1
|
Duan H, Pan N, Shao X, Wang X, Ma Y, Liu J, Han X, Sui L. Amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics induced multiple response of Artemia hemocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 283:109974. [PMID: 38972623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Polystyrene polymers cause severe toxicity to aquatic animals. However, the process and mechanisms of innate immunity of invertebrates living at the bottom of the food chain to these pollutants remain unclear. In this study, the blood system responses of zooplankton Artemia were assessed through in vivo and in vitro exposure to amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH2 NPs). The results indicated that the LC50 values of PS-NH2 NPs were 1.09 μg·mL-1 over 48 h and 0.42 μg·mL-1 over 7 d. Based on the five hemocyte subpopulations identified in Artemia, in vitro exposure assays revealed that phagocytosis was performed by plasmocytes and granulocytes with phagocytic rate of 22.64 %. TEM analysis further showed that PS-NH2 NPs caused cytoplasm vacuolization, swollen mitochondria, and lipid processing disorder. Gene expression pattern results demonstrated that Spatzle, Tollip, Hsp70, Hsp90, Casp8, API5and Pxn were significantly upregulated upon acute and chronic exposure (p < 0.05), while chronic exposure could induce significantly upregulation of ProPO (p < 0.05). Moreover, PS-NH2 NPs exposure remarkably varied the hemolymph microbiota and hemogram, particularly by increasing the proportion of adipohemocytes and phagocytes (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that PS-NH2 NPs induce different responses in Artemia hemocyte, as primarily reflected by phagocytic processes, expression of immune and apoptosis relating genes, cell fates, hemogram and hemolymph microbiota variations. These findings support the possibility of using Artemia hemocytes as bioindicator to estimate nanoplastics pollution, thus contributing to hematological toxicity research in response to nanoplastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Duan
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology (TUST), Ministry of Education Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Namin Pan
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuanxuan Shao
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuehui Wang
- Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin 300221, China
| | - Yingchao Ma
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology (TUST), Ministry of Education Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuekai Han
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology (TUST), Ministry of Education Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Liying Sui
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology (TUST), Ministry of Education Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prince BC, Chan K, Rückert C. Elucidating the role of dsRNA sensing and Toll6 in antiviral responses of Culex quinquefasciatus cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1251204. [PMID: 37712057 PMCID: PMC10499357 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1251204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The first step of any immune response is the recognition of foreign molecular structures inside the host organism. An important molecule that is generally foreign to eukaryotic cells is long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which can be generated during virus replication. The mechanisms of sensing viral dsRNA are well-studied in mammalian systems but are only poorly understood in insects, including disease vectors such as Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. These mosquitoes are vectors for important arboviruses, such as West Nile virus, and Culex species mosquitoes are distributed across the globe in many temperate and tropical regions. The major antiviral response triggered by dsRNA in mosquitoes is RNA interference - a sequence-specific response which targets complementary viral RNA for degradation. However, here, we aimed to identify whether sequence-independent dsRNA sensing, mimicked by poly(I:C), can elicit an antiviral response. We observed a significant reduction in replication of La Crosse virus (LACV) in Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito cells following poly(I:C) priming. We identified a number of antimicrobial peptides and Toll receptors that were upregulated at the transcript level by poly(I:C) stimulation. Notably, Toll6 was upregulated and we determined that a knockdown of Toll6 expression resulted also in increased LACV replication. Future efforts require genetic tools to validate whether the observed Toll6 antiviral activity is indeed linked to dsRNA sensing. However, large-scale functional genomic and proteomic approaches are also required to determine which downstream responses are part of the poly(I:C) elicited antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Rückert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu SC, Jan HM, Vallecillo-Zúniga ML, Rathgeber MF, Stowell CS, Murdock KL, Patel KR, Nakahara H, Stowell CJ, Nahm MH, Arthur CM, Cummings RD, Stowell SR. Whole microbe arrays accurately predict interactions and overall antimicrobial activity of galectin-8 toward distinct strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5324. [PMID: 37005394 PMCID: PMC10067959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial glycan microarrays (MGMs) populated with purified microbial glycans have been used to define the specificity of host immune factors toward microbes in a high throughput manner. However, a limitation of such arrays is that glycan presentation may not fully recapitulate the natural presentation that exists on microbes. This raises the possibility that interactions observed on the array, while often helpful in predicting actual interactions with intact microbes, may not always accurately ascertain the overall affinity of a host immune factor for a given microbe. Using galectin-8 (Gal-8) as a probe, we compared the specificity and overall affinity observed using a MGM populated with glycans harvested from various strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae to an intact microbe microarray (MMA). Our results demonstrate that while similarities in binding specificity between the MGM and MMA are apparent, Gal-8 binding toward the MMA more accurately predicted interactions with strains of S. pneumoniae, including the overall specificity of Gal-8 antimicrobial activity. Taken together, these results not only demonstrate that Gal-8 possesses antimicrobial activity against distinct strains of S. pneumoniae that utilize molecular mimicry, but that microarray platforms populated with intact microbes present an advantageous strategy when exploring host interactions with microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hau-Ming Jan
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mary L Vallecillo-Zúniga
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew F Rathgeber
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Caleb S Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kaleb L Murdock
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kashyap R Patel
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hirotomo Nakahara
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carter J Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schneider AH, Machado CC, Veras FP, Maganin AGDM, de Souza FFL, Barroso LC, de Oliveira RDR, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha TM, Fukada SY, Louzada-Júnior P, da Silva TA, Cunha FQ. Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate joint hyperalgesia induced by immune inflammation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:3461-3473. [PMID: 33367912 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the genesis of joint hyperalgesia using an experimental model of arthritis and transpose the findings to clinical investigation. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were subjected to antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) and treated with Pulmozyme (PLZ) to degrade NETs or Cl-amidine to inhibit NET production. Oedema formation, the histopathological score and mechanical hyperalgesia were evaluated. NETs were injected intra-articularly in wild type (WT), Tlr4-/-, Tlr9-/-, Tnfr1-/- and Il1r-/- mice, and the levels of cytokines and Cox2 expression were quantified. NETs were also quantified from human neutrophils isolated from RA patients and individual controls. RESULTS AIA mice had increased NET concentration in joints, accompanied by increased Padi4 gene expression in the joint cells. Treatment of AIA mice with a peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 inhibitor or with PLZ inhibited the joint hyperalgesia. Moreover, the injection of NETs into joints of naïve animals generated a dose-dependent reduction of mechanical threshold, an increase of articular oedema, inflammatory cytokine production and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. In mice deficient for Tnfr1, Il1r, Tlr4 and Tlr9, joint hyperalgesia induced by NETs was prevented. Last, we found that neutrophils from RA patients were more likely to release NETs, and the increase in synovial fluid NET concentration correlated with an increase in joint pain. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that NETs cause hyperalgesia possibly through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and TLR-9. These data support the idea that NETs contribute to articular pain, and this pathway can be an alternative target for the treatment of pain in RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayda Henriques Schneider
