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Fayed AM, Kanto R, Price TM, DiNenna M, Linde MA, Smolinski P, van Eck C. No Difference in Knee Kinematics Between Anterior Cruciate Ligament-First and Posterior Cruciate Ligament-First Fixation During Single-Stage Multiligament Knee Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221118587. [PMID: 36186708 PMCID: PMC9523854 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221118587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: For combined reconstruction of both the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), there is no consensus regarding which graft should be tensioned and fixed first. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine which sequence of graft tensioning and fixation better restores normal knee kinematics. The hypothesis was that ACL-first fixation would more closely restore normal knee kinematics, graft force, and the tibiofemoral orientation in the neutral (resting) position compared with PCL-first fixation. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 15 unpaired human cadaveric knees were examined using a robotic testing system under the following 4 conditions: (1) 89.0-N anterior tibial load at different knee angles; (2) 89.0-N posterior tibial load at different knee angles; (3) combined rotational 7.0-N·m valgus and 5.0-N·m internal rotation load (simulated pivot shift) at 0°, 15°, and 30° of flexion; and (4) 5.0-N·m external rotation load at 0°, 15°, and 30° of flexion. The 4 evaluated knee states were (1) intact ACL and PCL (intact), (2) ACL and PCL deficient (deficient), (3) combined anatomic ACL-PCL reconstruction fixing the ACL first (ACL-first), and (4) combined anatomic ACL-PCL reconstruction fixing the PCL first (PCL-first). A 9.0 mm–diameter quadriceps tendon autograft was used for the ACL graft, tensioned with 40.0 N at 30° of flexion. A 9.5 mm–diameter hamstring tendon autograft (gracilis and semitendinosus, quadrupled loop, and augmented with an additional allograft strand if needed), tensioned with 40.0 N at 90° of flexion, was used for the PCL graft. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between ACL-first and PCL-first fixation regarding knee kinematics. ACL-first fixation restored anterior tibial translation to the intact state at all tested knee angles, while PCL-first fixation showed higher anterior tibial translation than the intact state at 90° of flexion (9.05 ± 3.05 and 5.87 ± 2.40 mm, respectively; P = .018). Neither sequence restored posterior tibial translation to the intact state at 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. At 15° of flexion, PCL-first fixation restored posterior tibial translation to the intact state, whereas ACL-first fixation did not. Conclusion: There were no differences in knee laxity between ACL-first and PCL-first fixation with the ACL graft fixed at 30° and the PCL graft fixed at 90°. Clinical Relevance: This study showed that there was no evidence to support the use of one tensioning sequence over the other in single-stage multiligament knee reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly M Fayed
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ryo Kanto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Taylor M Price
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael DiNenna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Monica A Linde
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick Smolinski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carola van Eck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Clinical studies of single-stage combined ACL and PCL reconstruction variably report graft tensioning, fixation sequence, and knee flexion angle at time of fixation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2021; 29:1238-1250. [PMID: 32705296 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-06171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In single-stage ACL-PCL reconstruction, there is uncertainty regarding the order of graft tensioning and fixation, as well as the optimal knee flexion angle(s) for graft fixation. A systematic review of clinical studies of single-stage combined ACL-PCL reconstruction was performed to determine whether a particular fixation sequence and/or knee flexion angle is associated with superior outcomes. METHODS A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. All levels of evidence were included. All outcome measures were extracted, including physical examination values, radiographic measurements, and objective and subjective outcomes. RESULTS Of the 19 included studies, 17 tensioned and fixed the PCL before the ACL. Only four studies reported the methods/forces used for graft tensioning. Across studies, the ACL was fixed at variable knee flexion angles, from full extension to 70°. Conversely, 3 studies fixed the PCL at a knee flexion angle < 45°, while the remaining 16 studies fixed the PCL at a flexion angle > 70°. Patient-reported outcomes were qualitatively similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review found considerable variability in graft tension, fixation sequence, and knee flexion angle at the time of fixation, with insufficient evidence to support specific surgical practices. Most commonly, the PCL is fixed before the ACL graft, with fixation occurring at a knee flexion angle between 70° and 90° and near full extension, respectively. The methodology for quantifying