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Vendrami DLJ, Hoffman JI, Wilding CS. Heterogeneous Genomic Divergence Landscape in Two Commercially Important European Scallop Species. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:14. [PMID: 36672754 PMCID: PMC9858869 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two commercially important scallop species of the genus Pecten are found in Europe: the north Atlantic Pecten maximus and the Mediterranean Pecten jacobaeus whose distributions abut at the Almeria-Orán front. Whilst previous studies have quantified genetic divergence between these species, the pattern of differentiation along the Pecten genome is unknown. Here, we mapped RADseq data from 235 P. maximus and 27 P. jacobaeus to a chromosome-level reference genome, finding a heterogeneous landscape of genomic differentiation. Highly divergent genomic regions were identified across 14 chromosomes, while the remaining five showed little differentiation. Demographic and comparative genomics analyses suggest that this pattern resulted from an initial extended period of isolation, which promoted divergence, followed by differential gene flow across the genome during secondary contact. Single nucleotide polymorphisms present within highly divergent genomic regions were located in areas of low recombination and contrasting patterns of LD decay were found between the two species, hinting at the presence of chromosomal inversions in P. jacobaeus. Functional annotations revealed that highly differentiated regions were enriched for immune-related processes and mRNA modification. While future work is necessary to characterize structural differences, this study provides new insights into the speciation genomics of P. maximus and P. jacobaeus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. J. Vendrami
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Joseph I. Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, UK
| | - Craig S. Wilding
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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2
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Popovic I, Riginos C. Comparative genomics reveals divergent thermal selection in warm‐ and cold‐tolerant marine mussels. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:519-535. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Popovic
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Cynthia Riginos
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
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3
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Fraïsse C, Roux C, Gagnaire PA, Romiguier J, Faivre N, Welch JJ, Bierne N. The divergence history of European blue mussel species reconstructed from Approximate Bayesian Computation: the effects of sequencing techniques and sampling strategies. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5198. [PMID: 30083438 PMCID: PMC6071616 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-scale diversity data are increasingly available in a variety of biological systems, and can be used to reconstruct the past evolutionary history of species divergence. However, extracting the full demographic information from these data is not trivial, and requires inferential methods that account for the diversity of coalescent histories throughout the genome. Here, we evaluate the potential and limitations of one such approach. We reexamine a well-known system of mussel sister species, using the joint site frequency spectrum (jSFS) of synonymous mutations computed either from exome capture or RNA-seq, in an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) framework. We first assess the best sampling strategy (number of: individuals, loci, and bins in the jSFS), and show that model selection is robust to variation in the number of individuals and loci. In contrast, different binning choices when summarizing the jSFS, strongly affect the results: including classes of low and high frequency shared polymorphisms can more effectively reveal recent migration events. We then take advantage of the flexibility of ABC to compare more realistic models of speciation, including variation in migration rates through time (i.e., periodic connectivity) and across genes (i.e., genome-wide heterogeneity in migration rates). We show that these models were consistently selected as the most probable, suggesting that mussels have experienced a complex history of gene flow during divergence and that the species boundary is semi-permeable. Our work provides a comprehensive evaluation of ABC demographic inference in mussels based on the coding jSFS, and supplies guidelines for employing different sequencing techniques and sampling strategies. We emphasize, perhaps surprisingly, that inferences are less limited by the volume of data, than by the way in which they are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Fraïsse
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution UMR5554, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Camille Roux
- Université de Lille, Unité Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP), UMR 8198, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Gagnaire
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution UMR5554, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan Romiguier
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution UMR5554, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Faivre
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution UMR5554, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John J. Welch
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicolas Bierne
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution UMR5554, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Moreira R, Pereiro P, Canchaya C, Posada D, Figueras A, Novoa B. RNA-Seq in Mytilus galloprovincialis: comparative transcriptomics and expression profiles among different tissues. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:728. [PMID: 26400066 PMCID: PMC4581086 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) is a cosmopolitan, cultured bivalve with worldwide commercial and ecological importance. However, there is a qualitative and quantitative lack of knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the physiology and immune response of this mollusc. In order to start filling this gap, we have studied the transcriptome of mantle, muscle and gills from naïve Mediterranean mussels and hemocytes exposed to distinct stimuli. Results A total of 393,316 million raw RNA-Seq reads were obtained and assembled into 151,320 non-redundant transcripts with an average length of 570 bp. Only 55 % of the transcripts were shared across all tissues. Hemocyte and gill transcriptomes shared 60 % of the transcripts while mantle and muscle transcriptomes were most similar, with 77 % shared transcripts. Stimulated hemocytes showed abundant defense and immune-related proteins, in particular, an extremely high amount of antimicrobial peptides. Gills expressed many transcripts assigned to both structure and recognition of non-self patterns, while in mantle many transcripts were related to reproduction and shell formation. Moreover, this tissue presented additional and interesting hematopoietic, antifungal and sensorial functions. Finally, muscle expressed many myofibril and calcium-related proteins and was found to be unexpectedly associated with defense functions. In addition, many metabolic routes related to cancer were represented. Conclusions Our analyses indicate that whereas the transcriptomes of these four tissues have characteristic expression profiles in agreement with their biological structures and expected functions, tissue-specific transcriptomes reveal a complex and specialized functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1817-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Moreira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Carlos Canchaya
