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Ung TX, El-Den S, Moles RJ, O'Reilly CL. Simulated psychosis care role-plays for pharmacy curricula: a qualitative exploration of student experiences. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024; 59:1269-1277. [PMID: 38103057 PMCID: PMC11178615 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training is embedded in various tertiary healthcare curricula. However, opportunities for students to practise their newly acquired MHFA skills before entering the clinical practice workforce are lacking. The purpose of this study was to explore pharmacy students' experiences of MHFA training and post-MHFA simulated psychosis care role-plays. METHODS Final-year pharmacy students received MHFA training, after which they were invited to participate in simulated patient role-plays with trained actors, whilst being observed by peers, pharmacy tutors and mental health consumer educators (MHCEs). Immediately after each role-play, the role-playing student engaged in self-assessment, followed by performance feedback and debrief discussions with the tutor, MHCE and observing peers. All MHFA-trained students were invited to participate in audio-recorded focus groups to explore their experiences. Audio-recordings were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. RESULTS MHFA training was delivered to 209 students, of which 86 participated in a simulated patient role-play as a role-player and the remaining students observed. Seven focus groups were conducted with 36 students (mean duration 40 min, SD 11 min). Five themes emerged: scenario reactions, realistic but not real, mental health confidence, MHFA skills application, feedback and self-reflection. CONCLUSION Students enjoyed the post-MHFA simulated psychosis care role-plays, which provided opportunities to apply and reflect on their newly-acquired MHFA skills in a safe learning environment. These experiences enhanced students' confidence to support people in the community, experiencing mental health symptoms or crises, and could be an add-on to MHFA training in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina X Ung
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarira El-Den
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rebekah J Moles
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Szekely R, Mason O, Frohlich D, Barley E. 'It's not everybody's snapshot. It's just an insight into that world': A qualitative study of multiple perspectives towards understanding the mental health experience and addressing stigma in healthcare students through virtual reality. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076231223801. [PMID: 38188857 PMCID: PMC10768613 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231223801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The resurgence of virtual reality (VR) technologies has led to their increased use in contemporary healthcare education. One promising application is simulating the experiences of individuals with mental health conditions (MHCs) to reduce stigma among future healthcare professionals. This study set out to explore what those impacted by, or involved in, the education of healthcare students think about using VR in this way. Methods One individual interview and five focus groups were conducted with healthcare students (n = 7), healthcare educators (n = 6), and lived experience experts (n = 5). Before sharing their perspectives, participants familiarised themselves with VR equipment and immersive materials simulating MHCs. The constant comparative method and thematic analysis were used to analyse the data. Results Participants recognised the acceptability and utility of VR for addressing mental health stigma in healthcare students, emphasising the immersive nature of this technology. However, some participants raised concerns about the limited insight VR could provide into the experiences of patients with the same MHCs and its potential emotional impact on users. Participants recommended the incorporation of interactive, realistic environments with a person-centred focus into future VR-based stigma reduction interventions while stressing the importance of providing healthcare students with opportunities for reflection and support. Conclusions Healthcare students, healthcare educators, and lived experience experts highlighted both advantages and barriers associated with using VR to understand the experience of patients with MHCs. Furthermore, the recommendations put forward can inform the design, content, and delivery of VR-based stigma reduction interventions in healthcare education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Szekely
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Oliver Mason
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - David Frohlich
- Digital World Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Parnell T, Fiske K, Stastny K, Sewell S, Nott M. Lived experience narratives in health professional education: educators' perspectives of a co-designed, online mental health education resource. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:946. [PMID: 38087347 PMCID: PMC10717857 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Meaningful involvement of people with lived experience is an invaluable approach to education that facilitates the development of knowledge, skills and attitudes for collaborative, compassionate and person-centred healthcare practice. The purpose of this evaluation was to gain health professional educators' perspectives of an online learning resource that presents the lived experiences of people who have been consumers of the Australian mental health system. METHODS A cross sectional study design was used to survey educators who had registered to use the online education resource. Data were collected using an online survey and follow-up interviews. Two lived experience researchers were involved in the research. Quantitative survey data were analysed descriptively, and qualitative data were analysed thematically. FINDINGS The Listening to Voices online education resource is being used in a range of settings. Educators perceived the content facilitated achievement of learning outcomes related to understanding the experiences of people with mental health issues. The free, online, and flexible design of the resource promoted access and helped overcome barriers to including lived experience experts in education. The powerful impact of the resource and importance of creating safe learning environments when using the resource were highlighted. Suggestions for future developments were provided. CONCLUSION Involving people with lived experience in education of healthcare students and professionals can assist in developing skills for collaborative, compassionate, and person-centred care. Implementation of co-design principles and the use of creative pedagogical approaches can contribute to the development of impactful educational resources that foreground lived experience. Making these resources flexible and freely available online improves their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Parnell
- School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury, NSW, 2640, Australia.
| | - Kate Fiske
- Gateway Health, 155 High Street, Wodonga, Victoria, 3690, Australia
| | - Kellie Stastny
- Intervoice, 21 Warwick Road, Wodonga, Victoria, 3690, Australia
| | - Sarah Sewell
- Listening to Voices, C/- 155 High Street, Wodonga, Victoria, 3690, Australia
| | - Melissa Nott
- Three Rivers Department of Rural Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
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Garza KB, Grabowsky A, Moseley LE, Wright BM, Davis BR, Ford CR. Activities to promote empathy for patients among pharmacy learners: A scoping review. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023; 15:911-922. [PMID: 37633755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Provider empathy has been shown to be directly linked to improved patient outcomes. The objective of this scoping review of the literature was to identify and describe learning activities that promote empathy for patients among pharmacy learners. METHODS This scoping review was conducted using the following inclusion criteria: publication in English, activities conducted in any academic pharmacy training program (professional degree program, experiential, residency, or fellowship), description of the learning activity(ies) provided, and focus on the experience of empathy/caring/compassion for patients, either human or animal. Articles were excluded if they focused only on skills such as empathic responding or if they did not describe the learning experience. All study designs other than reviews were included. RESULTS The scoping review revealed 89 full-text articles that met the inclusion criteria. Included studies demonstrated a wide variety of approaches to the design of learning experiences as well as methods of measurement of empathy. Various types of learning modalities have been used to develop empathy in pharmacy learners, with reflection being the most common. A large proportion of studies that assessed empathy development used quasi-experimental or qualitative designs and did not report tests of statistical significance, which would make it difficult to compare the effectiveness of the different learning activities. IMPLICATIONS A variety of approaches have been used among pharmacy learners to develop empathy for patients. Due to the high level of variability in approaches, more rigorous studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of these learning activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B Garza
- Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 4306b Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Adelia Grabowsky
- Ralph Brown Draughon Library, 231 Mell Street, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Lindsey E Moseley
- Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 2229 Walker Building, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Bradley M Wright
- Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 2229 Walker Building, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Brandy R Davis
- Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 1330 Walker Building, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Channing R Ford
- Jacksonville State University, Graduate School, 700 Pelham Rd., North Jacksonville, AL 36365, United States.