the forces applied for graft tensioning is rarely described. Given this clinical equipoise, future studies should consistently report these surgical details. Furthermore, prospective, randomized studies on the treatment of multiligament knee injuries are needed to improve outcomes in patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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INADA MAUROMITUSO, PIEDADE SÉRGIOROCHA. CLINICAL OUTCOMES AFTER TWO-STAGE BICRUCIATE KNEE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2021; 29:7-11. [PMID: 33795961 PMCID: PMC7976866 DOI: 10.1590/1413-785220212901234943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To correlate clinical and intraoperative findings with the postoperative evaluation of two-stage bicruciate knee ligament reconstruction. Methods: The study was conducted with 25 patients (20 men and 05 women) with mean age of 32.3 years, mean body mass index (BMI) of 26.2, and mean lesion duration of 18.3 months. The treatment consisted of an Inlay reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) followed by the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, at least 3 months after the first surgical procedure. Four patients required additional procedures: patellar tendon (02), medial collateral ligament (MCL) (02). Results: With an average follow-up of 24.8 months, 60% of the patients scored zero or + at the posterior drawer test, while 40% scored ++; 60% of patients were evaluated as good/excellent according to the Lysholm scale. Only one patient reached the pre-injury Tegner activity level. Injury duration had a negative influence on functional limitation, vitality, and mental health (SF-36). Conclusion: Although two-stage bicruciate knee ligament reconstruction improved knee stability and self-assessment, 96% of patients did not recover their pre-injury state. In the 36-item short form survey (SF-36), injury duration was inversely correlated with self-assessment of functional capacity, physical limitation, vitality, and mental health. Level of Evidence II, retrospective study.
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Abstract
Knee dislocations leading to multiligament knee injuries are associated with a wide variety of bony, ligamentous, soft tissue, and neurovascular injury patterns. Numerous management strategies have been proposed including nonoperative treatment and surgical repair or reconstruction. In recent years, an emphasis has been placed on anatomic repair and reconstruction principles, which have shown superior outcomes compared with older techniques. However, despite these advances, clinical outcomes continue to vary widely, with many patients experiencing chronic pain, stiffness, loss of range of motion, instability, and failure to return to work or sports. The purpose of this chapter is to review clinical outcomes following combined anterior and posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and posterolateral corner injuries sustained during a knee dislocation. Understanding the available treatment options and reported outcomes will allow surgeons to individualize management to address each patient's specific injury pattern and functional goals.
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Mardani-Kivi M, Karimi-Mobarakeh M, Hashemi-Motlagh K. Simultaneous arthroscopic ACL and PCL reconstruction using allograft Achilles tendon. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2019; 10:S218-S221. [PMID: 31695286 PMCID: PMC6823795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-ligamentous injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are uncommon but debilitating injuries. They mostly lead in functional disabilities and further surgeries. HYPOTHESIS The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcomes of simultaneous arthroscopic reconstruction of ACL and PCL using allograft Achilles tendon. STUDY DESIGN Case-series study. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was performed on patients with combined ACL-PCL injuries which attended for treatment to a referral center from January 2010 to January 2014. All of them underwent simultaneous arthroscopic reconstruction of ACL and PCL using allograft Achilles tendon. Range of motion (flexion and extension loss), giving way, anterior and posterior knee stability, proximal tibia step off, subjective assessment of knee function and patients satisfaction were evaluated at 3, 6, 12, 24 months and final follow-up. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 with consideration of P < 0.05 as significant difference. RESULTS Among 28 included patients, 21 patients (75%) were male. Mean age of patients was 30.86 ± 7.25 years (range: 18-49 years). The mean follow-up time was 35.7 ± 6.8 months (range: 26-50 months). Our results demonstrated that knee function, stability, and range of motion were improved along the follow-up periods. At final follow-up none of the patients had giving way and all of them were completely satisfied from the surgery. CONCLUSION Simultaneous reconstruction of injured cruciate ligaments using allograft Achilles tendon resulted in appropriate functional outcomes and acceptable range of motion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mardani-Kivi
- Orthopedic Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran,Corresponding author. Orthopedic Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Poursina hospital, Parastar St., Rasht, Iran.