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, CRID.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School
| | - Caio Cavalcante Machado
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, CRID.,Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology Division, Medicine Faculty of Ribeirão Preto
| | - Flávio Protásio Veras
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, CRID.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School
| | | | - Flávio Falcão Lima de Souza
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, CRID.,Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology Division, Medicine Faculty of Ribeirão Preto
| | - Lívia Corrêa Barroso
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, CRID.,Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology Division, Medicine Faculty of Ribeirão Preto
| | - Renê Donizeti Ribeiro de Oliveira
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, CRID.,Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology Division, Medicine Faculty of Ribeirão Preto
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, CRID.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, CRID.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School
| | - Sandra Yasuyo Fukada
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, CRID.,Department of Bio Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo
| | - Paulo Louzada-Júnior
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, CRID.,Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology Division, Medicine Faculty of Ribeirão Preto
| | - Tarcília Aparecida da Silva
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, CRID.,Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, CRID.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu H, Guo S, He Y, Shi Q, Yang M, You X. Toll protein family structure, evolution and response of the whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to exogenous iridescent virus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1131-1145. [PMID: 33835515 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Whiteleg shrimp is a widely cultured crustacean, but frequent disease outbreaks have decreased production and caused significant losses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a large innate immune family that is involved in the innate immune response. However, understanding of their regulatory mechanism is limited. In this study, PacBio sequencing and Illumina sequencing were applied to the gill and hepatopancreas tissues of whiteleg shrimp and an integrated transcript gene set was established. The upregulation of Toll1, Toll2 and Toll3 transcripts in the hepatopancreas tissue of whiteleg shrimp after iridescent virus infection implies that these proteins are involved in the immune response to the virus; simultaneously, the TRAF6 and relish transcripts in the Toll pathway were also upregulated, implying that the Toll pathway was activated. We predicted the three-dimensional structure of the five Toll proteins in whiteleg shrimp and humans and constructed a phylogenetic tree of the Toll protein family. In addition, there was a large discrepancy of Toll1 between invertebrates and vertebrates, presumably because of the loss of Toll1 protein sequence during the evolution process from invertebrates to vertebrates. Our research will improve the cognition of Toll protein family in invertebrates in terms of evolution, structure and function and provide theoretical guidance for researchers in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Shengtao Guo
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, China
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yugui He
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, China
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingqiu Yang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xinxin You
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, China
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Toll9 from Bombyx mori functions as a pattern recognition receptor that shares features with Toll-like receptor 4 from mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103021118. [PMID: 33963082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103021118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll/Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key regulators of the innate immune system in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while mammalian TLRs directly recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, the insect Toll pathway is thought to be primarily activated by binding Spätzle cytokines that are processed from inactive precursors in response to microbial infection. Phylogenetic and structural data generated in this study supported earlier results showing that Toll9 members differ from other insect Tolls by clustering with the mammalian TLR4 group, which recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through interaction with myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2)-like proteins. Functional experiments showed that BmToll9 from the silkmoth Bombyx mori also recognized LPS through interaction with two MD-2-like proteins, previously named BmEsr16 and BmPP, that we refer to in this study as BmMD-2A and BmMD-2B, respectively. A chimeric BmToll9-TLR4 receptor consisting of the BmToll9 ectodomain and mouse TLR4 transmembrane and Toll/interleukin-1 (TIR) domains also activated LPS-induced release of inflammatory factors in murine cells but only in the presence of BmMD-2A or BmMD-2B. Overall, our results indicate that BmToll9 is a pattern recognition receptor for LPS that shares conserved features with the mammalian TLR4-MD-2-LPS pathway.
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu K, Zhang Z, Xu Z, Tang Z, Liu L, Lu Z, Qi P. A novel invertebrate toll-like receptor is involved in TLR mediated signal pathway of thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 97:11-19. [PMID: 30904427 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most well studied pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity in animals. In the present study, a novel toll-like receptor (McTLRj) was identified and characterised in thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus. McTLRj possessed a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain, leucine-rich repeats and an intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain that were conserved in typical TLRs. McTLRj transcripts were constitutively expressed in all of the examined tissues with high expression level in immune-related tissues, and significantly induced in haemocytes upon live Vibrio alginolyticus, lipopolysaccharide, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and peptidoglycans challenge. The overexpression of the McTLRj TLR fragment in Drosophila S2 cells could induce the expression of Drosophila attacin A, drosomycin, cecropin A, and metchnikowin expression. The expression of McTLRj was obviously repressed by dsRNA-mediated RNA interference, and downstream TLR pathway factors, such as MyD88a, IRAK4, and TRAF6 were significantly repressed in McTLRj-silenced mussels upon LPS challenge. These results collectively indicated that McTLRj is a TLR family member that may play a potential PRR role in TLR-mediated signalling pathway. This research contributed to the clarification of innate immune response in molluscs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaida Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources for Key Fishing Grounds, Ministry of Agriculture, Marine Fishery Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- General Station of Plant Protection, Hubei Province, Hubei, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongtian Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Zurong Tang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Lianwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources for Key Fishing Grounds, Ministry of Agriculture, Marine Fishery Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Zhanhui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources for Key Fishing Grounds, Ministry of Agriculture, Marine Fishery Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Pengzhi Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li YF, Liu YZ, Chen YW, Chen K, Batista FM, Cardoso JCR, Chen YR, Peng LH, Zhang Y, Zhu YT, Liang X, Power DM, Yang JL. Two toll-like receptors identified in the mantle of Mytilus coruscus are abundant in haemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:134-140. [PMID: 31055019 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play a critical role in innate immunity. TLRs are activated when they recognize microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) of bacteria, viruses, or fungus. In the present study, two TLRs were isolated from the mantle of the hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus) and designated McTLR2 and McTLR3 based on their sequence similarity and phylogenetic clustering with Crassostrea gigas, CgiTLR2 and CgiTLR3, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that McTLR2 and McTLR3 were constitutively expressed in many tissues but at low abundance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Li
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Liu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Wen Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Frederico M Batista
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - João C R Cardoso
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Yu-Ru Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hua Peng