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Sevak RJ, Chandler C, Lui MC, Kaye AM, Halliwell RF, Rogan EL. Impact of a Neuropsychiatric Therapeutics Course and a Case-Based Course on Pharmacy Students' Mental Health Stigma. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:100125. [PMID: 37714654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mental health education can reduce the stigma held by medical and nursing students; however, findings in this regard are limited in pharmacy academia. This study investigated the impact of a neuropsychiatric therapeutics course followed by a case-based course on the mental health stigma held by pharmacy students. METHODS A survey was conducted of second-year pharmacy students (n = 202) on the first and last day of a neuropsychiatric therapeutics course and 4 months later, at the end of a case-based course. The questionnaires included the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for HealthCare Providers (OMS-HC) scale, Recovery scale, Empowerment scale, and Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-9). Omnibus Friedman tests evaluated the main effect of time, followed by Wilcoxon signed-rank post hoc tests to compare baseline and postcourse scores. RESULTS Friedman test outcomes showed significant main effects of Time for OMS-HC, Recovery, Empowerment, and AQ-9 scales. Post hoc analysis indicated that compared to the baseline scores, the scores on Recovery and Empowerment scales significantly increased, OMS-HC scores decreased, but AQ-9 scores did not change after the therapeutics course. Compared to the baseline, OMS-HC and AQ-9 scores decreased, Recovery scale score increased, but the Empowerment scale score did not change after the case-based course. The scores did not decrease further after the case-based course compared to those after the therapeutics course. CONCLUSION The decreases in OMS-HC and AQ-9 scores and increases in Recovery and Empowerment scores indicate reductions in mental health stigma. Stigma among students was overall reduced after the therapeutics course and this reduction was maintained after the case-based course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar J Sevak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy, Stockton, CA, USA.
| | - Celine Chandler
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - May C Lui
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Kaye
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Robert F Halliwell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Edward L Rogan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of the Pacific School of Pharmacy, Stockton, CA, USA
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Ng R, O'Reilly CL, Collins JC, Roennfeldt H, McMillan SS, Wheeler AJ, El-Den S. Mental Health First Aid crisis role-plays between pharmacists and simulated patients with lived experience: a thematic analysis of debrief. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1365-1373. [PMID: 36928545 PMCID: PMC10423112 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Healthcare professionals, including pharmacists, can recognise and assist people experiencing mental health crises. Despite this, little is known about how pharmacists assist and engage with people presenting with signs and symptoms of mental health crises. This study aimed to (i) examine pharmacists' mental health crisis assessment language during simulated patient role-plays (SPRPs) and (ii) explore participants' experiences of participating in SPRPs of Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) scenarios. METHODS Fifty-nine MHFA-trained pharmacy staff participated in audio-recorded SPRPs of three crisis scenarios enacted by a mental health consumer educator (MHCE). Post-SPRP, pharmacy staff members (including role-playing and observing participants), engaged in reflective debrief discussions with the facilitator and MHCEs. Debrief discussions were transcribed verbatim and analysed using inductive thematic analysis and suicide assessment language was explored. RESULTS The majority of role-playing pharmacists asked about suicidal ideation using appropriate, direct language (n = 8). Qualitative analyses of debrief discussions yielded four themes: (i) Relationship with the consumer, (ii) Verbal and non-verbal communication, (iii) Challenges with crisis assessment, which included difficulties associated with initiating conversations about suicide and mania, and (iv) Reflective learning. CONCLUSION While pharmacists demonstrated the appropriate suicide assessment language post-MHFA training, pharmacists felt uncomfortable initiating conversations around suicide and lacked confidence during crisis assessments. SPRPs provided pharmacists with opportunities to reflect on and practice MHFA skills in a safe learning environment. Future research exploring how MHFA training and SPRPs impact pharmacists' ability to provide MHFA in real-world settings is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricki Ng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Science Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Science Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jack C Collins
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Science Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Helena Roennfeldt
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sara S McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarira El-Den
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Science Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Arblaster K, Mackenzie L, Buus N, Chen T, Gill K, Gomez L, Hamilton D, Hancock N, McCloughen A, Nicholson M, Quinn Y, River J, Scanlan JN, Schneider C, Schweizer R, Wells K. Co-design and evaluation of a multidisciplinary teaching resource on mental health recovery involving people with lived experience. Aust Occup Ther J 2023. [PMID: 36704991 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Students from a range of health disciplines need to learn from people with lived experience of mental distress and recovery to develop recovery capabilities for mental health practice. AIMS The aims of this study are to describe the co-design of a teaching resource, to explore the experience of people with lived experience during the resource development, and to evaluate the outcome of the resource on student recovery capabilities. METHOD Using a sequential mixed method, a project group consisting of six people with lived experience and 10 academics from five health disciplines was convened to co-develop teaching resources. People with lived experience met independently without researchers on several occasions to decide on the key topics and met with the research team monthly. The teaching resource was used in mental health subjects for two health professional programmes, and the Capabilities for Recovery-Oriented Practice Questionnaire (CROP-Q) was used before and after to measure any change in student recovery capabilities. Scores were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The people with lived experience were also interviewed about their experience of being involved in constructing the teaching resources. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analysed thematically. RESULTS The finished resource consisted of 28 short videos and suggested teaching plans. Occupational therapy and nursing student scores on the CROP-Q prior to using the educational resource (n = 33) were 68 (median) and post scores (n = 28) were 74 (median), indicating a statistically significant improvement in recovery capability (P = 0.04). Lived experience interview themes were (i) the importance of lived experience in education; (ii) personal benefits of participating; (iii) co-design experience; and (iv) creating the resource. CONCLUSION Co-design of teaching resources with people with lived experience was pivotal to the success and quality of the final product, and people with lived experience described personal benefits of participating in resource development. More evidence to demonstrate the use of the CROP-Q in teaching and practice is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Arblaster
- Research and Strategic Partnerships, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Lynette Mackenzie
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Niels Buus
- Monash Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timothy Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Gill
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Gomez
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Hamilton
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicola Hancock
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea McCloughen
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Margaret Nicholson
- Nutrition & Dietetics Group, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yvette Quinn
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jo River
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin Newton Scanlan
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Carl Schneider
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Schweizer
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Wells
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Logan A, Yule E, Hughes J, Peters D, Hadley M, Betts B, Jones L, Froude E. The impact of face-to-face mental health consumer-led teaching on occupational therapy student empathy levels: Two group comparison design. Aust Occup Ther J 2022; 69:703-713. [PMID: 35949169 PMCID: PMC10087037 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Australian and New Zealand accreditation standards for occupational therapy courses mandate consumer involvement in the design, delivery, and evaluation of courses. Consumer involvement in medical, dental, and nursing education has been evidenced as a factor for increasing student empathy. To date, there has been no known research on the impact of mental health consumer involvement on occupational therapy students' empathy. The aim of this study was to investigate if occupational therapy students who receive teaching from a mental health consumer demonstrate higher levels of empathy compared with students who receive teaching delivered by occupational therapy academics. METHODS Pre-post, quasi experimental, two group comparison design was used to measure second-year student empathy pre and post a consumer-led teaching tutorial. Students (N = 217) were randomised into two groups across three university campuses: 'teaching as usual group' (control) or 'consumer-led' group (experimental group). The Jefferson Scale of Empathy was used to measure student empathy. RESULTS N = 138 matched scales were returned. Little difference in empathy scales was detected between groups. The 'consumer-led' group increased for the empathy scale by 3.4(95% CI: 0.7,6.1, p = 0.014) but was not statistically significant compared to 1.3(95% CI: -1.0,3.5, p = 0.267) for the control group. Both groups scored highly on empathy. CONCLUSION This study found that occupational therapy students had pre-existing high levels of empathy. The challenge for future research is to identify appropriate ways to measure the impact of mental health consumer involvement on occupational therapy curriculum and students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Logan
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisa Yule