| | | | - Keyvan Hashemi-Motlagh
- Orthopedic Department, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Franciozi CE, de Carvalho RT, Itami Y, McGarry MH, Ingham SJM, Abdalla RJ, Tibone JE, Lee TQ. Bicruciate lesion biomechanics, Part 2-treatment using a simultaneous tensioning protocol: ACL fixation first is better than PCL fixation first to restore tibiofemoral orientation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:2936-2944. [PMID: 30267188 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-5177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE An uncommon technique for bicruciate ligament reconstruction involving simultaneous tensioning of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) grafts with ACL graft fixation first has been pointed out as superior to the "gold-standard" PCL graft fixation first. The purpose of this study was to compare tibiofemoral biomechanics between ACL fixation first and PCL fixation first in a simultaneous tensioning protocol for bicruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS 12 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees (six matched pairs) were tested using a custom testing system. Neutral tibial position representing tibiofemoral orientation, anterior-posterior (AP) tibial translation, varus-valgus laxity, and internal-external rotation were measured using a Microscribe 3DLX at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. The following knee conditions were evaluated: intact, bicruciate deficient and following bicruciate reconstruction. A simultaneous tensioning protocol was used for bicruciate reconstruction and PCL fixation first was compared to ACL fixation first. PCL graft fixation was always performed at 90° of flexion and ACL graft fixation was always performed at full extension. RESULTS ACL fixation first achieved a tibiofemoral orientation closer to the intact knee than PCL fixation first at 90° flexion (1.8 ± 1.6 mm versus 6.1 ± 3.2 mm, p = 0.016). PCL fixation first had a larger decrease in AP translation than ACL fixation first at 30° flexion (64.6 ± 3.5% vs. 58.3 ± 2.4%, p = 0.01). No significant differences were found for varus/valgus, external-internal rotation decrements after bicruciate reconstruction nor for AP translation, varus/valgus and internal/external rotation increase after bicruciate lesion comparing ACL fixation first to PCL fixation first. CONCLUSION Bicruciate ligament reconstruction using a simultaneous tensioning protocol with ACL fixation first resulted in a closer to normal tibiofemoral orientation. This study will help guide surgeons in decision making for the graft tensioning protocol and fixation sequence in a bicruciate ligament reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V therapeutic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Franciozi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, 5th Floor, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04038-032, Brazil. .,Knee Institute, Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Teixeira de Carvalho
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, 5th Floor, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04038-032, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yasuo Itami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Michelle H McGarry
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Long Beach VA Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Sheila Jean McNeill Ingham
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, 5th Floor, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04038-032, Brazil.,Knee Institute, Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,AACD, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rene Jorge Abdalla
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, 5th Floor, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04038-032, Brazil.,Knee Institute, Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - James Eugene Tibone
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thay Q Lee
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Long Beach VA Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Zheng L, Sabzevari S, Marshall B, Zhu J, Linde MA, Smolinski P, Fu FH. Anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation first in anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction best restores knee kinematics. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018. [PMID: 28646383 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-017-4615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of different graft fixation sequences in one-stage anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction on (1) knee biomechanics and (2) tibiofemoral alignment. METHODS Twelve porcine knees were used in this study. Five fixation sequences were performed (angle indicating knee flexion): (a) PCL at 30° and ACL at 30°, (b) PCL at 90° and ACL at 30°, (c) ACL at 30° and PCL at 30°, (d) ACL at 30° and PCL at 90°, and (e) ACL and PCL simultaneous fixation at 30°. Anterior and posterior tibial translation was measured under an 89 N load. A 3-D digitizer was used to measure the change in anteroposterior (AP) tibiofemoral position. RESULTS None of the graft fixation sequences restored the AP laxity of the intact knee, and there are minimal differences in the in situ tissue forces in the ACL and PCL grafts. The reconstructions with fixation of the PCL graft first resulted in a significantly larger change in AP tibiofemoral position from the intact knee at 60° and 90° of knee flexion than the reconstructions with fixation of the ACL graft first (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Fixation of the ACL graft at 30° of knee flexion followed by fixation of the PCL graft can best restore the tibiofemoral position of the intact knee. This study has clinical relevance in regard to the effect of graft fixation sequence on the position of the tibia relative to the femur in one-stage ACL and PCL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Soheil Sabzevari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Brandon Marshall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junjun Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Monica A Linde
