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Bertrand R, Wolf A, Ivashchenko Y, Löhn M, Schäfer M, Brönstrup M, Gotthardt M, Derdau V, Plettenburg O. Synthesis and Characterization of a Promising Novel FFAR1/GPR40 Targeting Fluorescent Probe for β-Cell Imaging. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1745-54. [PMID: 27115176 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes affects an increasing number of patients worldwide and is responsible for a significant rise in healthcare expenses. Imaging of β-cells bears the potential to contribute to an improved understanding, diagnosis, and development of new treatment options for diabetes. Here, we describe the first small molecule fluorescent probe targeting the free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1/GPR40). This receptor is highly expressed on β-cells, and was up to now unexplored for imaging purposes. We designed a novel probe by facile modification of the selective and potent FFAR1 agonist TAK-875. Effective and specific binding of the probe was demonstrated using FFAR1 overexpressing cells. We also successfully labeled FFAR1 on MIN6 and INS1E cells, two widely used β-cell models, by applying an effective amplification protocol. Finally, we showed that the probe is capable of inducing insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, thus demonstrating that functional activity of the probe was maintained. These results suggest that our probe represents a first important step to successful β-cell imaging by targeting FFAR1. The developed probe may prove to be particularly useful for in vitro and ex vivo studies of diabetic cellular and animal models to gain new insights into disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bertrand
- Diabetes Division, Research & Translational Medicine, Sanofi GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Wolf
- Diabetes Division, Research & Translational Medicine, Sanofi GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Yuri Ivashchenko
- Diabetes Division, Research & Translational Medicine, Sanofi GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Matthias Löhn
- Diabetes Division, Research & Translational Medicine, Sanofi GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Matthias Schäfer
- Diabetes Division, Research & Translational Medicine, Sanofi GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- DSAR/Drug
Disposition, Sanofi GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre
for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Derdau
- DSAR/Drug
Disposition, Sanofi GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Oliver Plettenburg
- Diabetes Division, Research & Translational Medicine, Sanofi GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
- Institute
of Medicinal Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter
Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Leibniz University
Hannover, Schneiderberg 1 B, Hannover 30167, Germany
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Laurent D, Vinet L, Lamprianou S, Daval M, Filhoulaud G, Ktorza A, Wang H, Sewing S, Juretschke HP, Glombik H, Meda P, Boisgard R, Nguyen DL, Stasiuk GJ, Long NJ, Montet X, Hecht P, Kramer W, Rutter GA, Hecksher-Sørensen J. Pancreatic β-cell imaging in humans: fiction or option? Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:6-15. [PMID: 26228188 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a growing worldwide epidemic disease, currently affecting 1 in 12 adults. Treatment of disease complications typically consumes ∼10% of healthcare budgets in developed societies. Whilst immune-mediated destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells is responsible for Type 1 diabetes, both the loss and dysfunction of these cells underly the more prevalent Type 2 diabetes. The establishment of robust drug development programmes aimed at β-cell restoration is still hampered by the absence of means to measure β-cell mass prospectively in vivo, an approach which would provide new opportunities for understanding disease mechanisms and ultimately assigning personalized treatments. In the present review, we describe the progress towards this goal achieved by the Innovative Medicines Initiative in Diabetes, a collaborative public-private consortium supported by the European Commission and by dedicated resources of pharmaceutical companies. We compare several of the available imaging methods and molecular targets and provide suggestions as to the likeliest to lead to tractable approaches. Furthermore, we discuss the simultaneous development of animal models that can be used to measure subtle changes in β-cell mass, a prerequisite for validating the clinical potential of the different imaging tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Laurent
- Biomarker Department, Clinical Imaging, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Vinet
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Lamprianou
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Daval
- Metabolic Diseases Department, Servier Research Institute, Suresnes, France
| | - G Filhoulaud
- Metabolic Diseases Department, Servier Research Institute, Suresnes, France
| | - A Ktorza
- Metabolic Diseases Department, Servier Research Institute, Suresnes, France
| | - H Wang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Sewing
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H-P Juretschke
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - H Glombik
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - P Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R Boisgard
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Equipe d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Orsay, France
| | - D L Nguyen
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Equipe d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Orsay, France
| | - G J Stasiuk
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - N J Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - X Montet
- Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Hecht
- IMIDIA Project Office, Graz, Austria
| | - W Kramer
- Scientific Consultant for Sanofi Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - G A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Rechsteiner MP, Floros X, Boehm BO, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Stoffel M, Moch H, Spinas GA. Automated assessment of β-cell area and density per islet and patient using TMEM27 and BACE2 immunofluorescence staining in human pancreatic β-cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98932. [PMID: 24905913 PMCID: PMC4048234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we aimed to establish an unbiased automatic quantification pipeline to assess islet specific features such as β-cell area and density per islet based on immunofluorescence stainings. To determine these parameters, the in vivo protein expression levels of TMEM27 and BACE2 in pancreatic islets of 32 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and in 28 non-diabetic individuals (ND) were used as input for the automated pipeline. The output of the automated pipeline was first compared to a previously developed manual area scoring system which takes into account the intensity of the staining as well as the percentage of cells which are stained within an islet. The median TMEM27 and BACE2 area scores of all islets investigated per patient correlated significantly with the manual scoring and with the median area score of insulin. Furthermore, the median area scores of TMEM27, BACE2 and insulin calculated from all T2D were significantly lower compared to the one of all ND. TMEM27, BACE2, and insulin area scores correlated as well in each individual tissue specimen. Moreover, islet size determined by costaining of glucagon and either TMEM27 or BACE2 and β-cell density based either on TMEM27 or BACE2 positive cells correlated significantly. Finally, the TMEM27 area score showed a positive correlation with BMI in ND and an inverse pattern in T2D. In summary, automated quantification outperforms manual scoring by reducing time and individual bias. The simultaneous changes of TMEM27, BACE2, and insulin in the majority of the β–cells suggest that these proteins reflect the total number of functional insulin producing β–cells. Additionally, β–cell subpopulations may be identified which are positive for TMEM27, BACE2 or insulin only. Thus, the cumulative assessment of all three markers may provide further information about the real β–cell number per islet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus P. Rechsteiner
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Xenofon Floros
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine – Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine – Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giatgen A. Spinas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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