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie Hughes
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dave Peters
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie Hadley
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brodie Betts
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lee Jones
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elspeth Froude
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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McGarry D, Anderson J, Sweegers K. Presenting your lived experience of mental health issues to health professional students: Findings from rural and regional Australia. Contemp Nurse 2022; 58:365-376. [PMID: 35920298 DOI: 10.1080/10376178.2022.2109496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Introduction of mental health service users (consumers) and their family/carers to present within undergraduate health profession course delivery has become routine in many curriculums in Australia and overseas. Few studies have explored the expectations and perceptions of such presenters. OBJECTIVES This study reports the perceptions of nine carers and consumers in a regional Australian University. DESIGN A descriptive design was utilised. Participants were recruited via a consumer and carer support group. A semi-structured interview and thematic analysis of the data were used to generate themes. FINDINGS The analysis identified six common themes that addressed personal benefits, an imperative to increase the awareness of others, a desire to do something worthwhile, personal changing of perspectives, expectations of the presentation role and characteristics of the presenter. Several points of difference between presenters and non-presenters and issues relating to rural and regional settings were identified. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that people in rural and regional areas are more likely to participate when their life circumstances exhibit relative stability of employment as some feel this, for example, could be threatened by the stigma associated with mental health issues. The theme of 'expectations' adds to current knowledge, with presenter's expectations often being exceeded in terms of student attitudes across different study programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise McGarry
- Lecturer, and Teaching Intensive Scholar, School of Nursing (Rozelle campus), College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 5052, Alexandria, NSW, 2015, Australia
| | - Judith Anderson
- Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Paramedicine and Healthcare Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
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Ward K, Stanyon M, Ryan K, Dave S. Power, recovery and doing something worthwhile: A thematic analysis of expert patient perspectives in psychiatry education. Health Expect 2022; 25:549-557. [PMID: 35076965 PMCID: PMC8957736 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Objective Design Results Conclusion Patient Contribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Ward
- Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust Derbyshire UK
| | - Miriam Stanyon
- Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust Derbyshire UK
| | - Karl Ryan
- Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust Derbyshire UK
| | - Subodh Dave
- Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust Derbyshire UK
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11
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Nguyen W, O'Reilly CL, Moles RJ, Robinson JD, Brand-Eubanks D, Kim AP, El-Den S. A systematic review of patient interactions with student pharmacists in educational settings. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:678-693.e3. [PMID: 34483057 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients may contribute to various aspects of student pharmacists' education within clinical, experiential and educational settings. There is an emerging body of literature describing and evaluating the contribution of patients to health care education; however, little is known about patients' contribution to pharmacy education specifically within educational settings. OBJECTIVE To explore the evidence relating to the involvement of patients in the education of student pharmacists, in terms of the nature, extent, and outcomes of their contribution. METHODS A systematic literature search was undertaken within Embase, MEDLINE, Education Resources Information Center, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus databases from inception to April 10, 2020. Inclusion criteria included primary research studies reporting on the active involvement of patients in pharmacy education, within an educational setting. Quality assessment appraisal for the included studies was conducted using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS Twelve studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. Nine studies explored the use of patients as educators providing valuable insight about their lived experience. Six studies involved patients in question-and-answer sessions, providing students with opportunities to inquire about their lived experience in relation to medicines, health care, and medical conditions. Studies that reported on students' learning outcomes demonstrated improvements in communication skills, deeper understanding of patients' lived experience particularly relating to mental illness, and increased confidence in providing care for patients. Among patients, participation in the educational process led to greater satisfaction, empowerment, and knowledge from sharing personal experiences. There were no clinical outcomes measured among patients participating in the included studies. The 5 nonrandomized quantitative studies ranged from low to moderate levels of quality, the 4 mixed-methods studies were of low quality, and the 3 qualitative studies were of high quality. CONCLUSION The involvement of patients in the education of student pharmacists was found to benefit both patients and students. Student-specific outcomes included development of communication skills and new insights about patients' lived experience. Further research is needed to better understand the long-term impact of patient involvement in pharmacy education, in terms of students' learning outcomes and clinical outcomes among patients.
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Sølvhøj IN, Kusier AO, Pedersen PV, Nielsen MBD. Somatic health care professionals' stigmatization of patients with mental disorder: a scoping review. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:443. [PMID: 34493245 PMCID: PMC8424966 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with mental disorders have an increased risk of developing somatic disorders, just as they have a higher risk of dying from them. These patients often report feeling devaluated and rejected by health professionals in the somatic health care system, and increasing evidence shows that disparities in health care provision contribute to poor health outcomes. The aim of this review was to map and synthesize literature on somatic health professionals' stigmatization toward patients with mental disorders. METHODS We conducted a scoping review using Arksey and O'Malley's framework and carried out a systematic search in three databases: Cinahl, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO in May-June 2019. Peer-reviewed articles published in English or Scandinavian languages during 2008-2019 were reviewed according to title, abstract and full-text reading. We organized and analyzed data using NVivo. RESULTS A total of 137 articles meeting the eligibility criteria were reviewed and categorized as observational studies (n = 73) and intervention studies (n = 64). A majority of studies (N = 85) focused on patients with an unspecified number of mental disorders, while 52 studies focused on specific diagnoses, primarily schizophrenia (n = 13), self-harm (n = 13), and eating disorders (n = 9). Half of the studies focused on health students (n = 64), primarily nursing students (n = 26) and medical students (n = 25), while (n = 66) focused on health care professionals, primarily emergency staff (n = 16) and general practitioners (n = 13). Additionally, seven studies focused on both health professionals and students. A detailed characterization of the identified intervention studies was conducted, resulting in eight main types of interventions. CONCLUSIONS The large number of studies identified in this review suggests that stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors toward patients with mental disorders is a worldwide challenge within a somatic health care setting. For more targeted interventions, there is a need for further research on underexposed mental diagnoses and knowledge on whether specific health professionals have a more stigmatizing attitude or behavior toward specific mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Nielsen Sølvhøj
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Amalie Oxholm Kusier
- grid.10825.3e0000 0001 0728 0170National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Vivian Pedersen
- grid.10825.3e0000 0001 0728 0170National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj Britt Dahl Nielsen
- grid.10825.3e0000 0001 0728 0170National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
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The Impact of Mental Health Literacy Training Programs on the Mental Health Literacy of University Students: a Systematic Review. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2021; 23:648-662. [PMID: 34272642 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Student mental health is of growing concern for the university education sector. Supporting opportunities to increase mental health literacy of students is one strategy in which universities and colleges are actively investing to support students build their capacity to be well. This study is a systematic review of mental health literacy training (MHLT) programs, other than Mental Health First Aid training, to examine their impact on the mental health literacy of university students. The review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) (Online Resource 1) and A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR2) guidelines. Search terms related to mental health literacy concepts, mental health literacy training and university students were used in four major databases (i.e. EBSCOhost, Ovid, ProQuest and Web of Science), retrieving a total of 1219 articles, with 44 studies selected for full-text review, and a final number of 24 studies included for review based on pre-determined eligibility criteria. Results were reported against three main themes: types of MHLT offered; common practices, processes and implementation elements; and effectiveness of intervention. Results indicate a high level of variability in approaches to mental health literacy interventions and measures of assessment and reporting. Additionally, reported benefits to mental health literacy failed to report on comparable units of improvement or the sustainability of benefits. Although it is in the best interest of universities to prioritise early intervention programs to address mental health and improve wellbeing, more robust data is required to establish the effectiveness of MHLT programs in achieving this aim.