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Patrick Smolinski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Freddie H Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1011, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Early or delayed reconstruction in multi-ligament knee injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee 2017; 24:909-916. [PMID: 28716470 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether early or delayed surgical intervention in patients with multi-ligament injuries results in better outcomes, is of current and controversial debate. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis comparing early versus late surgical treatment of multi-ligament knee injuries. METHODS We performed a systematic review of Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies in the English and German literature. Eligibility criteria included studies comparing early or delayed surgical interventions for multi-ligament knee injuries, with a minimum follow-up of two years, reporting the primary clinical outcome using a validated functional scoring system and range of motion. Exclusion criteria were patients treated with multi-trauma, head injury, non-union, lower extremity fractures, or a documented history of previous knee injuries. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot, and the risk of bias was established using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Heterogeneity was assessed using χ2 and I2 statistic. RESULTS Eight studies (n=260 patients) were included in the analysis. 149 patients were treated early with a mean of 10.6days; 111 patients were treated late with a mean of 294days. The pooled estimate for clinical outcome demonstrated that early surgery resulted in significantly higher Lysholm scores (SMD 0.669, 95% CI: 0.379 to 0.959, p=0.0001, I2=0%). Thirty-one per cent of all patients with early surgery had a normal or near normal knee, whereas only 15% of patients with late reconstruction reported the knee to be normal or near normal. The pooled estimates for total ROM did not demonstrate a significant difference between the groups (SMD 0.113, 95% CI: -0.271 to 0.498, p=0.564, I2=35.57%). CONCLUSIONS The results of this meta-analysis suggest that early surgical intervention in multi-ligament injuries of the knee produces a significantly superior clinical outcome, compared to late reconstruction. Although an overall trend of improved total range of knee motion was also demonstrated, this was very small and unlikely to be clinically relevant. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4; Systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Chiba D, Tsuda E, Sasaki S, Liu X, Ishibashi Y. Anthropometric and Skeletal Parameters Predict 2-Strand Semitendinosus Tendon Size in Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5:2325967117720148. [PMID: 28812041 PMCID: PMC5542154 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117720148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Few studies have examined whether skeletal parameters predict hamstring graft size during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to examine whether preoperative anthropometric and radiographic skeletal parameters could predict hamstring graft size during ACLR. We hypothesized that both anthropometric and skeletal parameters can be used to predict graft size in our double-bundle procedure and that the use of skeletal parameters will improve the accuracy of graft size prediction. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 200 patients were recruited and underwent double-bundle ACLR using a semitendinosus (ST) graft. The harvested tendon was measured to determine graft length (GL) and then split at its midpoint. The graft diameters of the anteromedial (GDAM) and posterolateral bundles (GDPL) were measured at the femoral aspect of the 2-stranded graft. The mean diameters of both bundles were included in the analysis. On the coronal radiograph, femorotibial angle (FTA), femoral interepicondylar distance (IED), and tibial plateau width (coronal tibial width [CTW]) were measured. Blumensaat line length (BLL) and the lateral tibial width (LTW) were measured on the lateral radiograph. A linear regression analysis was conducted using graft size as the dependent variable and age, sex, height, weight, Tegner activity score, and skeletal parameters as the independent variables. Results: Mean GL was 258.9 ± 21.9 mm, GDAM was 5.9 ± 0.5 mm, and GDPL was 5.7 ± 0.6 mm. Single regression analysis showed that GL was significantly predicted by sex, height, weight, Tegner activity score, IED, CTW, BLL, and LTW (R2 range, 0.033-0.342). GD was predicted by sex, height, weight, IED, CTW, BLL, and LTW (R2 range, 0.094-0.207). