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Banadaki MD, Rummel NG, Backus S, Butterfield DA, St Clair DK, Campbell JM, Zhong W, Mayer K, Berry SM, Chaiswing L. Extraction of redox extracellular vesicles using exclusion-based sample preparation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05518-z. [PMID: 39243301 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Studying specific subpopulations of cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) could help reveal their role in cancer progression. In cancer, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) happens which results in lipid peroxidation with a major product of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Adduction by HNE causes alteration to the structure of proteins, leading to loss of function. Blebbing of EVs carrying these HNE-adducted proteins as a cargo or carrying HNE-adducted on EV membrane are methods for clearing these molecules by the cells. We have referred to these EVs as Redox EVs. Here, we utilize a surface tension-mediated extraction process, termed exclusion-based sample preparation (ESP), for the rapid and efficient isolation of intact Redox EVs, from a mixed population of EVs derived from human glioblastoma cell line LN18. After optimizing different parameters, two populations of EVs were analyzed, those isolated from the sample (Redox EVs) and those remaining in the original sample (Remaining EVs). Electron microscopic imaging was used to confirm the presence of HNE adducts on the outer leaflet of Redox EVs. Moreover, the population of HNE-adducted Redox EVs shows significantly different characteristics to those of Remaining EVs including smaller size EVs and a more negative zeta potential EVs. We further treated glioblastoma cells (LN18), radiation-resistant glioblastoma cells (RR-LN18), and normal human astrocytes (NHA) with both Remaining and Redox EV populations. Our results indicate that Redox EVs promote the growth of glioblastoma cells, likely through the production of H2O2, and cause injury to normal astrocytes. In contrast, Remaining EVs have minimal impact on the viability of both glioblastoma cells and NHA cells. Thus, isolating a subpopulation of EVs employing ESP-based immunoaffinity could pave the way for a deeper mechanistic understanding of how subtypes of EVs, such as those containing HNE-adducted proteins, induce biological changes in the cells that take up these EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole G Rummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Spencer Backus
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - David Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Daret K St Clair
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - James M Campbell
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Weixiong Zhong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kristy Mayer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Scott M Berry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | - Luksana Chaiswing
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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2
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Hou G, Li Y, Cui X, Zhao B, Liu L, Zhang Y, Yuan H, Zhang L. Electric Field Assisted Tangential Flow Filtration Device for Highly Effective Isolation of Bioactive Small Extracellular Vesicles from Cell Culture Medium. Anal Chem 2024; 96:13345-13351. [PMID: 39120011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are proven to hold great promise for diverse therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, batch preparation of sEVs with high purity and bioactivity is a prerequisite for their clinical translations. Herein, we present an electric field assisted tangential flow filtration system (E-TFF), which integrates size-based filtration with electrophoretic migration-based separation to synergistically achieve the isolation of high-quality sEVs from cell culture medium. Compared with the gold-standard ultracentrifugation (UC) method, E-TFF not only improved the purity of sEVs by 1.4 times but also increased the yield of sEVs by 15.8 times. Additionally, the entire isolation process of E-TFF was completed within 1 h, about one-fourth of the time taken by UC. Furthermore, the biological activity of sEVs isolated by E-TFF was verified by co-incubation of sEVs derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) with HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells exposed to amyloid-β (Aβ). The results demonstrated that the sEVs isolated by E-TFF exhibited a significant neuroprotective effect. Overall, the E-TFF platform provides a promising and robust strategy for batch preparation of high-quality sEVs, opening up a broad range of opportunities for cell-free therapy and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yilan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology, Analysis & Testing Center, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xulian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Baofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lukuan Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huiming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Wang Z, Zhou X, Kong Q, He H, Sun J, Qiu W, Zhang L, Yang M. Extracellular Vesicle Preparation and Analysis: A State-of-the-Art Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401069. [PMID: 38874129 PMCID: PMC11321646 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, research on Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) has gained prominence in the life sciences due to their critical roles in both health and disease states, offering promising applications in disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapy. However, their inherent heterogeneity and complex origins pose significant challenges to their preparation, analysis, and subsequent clinical application. This review is structured to provide an overview of the biogenesis, composition, and