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Weber LC, Ortega JC, Bastea S, Robitz RA, Mumma BE. Women Leading Healthy Change: A Reciprocal Learning Experience for Women in the Sex Trade and Medical Students. MEDEDPORTAL : THE JOURNAL OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES 2021; 17:11154. [PMID: 34041359 PMCID: PMC8113279 DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Service learning can teach medical students about the social determinants of health and prepare them to better serve marginalized populations, while people in the sex trade can serve as effective educators for their peers and health professions trainees. However, service-learning projects involving medical students and people in the sex trade are currently rare. METHODS We modified a curriculum from an author's prior institution to provide a unique service-learning experience for medical students and peer health education for women in the sex trade in a new city and new context. Medical students partnered with a local community organization to implement a 10-week course on physical and mental health for women in the sex trade. Coled by a medical student and a woman who had utilized the community partner's services, the course's instructional methods included in-class demonstrations, group discussion, games, and worksheets. RESULTS Ten women participated in the course, and six medical students facilitated its implementation. The participants demonstrated increased knowledge in physical and mental health topics and reported being more comfortable speaking with health care providers. The coleaders developed skills and confidence to pursue additional leadership opportunities. The medical student coleader gained a better understanding of addiction and was more prepared to work with patients with substance use disorders. DISCUSSION This mutual learning experience was a valuable health education opportunity for a local underserved community and helped medical students understand the barriers women in the sex trade face when seeking health care and how physicians can better meet their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Bastea
- Third-Year Medical Student, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine
| | - Rachel A. Robitz
- Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine
| | - Bryn Elissa Mumma
- Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine
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Morgan AJ, Wright J, Reavley NJ. Review of Australian initiatives to reduce stigma towards people with complex mental illness: what exists and what works? Int J Ment Health Syst 2021; 15:10. [PMID: 33461567 PMCID: PMC7814561 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-020-00423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Australian national mental health policy outlines the need for a nationally coordinated strategy to address stigma and discrimination, particularly towards people with complex mental illness that is poorly understood in the community. To inform implementation of this policy, this review aimed to identify and examine the effectiveness of existing Australian programs or initiatives that aim to reduce stigma and discrimination. Method Programs were identified via a search of academic databases and grey literature, and an online survey of key stakeholder organisations. Eligible programs aimed to reduce stigma towards people with complex mental illness, defined as schizophrenia, psychosis, personality disorder, or bipolar disorder; or they focused on nonspecific ‘mental illness’ but were conducted in settings relevant to individuals with the above diagnoses, or they included the above diagnoses in program content. Key relevant data from programs identified from the literature search and survey were extracted and synthesized descriptively. Results We identified 61 programs or initiatives currently available in Australia. These included face-to-face programs (n = 29), online resources (n = 19), awareness campaigns (n = 8), and advocacy work (n = 5). The primary target audiences for these initiatives were professionals (health or emergency), people with mental illness, family or carers of people with mental illness, and members of the general population. Most commonly, programs tended to focus on stigma towards people with non-specific mental illness rather than on particular diagnostic labels. Evidence for effectiveness was generally lacking. Face-to-face programs were the most well-evaluated, but only two used a randomised controlled trial design. Conclusions This study identified areas of strength and weakness in current Australian practice for the reduction of stigma towards people with complex mental illness. Most programs have significant input from people with lived experience, and programs involving education and contact with a person with mental illness are a particular strength. Nevertheless, best-practice programs are not widely implemented, and we identified few programs targeting stigma for people with mental illness and their families, or for culturally and linguistically diverse communities, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and LGBTIQ people. These can inform stakeholder consultations on effective options for a national stigma and discrimination reduction strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Morgan
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Judith Wright
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nicola J Reavley
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Wheeler AJ, O'Reilly CL, El-Den S, Byrnes J, Ware RS, McMillan SS. Bridging the gap between physical and mental illness in community pharmacy ( PharMIbridge): protocol for an Australian cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039983. [PMID: 32709657 PMCID: PMC7380878 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a significant life expectancy gap attributable to physical comorbidities for people living with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) compared with the general population. Medications are a major treatment for SPMI management and physical illnesses, hence pharmacists are well positioned to support mental healthcare and comorbidities. The randomised controlled trial (RCT) aim is to evaluate effectiveness of an individualised, pharmacist led, support service for people experiencing SPMI focusing on medication adherence and physical comorbidity management, compared with standard care (a medication-management service; MedsCheck). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: PharMIbridge is a cluster RCT, whereby community pharmacies in four Australian regions will be randomised (1:1 ratio), to either Intervention Group (IG) or Comparator Group (CG). All IG and CG pharmacy staff will receive Blended-Mental Health First Aid training. Additionally, IG pharmacists will receive further training on medication adherence, goal setting, motivational interviewing, managing physical health concerns and complex issues relating to psychotropic medication. CG pharmacists will not receive additional training, and will provide standard care (MedsCheck). The primary outcome will be change in participants medication adherence for psychotropic medication over 6-months. Using mixed-effects logistic regression model and a cluster size of 48 pharmacies, a total of 190 participants will need to be recruited to each arm to find a statistically significant difference in medication adherence. Secondary outcomes will be changes in factors associated with cardiometabolic risk and quality of life, emphasising physical and psychological well-being; medication-related problems; adherence to other prescribed medication; pharmacists knowledge, confidence and ability to support people experiencing SPMI; and effects on healthcare utilisation. A within RCT-based economic evaluation comparing the intervention with standard care will be undertaken. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The protocol and pharmacist training programme received Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee approval (HREC/2019/473 and HREC/2019/493 respectively). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and available at the Sixth Community Pharmacy Agreement website (http://6cpa.com.au/about-6cpa/). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ANZCTR12620000577910.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Wheeler
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarira El-Den
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua Byrnes
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sara S McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Soon YE, Murray CM, Aguilar A, Boshoff K. Consumer involvement in university education programs in the nursing, midwifery, and allied health professions: a systematic scoping review. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 109:103619. [PMID: 32531570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incorporating consumers' voices in tertiary education curricula is an ongoing initiative of educators of health professions in order to facilitate students' readiness for consumer-based practice and to meet accreditation standards. Consequently, educators within these professions use a range of different strategies to involve, recruit and retain consumers. To date, no study has attempted to consolidate the different strategies used by nursing, midwifery and allied health educators to involve, recruit and retain consumers. Consolidating these strategies will lead to a sharing of ideas, which would be of benefit to educators looking for ways to involve consumers in their programs. OBJECTIVES This scoping review aimed to identify how consumers are involved, recruited and retained in nursing, midwifery and allied health curricula, as reported within research from these professions. DESIGN The scoping review was carried out and reported according to the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. DATA SOURCES Eight electronic databases were searched on 8th January 2019 for English, peer-reviewed primary literature without limiting publication date. The databases were: Cochrane Library, Embase, Emcare, ERIC: Educational Resources Information Center database, Joanna Briggs Institute EBP database, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science. REVIEW METHODS The screening of studies was based on selection criteria and involved a two-stage process conducted by two independent reviewers. Once the studies were identified, two reviewers were involved in the charting process of each study. A form was developed to extract information regarding types of consumer involvement and strategies to recruit and retain consumers. Key concepts were then identified across the charted data and categorised and synthesised based on common characteristics or keywords. RESULTS From 2334 studies, a total of 58 articles were included. Four main areas for consumer involvement types and eight strategies for recruitment and retention were identified and mapped across the studies. CONCLUSION The collated findings allow idea sharing among educators from these professions on the various types of consumer involvement, recruitment and retention strategies. Enriching tertiary education programs with consumer input enhances student learning and assists these professions to meet accreditation standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong En Soon
- Occupational Therapy Honours Student, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carolyn M Murray
- Lecturer in Occupational Therapy, University of South Australia, PO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5001.
| | - Alejandra Aguilar
- Lecturer in Occupational Therapy, University of South Australia, PO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5001.
| | - Kobie Boshoff
- Senior Lecturer in Occupational Therapy, University of South Australia, International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001.