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Unidad Asociada CSIC, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - David Posada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Unidad Asociada CSIC, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
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5
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Saarman NP, Pogson GH. Introgression between invasive and native blue mussels (genusMytilus) in the central California hybrid zone. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4723-38. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Norah P. Saarman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Yale University; PO Box 208106 New Haven CT 06520-8106 USA
| | - Grant H. Pogson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; UC Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
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6
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Roux C, Fraïsse C, Castric V, Vekemans X, Pogson GH, Bierne N. Can we continue to neglect genomic variation in introgression rates when inferring the history of speciation? A case study in a Mytilus hybrid zone. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1662-75. [PMID: 24913446 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of molecular data to reconstruct the history of divergence and gene flow between populations of closely related taxa represents a challenging problem. It has been proposed that the long-standing debate about the geography of speciation can be resolved by comparing the likelihoods of a model of isolation with migration and a model of secondary contact. However, data are commonly only fit to a model of isolation with migration and rarely tested against the secondary contact alternative. Furthermore, most demographic inference methods have neglected variation in introgression rates and assume that the gene flow parameter (Nm) is similar among loci. Here, we show that neglecting this source of variation can give misleading results. We analysed DNA sequences sampled from populations of the marine mussels, Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis, across a well-studied mosaic hybrid zone in Europe and evaluated various scenarios of speciation, with or without variation in introgression rates, using an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approach. Models with heterogeneous gene flow across loci always outperformed models assuming equal migration rates irrespective of the history of gene flow being considered. By incorporating this heterogeneity, the best-supported scenario was a long period of allopatric isolation during the first three-quarters of the time since divergence followed by secondary contact and introgression during the last quarter. By contrast, constraining migration to be homogeneous failed to discriminate among any of the different models of gene flow tested. Our simulations thus provide statistical support for the secondary contact scenario in the European Mytilus hybrid zone that the standard coalescent approach failed to confirm. Our results demonstrate that genomic variation in introgression rates can have profound impacts on the biological conclusions drawn from inference methods and needs to be incorporated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roux
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; CNRS-UMR5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral, Sète, France; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Gosset CC, Do Nascimento J, Augé MT, Bierne N. Evidence for adaptation from standing genetic variation on an antimicrobial peptide gene in the musselMytilus edulis. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:3000-12. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Célia C. Gosset
- Université Montpellier 2; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
- CNRS - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; UMR5554; Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral; Sète France
| | - Joana Do Nascimento
- Université Montpellier 2; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
- CNRS - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; UMR5554; Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral; Sète France
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés; UMR7266; 2 rue Olympe de Gouges 17000 La Rochelle France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Augé
- Université Montpellier 2; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
- CNRS - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; UMR5554; Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral; Sète France
| | - Nicolas Bierne
- Université Montpellier 2; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
- CNRS - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; UMR5554; Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral; Sète France
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8
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Roux C, Tsagkogeorga G, Bierne N, Galtier N. Crossing the species barrier: genomic hotspots of introgression between two highly divergent Ciona intestinalis species. Mol Biol Evol 2013; 30:1574-87. [PMID: 23564941 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferring a realistic demographic model from genetic data is an important challenge to gain insights into the historical events during the speciation process and to detect molecular signatures of selection along genomes. Recent advances in divergence population genetics have reported that speciation in face of gene flow occurred more frequently than theoretically expected, but the approaches used did not account for genome-wide heterogeneity (GWH) in introgression rates. Here, we investigate the impact of GWH on the inference of divergence with gene flow between two cryptic species of the marine model Ciona intestinalis by analyzing polymorphism and divergence patterns in 852 protein-coding sequence loci. These morphologically similar entities are highly diverged molecular-wise, but evidence of hybridization has been reported in both laboratory and field studies. We compare various speciation models and test for GWH under the approximate Bayesian computation framework. Our results demonstrate the presence of significant extents of gene flow resulting from a recent secondary contact after >3 My of divergence in isolation. The inferred rates of introgression are relatively low, highly variable across loci and mostly unidirectional, which is consistent with the idea that numerous genetic incompatibilities have accumulated over time throughout the genomes of these highly diverged species. A genomic map of the level of gene flow identified two hotspots of introgression, that is, large genome regions of unidirectional introgression. This study clarifies the history and degree of isolation of two cryptic and partially sympatric model species and provides a methodological framework to investigate GWH at various stages of speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Roux