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - You-Ting Zhu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deborah M Power
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu H, Huo L, Yu Q, Ge D, Chi C, Lv Z, Wang T. Molecular insights of a novel cephalopod toll-like receptor homologue in Sepiella japonica, revealing its function under the stress of aquatic pathogenic bacteria. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:297-307. [PMID: 31059811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in defense response to pathogens in mollusk. In this study the first TLR from Sepiella japonica (named as SjTLR) was functionally characterized, and its full-length cDNA consisted of 3914bp (GenBank accession no. AQY56780.1) including an open reading frame of 3582bp, encoding a putative protein of 1193 amino acids. Its theoretical molecular weight was 137.87 KDa and the predicted isoelectric point was 3.69. The derived amino acids sequence comprised of an extracellular domain including 26 amino acids signal peptide and eleven leucine-rich repeats (LRR), capped with LRRCT and LRRNT followed by transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1R domain (TIR). In addition, 12 potential N-linked glycosylation sites were present in the ectodomain to influence protein trafficking, surface presentation and ligand recognition. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that SjTLR shared the highest similarity to that of Euprymna scolopes and they fell into the same clade. Real-time PCR showed SjTLR expressed constitutively in all tested tissues, including gill, liver, brain, muscle, intestine, heart, lobus opticus and stomach, but showed different expression levels with genders. The highest expression was in the liver, and the lowest was in stomach for both genders. The functional domain region sequences encoding LRRs domain protein and TIR domain containing protein (TcpB) were expressed in BL21(DE3) respectively and purified with Ni-NAT Superflow resin conforming to the expected molecular weight. The cellular localization of SjTLR in HEK293 cells was conducted and plasma membrane localization was detected. SjLRRs internalization upon the activation of LPS was also observed, and dramatic redistribution of SjLRRs in the cytoplasm with distinct perinuclear accumulation was found. After SjTLR transfection Toll/NF-κB signaling pathway was active in HEK293 treated with LPS and TNFɑ. The nuclear related genes may also be activated by NF-κB in the nucleus, and the corresponding mRNA was transferred through the intracellular signal transduction pathway, so that IL-6 cytokines could be synthesized and released. After infection by Vibrio parahemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila the expression of SjTLR were upregulated with time-dependent manner. These findings might be valuable for understanding the innate immune signaling pathways of S.japonica and enabling future studies on host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Liping Huo
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Qiuhan Yu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Delong Ge
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Changfeng Chi
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
| | - Zhenming Lv
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Tianming Wang
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mariom, Take S, Igarashi Y, Yoshitake K, Asakawa S, Maeyama K, Nagai K, Watabe S, Kinoshita S. Gene expression profiles at different stages for formation of pearl sac and pearl in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:240. [PMID: 30909870 PMCID: PMC6434816 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The most critical step in the pearl formation during aquaculture is issued to the proliferation and differentiation of outer epithelial cells of mantle graft into pearl sac. This pearl sac secretes various matrix proteins to produce pearls by a complex physiological process which has not been well-understood yet. Here, we aimed to unravel the genes involved in the development of pearl sac and pearl, and the sequential expression patterns of different shell matrix proteins secreted from the pearl sac during pearl formation by pearl oyster Pinctada fucata using high-throughput transcriptome profiling. Results Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clearly different gene expression profiles between earlier (before 1 week) and later stages (1 week to 3 months) of grafting. Immune-related genes were highly expressed between 0 h – 24 h (donor dependent) and 48 h – 1 w (host dependent), and in the course of wound healing process pearl sac was developed by two weeks of graft transplantation. Moreover, for the first time, we identified some stem cell marker genes including ABCG2, SOX2, MEF2A, HES1, MET, NRP1, ESR1, STAT6, PAX2, FZD1 and PROM1 that were expressed differentially during the formation of pearl sac. The expression profiling of 192 biomineralization-related genes demonstrated that most of the shell matrix proteins (SMPs) involved in prismatic layer formation were first up-regulated and then gradually down-regulated indicating their involvement in the development of pearl sac and the onset of pearl mineralization. Most of the nacreous layer forming SMPs were up-regulated at 2 weeks after the maturation of pearl sac. Nacrein, MSI7 and shematrin involved in both layer formation were highly expressed during 0 h – 24 h, down-regulated up to 1 week and then up-regulated again after accomplishment of pearl sac formation. Conclusions Using an RNA-seq approach we unraveled the expression pattern of the key genes involved in the development of pearl sac and pearl as a result of host immune response after grafting. These findings provide valuable information in understanding the molecular mechanism of pearl formation and immune response in P. fucata. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5579-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariom
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Saori Take
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoji Igarashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yoshitake
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kaoru Maeyama
- Mikimoto Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, Kurose 1425, Ise, Mie, 516-8581, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Nagai
- Pearl Research Laboratory, K. MIKIMOTO & CO., LTD, Osaki Hazako 923, Hamajima, Shima, Mie, 517-0403, Japan
| | - Shugo Watabe
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0313, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu M, Wu J, Ge D, Wu C, Lv Z, Liao Z, Liu H. A novel toll-like receptor from Mytilus coruscus is induced in response to stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:331-337. [PMID: 29709593 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) is considered to be an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein which promotes the Toll signal pathway to active the expression of transcription factors in the innate immunity of the organism. In this study, a full length of TLR homologue of 2525bp in Mytilus coruscus (named as McTLR-a, GenBank accession no: KY940571) was characterized. Its ORF was 1815 bp with a 5'untranslated region (UTR) of 128 bp and a 3'UTR of 582 bp, encoding 602 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 70.870 kDa (pI = 6.10). BLASTn analysis and phylogenetic relationship strongly suggested that this cDNA sequence was a member of TLR family. Quantitative real time RT-PCR showed that constitutive expression of McTLR-a was occurred, with increasing order in hemocyte, gonad, mantle, adducter, gill and hepatopancreas. Bacterial infection and heavy metals stimulation up-regulated the expression of McTLR-a mRNA in hepatopancreas with time-dependent manners. The maximum expression appeared at 12 h after pathogenic bacteria injection, with approximately 22-fold in Aeromonas hydrophila and 17-fold in Vibrio parahemolyticus higher than that of the blank group. In heavy metals stress group, they all reached peaks at 3d, while the diverse concentration caused the maximum expression were different. The highest expression reached approximately 7-fold higher than the blank in low concentration of Pb2+ exposure. In Cu2+ treated group, it reached the peak (approximately 12-fold higher than the blank)in middle concentration. These results indicated that McTLR-a might be involved in the defense response and had a significant role in mediating the environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengshan Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Jiong Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Delong Ge
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Changwen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Zhenming Lv
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Zhi Liao