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Shehata WM, Abdeldaim DE. Stigma Towards Mental Illness Among Tanta University Students, Egypt. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:464-470. [PMID: 31696380 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A "mental disorder" can be defined as a "behavioral or psychological syndrome that occurs in an individual. It represents about 13% of the global disease burden which is expected increase to 15% by 2020. Moreover, by 2020, depression is expected to be second to ischemic heart disease as a contributor in the global disease burden. This study aimed to assessment of stigmatizing beliefs towards mental illness among students, in Tanta University, Egypt. The study was conducted on medical, pharmaceutical and science faculties, Tanta University, Egypt during October and November 2018. The methods were a self administered questionnaire consisted of two parts sociodemographic factors and Belief about Mental Illness Scale. The results were: the pharmaceutical students have more negative beliefs towards mental illness than other students. The study concluded that: science students showing a more positive belief towards mental illness followed by medical then pharmaceutical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa M Shehata
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Doaa E Abdeldaim
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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Abeyaratne C, Bell JS, Dean L, White P, Maher-Sturgess S. Engaging older people as university-based instructors: A model to improve the empathy and attitudes of pharmacists in training. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2020; 12:58-64. [PMID: 31843166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Clinical guidelines increasingly emphasise the importance of comprehensive and holistic care for older people. The objective of this education brief is to describe a workshop designed to improve first year pharmacy students' empathy and attitudes towards older people. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING A two-hour, interactive, university-based workshop was developed and evaluated. Small groups of first year pharmacy students (approximately five per group) worked with an older person to complete a number of scaffolded activities focused on the older person's life experiences with pharmacy and medication usage. The effectiveness of this intervention was measured using an eight-item, pre- and post-workshop survey adapted from published scales. FINDINGS Engaging older people as university-based instructors for first year pharmacy students was associated with significant improvements in three of the eight attitudinal items. Following the workshop, students were more likely to report that older people are: pleasant to be with (p < 0.001), more likely to understand what it feels like to have problems with aging (p < 0.005) and less likely to believe older people become less organised and more confused as they age (p < 0.001). SUMMARY Engaging older people as university-based instructors for first year pharmacy students may be a useful strategy to develop empathy and positive attitudes towards older people. Further research is needed to determine if the attitudinal improvements are sustained over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Abeyaratne
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - J Simon Bell
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Laura Dean
- Experiential Development and Graduate Education, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, 407 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Paul White
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Sheryl Maher-Sturgess
- College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Building 88, Level 08, 440 Elizabeth, St Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Keating D, McWilliams S, Hynes C, Purcell A, Clarke M, Strawbridge J. Patients and Caregivers Helping to Shape the Undergraduate Pharmacy Mental Health Curriculum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:7138. [PMID: 31871345 PMCID: PMC6920638 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To develop a model system for involving patients and caregivers in curriculum development of mental health education in an undergraduate pharmacy program. Methods. Purposive recruitment was used to convene a focus group of nine people with experience in using mental health services from either the patient or caregiver perspective. Group members were asked about their experience with using pharmacy services and their suggestions for enhancement of the undergraduate curriculum. Thematic analysis was conducted independently by two researchers. Results. Patients and caregivers believed that pharmacists could contribute to the care of people who experience mental health conditions by supporting shared decision making, providing information, actively managing side effects of psychotropic medication, and conducting regular medication review. Subjects suggested that the pharmacy undergraduate curriculum should introduce mental health from the beginning, include self-care for students, integrate mental and physical health education, and enhance students' communication skills. The curriculum should include broader issues relevant to mental health beyond the use of medication, such as stigma, the recovery approach, and interprofessional cooperation. These changes could support graduates in engaging proactively with people experiencing mental health difficulties. Conclusion. Involving patients and caregivers in the design of an undergraduate pharmacy curriculum in mental health resulted in a more person-centered and student-centered approach to mental health education at our university. Ultimately, the changes made to the undergraduate curriculum will improve the ability of pharmacy graduates to better meet the needs of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Keating
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen McWilliams
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Hynes
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Audrey Purcell
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Clarke
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- DETECT Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judith Strawbridge
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Cates ME, Woolley TW. Effects of a psychiatric clinical rotation on pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness and the provision of pharmaceutical care to the mentally ill. Ment Health Clin 2018; 7:194-200. [PMID: 29955523 DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2017.09.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have found ineffectiveness of psychiatric clinical rotations to change pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness, but those studies had various limitations that cast doubt on this conclusion. Methods Pharmacy students who participated in a psychiatric clinical rotation over a 2-year time frame were invited to complete a survey at the beginning and end of their rotation. The survey included scales that measured attitudes toward dangerousness, social distance, stigmatization, suicide prevention, and provision of pharmaceutical care. Results Forty-one (100%) students participated in the study. Statistically significant positive changes in total scale scores from pre-rotation to post-rotation were seen in the areas of stigmatization toward patients with schizophrenia (P = .02), attitudes toward suicide prevention (P = .05), and provision of pharmaceutical care services to patients with schizophrenia (P < .00001) and depression (P = .0006). There were no statistically significant changes on the total scores of the other scales, but there was a moderate improvement in stigmatization toward patients with depression. Discussion Pharmacy students' participation in a psychiatric clinical rotation failed to have a major impact on their social distance from mentally ill patients. Findings were mixed in regards to stigmatization of mentally ill patients. However, pharmacy students' attitudes toward suicide prevention and providing pharmaceutical care services to mentally ill patients were significantly improved by participation in a psychiatric clinical rotation. Preceptors in the clinical setting should consider including educational techniques that address pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness, as improvement in such attitudes may further enhance their willingness to provide pharmaceutical care services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall E Cates
- Professor of Pharmacy Practice, Samford University McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Birmingham, Alabama,
| | - Thomas W Woolley
- Senior Associate Provost and Professor of Quantitative Methods, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama
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Jaworsky D, Gardner S, Thorne JG, Sharma M, McNaughton N, Paddock S, Chew D, Lees R, Makuwaza T, Wagner A, Rachlis A. The role of people living with HIV as patient instructors - reducing stigma and improving interest around HIV care among medical students. AIDS Care 2016; 29:524-531. [PMID: 27577683 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1224314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
People living with HIV/AIDS (PHAs) are increasingly recognized as experts in HIV and their own health. We developed a simulated clinical encounter (SCE) in which medical students provided HIV pre- and post-test counselling and point-of-care HIV testing for PHAs as patient instructors (PHA-PIs) under clinical preceptor supervision. The study assessed the acceptability of this teaching tool with a focus on assessing impact on HIV-related stigma among medical students. University of Toronto pre-clerkship medical students participated in a series of SCEs facilitated by 16 PHA-PIs and 22 clinical preceptors. Pre- and post-SCE students completed the validated Health Care Provider HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale (HPASS). HPASS measures overall stigma, as well as three domains within HIV stigma: stereotyping, discrimination, and prejudice. Higher scores represented higher levels of stigma. An additional questionnaire measured comfort in providing HIV-related care. Mean scores and results of paired t-tests are presented. Post-SCE, students (n = 62) demonstrated decreased overall stigma (68.74 vs. 61.81, p < .001) as well as decreased stigma within each domain. Post-SCE, students (n = 67) reported increased comfort in providing HIV-related care (10.24 vs. 18.06, p < .001). Involving PHA-PIs reduced HIV-related stigma among medical students and increased comfort in providing HIV-related care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Jaworsky