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis significantly confirmed sex, height, and age as the variables to comprehensively predict GL (R2 = 0.384). With regard to GD, stepwise multiple regression confirmed height and IED as significant variables (R2 = 0.224). Conclusion: Both preoperative anthropometric and radiographic parameters on plain radiographs were able to predict harvested GL and 2-strand GD. Multivariate regression slightly improved the prediction of graft dimensions compared with univariate regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chiba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tsuda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shizuka Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Xizhe Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ishibashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple ligament injured knee is generally described for a scenario when at least 2 of the 4 major ligaments are ruptured. The most effective treatment for these injuries remains controversial. This study presents the clinical outcome of 3 surgical strategies based on personalized treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty two patients with multiple ligament injured knee were treated by 3 surgical strategies in the acute phase. (1) One-stage: Twelve patients treated by repair and reconstruction of all ruptured ligaments in a single operation. (2) Staged: Eleven patients treated by repair or reconstruction of the extraarticular (EA) ligaments and then intraarticular ligaments in 2(nd) stage. (3) EA ligament repair: Nine patients underwent only EA ligaments repair. RESULTS The patients were followed up for an average of 34.7 ± 12.1 months. Significant improvements in knee stabilities (P < 0.01), Lysholm score (P < 0.01) and International Knee Documentation Committee grade (P < 0.01) were noticed in all groups. Of the 32 patients, none had gross mal alignment or gait abnormalities at the latest followup. Comparing the 3 groups, a significant difference in Lysholm score was shown between the one stage group and the EA repair group (P = 0.040); additionally, significant differences were found in 2 subscales of knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Satisfactory clinical and functional outcomes could be achieved adopting the 3 surgical strategies based on personalized treatment. However, a combination of EA repair and intraarticular repair or reconstruction might be more reasonable options for the young and active patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Orthopaedic Center of PLA, The 88th Hospital of PLA, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, China,Address for correspondence: Prof. Lei Sun, Orthopaedic Center of PLA, The 88th Hospital of PLA, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, China. E-mail:
| | - Bo Wu
- Orthopaedic Center of PLA, The 88th Hospital of PLA, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Min Tian
- Orthopaedic Center of PLA, The 88th Hospital of PLA, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong Zhong Luo
- Orthopaedic Center of PLA, The 88th Hospital of PLA, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, China
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Kim SJ, Kim SH, Jung M, Kim JM, Lee SW. Does sequence of graft tensioning affect outcomes in combined anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473:235-43. [PMID: 25224821 PMCID: PMC4390955 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy persists regarding the protocol for tensioning and securing the grafts in one-stage reconstruction of combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries. Many authors have reported stability examinations and functional results after reconstruction for this relatively rare injury, and the best sequence for tensioning the grafts is not known. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We sought to determine (1) if there are differences in postoperative anteroposterior stability in a protocol of simultaneous tensioning of both grafts and ACL-first fixation compared with a protocol of tensioning and fixation of the PCL first in one-stage reconstruction of combined ACL/PCL injuries; and (2) if there is a difference in postoperative functional outcome scores between the two protocols. METHODS Between 2001 and 2011, 29 patients underwent one-stage reconstruction of combined ACL and PCL injuries (the majority with medial collateral ligament [MCL] injuries, posterolateral corner [PLC] injuries, or both, in addition), of whom three patients (10%) were lost to followup before 2 years, and one patient was excluded based on predefined criteria, leaving a total of 25 patients (86%) for retrospective analysis in this report. Fourteen patients underwent one-stage reconstruction of these injuries with tensioning and fixation of the PCL graft first (PCL-first group), and 11 later patients underwent one-stage reconstruction of combined ACL/PCL injuries with simultaneous tensioning of both grafts and fixation of the ACL graft first (simultaneous-tensioning group). During the period in question, the technique used in the PCL-first group was used exclusively for these injuries between August 2001 and August 2008 and that used in the simultaneous-tensioning group was used between September 2008 and August 2011; there was no overlap between groups. The groups were similar in terms of demographics and length of followup. Each patient