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:391-412. [PMID: 29730580 PMCID: PMC7106078 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited by multicellular organisms ranging from achordates to chordates (including humans). For example, cells of immune system express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect danger via recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mount a specific immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of these PRRs expressed by various immune cells. However, they were first discovered in the Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly) as genes/proteins important in embryonic development and dorso-ventral body patterning/polarity. Till date, 13 different types of TLRs (TLR1-TLR13) have been discovered and described in mammals since the first discovery of TLR4 in humans in late 1997. This discovery of TLR4 in humans revolutionized the field of innate immunity and thus the immunology and host-pathogen interaction. Since then TLRs are found to be expressed on various immune cells and have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for various infectious and inflammatory diseases including cancer. Even, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among various TLR genes have been identified among the different human population and their association with susceptibility/resistance to certain infections and other inflammatory diseases. Thus, in the present review the current and future importance of TLRs in immunity, their pattern of expression among various immune cells along with TLR based therapeutic approach is reviewed. TLRs are first described PRRs that revolutionized the biology of host-pathogen interaction and immune response The discovery of different TLRs in humans proved milestone in the field of innate immunity and inflammation The pattern of expression of all the TLRs expressed by human immune cells An association of various TLR SNPs with different inflammatory diseases Currently available drugs or vaccines based on TLRs and their future in drug targeting along with the role in reproduction, and regeneration
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao QP, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Li YW, Huang WL, Tang CL, Dong HF. Identification of Toll-like receptor family members in Oncomelania hupensis and their role in defense against Schistosoma japonicum. Acta Trop 2018; 181:69-78. [PMID: 29409884 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The amphibious snail, Oncomelania hupensis, primarily distributed in the Far East, is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, which causes the most virulent form of schistosomiasis. Obligatory parasitism of snails is the main vehicle for human and livestock infection and depends primarily on parasite infectivity, snail defense capacity and specificity, and parasite-snail compatibility. Therefore, the schistosome-snail interaction is biomedically significant, particularly the molecular mechanisms involved in the innate immune response against S. japonicum. Several immune effectors and signaling pathways have been successfully identified in mollusks, especially in Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate snail host of S. mansoni; however, limited information is available for O. hupensis. Here, we identified 16 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in O. hupensis. These O. hupensis TLRs (OhTLRs) are highly expressed in haemocytes, the primary immune cell of mollusks. Most of the OhTLRs were more highly expressed in female gonads than in other tissues, which may suggest maternal immune transfer in O. hupensis. After S. japonicum challenge, the expression levels of all of the OhTLRs were significantly up-regulated at 6 h post-challenge; many of the OhTLR expression levels were inhibited at later time points in haemocytes, while they were inhibited and fluctuated to varying degrees in other tissues. Additionally, we further determined the tissue-specific expression and dynamic response against S. japonicum of one of the TLR signaling adaptors, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), from O. hupensis. Three OhMyD88 genes were highly expressed in haemocytes, and were up-regulated in haemocytes and inhibited in the head-foot muscle at the early time-point after S. japonicum challenge; however, these had slower changes and longer durations compared to OhTLRs. These results provide evidence suggesting that immune effectors are involved in innate immune responses of O. hupensis against S. japonicum and may play a role in the activation of different haemocytes, and not limited for the early response to S. japonicum invasion. Further investigation into the varied expression of OhTLRs in other tissues after S. japonicum challenge will improve our understanding of TLR function in innate immunity of O. hupensis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Calisi RM, Austin SH, Lang AS, MacManes MD. Sex-biased transcriptomic response of the reproductive axis to stress. Horm Behav 2018; 100:56-68. [PMID: 29378207 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a well-known cause of reproductive dysfunction in many species, including birds, rodents, and humans, though males and females may respond differently. A powerful way to investigate how stress affects reproduction is by examining its effects on a biological system essential for regulating reproduction, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Often this is done by observing how a stressor affects the amount of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol or corticosterone, circulating in the blood and their relationship with a handful of known HPG-producing reproductive hormones, like testosterone and estradiol. Until now, we have lacked a full understanding of how stress affects all genomic activity of the HPG axis and how this might differ between the sexes. We leveraged a highly replicated and sex-balanced experimental approach to test how male and female rock doves (Columba livia) respond to restraint stress at the level of their transcriptome. Females exhibit increased genomic responsiveness to stress at all levels of their HPG axis as compared to males, and these responsive genes are mostly unique to females. Reasons for this may be due to fluctuations in the female endocrine environment over the reproductive cycle and/or their evolutionary history, including parental investment and the potential for maternal effects. Direct links between genome to phenome cause and effect cannot be ascertained at this stage; however, the data we report provide a vital genomic foundation on which sex-specific reproductive dysfunction and adaptation in the face of stress can be further experimentally studied, as well as novel gene targets for genetic intervention and therapy investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Calisi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States.
| | - Suzanne H Austin
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Andrew S Lang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, United States
| | - Matthew D MacManes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang L, Song X, Song L. The oyster immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:99-118. [PMID: 28587860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oysters, the common name for a number of different bivalve molluscs, are the worldwide aquaculture species and also play vital roles in the function of ecosystem. As invertebrate, oysters have evolved an integrated, highly complex innate immune system to recognize and eliminate various invaders via an array of orchestrated immune reactions, such as immune recognition, signal transduction, synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, as well as encapsulation and phagocytosis of the circulating haemocytes. The hematopoietic tissue, hematopoiesis, and the circulating haemocytes have been preliminary characterized, and the detailed annotation of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas genome has revealed massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in this animal. Moreover, immune priming and maternal immune transfer are reported in oysters, suggesting the adaptability of invertebrate immunity. Apoptosis and autophagy are proved to be important immune mechanisms in oysters. This review will summarize the research progresses of immune system and the immunomodulation mechanisms of the primitive catecholaminergic, cholinergic, neuropeptides, GABAergic and nitric oxidase system, which possibly make oysters ideal model for studying the origin and evolution of immune system and the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in lower invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Battisti JM, Watson LA, Naung MT, Drobish AM, Voronina E, Minnick MF. Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans innate immune response to Coxiella burnetii. Innate Immun 2016; 23:111-127. [PMID: 27884946 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916679255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is well established as a system for characterization and discovery of molecular mechanisms mediating microbe-specific inducible innate immune responses to human pathogens. Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes a flu-like syndrome in humans (Q fever), as well as abortions in domesticated livestock, worldwide. Initially, when wild type C. elegans (N2 strain) was exposed to mCherry-expressing C. burnetii (CCB) a number of overt pathological manifestations resulted, including intestinal distension, deformed anal region and a decreased lifespan. However, nematodes fed autoclave-killed CCB did not exhibit these symptoms. Although vertebrates detect C. burnetii via TLRs, pathologies in tol-1(-) mutant nematodes were indistinguishable from N2, and indicate nematodes do not employ this orthologue for detection of C. burnetii. sek-1(-) MAP kinase mutant nematodes succumbed to infection faster, suggesting that this signaling pathway plays a role in immune activation, as previously shown for orthologues in vertebrates during a C. burnetii infection. C. elegans daf-2(-) mutants are hyper-immune and exhibited significantly reduced pathological consequences during challenge. Collectively, these results demonstrate the utility of C. elegans for studying the innate immune response against C. burnetii and could lead to discovery of novel methods for prevention and treatment of disease in humans and livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Battisti