- a Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Sandra Gardner
- b Ontario HIV Treatment Network , Toronto , ON , Canada.,c Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Julie G Thorne
- a Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Malika Sharma
- d Department of Infectious Diseases , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Nancy McNaughton
- e Standardized Patient Program , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Suzanne Paddock
- f Toronto People With AIDS Foundation , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Derek Chew
- a Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Rick Lees
- g Nine Circles Community Health Centre , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | | | - Anne Wagner
- h Department of Psychology , Ryerson University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Anita Rachlis
- i Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto , ON , Canada.,j Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
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- k Collaboration for HIV Medical Education , Toronto , ON , Canada
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Chester P, Ehrlich C, Warburton L, Baker D, Kendall E, Crompton D. "What is the work of Recovery Oriented Practice? A systematic literature review". Int J Ment Health Nurs 2016; 25:270-85. [PMID: 27381002 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Concepts of personal and social recovery in mental illness are constantly evolving because the journey is fluid and subject to change over time. Dynamic interactions between the complexities of human nature and mental illness create ever-altering landscapes of perplexity. The acknowledged ebb and flow of recovery in the presence of chronic and serious mental illness requires health professionals to provide a flexible suite of care, delivered through skills and methods that are responsive and meaningful to the recipient. We conducted a systematic search for qualitative literature that articulated the work of personally-supportive recovery-oriented practice (ROP) to determine the specific components of recovery-supportive work. Twenty-one articles were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria and were synthesized using a coding framework derived from Normalization Process Theory. We identified three kinds of recovery-supportive work required from health professionals: alleviating stigma, delivering effective recovery-supportive responses in the presence of complex health and social situations and managing challenges associated with the work of ROP. We discuss the resources needed for ROP and the barriers that inhibit health professionals' engagement in this work. By elucidating the work of ROP, we highlighted a disparity between health professionals' aspirations and achievements. These revelations could inform service delivery in order to better support consumer recovery in serious mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Chester
- Centre of National Research of Disability & Rehabilitation Medicine (CONROD), School of Human Services and Social Work, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carolyn Ehrlich
- Centre of National Research of Disability & Rehabilitation Medicine (CONROD), School of Human Services and Social Work, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia
| | - Loretta Warburton
- Centre of National Research of Disability & Rehabilitation Medicine (CONROD), School of Human Services and Social Work, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia.,Metro South Mental health and Addiction Service, Logan Hospital, Cnr. Armstrong and Loganlea Road, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Baker
- Centre of National Research of Disability & Rehabilitation Medicine (CONROD), School of Human Services and Social Work, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia.,Metro South Mental health and Addiction Service, Logan Hospital, Cnr. Armstrong and Loganlea Road, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Kendall
- Centre of National Research of Disability & Rehabilitation Medicine (CONROD), School of Human Services and Social Work, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Crompton
- Centre of National Research of Disability & Rehabilitation Medicine (CONROD), School of Human Services and Social Work, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia.,Metro South Mental health and Addiction Service, Logan Hospital, Cnr. Armstrong and Loganlea Road, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia
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Lehr S, Schlenger A. Creative Strategies to Enhance Students' Classroom Learning in Mental Health. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2016; 54:41-8. [DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20160420-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rickles NM, DaCosta A. A consumer-led intervention to improve pharmacists' attitudes toward mental illness. Ment Health Clin 2016; 6:95-100. [PMID: 29955454 PMCID: PMC6007580 DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2016.03.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Individuals with a severe and persistent mental illness often manage complex medication regimens and would benefit from support and education from their pharmacist. Past research has shown that community pharmacists have negative attitudes toward mental illnesses, and these attitudes affect willingness to provide services to patients with mental illnesses. Consumer-led interventions have shown benefit to improve student attitudes toward mental illness. However, there are no known studies showing the benefit of consumer-led educational programs to improve pharmacist attitudes toward mental illness and willingness to provide services to those with mental illnesses. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of a consumer-led continuing education program on pharmacists' attitudes toward and willingness to provide services to consumers with mental illnesses. Methods: Fifty pharmacists participated in the program with 2 parts: discussion on the history of mental health care and consumers sharing their experiences. Pharmacists completed 1 survey before and after the program. Surveys asked about pharmacists' attitudes toward mental illness and willingness to provide services to individuals with schizophrenia compared to asthma. Data were analyzed using descriptive and paired t tests. Results: Paired t tests showed a significant decrease in social distance and increase in positive attitudes and willingness to provide services to patients with mental illnesses immediately after the program. Discussion: The immediate increase in positive attitudes and willingness to provide services to consumers with mental illnesses indicates that consumer-led interventions may be an effective way to improve the provision of pharmacy services to patients with mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel M Rickles
- Associate Professor of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Northeastern University School of Pharmacy, Boston, Massachusetts,
| | - Alison DaCosta
- Pharmacy Practice Resident, West Virginia University Hospitals, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Stickley T, Higgins A, Meade O, Sitvast J, Doyle L, Ellilä H, Jormfeldt H, Keogh B, Lahti M, Skärsäter I, Vuokila-Oikkonen P, Kilkku N. From the rhetoric to the real: A critical review of how the concepts of recovery and social inclusion may inform mental health nurse advanced level curricula - The eMenthe project. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2016; 37:155-163. [PMID: 26687142 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This critical review addresses the question of how the concepts of recovery and social inclusion may inform mental health nurse education curricula at Master's level in order to bring about significant and positive change to practice. DESIGN This is a literature-based critical review incorporating a rapid review. It has been said that if done well, this approach can be highly relevant to health care studies and social interventions, and has substantial claims to be as rigorous and enlightening as other, more conventional approaches to literature (Rolfe, 2008). DATA SOURCES In this review, we have accessed contemporary literature directly related to the concepts of recovery and social inclusion in mental health. REVIEW METHODS We have firstly surveyed the international literature directly related to the concepts of recovery and social inclusion in mental health and used the concept of emotional intelligence to help consider educational outcomes in terms of the required knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to promote these values-based approaches in practice. RESULTS A number of themes have been identified that lend themselves to educational application. International frameworks exist that provide some basis for the developments of recovery and social inclusion approaches in mental health practice, however the review identifies specific areas for future development. CONCLUSIONS This is the first article that attempts to scope the knowledge, attitudes and skills required to deliver education for Master's level mental health nurses based upon the principles of recovery and social inclusion. Emotional intelligence theory may help to identify desired outcomes especially in terms of attitudinal development to promote the philosophy of recovery and social inclusive approaches in advanced practice. Whilst recovery is becoming enshrined in policy, there is a need in higher education to ensure that mental health nurse leaders are able to discern the difference between the rhetoric and the reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Stickley
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Institute of Mental Health Building, Triumph Road, Innovation Park, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Agnes Higgins
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Oonagh Meade
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Jan Sitvast
- University of Applied Sciences HU, Bolognalaan 101, 3584CJ Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Louise Doyle
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Heikki Ellilä
- Dep. Health and Wellbeing, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Ruiskatu 2, 20720 Turku, Finland.