was assessed for associated injuries, preoperative and postoperative knee stability with anteroposterior stress radiographs, and was evaluated with the Lysholm knee score and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective and objective grading at the last followup after surgery. RESULTS At the last followup evaluation, patients treated with simultaneous tensioning and ACL-first fixation showed less instability on side-to-side difference of posterior stress radiography (5±1 mm in the simultaneous-tensioning group versus 6±1 mm in the PCL-first group; effect size, 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5-2.3; p=0.011), but with the numbers available, no difference on anterior stress radiography (3±0.4 mm in the simultaneous-tensioning group versus 3±0.5 mm in PCL-first group; effect size, 0.4; 95% CI, -0.2 to 0.5; p=443). The simultaneous-tensioning group also had higher Lysholm knee scores (87±5 in the simultaneous-tensioning group versus 80±4 in the PCL-first group; effect size, 1.8; 95% CI, -10.9 to -2.7; p=0.001), IKDC subjective scores (68±3 in the simultaneous-tensioning group versus 58±3 in the PCL-first group; effect size, 3.4; 95% CI, -14.2 to -8.6; p<0.001), and IKDC objective grades (p=0.037). CONCLUSIONS In one-stage reconstruction of combined ACL and PCL injuries, a protocol of simultaneous tensioning both grafts and fixing the ACL graft first may be worth consideration. Arthroscopic reduction landmarks may prove helpful in this technique but require further validation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jae Kim
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 South Korea
| | - Min Jung
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Modu Hospital, 88 Nongogaero, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405-300 South Korea
| | - Se-Won Lee
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 South Korea
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Wajsfisz A, Bajard X, Plaweski S, Djian P, Demey G, Limozin R, Bousquet V, Rocheconcar G, Louis ML, Arndt J, Azar M, Sonnery-Cottet B, Boisrenoult P. Surgical management of combined anterior or posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner tears: for what functional results? Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2014; 100:S379-83. [PMID: 25455185 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Management of combined anterior or posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner tears is still poorly codified. The aim of this study was to evaluate functional outcome after complete surgical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective multicenter study included 53 patients. Mean age was 29.8 yrs. (15-49). The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments were involved in respectively 48 and 5 cases. Mean time to surgery was 25.6 months (0-184), and in 10 cases less than 21 days. Nine patients were sedentary workers and 29 non-sedentary (13 laborers). All ligament injuries were treated surgically. Mean follow-up was 49 months (12-146). Last follow-up assessment used IKDC, Lysholm and KOOS scores. RESULTS At last follow-up, IKDC score graded 14 patients A, 25 B, 8 C and 6 D, versus 0 A, 4 B, 25 C, 22 D and 2 ungraded preoperatively. Mean subjective IKDC and Lysholm scores were respectively 72.8 (11.5-100) and 77.5 (37-100). Mean KOOS scores (pain, symptoms, daily life, sports, quality of life) were respectively 78 (3-100), 70 (25-100), 88 (47-100), 53 (0-100) and 50 (0-100). Posterolateral laxity was corrected in all but two cases. All sedentary workers and 86.7% of non-sedentary workers could return to work. The job had to be changed in 10% of cases overall, but in 25% of cases for laborers. DISCUSSION The present results are comparable with those of the literature. The strategy of combined surgical treatment showed functional efficacy, usually associated with return to work except for some laborers. There was a non-significant trend in favor of acute-phase ligament reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV (retrospective series).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wajsfisz
- Clinique Drouot, 20, rue Laffitte, 75009 Paris, France
| | - X Bajard
- Hôpital d'instruction des Armées-Begin, 69, avenue de Paris, 94160 Saint-Mandé, France
| | - S Plaweski
- Service d'orthopédie traumatologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Grenoble, hôpital Sud, 38434 Échirolles cedex, France
| | - P Djian
- Cabinet Goethe, 23, avenue Niel, 75017 Paris, France
| | - G Demey
- Lyon-ortho-clinic, 29B, avenue des Sources-Bâtiment-Trait-d'Union, 69009 Lyon, France
| | - R Limozin
- Médipole Garonne, 45, rue de Gironis, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - V Bousquet
- Clinique du sport de merignac, 4, rue Negrevergne, 33700 Mérignac, France
| | - G Rocheconcar
- Service d'orthopédie traumatologie, centre hospitalo-universitaire de Caen, avenue de la Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France
| | - M-L Louis
- Cabinet médical ICOS, 118, rue Jean-Mermoz, 13008 Marseille, France
| | - J Arndt
- Service d'orthopédie traumatologie, hôpitaux universitaire de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - M Azar
- Service d'orthopédie traumatologie, centre hospitalo-universitaire de Caen, avenue de la Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France
| | | | - P Boisrenoult
- Service d'orthopédie traumatologie, centre hospitalier de Versailles, 78150 le Chesnay, France.