various sources of EVs, thereby laying the groundwork for a detailed discussion of contemporary techniques for their preparation and analysis. Particular focus is given to state-of-the-art technologies that employ both microfluidic and non-microfluidic platforms for EV processing. Furthermore, this discourse extends into innovative approaches that incorporate artificial intelligence and cutting-edge electrochemical sensors, with a particular emphasis on single EV analysis. This review proposes current challenges and outlines prospective avenues for future research. The objective is to motivate researchers to innovate and expand methods for the preparation and analysis of EVs, fully unlocking their biomedical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng Wang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic TechnologyCity University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research InstituteShenzhenGuangdong518000P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciencesand Tung Biomedical Sciences CentreCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip TechnologyBiotech and Health CentreShenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong KongShenzhen518057P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic TechnologyCity University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research InstituteShenzhenGuangdong518000P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciencesand Tung Biomedical Sciences CentreCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip TechnologyBiotech and Health CentreShenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong KongShenzhen518057P. R. China
| | - Qinglong Kong
- The Second Department of Thoracic SurgeryDalian Municipal Central HospitalDalian116033P. R. China
| | - Huimin He
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic TechnologyCity University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research InstituteShenzhenGuangdong518000P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciencesand Tung Biomedical Sciences CentreCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip TechnologyBiotech and Health CentreShenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong KongShenzhen518057P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic TechnologyCity University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research InstituteShenzhenGuangdong518000P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciencesand Tung Biomedical Sciences CentreCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Wenting Qiu
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic TechnologyCity University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research InstituteShenzhenGuangdong518000P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciencesand Tung Biomedical Sciences CentreCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic TechnologyCity University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research InstituteShenzhenGuangdong518000P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciencesand Tung Biomedical Sciences CentreCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip TechnologyBiotech and Health CentreShenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong KongShenzhen518057P. R. China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic TechnologyCity University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research InstituteShenzhenGuangdong518000P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciencesand Tung Biomedical Sciences CentreCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip TechnologyBiotech and Health CentreShenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong KongShenzhen518057P. R. China
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Ho MY, Liu S, Xing B. Bacteria extracellular vesicle as nanopharmaceuticals for versatile biomedical potential. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:28. [PMID: 38990415 PMCID: PMC11239649 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-024-00434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria extracellular vesicles (BEVs), characterized as the lipid bilayer membrane-surrounded nanoparticles filled with molecular cargo from parent cells, play fundamental roles in the bacteria growth and pathogenesis, as well as facilitating essential interaction between bacteria and host systems. Notably, benefiting from their unique biological functions, BEVs hold great promise as novel nanopharmaceuticals for diverse biomedical potential, attracting significant interest from both industry and academia. Typically, BEVs are evaluated as promising drug delivery platforms, on account of their intrinsic cell-targeting capability, ease of versatile cargo engineering, and capability to penetrate physiological barriers. Moreover, attributing to considerable intrinsic immunogenicity, BEVs are able to interact with the host immune system to boost immunotherapy as the novel nanovaccine against a wide range of diseases. Towards these significant directions, in this review, we elucidate the nature of BEVs and their role in activating host immune response for a better understanding of BEV-based nanopharmaceuticals' development. Additionally, we also systematically summarize recent advances in BEVs for achieving the target delivery of genetic material, therapeutic agents, and functional materials. Furthermore, vaccination strategies using BEVs are carefully covered, illustrating their flexible therapeutic potential in combating bacterial infections, viral infections, and cancer. Finally, the current hurdles and further outlook of these BEV-based nanopharmaceuticals will also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yao Ho
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, S637371, Singapore
| | - Songhan Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, S637371, Singapore
| | - Bengang Xing
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, S637371, Singapore.