| | | | - Brian Keogh
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Mari Lahti
- University of Applied Science Turku, Ruiskatu 8, 20810 Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | - Nina Kilkku
- Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Kuntokatu 3, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
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Murphy AL, Phelan H, Haslam S, Martin-Misener R, Kutcher SP, Gardner DM. Community pharmacists' experiences in mental illness and addictions care: a qualitative study. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2016; 11:6. [PMID: 26821700 PMCID: PMC4730654 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-016-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists are accessible health care professionals who encounter people with lived experience of mental illness and addictions in daily practice. Although some existing research supports that community pharmacists’ interventions result in improved patient mental health outcomes, gaps in knowledge regarding the pharmacists’ experiences with service provision to this population remain. Improving knowledge regarding the pharmacists’ experiences with mental illness and addictions service provision can facilitate a better understanding of their perspectives and be used to inform the development and implementation of interventions delivered by community pharmacists for people with lived experience of mental illness and addictions in communities. Methods We conducted a qualitative study using a directed content analysis and the Theoretical Domains Framework as part of our underlying theory of behaviour change and our analytic framework for theme development. The Theoretical Domains Framework facilitates understanding of behaviours of health care professionals and implementation challenges and opportunities for interventions in health care. Thematic analysis co-occurred throughout the process of the directed content analysis. We recruited community pharmacists, with experience dispensing psychotropics, at a minimum, through multiple mechanisms (e.g., professional associations) in a convenience sampling approach. Potential participants were offered the option of focus groups or interviews. Results Data were collected from one focus group and two interviews involving six pharmacists. Theoretical Domains Framework coding was primarily weighted in two domains: social/professional role and identity and environmental context and resources. We identified five main themes in the experiences of pharmacists in mental illness and addictions care: competing interests, demands, and time; relationships, rapport, and trust; stigma; collaboration and triage; and role expectations and clarity. Conclusions Pharmacists are not practicing to their full scope of practice in mental illness and addictions care for several reasons including limitations within the work environment and lack of structures and processes in place to be fully engaged as health care professionals. More research and policy work are needed to examine better integration of pharmacists as members of the mental health care team in communities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13011-016-0050-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Murphy
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, 5968 College St., PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Heather Phelan
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, 5968 College St., PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Scott Haslam
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, 5968 College St., PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Ruth Martin-Misener
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, 5869 University Ave., PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Stan P Kutcher
- Sun Life Financial Chair in Adolescent Mental Health, Dalhousie University/IWK Health Centre, 5850 University Ave., PO Box 9700, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - David M Gardner
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, QEII HSC, AJLB 7517, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Halifax, NS, B3H 2E2, Canada.
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Murphy AL, Gardner DM, Martin-Misener R, Naylor T, Kutcher SP. Partnering to enhance mental health care capacity in communities: A qualitative study of the More Than Meds program. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2015; 148:314-24. [PMID: 26600823 DOI: 10.1177/1715163515607310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacists care for and support people with lived experience of mental illness in their communities. We developed a program called More Than Meds to facilitate enhancing capacity of community pharmacists' roles in mental health care. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study and used a directed content analysis with application of the Theoretical Domains Framework as part of our underlying theory of behaviour change and our analytic framework. RESULTS Ten interviews (n = 6 pharmacists, n = 4 community members) were conducted with participants from the More Than Meds program. Three key themes were identified from the experiences of More Than Meds participants: networking and bridging, stigma, and expectations and permissions. The most frequently coded domains in the data from the Theoretical Domains Framework were social/professional role, skills, beliefs about capabilities, knowledge and environmental context and resources. CONCLUSIONS The More than Meds Program enabled community pharmacists to increase their capabilities, opportunities and motivation in providing mental health care and support. Involving community pharmacists together with people with lived experience of mental illness was identified as an innovative component of the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Murphy
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner, Naylor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - David M Gardner
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner, Naylor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Ruth Martin-Misener
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner, Naylor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Ted Naylor
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner, Naylor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Stan P Kutcher
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner, Naylor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
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Arblaster K, Mackenzie L, Willis K. Mental health consumer participation in education: a structured literature review. Aust Occup Ther J 2015; 62:341-62. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Arblaster
- University of Western Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- University of Sydney; Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Karen Willis
- Australian Catholic University; Melbourne, Victoria Australia
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30
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Balon R, Tait GR, Coverdale JH, Beresin EV, Louie AK, Roberts LW. Stigma and empathy: sex workers as educators of medical students. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2015; 39:239-41. [PMID: 25854454 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-015-0338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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Rubio-Valera M, Chen TF, O'Reilly CL. New roles for pharmacists in community mental health care: a narrative review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:10967-90. [PMID: 25337943 PMCID: PMC4211017 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicines are a major treatment modality for many mental illnesses, and with the growing burden of mental disorders worldwide pharmacists are ideally positioned to play a greater role in supporting people with a mental illness. This narrative review aims to describe the evidence for pharmacist-delivered services in mental health care and address the barriers and facilitators to increasing the uptake of pharmacist services as part of the broader mental health care team. This narrative review is divided into three main sections: (1) the role of the pharmacist in mental health care in multidisciplinary teams and in supporting early detection of mental illness; (2) the pharmacists' role in supporting quality use of medicines in medication review, strategies to improve medication adherence and antipsychotic polypharmacy, and shared decision making; and (3) barriers and facilitators to the implementation of mental health pharmacy services with a focus on organizational culture and mental health stigma. In the first section, the review presents new roles for pharmacists within multidisciplinary teams, such as in case conferencing or collaborative drug therapy management; and new roles that would benefit from increased pharmacist involvement, such as the early detection of mental health conditions, development of care plans and follow up of people with mental health problems. The second section describes the impact of medication review services and other pharmacist-led interventions designed to reduce inappropriate use of psychotropic medicines and improve medication adherence. Other new potential roles discussed include the management of antipsychotic polypharmacy and involvement in patient-centered care. Finally, barriers related to pharmacists' attitudes, stigma and skills in the care of patients with mental health problems and barriers affecting pharmacist-physician collaboration are described, along with strategies to reduce mental health stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rubio-Valera
- Research and Development Unit, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08830, Spain.