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Management of combined anterior or posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner injuries: a systematic review. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2014; 100:S371-8. [PMID: 25454331 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined injuries to the posterolateral corner and cruciate ligaments are uncommon. The heterogeneity of injury patterns in many studies complicates the assessment of outcomes. OBJECTIVE To assess the prognosis and functional outcomes after surgery for combined injuries to the posterolateral corner and to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). MATERIAL AND METHODS We systematically reviewed the literature for articles reporting outcomes 1 year or more after surgery for combined injuries to the posterolateral corner and ACL (n=4) or PCL (n=9). Patients with bicruciate injuries were not studied. RESULTS Overall, 65% of patients were IKDC A or B after surgery. The mean Lysholm score improved from 67 to 90. Mean time to surgery was 4.43 months in the group with ACL tears and 18.4 months in the group with PCL tears, and mean follow-up was 34.4 and 40.7 months in these two groups, respectively. In the groups with ACL and PCL tears, the proportions of patients classified as IKDC A or B at last follow-up were 81.6% and 81.0%, respectively, whereas 88% and 99% of patients, respectively, were IKDC grade C or D before surgery. The mean Lysholm score improved from 77 to 92 in the group with ACL tears and from 65 to 89 in the group with PCL tears. Improvements in laxity ranged from 28% to 79% in the group with PCL tears. DISCUSSION Most of the articles selected for our review provided level III or IV evidence. Functional outcomes were satisfactory but less good than those reported after surgical reconstruction of isolated cruciate ligament tears. Full reconstruction seems the best strategy in patients with combined ACL/posterolateral corner injuries. Outcomes were also good but more variable in the group with PCL/posterolateral corner injuries. The time to surgery, which reflected the time to diagnosis, was shorter in patients with ACL than with PCL tears in addition to the posterolateral corner injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III (systematic literature review).
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Kitamura N, Ogawa M, Kondo E, Kitayama S, Tohyama H, Yasuda K. A novel medial collateral ligament reconstruction procedure using semitendinosus tendon autograft in patients with multiligamentous knee injuries: clinical outcomes. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:1274-81. [PMID: 23625060 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513485716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several new procedures for medial collateral ligament (MCL) reconstruction using a hamstring tendon graft have been reported in the 2000s. However, the midterm and long-term clinical outcomes of these procedures have not been reported. HYPOTHESIS Postoperative medial stability of the knee that underwent our MCL reconstruction may not be significantly different from that of the noninjured knee. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS A total of 37 patients who sustained multiligamentous knee injuries underwent combined MCL and cruciate ligament reconstruction at our institution between 1994 and 2007. Thirty of the 37 patients were clinically evaluated at least 2 years after surgery. Sixteen had combined MCL and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, 5 had combined MCL and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, and 9 had combined MCL, ACL, and PCL reconstruction. The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) evaluation form and Lysholm score were used to evaluate postoperative knee function. Anteroposterior knee laxity was examined with a KT-2000 arthrometer. To assess objective medial instability, we performed a stress radiograph examination under valgus stress with the knee at 20° of flexion. RESULTS At the final follow-up, 1 patient showed a loss of knee extension of more than 3°. Five patients revealed a loss of knee flexion of 6° to 15° and 2 patients of 16° to 25°. Lysholm scores averaged 94.8 points. In the IKDC evaluation, 9 patients were graded as A, 17 were graded as B, 3 were graded as C, and 1 was graded as D. In the stress radiograph examination, the mean medial joint opening was 8.5 ± 1.6 mm in the reconstructed knee and 8.0 ± 1.2 mm in the healthy opposite knee. There was no significant difference in the medial joint opening between reconstructed and intact knees. CONCLUSION Medial collateral ligament reconstruction for chronic combined knee instabilities can be safely performed using hamstring tendon autografts, and the clinical outcome with a minimum 2-year follow-up was favorable with satisfactory stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuto Kitamura
