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Wang X, Du T, Wang J, Kou H, Du X. Determination of polybrominated biphenyls in environmental water samples by ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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2
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Matsiko J, Li H, Wang P, Sun H, Zheng S, Wang D, Zhang W, Hao Y, Zuo P, Li Y, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Jiang G. Multivariate Optimization of Tenax TA-Thermal Extraction for Determining Gaseous Phase Organophosphate Esters in Air Samples. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3330. [PMID: 30833617 PMCID: PMC6399288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Suitable conditions for thermal extraction of semi-volatile organic compounds have largely been arrived at by univariate optimization or based on the recommendations provided by the manufacturers of the extraction equipment. Herein, we demonstrated the multivariate optimization of Tenax TA–thermal extraction for determining organophosphate esters in the gas phase fraction of air samples. Screening and refining experiments were performed using the eighth fraction factorial and Box-Behnken designs, respectively, and satisfactory models were obtained. Subsequently, the process was optimized by Derringer’s desirability function and the global desirability was 0.7299. Following optimization, the analytes were desorbed at 290 °C for 10 minutes at a helium flow of 95 mL min−1, with the transfer line set at 290 °C. The analytes were then cryofocused at 20 °C and then cryodesorbed into the chromatographic column at 295 °C for 6 minutes. Method validation exhibited high linearity coefficients (>0.99), good precision (CV < 14%) and low detection limits (0.1–0.5 ng m−3). The method was tested by pumping 0.024 m3 of real indoor environment air through Tenax TA sorbent tubes. Furthermore, with multivariate optimization, analysis time and other resources were significantly reduced, and information about experimental factor interaction effects was investigated, as compared to the univariate optimization and other traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Matsiko
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Honghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huizhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peijie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Naing NN, Li SFY, Lee HK. Micro-solid phase extraction followed by thermal extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass selective detector for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1458:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Hecht ES, Oberg AL, Muddiman DC. Optimizing Mass Spectrometry Analyses: A Tailored Review on the Utility of Design of Experiments. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:767-85. [PMID: 26951559 PMCID: PMC4841694 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a tool that can analyze nearly all classes of molecules, with its scope rapidly expanding in the areas of post-translational modifications, MS instrumentation, and many others. Yet integration of novel analyte preparatory and purification methods with existing or novel mass spectrometers can introduce new challenges for MS sensitivity. The mechanisms that govern detection by MS are particularly complex and interdependent, including ionization efficiency, ion suppression, and transmission. Performance of both off-line and MS methods can be optimized separately or, when appropriate, simultaneously through statistical designs, broadly referred to as "design of experiments" (DOE). The following review provides a tutorial-like guide into the selection of DOE for MS experiments, the practices for modeling and optimization of response variables, and the available software tools that support DOE implementation in any laboratory. This review comes 3 years after the latest DOE review (Hibbert DB, 2012), which provided a comprehensive overview on the types of designs available and their statistical construction. Since that time, new classes of DOE, such as the definitive screening design, have emerged and new calls have been made for mass spectrometrists to adopt the practice. Rather than exhaustively cover all possible designs, we have highlighted the three most practical DOE classes available to mass spectrometrists. This review further differentiates itself by providing expert recommendations for experimental setup and defining DOE entirely in the context of three case-studies that highlight the utility of different designs to achieve different goals. A step-by-step tutorial is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Hecht
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Schramm S, Vailhen D, Bridoux MC. Use of experimental design in the investigation of stir bar sorptive extraction followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of explosives in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1433:24-33. [PMID: 26777783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A method for the sensitive quantification of trace amounts of organic explosives in water samples was developed by using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) followed by liquid desorption and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The proposed method was developed and optimized using a statistical design of experiment approach. Use of experimental designs allowed a complete study of 10 factors and 8 analytes including nitro-aromatics, amino-nitro-aromatics and nitric esters. The liquid desorption study was performed using a full factorial experimental design followed by a kinetic study. Four different variables were tested here: the liquid desorption mode (stirring or sonication), the chemical nature of the stir bar (PDMS or PDMS-PEG), the composition of the liquid desorption phase and finally, the volume of solvent used for the liquid desorption. On the other hand, the SBSE extraction study was performed using a Doehlert design. SBSE extraction conditions such as extraction time profiles, sample volume, modifier addition, and acetic acid addition were examined. After optimization of the experimental parameters, sensitivity was improved by a factor 5-30, depending on the compound studied, due to the enrichment factors reached using the SBSE method. Limits of detection were in the ng/L level for all analytes studied. Reproducibility of the extraction with different stir bars was close to the reproducibility of the analytical method (RSD between 4 and 16%). Extractions in various water sample matrices (spring, mineral and underground water) have shown similar enrichment compared to ultrapure water, revealing very low matrix effects.
