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Dong Y, Wang J, Chen L, Chen H, Dang S, Li F. Aptamer-based assembly systems for SARS-CoV-2 detection and therapeutics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6830-6859. [PMID: 38829187 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00774j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are oligonucleotide chains with molecular recognition properties. Compared with antibodies, aptamers show advantages given that they are readily produced via chemical synthesis and elicit minimal immunogenicity in biomedicine applications. Notably, aptamer-encoded nucleic acid assemblies further improve the binding affinity of aptamers with the targets due to their multivalent synergistic interactions. Specially, aptamers can be engineered with special topological arrangements in nucleic acid assemblies, which demonstrate spatial and valence matching towards antigens on viruses, thus showing potential in the detection and therapeutic applications of viruses. This review presents the recent progress on the aptamers explored for SARS-CoV-2 detection and infection treatment, wherein applications of aptamer-based assembly systems are introduced in detail. Screening methods and chemical modification strategies for aptamers are comprehensively summarized, and the types of aptamers employed against different target domains of SARS-CoV-2 are illustrated. The evolution of aptamer-based assembly systems for the detection and neutralization of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the construction principle and characteristics of aptamer-based DNA assemblies are demonstrated. The typically representative works are presented to demonstrate how to assemble aptamers rationally and elaborately for specific applications in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and neutralization. Finally, we provide deep insights into the current challenges and future perspectives towards aptamer-based nucleic acid assemblies for virus detection and neutralization in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Jingping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Haonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Shuangbo Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
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Mazzaracchio V, Rios Maciel M, Porto Santos T, Toda-Peters K, Shen AQ. Duplex Electrochemical Microfluidic Sensor for COVID-19 Antibody Detection: Natural versus Vaccine-Induced Humoral Response. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207731. [PMID: 36916701 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid transmission and resilience of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have led to urgent demands in monitoring humoral response for effective vaccine development, thus a multiplex co-detection platform to discriminate infection-induced from vaccine-induced antibodies is needed. Here a duplex electrochemical immunosensor for co-detection of anti-nucleocapsid IgG (N-IgG) and anti-spike IgG (S-IgG) is developed by using a two-working electrode system, via an indirect immunoassay, with antibody quantification obtained by differential pulse voltammetry. The screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are modified by carbon black and electrodeposited gold nanoflowers for maximized surface areas, enabling the construction of an immunological chain for S-IgG and N-IgG electrochemical detection with enhanced performance. Using an optimized immunoassay protocol, a wide linear range between 30-750 and 20-1000 ng mL-1 , and a limit of detection of 28 and 15 ng mL-1 are achieved to detect N-IgG and S-IgG simultaneously in serum samples. This duplex immunosensor is then integrated in a microfluidic device to obtain significantly reduced detection time (≤ 7 min) while maintaining its analytical performance. The duplex microfluidic immunosensor can be easily expanded into multiplex format to achieve high throughput screening for the sero-surveillance of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mazzaracchio
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata,", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauricio Rios Maciel
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tatiana Porto Santos
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Kazumi Toda-Peters
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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Zhang M, Ye L. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain using fluorescence probe and DNA flowers enabled by rolling circle amplification. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:163. [PMID: 36988717 PMCID: PMC10052277 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Using rolling circle amplification (RCA) and two different ways of signal readout, we developed analytical methods to detect the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein). We modified streptavidin-coated magnetic beads with an aptamer of RBD through a biotin-tagged complementary DNA strand (biotin-cDNA). Binding of RBD caused the aptamer to dissociate from the biotin-cDNA, making the cDNA available to initiate RCA on the magnetic beads. Detection of RBD was achieved using a dual signal output. For fluorescence signaling, the RCA products were mixed with a dsDNA probe labeled with fluorophore and quencher. Hybridization of the RCA products caused the dsDNA to separate and to emit fluorescence (λex = 488 nm, λem = 520 nm). To generate easily detectable UV-vis absorbance signal, the RCA amplification was extended to produce DNA flower to encapsulate horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The HRP-encapsulated DNA flower catalyzed a colorimetric reaction between H2O2 and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to generate an optical signal (λabs = 450 nm). The fluorescence and colorimetric assays for RBD have low detection limits (0.11 pg mL-1 and 0.904 pg mL-1) and a wide linear range (0.001-100 ng mL-1). For detection of RBD in human saliva, the recovery was 93.0-100% for the fluorescence assay and 87.2-107% for the colorimetric assay. By combining fluorescence and colorimetric detection with RCA, detection of the target RBD in human saliva was achieved with high sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lei Ye