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5
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Weber B, Ritter A, Han J, Schaible I, Sturm R, Relja B, Huber-Lang M, Hildebrand F, Pallas C, Widera M, Henrich D, Marzi I, Leppik L. Development of a Sampling and Storage Protocol of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs)-Establishment of the First EV Biobank for Polytraumatized Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5645. [PMID: 38891833 PMCID: PMC11172154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, several studies have emphasized the existence of injury-specific EV "barcodes" that could have significant importance for the precise diagnosis of different organ injuries in polytrauma patients. To expand the research potential of the NTF (network trauma research) biobank of polytraumatized patients, the NTF research group decided to further establish a biobank for EVs. However, until now, the protocols for the isolation, characterization, and storage of EVs for biobank purposes have not been conceptualized. Plasma and serum samples from healthy volunteers (n = 10) were used. Three EV isolation methods of high relevance for the work with patients' samples (ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, and immune magnetic bead-based isolation) were compared. EVs were quantified using nanoparticle tracking analysis, EV proteins, and miRNAs. The effects of different isolation solutions; the long storage of samples (up to 3 years); and the sensibility of EVs to serial freezing-thawing cycles and different storage conditions (RT, 4/-20/-80 °C, dry ice) were evaluated. The SEC isolation method was considered the most suitable for EV biobanking. We did not find any difference in the quantity of EVs between serum and plasma-EVs. The importance of particle-free PBS as an isolation solution was confirmed. Plasma that has been frozen for a long time can also be used as a source of EVs. Serial freezing-thawing cycles were found to affect the mean size of EVs but not their amount. The storage of EV samples for 5 days on dry ice significantly reduced the EV protein concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Weber
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Aileen Ritter
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Jiaoyan Han
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Inna Schaible
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Ramona Sturm
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Borna Relja
- Translational and Experimental Trauma Research, Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christiane Pallas
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Liudmila Leppik
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
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Esmaeilzadeh A, Yeganeh PM, Nazari M, Esmaeilzadeh K. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles: a new-generation nanostructured tool for chronic wound healing. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:915-941. [PMID: 38445377 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic nonhealing wounds pose a serious challenge to regaining skin function and integrity. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are nanostructured particles with the potential to promote wound healing since they can enhance neovascularization and cell migration and reduce inflammation and scarring. This work provides an innovative overview of the technical laboratory issues in PEV production, PEVs' role in chronic wound healing and the benefits and challenges in its clinical translation. The article also explores the challenges of proper sourcing, extraction techniques and storage conditions, and discusses the necessity of further evaluations and combinational therapeutics, including dressing biomaterials, M2-derived exosomes, mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles and microneedle technology, to boost their therapeutic efficacy as advanced strategies for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 77978-45157, Iran
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 77978-45157, Iran
| | | | - Mahdis Nazari
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 77978-45157, Iran
| | - Kimia Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, 77978-45157, Iran
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Wu L, Gao C. Comprehensive Overview the Role of Glycosylation of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancers. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:47380-47392. [PMID: 38144130 PMCID: PMC10734006 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures secreted by various cells carrying diverse biomolecules. Recent advancements in EV glycosylation research have underscored their crucial role in cancer. This review provides a global overview of EV glycosylation research, covering aspects such as specialized techniques for isolating and characterizing EV glycosylation, advances on how glycosylation affects the biogenesis and uptake of EVs, and the involvement of EV glycosylation in intracellular protein expression, cellular metastasis, intercellular interactions, and potential applications in immunotherapy. Furthermore, through an extensive literature review, we explore recent advances in EV glycosylation research in the context of cancer, with a focus on lung, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, breast, ovarian, prostate, and melanoma cancers. The primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive update for researchers, whether they are seasoned experts in the field of EVs or newcomers, aiding them in exploring new avenues and gaining a deeper understanding of EV glycosylation mechanisms. This heightened comprehension not only enhances researchers' knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of EV glycosylation but also paves the way for innovative cancer diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wu
- Department of Clinical
Laboratory
Medicine Center, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese
and Western Medicine, Shanghai University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Chunfang Gao
- Department of Clinical
Laboratory
Medicine Center, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese
and Western Medicine, Shanghai University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
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8
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Aggarwal RT, Lai L, Li H. Microarray fabrication techniques for multiplexed bioassay applications. Anal Biochem 2023; 683:115369. [PMID: 37914004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Microarrays are powerful tools for high-throughput bioassays that can extract information from tens of thousands of micro-spots consisting of biomolecules. This information is invaluable to many applications, such as drug discovery and disease diagnostics. Different applications of these microarrays need spots of different shapes, sizes, and chemistries to achieve their goals. Micro/nano-fabrication techniques are used to make microarrays with different feature structures and array densities for required assay procedures. Understanding these fabrication methods is essential to creating an effective microarray. The purpose of this article is to critically review fabrication methods used in recent microarray-based bioassay studies. We summarized commonly used microarray fabrication techniques and filled the gap in recent literature on relevant topics. We discussed recent examples of how microarrays were fabricated and used in a variety of bioassays. Specifically, we examined microarray printing, various microlithography techniques, and microfluidics-based microarray fabrication. We evaluated how their application shaped the fabrication methods and compared their performance based on different applications. In the end, we discussed current challenges and outlined potential future directions. This review addressed the gap in literature and provided important insights for choosing appropriate fabrication techniques towards different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leyun Lai
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Huiyan Li
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada.