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Horaguchi T, Morimoto Y, Fu FH. Rollback of the femoral condyle in anatomical double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20:941-6. [PMID: 21927952 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-011-1672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate rollback of the femoral condyle in anatomical double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL). METHODS Twenty-two subjects who underwent anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction were included in this study. More than 6 months after surgery, lateral radiographic imaging of the knee was performed with active full knee flexion. The most posterior tibiofemoral contact point was measured for evaluation of femoral rollback (rollback ratio). Flexion angle was also measured using the same radiograph, and the correlation between rollback and flexion angle was analyzed. As a control, radiographs of the healthy contralateral knees were evaluated. For clinical evaluation, side-to-side difference in anterior tibial translation (ATT) and pivot shift test were analyzed approximately 1 year after surgery. RESULTS The rollback ratios of the operated knees and the healthy contralateral knees were 28.7 ± 6.6 and 29.7 ± 6.7%, respectively, from the posterior edge of the tibia. No significant difference in rollback was observed. The flexion angles of the operated knees and the healthy contralateral knees were 136 ± 11° and 140 ± 9°, respectively. No significant difference in knee flexion angle was observed. Significant correlation between femoral rollback and knee flexion angle was observed. The side-to-side difference in ATT was 0.7 mm, and no cases of positive pivot shift were observed. CONCLUSION Anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction can restore normal femoral rollback in active full knee flexion. For clinical relevance, knees with anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction can flex with normal kinematics at the end of knee flexion angle. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Tibor LM, Marchant MH, Taylor DC, Hardaker WT, Garrett WE, Sekiya JK. Management of medial-sided knee injuries, part 2: posteromedial corner. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39:1332-40. [PMID: 21173192 DOI: 10.1177/0363546510387765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the posteromedial corner (PMC) of the knee differs anatomically and biomechanically from isolated injury to the medial collateral ligament. Newer anatomic and biomechanical studies are refining the field's understanding of the medial side of the knee, as well as its role in multiple ligament injuries. Valgus instability places additional strain on a reconstructed anterior or posterior cruciate ligament, which can contribute to late graft failure. Injuries to the PMC may not heal without surgical repair or reconstruction, particularly when part of a multiple-ligament injury. Identification of PMC injury before cruciate reconstruction is important so that appropriate repair or reconstruction of the PMC and medial collateral ligament can be undertaken at the same time. This article reviews the relevant literature on the PMC, discusses reasons for selective operative management, and illustrates reconstructive strategies for PMC injuries occurring as part of a medial-sided or multiligament injury to the knee.
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Simultaneous surgical management of chronic grade-2 valgus instability of the knee and anterior cruciate ligament deficiency in athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010; 18:312-6. [PMID: 19838671 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-009-0966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on 22 patients with chronic grade-2 valgus laxity of the knee combined with chronic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiency, in whom the two lesions were addressed at the same surgical setting. At a minimum follow-up of 24 months, clinical and functional variables had improved significantly (P < 0.001), and 20 of the 22 patients (91%) had returned to sport at pre-injury level. There were no operative complications in this series. In selected athletes with chronic symptomatic valgus laxity of the knee combined with ACL insufficiency, surgical repair of the MCL in association with ACL reconstruction is a suitable and reliable option to restore knee stability and allow return to pre-injury activity level.
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Köstler W, Niemeyer P, Südkamp N. Komplexe Bandläsion des Kniegelenks. ARTHROSKOPIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00142-009-0545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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