- Program in Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Lance A Watson
- Program in Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Myo T Naung
- Program in Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Adam M Drobish
- Program in Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Ekaterina Voronina
- Program in Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Michael F Minnick
- Program in Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tarlinton RE, Alder L, Moreton J, Maboni G, Emes RD, Tötemeyer S. RNA expression of TLR10 in normal equine tissues. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:353. [PMID: 27435589 PMCID: PMC4952062 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll like receptors are one of the major innate immune system pathogen recognition systems. There is little data on the expression of the TLR10 member of this family in the horse. Results This paper describes the genetic structure of the Equine TLR10 gene and its RNA expression in a range of horse tissues. It describes the phylogenetic analysis of the Equine TLR1,6,10,2 annotations in the horse genome, firmly identifying them in their corresponding gene clades compared to other species and firmly placing the horse gene with other TLR10 genes from odd-toed ungulates. Additional 3’ transcript extensions to that annotated for TLR10 in the horse genome have been identified by analysis of RNAseq data. RNA expression of the equine TLR10 gene was highest in peripheral blood mononucleocytes and lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes and spleen), however some expression was detected in all tissues tested (jejunum, caudal mesenteric lymph nodes, bronchial lymph node, spleen, lung, colon, kidney and liver). Additional data on RNAseq expression of all equine TLR genes (1–4 and 6–10) demonstrate higher expression of TLR4 than other equine TLRs in all tissues. Conclusion The equine TLR10 gene displays significant homology to other mammalian TLR10 genes and could be reasonably assumed to have similar fuctions. Its RNA level expression is higher in resting state PBMCs in horses than in other tissues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2161-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Lauren Alder
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Joanna Moreton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.,Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Grazieli Maboni
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Richard D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.,Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sabine Tötemeyer
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sánchez-Ramón S, Faure F. Through the Immune Looking Glass: A Model for Brain Memory Strategies. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:17. [PMID: 26869886 PMCID: PMC4740784 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system (IS) and the central nervous system (CNS) are complex cognitive networks involved in defining the identity (self) of the individual through recognition and memory processes that enable one to anticipate responses to stimuli. Brain memory has traditionally been classified as either implicit or explicit on psychological and anatomical grounds, with reminiscences of the evolutionarily-based innate-adaptive IS responses. Beyond the multineuronal networks of the CNS, we propose a theoretical model of brain memory integrating the CNS as a whole. This is achieved by analogical reasoning between the operational rules of recognition and memory processes in both systems, coupled to an evolutionary analysis. In this new model, the hippocampus is no longer specifically ascribed to explicit memory but rather it both becomes part of the innate (implicit) memory system and tightly controls the explicit memory system. Alike the antigen presenting cells for the IS, the hippocampus would integrate transient and pseudo-specific (i.e., danger-fear) memories and would drive the formation of long-term and highly specific or explicit memories (i.e., the taste of the Proust's madeleine cake) by the more complex and recent, evolutionarily speaking, neocortex. Experimental and clinical evidence is provided to support the model. We believe that the singularity of this model's approximation could help to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms operating in brain memory strategies from a large-scale network perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San CarlosMadrid, Spain; Department of Microbiology I, Complutense University School of MedicineMadrid, Spain
| | - Florence Faure
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, Institut Curie Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Brandt JP, Ringstad N. Toll-like Receptor Signaling Promotes Development and Function of Sensory Neurons Required for a C. elegans Pathogen-Avoidance Behavior. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2228-37. [PMID: 26279230 PMCID: PMC4642686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in innate immunity in many animal species. The sole TLR of C. elegans--TOL-1--is required for a pathogen-avoidance behavior, yet how it promotes this behavior is unknown. We show that for pathogen avoidance TOL-1 signaling is required in the chemosensory BAG neurons, where it regulates gene expression and is necessary for their chemosensory function. Genetic studies revealed that TOL-1 acts together with many conserved components of TLR signaling. BAG neurons are activated by carbon dioxide (CO₂), and we found that this modality is required for pathogen avoidance. TLR signaling can therefore mediate host responses to microbes through an unexpected mechanism: by promoting the development and function of chemosensory neurons that surveil the metabolic activity of environmental microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Brandt
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Molecular Neurobiology Program, and Department of Cell Biology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Niels Ringstad
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Molecular Neurobiology Program, and Department of Cell Biology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gupta CL, Akhtar S, Sayyed U, Pathak N, Bajpai P. In silicoanalysis of human Toll-like receptor 7 ligand binding domain. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:441-50. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Salman Akhtar
- Department of Bioengineering; Integral University; Lucknow India
| | - Uzma Sayyed
- Department of Biosciences; Integral University; Lucknow India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Department of Biosciences; Integral University; Lucknow India
| | - Preeti Bajpai
- Department of Biosciences; Integral University; Lucknow India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meyer SN, Amoyel M, Bergantiños C, de la Cova C, Schertel C, Basler K, Johnston LA. An ancient defense system eliminates unfit cells from developing tissues during cell competition. Science 2014; 346:1258236. [PMID: 25477468 DOI: 10.1126/science.1258236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Developing tissues that contain mutant or compromised cells present risks to animal health. Accordingly, the appearance of a population of suboptimal cells in a tissue elicits cellular interactions that prevent their contribution to the adult. Here we report that this quality control process, cell competition, uses specific components of the evolutionarily ancient and conserved innate immune system to eliminate Drosophila cells perceived as unfit. We find that Toll-related receptors (TRRs) and the cytokine Spätzle (Spz) lead to NFκB-dependent apoptosis. Diverse "loser" cells require different TRRs and NFκB factors and activate distinct pro-death genes, implying that the particular response is stipulated by the competitive context. Our findings demonstrate a functional repurposing of components of TRRs and NFκB signaling modules in the surveillance of cell fitness during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Meyer
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Amoyel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - C Bergantiños
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - C de la Cova
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - C Schertel
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - L A Johnston
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang Y, He X, Yu F, Xiang Z, Li J, Thorpe KL, Yu Z. Characteristic and functional analysis of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the lophotrocozoan, Crassostrea gigas, reveals ancient origin of TLR-mediated innate immunity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76464. [PMID: 24098508 PMCID: PMC3788107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of TLR-mediated innate immunity is a fundamental question in immunology. Here, we report the characterization and functional analysis of four TLR members in the lophotrochozoans Crassostreagigas (CgTLRs). All CgTLRs bear a conserved domain organization and have a close relationship with TLRs in ancient non-vertebrate chordates. In HEK293 cells, every CgTLR could constitutively activate NF-κB responsive reporter, but none of the PAMPs tested could stimulate CgTLR-activated NF-κB induction. Subcellular localization showed that CgTLR members have similar and dual distribution on late endosomes and plasma membranes. Moreover, CgTLRs and CgMyD88 mRNA show a consistent response to multiple PAMP challenges in oyster hemocytes. As CgTLR-mediated NF-κB activation is dependent on CgMyD88, we designed a blocking peptide for CgTLR signaling that would inhibit CgTLR-CgMyD88 dependent NF-κB activation. This was used to demonstrate that a Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection-induced enhancement of degranulation and increase of cytokines TNF mRNA in hemocytes, could be inhibited by blocking CgTLR signaling. In summary, our study characterized the primitive TLRs in the lophotrocozoan C. gigas and demonstrated a fundamental role of TLR signaling in infection-induced hemocyte activation. This provides further evidence for an ancient origin of TLR-mediated innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocui He