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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9
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Gosset CC, Bierne N. Differential introgression from a sister species explains high F
ST
outlier loci within a mussel species. J Evol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. C. Gosset
- Université Montpellier 2; Montpellier Cedex France
- CNRS; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - ISEM UMR 5554; Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral; Sete France
| | - N. Bierne
- Université Montpellier 2; Montpellier Cedex France
- CNRS; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - ISEM UMR 5554; Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral; Sete France
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10
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Sonthi M, Toubiana M, Pallavicini A, Venier P, Roch P. Diversity of coding sequences and gene structures of the antifungal peptide mytimycin (MytM) from the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:857-867. [PMID: 21246236 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on antifungal biomolecules is limited compared to antibacterial peptides. A strictly antifungal peptide from the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis named mytimycin (MytM) was reported in 1996 as partial NH(2) 33 amino acid sequence. Using back-translations of the previous sequence, MytM-related nucleotide sequences were identified from a normalized Mytilus galloprovincialis expressed sequence tag library. Primers designed from a consensus sequence have been used to obtain a fragment of 560 nucleotides, including the complete coding sequence of 456 nucleotides. Precursor is constituted by a signal peptide of 23 amino acids, followed by MytM of 54 amino acids (6.2-6.3 kDa, 12 cysteines) and C-terminal extension of 75 amino acids. Only two major amino acid precursor sequences emerged, one shared by M. galloprovincialis from Venice and Vigo, the other belonging to M. galloprovincialis from Palavas, with nine amino acid differences between the two MytM. Predicted disulfide bonds suggested the presence of two constrained domains joined by amino acidic NIFG track. Intriguing was the presence of conserved canonical EF hand-motif located in the C-terminus extension of the precursor. The MytM gene was found interrupted by two introns. Intron 2 existed in two forms, a long (1,112 nucleotides) and a short (716 nucleotides) one resulting from the removal of the central part of the long one. Both the short (GenBank FJ804479) and the long (GenBank FJ804478) genes are simultaneously present in the mussel genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molruedee Sonthi
- Ecosystèmes Lagunaires, CNRS-Université Montpellier 2, cc093, place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 05, France
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11
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Bierne N. The distinctive footprints of local hitchhiking in a varied environment and global hitchhiking in a subdivided population. Evolution 2011; 64:3254-72. [PMID: 20550573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Loci with higher levels of population differentiation than the neutral expectation are traditionally interpreted as evidence of ongoing selection that varies in space. This article emphasizes an alternative explanation that has been largely overlooked to date: in species subdivided into large subpopulations, enhanced differentiation can also be the signature left by the fixation of an unconditionally favorable mutation on its chromosomal neighborhood. This is because the hitchhiking effect is expected to diminish as the favorable mutation spreads from the deme in which it originated to other demes. To discriminate among the two alternative scenarios one needs to investigate how genetic structure varies along the chromosomal region of the locus. Local hitchhiking is shown to generate a single sharp peak of differentiation centered on the adaptive polymorphism and the standard signature of a selective sweep only in those subpopulations in which the allele is favored. Global hitchhiking produces two domes of differentiation on either side of the fixed advantageous mutation and signatures of a selective sweep in every subpopulation, albeit of different magnitude. Investigating population differentiation around a locus that strongly differentiates two otherwise genetically similar populations of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis, plausible evidence for the global hitchhiking hypothesis has been obtained. Global hitchhiking is a neglected phenomenon that might prove to be important in species with large population sizes such as many marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bierne
- Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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12
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Pantzartzi C, Drosopoulou E, Yiangou M, Drozdov I, Tsoka S, Ouzounis CA, Scouras ZG. Promoter complexity and tissue-specific expression of stress response components in Mytilus galloprovincialis, a sessile marine invertebrate species. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000847. [PMID: 20628614 PMCID: PMC2900285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of stress tolerance in sessile animals, such as molluscs, can offer fundamental insights into the adaptation of organisms for a wide range of environmental challenges. One of the best studied processes at the molecular level relevant to stress tolerance is the heat shock response in the genus Mytilus. We focus on the upstream region of Mytilus galloprovincialis Hsp90 genes and their structural and functional associations, using comparative genomics and network inference. Sequence comparison of this region provides novel evidence that the transcription of Hsp90 is regulated via a dense region of transcription factor binding sites, also containing a region with similarity to the Gamera family of LINE-like repetitive sequences and a genus-specific element of unknown function. Furthermore, we infer a set of gene networks from tissue-specific expression data, and specifically extract an Hsp class-associated network, with 174 genes and 2,226 associations, exhibiting a complex pattern of expression across multiple tissue types. Our results (i) suggest that the heat shock response in the genus Mytilus is regulated by an unexpectedly complex upstream region, and (ii) provide new directions for the use of the heat shock process as a biosensor system for environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysa Pantzartzi
- Department of Genetics, Development & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elena Drosopoulou
- Department of Genetics, Development & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Minas Yiangou
- Department of Genetics, Development & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ignat Drozdov
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, James Black Centre, Denmark Hill Campus, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Tsoka
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christos A. Ouzounis
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Computational Genomics Unit, Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail: (CAO); (ZGS)
| | - Zacharias G. Scouras
- Department of Genetics, Development & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail: (CAO); (ZGS)
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