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9
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Wu P, Wu W, Zhang S, Han J, Liu C, Yu H, Chen X, Chen X. Therapeutic potential and pharmacological significance of extracellular vesicles derived from traditional medicinal plants. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1272241. [PMID: 38108066 PMCID: PMC10725203 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1272241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are the primary sources for the discovery of novel medicines and the basis of ethnopharmacological research. While existing studies mainly focus on the chemical compounds, there is little research about the functions of other contents in medicinal plants. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are functionally active, nanoscale, membrane-bound vesicles secreted by almost all eukaryotic cells. Intriguingly, plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) also have been implicated to play an important role in therapeutic application. PDEVs were reported to have physical and chemical properties similar to mammalian EVs, which are rich in lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and pharmacologically active compounds. Besides these properties, PDEVs also exhibit unique advantages, especially intrinsic bioactivity, high stability, and easy absorption. PDEVs were found to be transferred into recipient cells and significantly affect their biological process involved in many diseases, such as inflammation and tumors. PDEVs also could offer unique morphological and compositional characteristics as natural nanocarriers by innately shuttling bioactive lipids, RNA, proteins, and other pharmacologically active substances. In addition, PDEVs could effectively encapsulate hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemicals, remain stable, and cross stringent biological barriers. Thus, this study focuses on the pharmacological action and mechanisms of PDEVs in therapeutic applications. We also systemically deal with facets of PDEVs, ranging from their isolation to composition, biological functions, and biotherapeutic roles. Efforts are also made to elucidate recent advances in re-engineering PDEVs applied as stable, effective, and non-immunogenic therapeutic applications to meet the ever-stringent demands. Considering its unique advantages, these studies not only provide relevant scientific evidence on therapeutic applications but could also replenish and inherit precious cultural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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10
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Chang K, Fang Y, He P, Zhu C, Liu X, Zheng D, Chen D, Liu C. Employing the Anchor DSPE-PEG as a Redox Probe for Ratiometric Electrochemical Detection of Surface Proteins on Extracellular Vesicles with Aptamers. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16194-16200. [PMID: 37889159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of surface proteins on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been considered to be a crucial approach for reflecting the status of diseases. Due to the diverse composition of surface proteins on EVs and the interference from nonvesicular proteins, accurately detecting the expression of surface proteins on EVs remains a challenging task. While membrane affinity molecules have been widely employed as EVs capture probes to address this issue, their inherent biochemical properties have not been effectively harnessed. In this paper, we found that the electrochemical redox activity of the DSPE-PEG molecule was diminished upon its insertion into the membrane of EVs. This observation establishes the DSPE-PEG molecule modified on the Au electrode surface as a capture and a redox probe for the electrochemical detection of EVs. By utilizing methylene blue-labeled aptamers, the targeted surface proteins of EVs can be detected by recording the ratio of the oxidation peak current of methylene blue and DSPE-PEG. Without complicated signal amplification, the detection limit for EVs is calculated to be 8.11 × 102 particles/mL. Using this platform, we directly analyzed the expression of CD63 and HER2 proteins on the surface of EVs in human clinical plasma samples, demonstrating its significant potential in distinguishing breast cancer patients from healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Chang
- The Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ping He
- The Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chunnan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dongyun Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dongjuan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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11
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Ma Y, Brocchini S, Williams GR. Extracellular vesicle-embedded materials. J Control Release 2023; 361:280-296. [PMID: 37536545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles released by cells. EVs are emerging as a promising class of therapeutic entity that could be adapted in formulation due to their lack of immunogenicity and targeting capabilities. EVs have been shown to have similar regenerative and therapeutic effects to their parental cells and also have potential in disease diagnosis. To improve the therapeutic potential of EVs, researchers have developed various strategies for modifying them, including genetic engineering and chemical modifications which have been examined to confer target specificity and prevent rapid clearance after systematic injection. Formulation efforts have focused on utilising hydrogel and nano-formulation strategies to increase the persistence of EV localisation in a specific tissue or organ. Researchers have also used biomaterials or bioscaffolds to deliver EVs directly to disease sites and prolong EV release and exposure. This review provides an in-depth examination of the material design of EV delivery systems, highlighting the impact of the material properties on the molecular interactions and the maintenance of EV stability and function. The various characteristics of materials designed to regulate the stability, release rate and biodistribution of EVs are described. Other aspects of material design, including modification methods to improve the targeting of EVs, are also discussed. This review aims to offer an understanding of the strategies for designing EV delivery systems, and how they can be formulated to make the transition from laboratory research to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchang Ma
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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12