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Karen L. Thorpe
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Toubiana M, Gerdol M, Rosani U, Pallavicini A, Venier P, Roch P. Toll-like receptors and MyD88 adaptors in Mytilus: complete cds and gene expression levels. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 40:158-166. [PMID: 23485525 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
TLR- and MyD88-related sequences have been previously investigated in Mytibase and then in new transcript reads obtained by Illumina technology from the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Based on full cds and domain organizations of virtual translations, we identified 23 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and 3 MyD88 adaptors. MgTLRs can be arranged in 4 clusters according to extra-cellular LRR domain content. MgTLR-b, -i and -k were the only ones containing a multiple cysteine cluster (mccTLR), a domain composition also found in Drosophila Toll-1 and 18-wheeler. The 3 MyD88 we identified in M. galloprovincialis were also retrieved from Mytilus edulis, as well as MgTLR-b and -i. All MgTLRs were constitutively expressed in digestive gland whereas only 4 of them were also present in hemocytes. On the opposite, the 3 MgMyD88s were constitutively expressed in all the tissues. In vivo challenge of M. galloprovincialis with bacteria caused the up regulation of only MgTLR-i, but of all the 3 MgMyD88s. Highest response was induced by Gram-negative Vibrio anguillarum at 9h p.i. Injection of filamentous fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, resulted in up regulation of MgTLR-i and MgMyD88-c at 9h p.i. Such similar pattern of responses suggested MgMyD88-c represents the intra cytoplasm partner of MgTLR-i. Their interaction constituted the first cellular event revealing the existence of a Toll-signaling pathway in Lophotrochozoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Toubiana
- Ecologie des Systèmes Marins et Côtiers EcoSym, Université Montpellier 2-CNRS, cc 093, place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Roach JM, Racioppi L, Jones CD, Masci AM. Phylogeny of Toll-like receptor signaling: adapting the innate response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54156. [PMID: 23326591 PMCID: PMC3543326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Toll-like receptors represent a largely evolutionarily conserved pathogen recognition machinery responsible for recognition of bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and viral pathogen associated microbial patterns and initiation of inflammatory response. Structurally the Toll-like receptors are comprised of an extracellular leucine rich repeat domain and a cytoplasmic Toll/Interleukin 1 receptor domain. Recognition takes place in the extracellular domain where as the cytoplasmic domain triggers a complex signal network required to sustain appropriate immune response. Signal transduction is regulated by the recruitment of different intracellular adaptors. The Toll-like receptors can be grouped depending on the usage of the adaptor, MyD88, into MyD88-dependent and MyD88 independent subsets. Herein, we present a unique phylogenetic analysis of domain regions of these receptors and their cognate signaling adaptor molecules. Although previously unclear from the phylogeny of full length receptors, these analyses indicate a separate evolutionary origin for the MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent signaling pathway and provide evidence of a common ancestor for the vertebrate and invertebrate orthologs of the adaptor molecule MyD88. Together these observations suggest a very ancient origin of the MyD88-dependent pathway Additionally we show that early duplications gave rise to several adaptor molecule families. In some cases there is also strong pattern of parallel duplication between adaptor molecules and their corresponding TLR. Our results further support the hypothesis that phylogeny of specific domains involved in signaling pathway can shed light on key processes that link innate to adaptive immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Roach
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Luigi Racioppi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Corbin D. Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anna Maria Masci
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhong X, Xu XX, Yi HY, Lin C, Yu XQ. A Toll-Spätzle pathway in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:514-24. [PMID: 22516181 PMCID: PMC3361650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Insects synthesize a battery of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and expression of AMP genes is regulated by the Toll and Imd (immune deficiency) pathways in Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila Toll pathway is activated after Spätzle (Spz) is cleaved by Spätzle processing enzyme (SPE) to release the active C-terminal C106 domain (DmSpz-C106), which then binds to the Toll receptor to initiate the signaling pathway and regulate expression of AMP genes such as drosomycin. Toll and Spz genes have been identified in other insects, but interaction between Toll and Spz and direct evidence for a Toll-Spz pathway in other insect species have not been demonstrated. Our aim is to investigate a Toll-Spz pathway in Manduca sexta, and compare M. sexta and D. melanogaster Toll-Spz pathways. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays showed that MsToll(ecto) (the ecto-domain of M. sexta Toll) could interact with MsSpz-C108 (the active C-terminal C108 domain of M. sexta Spz) but not with full-length MsSpz, and DmToll(ecto) could interact with DmSpz-C106 but not DmSpz, suggesting that Toll receptor only binds to the active C-terminal domain of Spz. Co-expression of MsToll-MsSpz-C108, but not MsToll-MsSpz, could up-regulate expression of drosomycin gene in Drosophila S2 cells, indicating that MsToll-MsSpz-C108 complex can activate the Toll signaling pathway. In vivo assays showed that activation of AMP genes, including cecropin, attacin, moricin and lebocin, in M. sexta larvae by purified recombinant MsSpz-C108 could be blocked by pre-injection of antibody to MsToll, further confirming a Toll-Spz pathway in M. sexta, a lepidopteran insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhong
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Xiao-Xia Xu
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- College of Natural Resources and Environments, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Yu Yi
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Christopher Lin
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Send correspondence to: Xiao-Qiang Yu, PhD, Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, Telephone: (816)-235-6379, Fax: (816)-235-1503,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Twumasi-Boateng K, Shapira M. Dissociation of immune responses from pathogen colonization supports pattern recognition in C. elegans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35400. [PMID: 22514739 PMCID: PMC3325959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans has been used for over a decade to characterize signaling cascades controlling innate immune responses. However, what initiates these responses in the worm has remained elusive. To gain a better understanding of the initiating events we delineated genome-wide immune responses to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa in worms heavily-colonized by the pathogen versus worms visibly not colonized. We found that infection responses in both groups were identical, suggesting that immune responses were not correlated with colonization and its associated damage. Quantitative RT-PCR measurements further showed that pathogen secreted factors were not able to induce an immune response, but exposure to a non-pathogenic Pseudomonas species was. These findings raise the possibility that the C.elegans immune response is initiated by recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns. In the absence of orthologs of known pattern recognition receptors, C. elegans may rely on novel mechanisms, thus holding the potential to advance our understanding of evolutionarily conserved strategies for pathogen recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Twumasi-Boateng
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Shapira
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
On the origin of the triplet puzzle of homologies in receptor heteromers: Toll-like receptor triplets in different types of receptors. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:517-23. [PMID: 22068823 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on our theory, we have discovered main triplets of amino acid residues in the GABAB1 receptor and several other neural receptors, which seem to originate from toll-like receptors and appear also as homologies in receptor heteromers. The obtained results strengthen our hypothesis that these triplets may 'guide-and-clasp' receptor-receptor interactions.
