitations of ESC, iPSC and MSC, and summarizes the current status quo of cell therapeutic concepts and trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Päth
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jochen Seufert
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Stathakos P, Jimenez-Moreno N, Crompton L, Nistor P, Caldwell MA, Lane JD. Imaging Autophagy in hiPSC-Derived Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuronal Cultures for Parkinson's Disease Research. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1880:257-280. [PMID: 30610703 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8873-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To appreciate the positive or negative impact of autophagy during the initiation and progression of human diseases, the isolation or de novo generation of appropriate cell types is required to support focused in vitro assays. In human neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), specific subsets of acutely sensitive neurons become susceptible to stress-associated operational decline and eventual cell death, emphasizing the need for functional studies in those vulnerable groups of neurons. In PD, a class of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain (mDANs) is affected. To study these, human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have emerged as a valuable tool, as they enable the establishment and study of mDAN biology in vitro. In this chapter, we describe a stepwise protocol for the generation of mDANs from hiPSCs using a monolayer culture system. We then outline how imaging-based autophagy assessment methodologies can be applied to these neurons, thereby providing a detailed account of the application of imaging-based autophagy assays to human iPSC-derived mDANs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Stathakos
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Lucy Crompton
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul Nistor
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Maeve A Caldwell
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jon D Lane
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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14
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Chen W, Tang D, Dai Y, Diao H. Establishment of microRNA, transcript and protein regulatory networks in Alport syndrome induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:238-250. [PMID: 30483741 PMCID: PMC6297794 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is an inherited progressive disease caused by mutations in genes encoding for the α3, α4 and α5 chains, which are an essential component of type IV collagen and are required for formation of the glomerular basement membrane. However, the underlying etiology of AS remains largely unknown, and the aim of the present study was to examine the genetic mechanisms in AS. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from renal tubular cells. The Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 system and iTRAQ‑coupled 2D liquid chromatography‑tandem mass spectrometry were used to generate the sequences of microRNAs (miRNAs), transcripts and proteins from AS‑iPSCs. Integration of miRNA, transcript and protein expression data was used to construct regulatory networks and identify specific miRNA targets amongst the transcripts and proteins. Relative quantitative proteomics using iTRAQ technology revealed 383 differentially abundant proteins, and high‑throughput sequencing identified 155 differentially expressed miRNAs and 1,168 differentially expressed transcripts. Potential miRNA targets were predicted using miRanda, TargetScan and Pictar. All target proteins and transcripts were subjected to network analysis with miRNAs. Gene ontology analysis of the miRNAs and their targets revealed functional information on the iPSCs, including biological process and cell signaling. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways analysis revealed that the transcripts and proteins were primarily enriched in metabolic and cell adhesion molecule pathways. In addition, the network maps identified hsa‑miRNA (miR)‑4775 as a prominent miRNA that was associated with a number of targets. Similarly, the prominent ELV‑like protein 1‑A and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‑associated transcripts were identified. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to confirm the upregulation of hsa‑miR‑4775 and EGFR. The integrated approach used in the present study provided a comprehensive molecular characterization of AS. The results may also further understanding of the genetic pathogenesis of AS and facilitate the identification of candidate biomarkers for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Donge Tang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Yong Dai
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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15
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Smolar J, Horst M, Sulser T, Eberli D. Bladder regeneration through stem cell therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:525-544. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1439013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Smolar
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Maya Horst
- Department of Urology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tulio Sulser
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Neuronal Models for the Study of Autophagy Pathways in Human Neurodegenerative Disease. Cells 2017; 6:cells6030024. [PMID: 28800101 PMCID: PMC5617970 DOI: 10.3390/cells6030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are invaluable tools for research into the causes of diverse human diseases, and have enormous potential in the emerging field of regenerative medicine. Our ability to reprogramme patient cells to become hiPSCs, and to subsequently direct their differentiation towards those classes of neurons that are vulnerable to stress, is revealing how genetic mutations cause changes at the molecular level that drive the complex pathogeneses of human neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy dysregulation is considered to be a major contributor in neural decline during the onset and progression of many human neurodegenerative diseases, meaning that a better understanding of the control of non-selective and selective autophagy pathways (including mitophagy) in disease-affected classes of neurons is needed. To achieve this, it is essential that the methodologies commonly used to study autophagy regulation under basal and stressed conditions in standard cell-line models are accurately applied when using hiPSC-derived neuronal cultures. Here, we discuss the roles and control of autophagy in human stem cells, and how autophagy contributes to neural differentiation in vitro. We also describe how autophagy-monitoring tools can be applied to hiPSC-derived neurons for the study of human neurodegenerative disease in vitro.
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17
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Zenke M. Stem cells: from biomedical research towards clinical applications. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:683-685. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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