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box124, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
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Fadhilah GN, Yusuf M, Sari AK, Tohari TR, Wiraswati HL, Ekawardhani S, Faridah L, Fauziah N, Anshori I, Wahyuni Hartati Y. An scFv‐Based Impedimetric Immunosensor Using SPCE/AuNP for RBD of SARS‐CoV‐2 Detection. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghina Nur Fadhilah
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
- Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Research Center Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
| | - Arum Kurnia Sari
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
| | - Taufik Ramdani Tohari
- Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Research Center Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
| | - Hesti Lina Wiraswati
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
| | - Savira Ekawardhani
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
| | - Lia Faridah
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
| | - Nisa Fauziah
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
| | - Isa Anshori
- Lab-on-Chip Group Bandung Institute of Technology Indonesia
| | - Yeni Wahyuni Hartati
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
- Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Research Center Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia
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Zare Marzouni H, Rahbar M, Seddighi N, Nabizadeh M, Meidaninikjeh S, Sabouni N. Antibody Therapy for COVID-19: Categories, Pros, and Cons. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:517-528. [PMID: 36201297 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a life-threatening respiratory disease triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has been considered a pandemic viral infection since December 2019. The investigation of the effective prophylaxis or therapeutic strategies for emergency management of the current condition has become a priority for medical research centers and pharmaceutical companies. This article provides a comprehensive review of antibody therapy and its different categories with their advantages and disadvantages for COVID-19 over the last few years of the current pandemic. Antibodies can be generated by active immunization, including natural infection with a pathogen and vaccination, or by the passive immunization method such as convalescent plasma therapy (CPT) and antibody synthesis in laboratories. Each of these ways has its characteristics. Arming the immune system with antibodies is the main aim of antiviral therapeutic procedures toward SARS-CoV-2. Collecting and discussing various aspects of available data in this field can give researchers a better perspective for the production of antibody-based products or selection of the most appropriate approach of antibody therapies to improve different cases of COVID-19. Moreover, it can help them control similar viral pandemics that may happen in the future appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Zare Marzouni
- Qaen School of Nursing and Midwifery, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Marjan Rahbar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Seddighi
- Qaen School of Nursing and Midwifery, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabizadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Meidaninikjeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Biomedical Center (CBC) Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Sabouni
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Correia BP, Sousa MP, Sousa CEA, Mateus D, Sebastião AI, Cruz MT, Matos AM, Pereira AC, Moreira FTC. Development of colorimetric cellulose-based test-strip for the rapid detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV2 virus. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 29:9311-9322. [PMID: 36158137 PMCID: PMC9483301 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-022-04808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Given the pandemic situation, there is an urgent need for an accurate test to monitor antibodies anti-SARS-CoV-2, providing crucial epidemiological and clinical information to monitor the evolution of coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) and to stratify the immunized and asymptomatic population. Therefore, this paper describes a new cellulose-based test strip for rapid and cost-effective quantitative detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV2 virus by colorimetric transduction. For this purpose, Whatman paper was chemically modified with sodium metaperiodate to introduce aldehyde groups on its surface. Subsequently, the spike protein of the virus is covalently bound by forming an imine group. The chemical control of cellulose paper modification was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and contact angle analysis. Colorimetric detection of the antibodies was performed by a conventional staining method using Ponceau S solution as the dye. Color analysis was performed after image acquisition with a smartphone using Image J software. The color intensity varied linearly with the logarithm of the anti-S concentration (from 10 ng/mL to 1 μg/mL) in 500-fold diluted serum samples when plotted against the green coordinate extracted from digital images. The test strip was selective in the presence of nucleocapsid antibodies, urea, glucose, and bovine serum albumin with less than 15% interference, and detection of antibodies in human serum was successfully performed. Overall, this is a simple and affordable design that can be readily used for mass population screening and does not require sophisticated equipment or qualified personnel. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-022-04808-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara P. Correia