| | - Timothy F Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
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Murphy A, Szumilas M, Rowe D, Landry K, Martin-Misener R, Kutcher S, Gardner D. Pharmacy students' experiences in provision of community pharmacy mental health services. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2014; 147:55-65. [PMID: 24494016 DOI: 10.1177/1715163513514170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available describing the pharmacy student's experience working in community practice with people with lived experience of mental illness. Students' perspectives as observers, learners, technical staff and future pharmacists are important. OBJECTIVE To gain a better understanding of the pharmacy student experience in community pharmacy-based service provision to people with lived experience of mental illness. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study using interpretive description and application of the Theoretical Domains Framework. Focus groups were held with third- and fourth-year undergraduate pharmacy students from one Canadian university. RESULTS Two student focus groups were held in the fall of 2012 with 11 students (7 third year and 4 fourth year), 6 women and 5 men, mean age 24.5 (range, 21 to 30) years, averaging 3.2 years (range, 2 weeks to 7 years) of cumulative, mostly part-time, community pharmacy experience. Three broad themes emerged from the pharmacy student experience: (1) business tension; (2) roles, responsibilities and relationships; and (3) stigma. Students discussed their own roles, responsibilities and relationships in a pluralistic identity experience (i.e., pharmacy student, technician, future pharmacist). Application of the Theoretical Domains Framework demonstrated numerous influences on behaviour. CONCLUSIONS From the students' description of community pharmacy-based care of people with lived experience of mental illness, significant issues exist with current practices and behaviours. Advancing the role of pharmacists and pharmacy students to meet the needs of people with mental illness will require strategies to address multifactorial influences on behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Murphy
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Magdalena Szumilas
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Denise Rowe
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Kathryn Landry
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Ruth Martin-Misener
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Stan Kutcher
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - David Gardner
- College of Pharmacy (Murphy, Gardner), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
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Mestdagh A, Hansen B. Stigma in patients with schizophrenia receiving community mental health care: a review of qualitative studies. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:79-87. [PMID: 23835576 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-013-0729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this review is to identify consistent themes among the qualitative literature on stigma as experienced by patients with schizophrenia receiving community mental health care. With the treatment focus of schizophrenia nowadays shifting more and more towards community-based mental health care, professionals need to be aware of the increased vulnerability of their clients in their social environment as a result of stigma towards their disease. In-depth knowledge on stigma is critical in order to offer a dignifying community mental health care. METHODS A systematic search of the qualitative literature in Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO and Francis was performed to review the subjective experiences and ideas on stigma in outpatients with schizophrenia. RESULTS Three major themes were identified in 18 studies and need to be taken into consideration when implementing an adequate community mental health care: (i) the continuing existence of stigma inherent in the health care setting, (ii) the importance of relational aspects of stigma encounters in daily life and (iii) the significance of the behavioural aspects related to previous stigma experiences and beliefs among patients. CONCLUSIONS Despite much effort in community treatment, patients still experience stigma and discrimination. Community mental health care professionals should not only be aware of structural problems in mental health care, but should also pay considerable attention towards the relational and behavioural aspects in their clients' life concerning stigma. Furthermore, they have the crucial role in the community to raise awareness about stigma in order to increase their clients' acceptance in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelien Mestdagh
- Faculty of Medicine, LUCAS - Centre for Care Research and Consultancy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
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Health care providers' perspectives of medication adherence in the treatment of depression: a qualitative study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013. [PMID: 23179094 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-012-0625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-adherence to antidepressant medications is a significant barrier to the successful treatment of depression. The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of health care providers on antidepressant medication non-adherence in clinical practice. METHODS Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 31 health care providers from a range of disciplines and settings in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Interviews focused on medication adherence issues in depression and participants' strategies in addressing them. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically content analyzed using a constant comparison approach. RESULTS Participants acknowledged medication non-adherence to be a complex problem in depression, and attributed this problem to patient, medication and environmental-specific issues. Five approaches in addressing non-adherence were reported: patient education, building partnerships with patients, pharmacological management, developing behavioural skills and building supportive networks. Challenges to the management of non-adherence were lack of time and skills, assessment of medication adherence, transition period immediately post-discharge and conflicts in views between providers. CONCLUSION Participants were able to identify issues and strategies in addressing antidepressant non-adherence; however, barriers were also identified that could impact on providers' ability to address this issue effectively. More research is needed to develop effective multidisciplinary strategies that take into account providers' perspectives in improving adherence to antidepressant medications.
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Byrne L, Happell B, Welch A, Moxham L. Reflecting on holistic nursing: the contribution of an academic with lived experience of mental health service use. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2013; 34:265-72. [PMID: 23566189 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2012.745038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The educational preparation of registered nurses is presumed to reflect a holistic approach with emphasis on the bio-psycho-social model of care. The broader literature suggests this goal is not always realised. The aim of this study is to present the views, experiences, and perceptions of undergraduate nursing students who were taught by an academic with a lived experience of mental health service use. In particular, we wanted to look at the expected impact of this approach to learning on their nursing practice. A qualitative, exploratory approach was used, involving in-depth individual interviews with 12 undergraduate nursing students completing the course, "recovery for mental health nursing practice," as part of a major in mental health nursing in a university in Queensland, Australia. Students were asked to reflect upon and discuss their experiences of being taught by a person with lived experience of mental health service use. Data were analysed following Colaizzi's steps to identify the main themes. The three main themes were (1) recovery--bringing holistic nursing to life; (2) influencing practice; and (3) gaining self-awareness through course assessment: challenge and opportunity. These themes suggest an appreciation for holistic nursing and an increased capacity for reflective understanding. The responses from participants suggest the Recovery course had a significant impact on their attitudes to nursing and that their nursing practice would be positively enhanced as a consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Byrne
- Central Queensland University, Institute for Health and Social Science Research, Centre for Mental Health Nursing Innovation and School of Nursing and Midwifery
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36
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Patten SB, Remillard A, Phillips L, Modgill G, Szeto ACH, Kassam A, Gardner DM. Effectiveness of contact-based education for reducing mental illness-related stigma in pharmacy students. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2012; 12:120. [PMID: 23216787 PMCID: PMC3533989 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-12-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A strategy for reducing mental illness-related stigma in health-profession students is to include contact-based sessions in their educational curricula. In such sessions students are able to interact socially with a person that has a mental illness. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy in a multi-centre study of pharmacy students. METHODS The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted at three sites. Because it was necessary that all students receive the contact-based sessions, the students were randomized either to an early or late intervention, with the late intervention group not having participated in the contact-based education at the time when the primary outcome was assessed. The primary outcome, stigma, was assessed using an attitudes scale called the Opening Minds Survey for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC). RESULTS We initially confirmed that outcomes were homogeneous across study centres, centre by group interaction, p = 0.76. The results were pooled across the three study centres. A significant reduction in stigma was observed in association with the contact-based sessions (mean change 4.3 versus 1.5, t=2.1, p=0.04). The effect size (Cohen's d) was 0.45. A similar reduction was seen in the control group when they later received the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Contact-based education is an effective method of reducing stigma during pharmacy education. These results add to a growing literature confirming the effectiveness of contact-based strategies for stigma reduction in health profession trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Patten
- Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3rd Floor TRW Bldg., 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alfred Remillard
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Leslie Phillips
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s NL, Canada
| | | | - Andrew CH Szeto
- Mental Health Commission of Canada and Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aliya Kassam
- Post Graduate Medical Education and Medical Education Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David M Gardner
- Department of Psychiatry and College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Chong WW, Aslani P, Chen TF. Effectiveness of interventions to improve antidepressant medication adherence: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract 2011; 65:954-75. [PMID: 21849010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-adherence to antidepressant medications is a significant barrier to the successful treatment of depression in clinical practice. This review aims to systematically assess the effectiveness of interventions for improving antidepressant medication adherence among patients with unipolar depression, and to evaluate the effect of these interventions on depression clinical outcomes. MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE databases were searched for English-language randomised controlled trials published between January 1990 and December 2010 on interventions to improve antidepressant adherence. The impact of interventions on antidepressant medication adherence (compliance and persistence) and depression clinical outcomes was evaluated. Data concerning the quality of the included studies were also extracted. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were classified as educational, behavioural and multifaceted interventions. A total of 28 interventions were tested, as two studies investigated two interventions each. Sixteen (57%) of the 28 interventions showed significant effects on antidepressant adherence outcomes, whereas 12 (43%) interventions demonstrated significant effects on both antidepressant adherence and depression outcomes. The interventions which showed significant improvement in outcomes were primarily multifaceted and complex, with proactive care management and involvement of mental health specialists. The most commonly used elements of multifaceted interventions included patient educational strategies, telephone follow-up to monitor patients' progress, as well as providing medication support and feedback to primary care providers. Overall, educational interventions alone were ineffective in improving antidepressant medication adherence. In conclusion, improving adherence to antidepressants requires a complex behavioural change and there is some evidence to support behavioural and multifaceted interventions as the most effective in improving antidepressant medication adherence and depression outcomes. More carefully designed and well-conducted studies are needed to clarify the effect of interventions in different patient populations and treatment settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Chong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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