Collapse
|
28
|
Casanova JL, Abel L, Quintana-Murci L. Human TLRs and IL-1Rs in host defense: natural insights from evolutionary, epidemiological, and clinical genetics. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:447-91. [PMID: 21219179 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs) have TIR intracellular domains that engage two main signaling pathways, via the TIR-containing adaptors MyD88 (which is not used by TLR3) and TRIF (which is used only by TLR3 and TLR4). Extensive studies in inbred mice in various experimental settings have attributed key roles in immunity to TLR- and IL-1R-mediated responses, but what contribution do human TLRs and IL-1Rs actually make to host defense in the natural setting? Evolutionary genetic studies have shown that human intracellular TLRs have evolved under stronger purifying selection than surface-expressed TLRs, for which the frequency of missense and nonsense alleles is high in the general population. Epidemiological genetic studies have yet to provide convincing evidence of a major contribution of common variants of human TLRs, IL-1Rs, or their adaptors to host defense. Clinical genetic studies have revealed that rare mutations affecting the TLR3-TRIF pathway underlie herpes simplex virus encephalitis, whereas mutations in the TIR-MyD88 pathway underlie pyogenic bacterial diseases in childhood. A careful reconsideration of the contributions of TLRs and IL-1Rs to host defense in natura is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Narbonne-Reveau K, Charroux B, Royet J. Lack of an antibacterial response defect in Drosophila Toll-9 mutant. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17470. [PMID: 21386906 PMCID: PMC3046252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll and Toll-like receptors represent families of receptors involved in mediating innate immunity response in insects and mammals. Although Drosophila proteome contains multiple Toll paralogs, Toll-1 is, so far, the only receptor to which an immune role has been attributed. In contrast, every single mammalian TLR is a key membrane receptor upstream of the vertebrate immune signaling cascades. The prevailing view is that TLR-mediated immunity is ancient. Structural analysis reveals that Drosophila Toll-9 is the most closely related to vertebrate TLRs and utilizes similar signaling components as Toll-1. This suggests that Toll-9 could be an ancestor of TLR-like receptors and could have immune function. Consistently, it has been reported that over-expression of Toll-9 in immune tissues is sufficient to induce the expression of some antimicrobial peptides in flies. These results have led to the idea that Toll-9 could be a constitutively active receptor that maintain significant levels of antimicrobial molecules and therefore provide constant basal protection against micro-organisms. To test theses hypotheses, we generated and analyzed phenotypes associated with a complete loss-of-function allele of Toll-9. Our results suggest that Toll-9 is neither required to maintain a basal anti-microbial response nor to mount an efficient immune response to bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Narbonne-Reveau
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), CNRS UMR 6216/Aix-Marseille II University, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Charroux
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), CNRS UMR 6216/Aix-Marseille II University, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Royet
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), CNRS UMR 6216/Aix-Marseille II University, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Toll-like receptors in domestic animals. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:107-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
31
|
Saponaro C, Cianciulli A, Calvello R, Cavallo P, Mitolo V, Panaro MA. First identification of Toll-like receptor-4 in avian brain: evolution of lipopolysaccharide recognition and inflammation-dependent responses. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 33:64-72. [DOI: 10.3109/08923971003739244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
32
|
Wu S, Zhang X, Chen X, Cao P, Beerntsen BT, Ling E. BmToll9, an Arthropod conservative Toll, is likely involved in the local gut immune response in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:93-96. [PMID: 19723534 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Toll family of transmembrane proteins mediates signaling during the innate immune response in most animals. Toll9 is widespread in insects and has a unique signature, QHR, in its Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. The introns in the TIR region are highly conserved among insects, suggesting the antiquity of Toll9 genes. Toll9 of Bombyx mori (BmToll9) was analysed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. BmToll9 is constitutively expressed in egg, larval and adult stages prior to microbial challenge. BmToll9 is strongly expressed in the different parts of the gut, but weakly expressed in haemocytes, trachea, fat body, malpighian tubule and epidermis, and scarcely expressed in the silk glands. The injection of sterilized 0.85% NaCl solution inhibited BmToll9 expression in most tissues especially during the early responses. Staphylococcus aureus had no or limited effect on the expression of BmToll9 in the silkworm gut and fat body. But in epidermis, trachea, malpighian tubules and haemocytes, the expression of BmToll9 was significantly increased after S. aureus challenge. Infection of Escherichia coli significantly increased the BmToll9 expression in different parts of the gut as well as in epidermis, malpighian tubule and haemocytes. At 48h after feeding of the fungus, Beauveria bassiana, BmToll9 expression was significantly increased. Tissues responses to the injected and ingested bacteria showed that BmToll9 is probably involved in the local gut immune response in the silkworm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wu
- Research Center for Insect Science, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences Graduate School, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Messier-Solek C, Buckley KM, Rast JP. Highly diversified innate receptor systems and new forms of animal immunity. Semin Immunol 2009; 22:39-47. [PMID: 20022762 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Detailed understanding of animal immunity derives almost entirely from investigations of vertebrates, with a smaller, but significant, contribution from studies in fruit flies. This limited phylogenetic scope has artificially polarized the larger view of animal immunity toward the complex adaptive immune systems of vertebrates on the one hand and systems driven by relatively small, stable families of innate receptors of insects on the other. In the past few years analyses of a series of invertebrate deuterostome genome sequences, including those from echinoderms and cephalochordates, sharply modify this view. These findings have far-reaching implications for characterizing the potential range of animal immunity and for inferring the evolutionary pathway that led to vertebrate immune systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Messier-Solek
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Rm. S126B, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Reitzel AM, Sullivan JC, Traylor-Knowles N, Finnerty JR. Genomic survey of candidate stress-response genes in the estuarine anemone Nematostella vectensis. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2008; 214:233-254. [PMID: 18574101 DOI: 10.2307/25470666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Salt marshes are challenging habitats due to natural variability in key environmental parameters including temperature, salinity, ultraviolet light, oxygen, sulfides, and reactive oxygen species. Compounding this natural variation, salt marshes are often heavily impacted by anthropogenic insults including eutrophication, toxic contamination, and coastal development that alter tidal and freshwater inputs. Commensurate with this environmental variability, estuarine animals generally exhibit broader physiological tolerances than freshwater, marine, or terrestrial species. One factor that determines an organism's physiological tolerance is its ability to upregulate "stress-response genes" in reaction to particular stressors. Comparative studies on diverse organisms have identified a number of evolutionarily conserved genes involved in responding to abiotic and biotic stressors. We used homology-based scans to survey the sequenced genome of Nematostella vectensis, the starlet sea anemone, an estuarine specialist, to identify genes involved in the response to three kinds of insult-physiochemical insults, pathogens, and injury. Many components of the stress-response networks identified in triploblastic animals have clear orthologs in the sea anemone, meaning that they must predate the cnidarian-triploblast split (e.g., xenobiotic receptors, biotransformative genes, ATP-dependent transporters, and genes involved in responding to reactive oxygen species, toxic metals, osmotic shock, thermal stress, pathogen exposure, and wounding). However, in some instances, stress-response genes known from triploblasts appear to be absent from the Nematostella genome (e.g., many metal-complexing genes). This is the first comprehensive examination of the genomic stress-response repertoire of an estuarine animal and a member of the phylum Cnidaria. The molecular markers of stress response identified in Nematostella may prove useful in monitoring estuary health and evaluating coastal conservation efforts. These data may also inform conservation efforts on other cnidarians, such as the reef-building corals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Reitzel
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The Toll receptor was initially identified in Drosophila melanogaster for its role in embryonic development. Subsequently, D. melanogaster Toll and mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been recognized as key regulators of immune responses. After ten years of intense research on TLRs and the recent accumulation of genomic and functional data in diverse organisms, we review the distribution and functions of TLRs in the animal kingdom. We provide an evolutionary perspective on TLRs, which sheds light on their origin at the dawn of animal evolution and suggests that different TLRs might have been co-opted independently during animal evolution to mediate analogous immune functions.