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana P. Sousa
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cristina E. A. Sousa
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniela Mateus
- Faculty of Farmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Sebastião
- Faculty of Farmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Faculty of Farmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Miguel Matos
- Faculty of Farmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Pereira
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Felismina T. C. Moreira
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Xu J, Kerr L, Jiang Y, Suo W, Zhang L, Lao T, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Rapid Antigen Diagnostics as Frontline Testing in the COVID-19 Pandemic. SMALL SCIENCE 2022; 2:2200009. [PMID: 35942171 PMCID: PMC9349911 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in significant loss of life since December 2019. Timely and precise virus detection has been proven as an effective solution to reduce the spread of the virus and to track the epidemic. Rapid antigen diagnostics has played a significant role in the frontline of COVID-19 testing because of its convenience, low cost, and high accuracy. Herein, different types of recently innovated in-lab and commercial antigen diagnostic technologies with emphasis on the strengths and limitations of these technologies including the limit of detection, sensitivity, specificity, affordability, and usability are systematically reviewed. The perspectives of assay development are looked into.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xu
- Department of Systems BiologyBlavatnik InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Department of Molecular VirologyVirogin Biotech Ltd.3800 Wesbrook MallVancouverBCV6S 2L9Canada
| | - Liam Kerr
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCenter for Intelligent MachinesMcGill UniversityMontrealQCH3A0C3Canada
| | - Yue Jiang
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and ManufacturingJiaxing UniversityJiaxing314001China
| | - Wenhao Suo
- Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02215USA
- Department of PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University55 Zhenhai RoadXiamen361003China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Waterloo200 University Avenue WestWaterlooONN2L3G1Canada
| | - Taotao Lao
- Department of Molecular DiagnosticsBoston Molecules Inc.564 Main StreetWalthamMA02452USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory DiseasesMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02114USA
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanjing Drum Tower HospitalNanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu210008China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-EfficiencyCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringSchool of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education)Tianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
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8
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Szunerits S, Saada H, Pagneux Q, Boukherroub R. Plasmonic Approaches for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Particles. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:548. [PMID: 35884352 PMCID: PMC9313406 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing highly contagious Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), underlines the fundamental position of diagnostic testing in outbreak control by allowing a distinction of the infected from the non-infected people. Diagnosis of COVID-19 remains largely based on reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), identifying the genetic material of the virus. Molecular testing approaches have been largely proposed in addition to infectivity testing of patients via sensing the presence of viral particles of SARS-CoV-2 specific structural proteins, such as the spike glycoproteins (S1, S2) and the nucleocapsid (N) protein. While the S1 protein remains the main target for neutralizing antibody treatment upon infection and the focus of vaccine and therapeutic design, it has also become a major target for the development of point-of care testing (POCT) devices. This review will focus on the possibility of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based sensing platforms to convert the receptor-binding event of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles into measurable signals. The state-of-the-art SPR-based SARS-CoV-2 sensing devices will be provided, and highlights about the applicability of plasmonic sensors as POCT for virus particle as well as viral protein sensing will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Szunerits
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France; (H.S.); (Q.P.); (R.B.)