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Benet I, Ibañez C, Guàrdia MD, Solà J, Arnau J, Roura E. Optimisation of stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), targeting medium and long-chain free fatty acids in cooked ham exudates. Food Chem 2015; 185:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Jiang R, Ouyang G. Fast Analytical Techniques Based on Microextraction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63299-9.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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8
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Review of SBSE Technique for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Sánchez-Avila J, Vicente J, Echavarri-Erasun B, Porte C, Tauler R, Lacorte S. Sources, fluxes and risk of organic micropollutants to the Cantabrian Sea (Spain). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 72:119-132. [PMID: 23673206 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The sources, distribution and risk of 51 organic micropollutants (OMPs) in the Cantabrian coastal environment (NW Spain) were evaluated. Gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorinated pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates esters, bisphenol A and alkylphenols. 45 OMPs were detected in coastal/estuarine waters. Wastewater treatment plant effluents and emissary discharges were identified as the main sources of contamination. The accumulation of OMPs in sediments and the bioaccumulation in 21 days caged mussels were also assessed. Chemical results were combined with the "Combined Monitoring-based and Modeling-based Priority Setting Scheme" COMMPS procedure for risk assessment analysis. Finally, the chemical status of the different sampling locations was estimated using site risk indexes. Those indexes can be conveniently displayed in quality geographical maps and are considered a valuable tool for the environmental management and risk assessment of the region under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sánchez-Avila
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Moreno-González R, Campillo JA, García V, León VM. Seasonal input of regulated and emerging organic pollutants through surface watercourses to a Mediterranean coastal lagoon. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:247-257. [PMID: 23399306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal input of organic pollutants through El Albujón Watercourse to the Mar Menor lagoon was estimated from Spring 2009 to Winter 2010, including regular periods and two flash flood events. 82 semivolatile organic pollutants (persistent organic pollutants, different groups of pesticides and others) were determined by stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption followed by capillary gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry from surface waters with quantification limits of a few ngL(-1). Pesticide concentrations varied significantly along the watercourse due to the presence of different sources (groundwaters, wastewater effluent, tributary contributions, brackish waters, etc.) and physicochemical/biological processes that take place simultaneously. The most commonly detected analytes were propyzamide, triazine compounds and chlorpyrifos. A clear seasonal pattern has been detected, with a predominance of insecticides during Summer and of herbicides during Winter. The input of pesticides through this watercourse is particularly relevant during periods of heavy rain, representing more than 70% of total yearly input for many of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moreno-González
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
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11
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Cacho JI, Campillo N, Viñas P, Hernández-Córdoba M. Stir bar sorptive extraction with EG-Silicone coating for bisphenols determination in personal care products by GC–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 78-79:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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12
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Valls-Cantenys C, Villaverde-de-Sáa E, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Iglesias M, Salvadó V, Cela R. Application of polydimethylsiloxane rod extraction to the determination of sixteen halogenated flame retardants in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 770:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Kawaguchi M, Takatsu A, Ito R, Nakazawa H. Applications of stir-bar sorptive extraction to food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Sánchez-Avila J, Tauler R, Lacorte S. Organic micropollutants in coastal waters from NW Mediterranean Sea: sources distribution and potential risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 46:50-62. [PMID: 22706016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a first estimation on the sources, distribution and risk of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in coastal waters from NW Mediterranean Sea. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorinated pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates and alkylphenols were analyzed by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-EI-MS/MS). River waters and wastewater treatment plant effluents discharging to the sea were identified as the main sources of OMPs to coastal waters, with an estimated input amount of around of 25,800 g d(-1). The concentration of ΣOMPs in coastal areas ranged from 17.4 to 8442 ng L(-1), and was the highest in port waters, followed by coastal and river mouth seawaters. A summarized overview of the patterns and sources of OMP contamination on the investigated coastal sea waters of NW Mediterranean Sea, as well as of their geographical distribution was obtained by Principal Component Analysis of the complete data set after its adequate pretreatment. Alkylphenols, bisphenol A and phthalates were the main contributors to ΣOMPs and produced an estimated significant pollution risk for fish, algae and the sensitive mysid shrimp organisms in seawater samples. The combination of GC-MS/MS, chemometrics and risk analysis is proven to be useful for a better control and management of OMP discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sánchez-Avila
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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15
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Optimization of comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatography (GC × GC) mass spectrometry for the determination of essential oils. Talanta 2012; 88:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Extraction and determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and urine samples using solidified floating organic drop microextraction along with high performance liquid chromatography. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-011-0713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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17
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Plunger-in-needle solid-phase microextraction with graphene-based sol-gel coating as sorbent for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4509-16. [PMID: 21636089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) device, assembled with a commercially available plunger-in-needle microsyringe, with the plunger coated with graphene via a sol-gel approach, was developed for the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental samples. This is the first application of graphene-based sol-gel coating as SPME sorbent. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated in detail. The new coating exhibited enrichment factors for PBDEs between 1378 and 2859. The unique planar structure of graphene enhanced the π-π interaction with the aromatic PBDEs; additionally, the sol-gel coating technique created a porous three-dimensional network structure which offered larger surface area for extraction. The stainless steel plunger provided firm support for the coating and enhanced the durability of the assembly. The plunger-in-needle microsyringe represents a ready-made tool for SPME implementation. Under the optimized conditions, the method detection limits for five PBDEs were in the range of 0.2 and 5.3 ng/L (at a signal/noise ratio of 3) and the precision (% relative standard deviation, n=5) was 3.2-5.0% at a concentration level of 100 ng/L. The linearities were 5-1000 or 10-1000 ng/L for different PBDEs. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of PBDEs in canal water samples.