Collapse
|
36
|
Temperley ND, Berlin S, Paton IR, Griffin DK, Burt DW. Evolution of the chicken Toll-like receptor gene family: a story of gene gain and gene loss. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:62. [PMID: 18241342 PMCID: PMC2275738 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) perform a vital role in disease resistance through their recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Recent advances in genomics allow comparison of TLR genes within and between many species. This study takes advantage of the recently sequenced chicken genome to determine the complete chicken TLR repertoire and place it in context of vertebrate genomic evolution. Results The chicken TLR repertoire consists of ten genes. Phylogenetic analyses show that six of these genes have orthologs in mammals and fish, while one is only shared by fish and three appear to be unique to birds. Furthermore the phylogeny shows that TLR1-like genes arose independently in fish, birds and mammals from an ancestral gene also shared by TLR6 and TLR10. All other TLRs were already present prior to the divergence of major vertebrate lineages 550 Mya (million years ago) and have since been lost in certain lineages. Phylogenetic analysis shows the absence of TLRs 8 and 9 in chicken to be the result of gene loss. The notable exception to the tendency of gene loss in TLR evolution is found in chicken TLRs 1 and 2, each of which underwent gene duplication about 147 and 65 Mya, respectively. Conclusion Comparative phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate TLR genes provides insight into their patterns and processes of gene evolution, with examples of both gene gain and gene loss. In addition, these comparisons clarify the nomenclature of TLR genes in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Temperley
- Department of Genomics and Genetics, Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mekata T, Kono T, Yoshida T, Sakai M, Itami T. Identification of cDNA encoding Toll receptor, MjToll gene from kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 24:122-133. [PMID: 18191582 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Toll receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are involved in the signaling pathway for innate immunity activation and are genetically conserved from insects to mammals. Tolls from penaeid shrimp are found in white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (lToll) and black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (PmToll). However, the molecular ligand-recognition patterns and identification of these penaeid Toll classes remain unknown. Here, we report cDNA cloning of a new type of Toll receptor gene (MjToll) from kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus, and the modulation of expression by immunostimulation. The full length cDNA of MjToll gene has 3095 nucleotides coding for a putative protein of 1009 amino acids. The MjToll gene is constitutively expressed in the gill, gut, lymphoid organ, heart, hematopoietic organ, hemocyte, ventral abdominal nerve cord, eyestalk neural ganglia and brain tissues. The MjToll gene expression was significantly increased (76-fold) as compared to a control in lymphoid organ stimulated with peptidoglycan at 12h, in vitro. lToll gene showed high similarity to PmToll gene with 96.9% identity; however, MjToll gene exhibited a percentage identity of 59% with that of penaeid Toll homologues. Therefore, this suggests that the identified MjToll gene belongs to the other class of Toll receptors in shrimp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Mekata
- Department of Applied Biological Science, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki-shi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
A conserved Toll-like receptor is required for Caenorhabditis elegans innate immunity. EMBO Rep 2007; 9:103-9. [PMID: 17975555 PMCID: PMC2246624 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7401104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is crucial in order to mount an appropriate immune response against microorganisms. On the basis of a lack of evidence indicating that Caenorhabditis elegans uses TLRs to elicit an immune response and on the absence of genes encoding Rel-like transcription factors in its genome, it is believed that TLR-mediated immunity arose after coelomates split from pseudocoelomates and acoelomates. Here, we show that C. elegans tol-1(nr2033) mutants are killed by the human pathogen Salmonella enterica, which causes a significant pharyngeal invasion in the absence of TOL-1-mediated immunity. We also show that TOL-1 is required for the correct expression of ABF-2, which is a defensin-like molecule expressed in the pharynx, and heat-shock protein 16.41, which is also expressed in the pharynx and is part of a HSP family of proteins required for C. elegans immunity. The results indicate that TOL-1 has a direct role in defence response to certain Gram-negative bacteria and indicate that part of the TLR-mediated immunity might be evolutionarily conserved.
Collapse
|
39
|
Arts JAJ, Cornelissen FHJ, Cijsouw T, Hermsen T, Savelkoul HFJ, Stet RJM. Molecular cloning and expression of a Toll receptor in the giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:504-13. [PMID: 17470397 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates rely completely for their protection against pathogens on the innate immune system. This non-self-recognition is activated by microbial cell wall components with unique conserved molecular patterns. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognised by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll and its mammalian homologs Toll-like receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as PRRs and involved in the signalling pathway implicated in their immune response. Here we describe a novel partial Toll receptor gene cloned from a gill library of the giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, using primers based on the highly conserved Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain. The deduced amino acid sequence of the P. monodon Toll (PmToll) shows 59% similarity to a Toll-related protein of Apis mellifera. Analysis of the LRRs of shrimp Toll contained no obvious PAMP-binding insertions. Phylogenetic analysis with the insect Toll family shows clustering with Toll1 and Toll5 gene products, and it is less related to Toll3 and Toll4. Furthermore, RT-qPCR shows that PmToll is constitutively expressed in gut, gill and hepatopancreas. Challenge with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) shows equal levels of expression in these organs. A role in the defence mechanism is discussed. In conclusion, shrimp possess at least one Toll receptor that might be involved in immune defence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joop A J Arts
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ao JQ, Ling E, Yu XQ. A Toll receptor from Manduca sexta is in response to Escherichia coli infection. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:543-52. [PMID: 17606296 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genomic and cDNA sequences of a Toll receptor were cloned from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. M. sexta Toll (MsToll) gene contains six introns and seven exons. The full-length cDNA of MsToll is 3495 bp with an open reading frame of 2892 bp, which encodes a protein of 963 amino acids. MsToll is a typical single-pass transmembrane protein containing characteristic domain architecture of Toll and Toll-like receptors, including an extracellular domain composing of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a cytoplasmic TIR domain. The deduced amino acid sequence of MsToll is most similar to Apis mellifera Toll (27% identity). Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that MsToll was expressed in hemocytes, fat body, Malpighian tubule, midgut and epidermis. Real-time PCR analysis showed that MsToll mRNA in hemocytes was significantly induced by Escherichia coli, as well as by yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Micrococcus lysodeikticus. However, MsToll transcript in fat body was not induced by these microorganisms. Immunohistochemistry assay showed that MsToll was detected on hemocytes. The TIR domain of MsToll also has high similarity to those of vertebrate TLR4 and zebra fish TLR (35-39% identity). Our results suggest that MsToll may play a role in innate signaling in response to E. coli infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-qun Ao
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Evans JD, Aronstein K, Chen YP, Hetru C, Imler JL, Jiang H, Kanost M, Thompson GJ, Zou Z, Hultmark D. Immune pathways and defence mechanisms in honey bees Apis mellifera. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 15:645-56. [PMID: 17069638 PMCID: PMC1847501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Social insects are able to mount both group-level and individual defences against pathogens. Here we focus on individual defences, by presenting a genome-wide analysis of immunity in a social insect, the honey bee Apis mellifera. We present honey bee models for each of four signalling pathways associated with immunity, identifying plausible orthologues for nearly all predicted pathway members. When compared to the sequenced Drosophila and Anopheles genomes, honey bees possess roughly one-third as many genes in 17 gene families implicated in insect immunity. We suggest that an implied reduction in immune flexibility in bees reflects either the strength of social barriers to disease, or a tendency for bees to be attacked by a limited set of highly coevolved pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Evans
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Roach JC, Glusman G, Rowen L, Kaur A, Purcell MK, Smith KD, Hood LE, Aderem A. The evolution of vertebrate Toll-like receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:9577-82. [PMID: 15976025 PMCID: PMC1172252 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502272102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete sequences of Takifugu Toll-like receptor (TLR) loci and gene predictions from many draft genomes enable comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis. Strong selective pressure for recognition of and response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns has maintained a largely unchanging TLR recognition in all vertebrates. There are six major families of vertebrate TLRs. This repertoire is distinct from that of invertebrates. TLRs within a family recognize a general class of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Most vertebrates have exactly one gene ortholog for each TLR family. The family including TLR1 has more species-specific adaptations than other families. A major family including TLR11 is represented in humans only by a pseudogene. Coincidental evolution plays a minor role in TLR evolution. The sequencing phase of this study produced finished genomic sequences for the 12 Takifugu rubripes TLRs. In addition, we have produced >70 gene models, including sequences from the opossum, chicken, frog, dog, sea urchin, and sea squirt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Roach
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|