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9
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Pola CC, Rangnekar SV, Sheets R, Szydlowska BM, Downing JR, Parate KW, Wallace SG, Tsai D, Hersam MC, Gomes CL, Claussen JC. Aerosol-jet-printed graphene electrochemical immunosensors for rapid and label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. 2D MATERIALS 2022; 9:035016. [PMID: 35785019 PMCID: PMC9245948 DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/ac7339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, inexpensive, and easy-to-use coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) home tests are key tools in addition to vaccines in the world-wide fight to eliminate national and local shutdowns. However, currently available tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, are too expensive, painful, and irritating, or not sufficiently sensitive for routine, accurate home testing. Herein, we employ custom-formulated graphene inks and aerosol jet printing (AJP) to create a rapid electrochemical immunosensor for direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) in saliva samples acquired non-invasively. This sensor demonstrated limits of detection that are considerably lower than most commercial SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests (22.91 ± 4.72 pg/mL for Spike RBD and 110.38 ± 9.00 pg/mL for Spike S1) as well as fast response time (~30 mins), which was facilitated by the functionalization of printed graphene electrodes in a single-step with SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal antibody through the carbodiimide reaction without the need for nanoparticle functionalization or secondary antibody or metallic nanoparticle labels. This immunosensor presents a wide linear sensing range from 1 to 1000 ng/mL and does not react with other coexisting influenza viruses such as H1N1 hemagglutinin. By combining high-yield graphene ink synthesis, automated printing, high antigen selectivity, and rapid testing capability, this work offers a promising alternative to current SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cícero C. Pola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sonal V. Rangnekar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Robert Sheets
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Beata M. Szydlowska
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Julia R. Downing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kshama W. Parate
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Shay G. Wallace
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Daphne Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Carmen L. Gomes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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10
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Zhang Y, Chai Y, Hu Z, Xu Z, Li M, Chen X, Yang C, Liu J. Recent Progress on Rapid Lateral Flow Assay-Based Early Diagnosis of COVID-19. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:866368. [PMID: 35592553 PMCID: PMC9111179 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.866368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in enormous losses worldwide. Through effective control measures and vaccination, prevention and curbing have proven significantly effective; however, the disease has still not been eliminated. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a simple, convenient, and rapid detection strategy for controlling disease recurrence and transmission. Taking advantage of their low-cost and simple operation, point-of-care test (POCT) kits for COVID-19 based on the lateral flow assay (LFA) chemistry have become one of the most convenient and widely used screening tools for pathogens in hospitals and at home. In this review, we introduce essential features of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, compare existing detection methods, and focus on the principles, merits and limitations of the LFAs based on viral nucleic acids, antigens, and corresponding antibodies. A systematic comparison was realized through summarization and analyses, providing a comprehensive demonstration of the LFA technology and insights into preventing and curbing the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Longgang District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujuan Chai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zulu Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhourui Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meirong Li
- Central Laboratory, Longgang District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengbin Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Central Laboratory, Longgang District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Monteil S, Casson AJ, Jones ST. Electronic and electrochemical viral detection for point-of-care use: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258002. [PMID: 34591907 PMCID: PMC8483417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting viruses, which have significant impact on health and the economy, is essential for controlling and combating viral infections. In recent years there has been a focus towards simpler and faster detection methods, specifically through the use of electronic-based detection at the point-of-care. Point-of-care sensors play a particularly important role in the detection of viruses. Tests can be performed in the field or in resource limited regions in a simple manner and short time frame, allowing for rapid treatment. Electronic based detection allows for speed and quantitative detection not otherwise possible at the point-of-care. Such approaches are largely based upon voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, field effect transistors, and similar electrical techniques. Here, we systematically review electronic and electrochemical point-of-care sensors for the detection of human viral pathogens. Using the reported limits of detection and assay times we compare approaches both by detection method and by the target analyte of interest. Compared to recent scoping and narrative reviews, this systematic review which follows established best practice for evidence synthesis adds substantial new evidence on 1) performance and 2) limitations, needed for sensor uptake in the clinical arena. 104 relevant studies were identified by conducting a search of current literature using 7 databases, only including original research articles detecting human viruses and reporting a limit of detection. Detection units were converted to nanomolars where possible in order to compare performance across devices. This approach allows us to identify field effect transistors as having the fastest median response time, and as being the most sensitive, some achieving single-molecule detection. In general, we found that antigens are the quickest targets to detect. We also observe however, that reports are highly variable in their chosen metrics of interest. We suggest that this lack of systematisation across studies may be a major bottleneck in sensor development and translation. Where appropriate, we use the findings of the systematic review to give recommendations for best reporting practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solen Monteil
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Henry Royce Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Casson
- The Henry Royce Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel T. Jones
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Henry Royce Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Etienne EE, Nunna BB, Talukder N, Wang Y, Lee ES. COVID-19 Biomarkers and Advanced Sensing Technologies for Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnosis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:98. [PMID: 34356205 PMCID: PMC8301167 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8070098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, also known as SARS-CoV-2 is a novel, respiratory virus currently plaguing humanity. Genetically, at its core, it is a single-strand positive-sense RNA virus. It is a beta-type Coronavirus and is distinct in its structure and binding mechanism compared to other types of coronaviruses. Testing for the virus remains a challenge due to the small market available for at-home detection. Currently, there are three main types of tests for biomarker detection: viral, antigen and antibody. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) remains the gold standard for viral testing. However, the lack of quantitative detection and turnaround time for results are drawbacks. This manuscript focuses on recent advances in COVID-19 detection that have lower limits of detection and faster response times than RT-PCR testing. The advancements in sensing platforms have amplified the detection levels and provided real-time results for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection with limits as low as 1 fg/mL in the Graphene Field Effect Transistor (FET) sensor. Additionally, using multiple biomarkers, detection levels can achieve a specificity and sensitivity level comparable to that of PCR testing. Proper biomarker selection coupled with nano sensing detection platforms are key in the widespread use of Point of Care (POC) diagnosis in COVID-19 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Emmanuel Etienne
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (E.E.E.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Bharath Babu Nunna
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (E.E.E.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (Y.W.)