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Benayas B, Morales J, Gori A, Strada A, Gagni P, Frigerio R, Egea C, Armisén P, Cretich M, Yáñez-Mó M. Proof of concept of using a membrane-sensing peptide for sEVs affinity-based isolation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1238898. [PMID: 37636002 PMCID: PMC10457001 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1238898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: One main limitation in biomarker studies using EVs is the lack of a suitable isolation method rendering high yield and purity samples in a quick and easily standardized procedure. Here we report an affinity isolation method with a membrane-sensing peptide (MSP) derived from bradykinin. Methods: We designed a protocol based on agarose beads carrying cation chelates to specifically bind to the 6His-tagged membrane-sensing peptide. This approach presents several advantages: 1) cation-carrying agaroses are widely used and standardized for His-tagged protein isolation, 2) the affinity protocol can be performed in small volumes, feasible and manageable for clinical routine and 3) elution with imidazole or EDTA allows a gentle and easy recovery without EV damage, facilitating subsequent characterization and functional analyses. Results: The optimized final procedure incubates 0.5 mg of peptide for 10 min with 10 µL of Long-arm Cobalt agarose before an overnight incubation with concentrated cell conditioned medium. EV downstream analyses can be directly performed on the agarose beads adding lysis or nucleic-acid extraction buffers, or gently eluted with imidazole or EDTA, rendering a fully competent EV preparation. Discussion: This new isolation methodology is based on the recognition of general membrane characteristics independent of surface markers. It is thus unbiased and can be used in any species EV sample, even in samples from animal or plant species against which no suitable antibodies exist. Being an affinity method, the sample handling protocol is very simple, less time-consuming, does not require specialized equipment and can be easily introduced in a clinical automated routine. We demonstrated the high purity and yield of the method in comparison with other commercially available kits. This method can also be scale up or down, with the possibility of analyzing very low amounts of sample, and it is compatible with any downstream analyses thanks to the gentle elution procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Benayas
- Agarose Bead Technologies (ABT), Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
- Department Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Morales
- Department Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Strada
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Gagni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Frigerio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina Egea
- Agarose Bead Technologies (ABT), Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Pilar Armisén
- Agarose Bead Technologies (ABT), Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Marina Cretich
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Department Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Li A, Li D, Gu Y, Liu R, Tang X, Zhao Y, Qi F, Wei J, Liu J. Plant-derived nanovesicles: Further exploration of biomedical function and application potential. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3300-3320. [PMID: 37655320 PMCID: PMC10465964 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer vesicles actively secreted by cells, that contain a variety of functional nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and are important mediums of intercellular communication. Based on their natural properties, EVs can not only retain the pharmacological effects of their source cells but also serve as natural delivery carriers. Among them, plant-derived nanovesicles (PNVs) are characterized as natural disease therapeutics with many advantages such as simplicity, safety, eco-friendliness, low cost, and low toxicity due to their abundant resources, large yield, and low risk of immunogenicity in vivo. This review systematically introduces the biogenesis, isolation methods, physical characterization, and components of PNVs, and describes their administration and cellular uptake as therapeutic agents. We highlight the therapeutic potential of PNVs as therapeutic agents and drug delivery carriers, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, wound healing, regeneration, and antiaging properties as well as their potential use in the treatment of liver disease and COVID-19. Finally, the toxicity and immunogenicity, the current clinical application, and the possible challenges in the future development of PNVs were analyzed. We expect the functions of PNVs to be further explored to promote clinical translation, thereby facilitating the development of a new framework for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixue Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongwei Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rongmei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaomeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fu Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jifu Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, China
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai 201315, China
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14
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Asadpour A, Yahaya BH, Bicknell K, Cottrell GS, Widera D. Uncovering the gray zone: mapping the global landscape of direct-to-consumer businesses offering interventions based on secretomes, extracellular vesicles, and exosomes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:111. [PMID: 37138298 PMCID: PMC10156419 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The last decade has seen a significant increase in media attention, industrial growth, and patient interest in stem cell-based interventions. This led to a rise in direct-to-consumer businesses offering stem cell "therapies" for multiple indications with little evidence of safety and efficacy. In parallel, the use of stem cell secretomes as a substitute for stem cell transplantation has become an increasing trend in regenerative medicine with multiple clinical trials currently assessing their efficacy and safety profile. As a result, multiple businesses and private clinics have now started to exploit this situation and are offering secretome-based interventions despite the lack of supporting data. This poses significant risks for the patients and could lead to a credibility crisis in the field. METHODS Internet searches were used to locate clinics marketing and selling interventions based on stem