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Kole PL, Venkatesh G, Kotecha J, Sheshala R. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for effective bioanalytical methods. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:199-217. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Wu J, Zhang L, Yang Z. A Review on the Analysis of Emerging Contaminants in Aquatic Environment. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2010.515467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Prieto A, Basauri O, Rodil R, Usobiaga A, Fernández L, Etxebarria N, Zuloaga O. Stir-bar sorptive extraction: A view on method optimisation, novel applications, limitations and potential solutions. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2642-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Montes R, Rodríguez I, Cela R. Solid-phase microextraction with simultaneous oxidative sample treatment for the sensitive determination of tetra- to hexa-brominated diphenyl ethers in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sánchez-Avila J, Quintana J, Ventura F, Tauler R, Duarte CM, Lacorte S. Stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: an effective tool for determining persistent organic pollutants and nonylphenol in coastal waters in compliance with existing Directives. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 60:103-112. [PMID: 19786286 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A multi-residual method based on stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SBSE-TD-GC-MS) has been developed to measure 49 organic pollutants (organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and nonylphenol) in seawater. Using 100ml of water, the method exhibited good linearity, with recoveries between 86% and 118% and relative standard deviation between 2% and 24% for almost all compounds. The method was applied to determine target contaminants in Catalonian seawater, including coastal areas, ports and desalination plant feed water. Overall individual compound levels oscillated between 0.16 and 597 ng l(-1); PAHs and nonylpenol were the compounds found at the highest concentrations. The method provided LODs between 0.011 and 2.5 ng l(-1), lower than the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) fixed by Directive 2008/105/EC. In compliance with the directive, this method can be used as a tool to survey target compounds and is aimed at protecting coastal ecosystems from chemical pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sánchez-Avila
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Fontana AR, Silva MF, Martínez LD, Wuilloud RG, Altamirano JC. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and soil samples by cloud point extraction-ultrasound-assisted back-extraction-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4339-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Lancas FM, Queiroz MEC, Grossi P, Olivares IRB. Recent developments and applications of stir bar sorptive extraction. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:813-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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MacNamara K, Leardi R, McGuigan F. Comprehensive investigation and optimisation of the main experimental variables in stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)-thermal desorption-capillary gas chromatography (TD-CGC). Anal Chim Acta 2009; 636:190-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu X, Li J, Zhao Z, Zhang W, Lin K, Huang C, Wang X. Solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in different environmental matrices. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2220-6. [PMID: 19168180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method, solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextration (SPE-DLLME), was established to determine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water and plant samples. After concentration and purification of the samples in LC-C18 column, 1.0-mL elution sample containing 22.0 microL 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was injected rapidly into the 5.0-mL pure water. After extraction and centrifuging, the sedimented phase was injected rapidly into gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). For water samples, enrichment factors (EFs) are in the range of 6838-9405 under the optimum conditions. The calibration curves are linear in the range of 0.1-100 ng L(-1) (BDEs 28, 47) and 0.5-500 ng L(-1) (BDEs 100, 99, 85, 154, 153). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) and the limits of detection (LODs) are in the range of 4.2-7.9% (n=5) and 0.03-0.15 ng L(-1), respectively. For plant samples, RSDs and LODs are in the range of 5.9-11.3% and 0.04-0.16 microg kg(-1), respectively. The relative recoveries of well, river, sea, leachate, and clover samples, spiked with different levels of PBDEs, are 66.8-94.1%, 72.2-100.5%, 74.5-110.4%, 62.1-105.1%, 66.1-91.7%, 62.4-88.9%, and 64.5-83.2%, respectively. The results show that SPE-DLLME is a suitable method for the determination of PBDEs in water and plant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
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Fontana AR, Wuilloud RG, Martínez LD, Altamirano JC. Simple approach based on ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction for determination of polibrominated flame retardants in water samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nie L, Wu G, Zhang W. Statistical Application and Challenges in Global Gel-Free Proteomic Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 28:297-307. [DOI: 10.1080/07388550802543158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Simultaneous preconcentration of a wide variety of organic pollutants in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1214:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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