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham, and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Niladri Talukder
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (E.E.E.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yudong Wang
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (E.E.E.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Eon Soo Lee
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (E.E.E.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (Y.W.)
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Engelmann I, Alidjinou EK, Ogiez J, Pagneux Q, Miloudi S, Benhalima I, Ouafi M, Sane F, Hober D, Roussel A, Cambillau C, Devos D, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Preanalytical Issues and Cycle Threshold Values in SARS-CoV-2 Real-Time RT-PCR Testing: Should Test Results Include These? ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:6528-6536. [PMID: 33748564 PMCID: PMC7970463 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, clinical laboratories worldwide are overwhelmed with SARS-CoV-2 testing using the current gold standard: real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. The large numbers of suspected cases led to shortages in numerous reagents such as specimen transport and RNA extraction buffers. We try to provide some answers on how strongly preanalytical issues affect RT-PCR results by reviewing the utility of different transport buffer media and virus inactivation procedures and comparing the literature data with our own recent findings. We show that various viral inactivation procedures and transport buffers are available and are less of a bottleneck for PCR-based methods. However, efficient alternative lysis buffers remain more difficult to find, and several fast RT-PCR assays are not compatible with guanidine-containing media, making this aspect more of a challenge in the current crisis. Furthermore, the availability of different SARS-CoV-2-specific RT-PCR kits with different sensitivities makes the definition of a general cutoff level for the cycle threshold (Ct) value challenging. Only a few studies have considered how Ct values relate to viral infectivity and how preanalytical issues might affect viral infectivity and RNA detection. We review the current data on the correlation between Ct values and viral infectivity. The presence of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome in its own is not sufficient proof of infectivity and caution is needed in evaluation of the infectivity of samples. The correlation between Ct values and viral infectivity revealed an RT-PCR cutoff value of 34 cycles for SARS-CoV-2 infectivity using a laboratory-developed RT-PCR assay targeting the RdRp gene. While ideally each clinical laboratory should perform its own correlation, we believe this perspective article could be a reference point for others, in particular medical doctors and researchers interested in COVID-19 diagnostics, and a first step toward harmonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Engelmann
- Univ.
Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Judith Ogiez
- Univ.
Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Quentin Pagneux
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University
Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520−IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sana Miloudi
- Univ.
Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ilyes Benhalima
- Univ.
Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mahdi Ouafi
- Univ.
Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Famara Sane
- Univ.
Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Didier Hober
- Univ.
Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alain Roussel
- Architecture
et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, CEDEX 20, 13020 Marseille, France
- Architecture
et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus de Luminy, CEDEX 20, 13020 Marseille, France
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture
et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, CEDEX 20, 13020 Marseille, France
- Architecture
et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus de Luminy, CEDEX 20, 13020 Marseille, France
| | - David Devos
- Univ.
Lille, CHU-Lille, Inserm, U1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition,
LICEND, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University
Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520−IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University
Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520−IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
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