cell secretomes, exosomes, or extracellular vesicles. Data were extracted from websites with a particular focus on the global distribution of the businesses, the cellular source of the secretome, the indication spectrum, and the pricing of the provided services. Lastly, the types of evidence used on the websites of the businesses to market their services were extracted. RESULTS Overall, 114 companies market secretome-based therapies in 28 countries. The vast majority of the interventions are based on allogenic stem cells from undisclosed cellular sources and skin care is the most marketed indication. The price range is USD99-20,000 depending on the indication. CONCLUSIONS The direct-to-consumer industry for secretome-based therapies appears to be primed for growth in the absence of appropriate regulatory frameworks and guidelines. We conclude that such business activity requires tight regulations and monitoring by the respective national regulatory bodies to prevent patients from being conned and more importantly from being put at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiyeh Asadpour
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Badrul Hisham Yahaya
- Lung Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (IPPT), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Katrina Bicknell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Graeme S Cottrell
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Darius Widera
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
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15
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Alternative biological sources for extracellular vesicles production and purification strategies for process scale-up. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108092. [PMID: 36608746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipidic bi-layer enclosed nanoparticles secreted naturally by all cell types. They are attracting increasing attention in the fields of nanomedicine, nutraceutics and cosmetics as biocompatible carriers for drug delivery, with intrinsic properties beneficial to human health. Scientific work now focuses on developing techniques for isolating EVs that can translate into industrial-scale production and meet rigorous clinical requirements. The science of EVs is ongoing, and many pitfalls must be addressed, such as the requirement for standard, reproducible, inexpensive, and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) adherent EV processing techniques. Researchers are exploring the use of alternative sources to EVs derived from mammalian cultures, such as plant EVs, as well as the use of bacteria, algae and milk. Regarding the downstream processing of EVs, many alternative techniques to the ultracentrifugation (UC) protocols most commonly used in the laboratory are emerging. In the context of process scale-up, membrane-based processes for isolation and purification of EVs are the most promising, either as stand-alone processes or in combination with chromatographic techniques. This review discusses current trends on EVs source selection and EVs downstream processing techniques, with a focus on plant-derived EVs and membrane-based techniques for EVs enrichment.
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16
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Single-cell extracellular vesicle analysis by microfluidics and beyond. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Yao X, Liao B, Chen F, Liu L, Wu K, Hao Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Fan R, Yin J, Liu L, Guo Y. Comparison of proteomic landscape of extracellular vesicles in pleural effusions isolated by three strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1108952. [PMID: 37122867 PMCID: PMC10130534 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1108952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from pleural effusion (PE) is emerging as disease biomarkers. However, the methods for isolation of EVs from PE (pEVs) were rarely studied. In our study, three methods for isolating pEVs of lung cancer patients were compared, including ultracentrifugation (UC), a combination of UC and size exclusion chromatography (UC-SEC) and a combination of UC and density gradient ultracentrifugation (UC-DGU). The subpopulation of pEVs was identified by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blotting (WB) and nano-flow cytometry (nFCM). Additionally, the proteomic landscape of pEVs was analyzed by Label-free proteomics. The results showed that, compared with UC and UC-DGU, the UC-SEC method separated pEVs with the highest purity. In the proteomic analysis, on average, 1595 proteins were identified in the pEVs isolated by UC-SEC, much more than pEVs isolated by UC (1222) or UC-DGU (807). Furthermore, approximately 90% of identified proteins in each method were found in the EVs public database ExoCarta. Consistent with this, GO annotation indicated that the core proteins identified in each method were mainly enriched in "extracellular exosome." Many of the top 100 proteins with high expression in each method were suggested as protein markers to validate the presence of EVs in the MISEV2018 guidelines. In addition, combined with lung tissue-specific proteins and vesicular membrane proteins, we screened out and validated several novel protein markers (CD11C, HLA DPA1 and HLA DRB1), which were enriched in pEVs rather than in plasma EVs. In conclusion, our study shows that the method of UC-SEC could significantly improve the purity of EVs and the performance of mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling in analyzing pEVs. The exosomal proteins CD11C, HLA DPA1 and HLA DRB1 may act as potential markers of pEVs. The proteomic analysis of pEVs provides important information and new ideas for studying diseases complicated with PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yao
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Baixue Liao
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Respiratory, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lüye Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaiwen Wu
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaying Hao
- Medical Research Center, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Respiratory, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuebin Wang
- Department of Respiratory, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiling Fan
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Respiratory, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Liu, ; Yuanbiao Guo,
| | - Yuanbiao Guo
- Medical Research Center, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Liu, ; Yuanbiao Guo,
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