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Costa ALL, Silva RC, Coelho-Cordeiro PH, da Silveira FS, Barros M, Caixeta FV, Maior RS. The Perception of the Müller-Lyer Visual Illusion in Schizophrenics and Non-human Primates: A Translational Approach. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:641776. [PMID: 34122024 PMCID: PMC8192968 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.641776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Müller-Lyer Illusion (MLI) has been suggested as a potential marker for the perceptual impairments observed in schizophrenia patients. Along with some positive symptoms, these deficits are not easily modeled in rodent experiments, and novel animal models are warranted. Previously, MK-801 was shown to reduce susceptibility to MLI in monkeys, raising the prospects of an effective perception-based model. Here, we evaluate the translational feasibility of the MLI task under NMDA receptor blockage as a primate model for schizophrenia. In Experiment 1, eight capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) were trained on a touchscreen MLI task. Upon reaching the learning criteria, the monkeys were given ketamine (0.3 mg/kg; i.m.) or saline on four consecutive days and then retested on the MLI task. In Experiment 2, eight chronic schizophrenia patients (and eight matching controls) were tested on the Brentano version of the MLI. Under saline treatment, monkeys were susceptible to MLI, similarly to healthy human participants. Repeated ketamine administrations, however, failed to improve their performance as previous results with MK-801 had shown. Schizophrenic patients, on the other hand, showed a higher susceptibility to MLI when compared to healthy controls. In light of the present and previous studies, the MLI task shows consistent results across monkeys and humans. In spite of potentially being an interesting translational model of schizophrenia, the MLI task warrants further refinement in non-human primates and a broader sample of schizophrenia subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Lamounier Costa
- Primate Center, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Coelho Silva
- Primate Center, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Coelho-Cordeiro
- Primate Center, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Fernando Silva da Silveira
- Primate Center, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Marilia Barros
- Primate Center, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Fabio Viegas Caixeta
- Primate Center, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Maior
- Primate Center, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
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Kobayashi Y. Asymmetric Brightness Effects With Dark Versus Light Glare-Like Stimuli. Iperception 2021; 12:2041669521993144. [PMID: 33738087 PMCID: PMC7934062 DOI: 10.1177/2041669521993144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glare effect is a brightness illusion that has captured the attention of the vision community since its discovery. However, its photometrical reversal, which we refer to here as photometrical reversed glare (PRG) stimuli, remained relatively unexplored. We presented three experiments that sought to examine the perceived brightness of a target area surrounded by luminance gradients in PRG stimuli and compare them with conventional glare effect configurations. Experiment 1 measured the brightness of the central target area of PRG stimuli through an adjustment task; the results showed that the target appeared brighter than similar, comparative areas not surrounded by luminance gradients. This finding was unexpected given the recent report that PRG stimuli cause pupil dilation. Meanwhile, Experiments 2 and 3 implemented a rating task to further test the findings in Experiment 1. Again, the study found a robust brightening illusion in the target area of PRG stimuli in a wide range of target and background luminance. The results are discussed in comparison with the brightness enhancement of the glare effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Yuki Kobayashi, Ritsumeikan University, 2-150, Iwakuracho, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-8570, Japan.
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