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Jin R, Zhan J, Liu G, Zhao Y, Zheng M. Variations and factors that influence the formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in cement kilns co-processing solid waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 315:117-125. [PMID: 27187059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pilot studies of unintentionally produced pollutants should be performed before waste being co-processed in cement kilns. Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) formation and emission from cement kilns co-processing sorted municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, and waste acid, however, have not previously been studied. Here, PCNs were analyzed in stack gas samples and solid samples from different stages of three cement production runs. PCN destruction efficiencies were higher when waste was co-processed (93.1% and 88.7% in two tests) than when waste was not co-processed (39.1%), so co-processing waste would not increase PCN outputs. The PCN concentrations were higher in particle samples from the C1 preheater and stages at back end of kiln than in particle samples from other stages, suggesting that cyclone preheater and back end of kiln should be focused for controlling PCN emissions. Besides that, based on the variation of PCN concentrations and corresponding operating conditions in different stages, the temperature, feeding materials, and chlorine content were suggested as the main factors influencing PCN formation. The PCN homologue and congener profiles suggested chlorination and dechlorination were the main PCN formation and decomposition pathways, and congeners CN-23, CN-46, and CN-59 appear to be appropriate indicators of PCNs emitted from coal-burning sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiayu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Sciences Research, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Tue NM, Goto A, Takahashi S, Itai T, Asante KA, Kunisue T, Tanabe S. Release of chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxin-related compounds to soils from open burning of e-waste in Agbogbloshie (Accra, Ghana). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 302:151-157. [PMID: 26474377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although complex mixtures of dioxin-related compounds (DRCs) can be released from informal e-waste recycling, DRC contamination in African e-waste recycling sites has not been investigated. This study examined the concentrations of DRCs including chlorinated, brominated, mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, PXDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in surface soil samples from the Agbogbloshie e-waste recycling site in Ghana. PCDD/F and PBDD/F concentrations in open burning areas (18-520 and 83-3800 ng/g dry, respectively) were among the highest reported in soils from informal e-waste sites. The concentrations of PCDFs and PBDFs were higher than those of the respective dibenzo-p-dioxins, suggesting combustion and PBDE-containing plastics as principal sources. PXDFs were found as more abundant than PCDFs, and higher brominated analogues occurred at higher concentrations. The median total WHO toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentration in open burning soils was 7 times higher than the U.S. action level (1000 pg/g), with TEQ contributors in the order of PBDFs>>PCDD/Fs>PXDFs. DRC emission to soils over the e-waste site as of 2010 was estimated, from surface soil lightness based on the correlations between concentrations and lightness, at 200mg (95% confidence interval 93-540 mg) WHO-TEQ over three years. People living in Agbogbloshie are potentially exposed to high levels of not only chlorinated but also brominated DRCs, and human health implications need to be assessed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Goto
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Itai
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kwadwo Ansong Asante
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; CSIR Water Research Institute, P.O. AH 38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Kakimoto K, Nagayoshi H, Inazumi N, Tani A, Konishi Y, Kajimura K, Ohura T, Nakano T, Tang N, Hayakawa K, Toriba A. Identification and characterization of oxidative metabolites of 1-chloropyrene. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1728-36. [PMID: 26252339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants that bind to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and exhibit mutagenic potential. It is difficult to monitor human exposure levels to ClPAHs because the exposure routes are complicated, and environmental concentrations are not always correlated with the levels of PAHs. Urinary PAH metabolites are useful biomarkers for evaluating PAH exposure, and ClPAH metabolites may therefore contribute to the estimation of ClPAH exposure. One of the most abundant ClPAHs present in the environment is 1-chloropyrene (ClPyr), and urinary ClPyr metabolites have the potential to be good biomarkers to evaluate the level of exposure to ClPAHs. Since the metabolic pathways involving ClPAHs are still undetermined, we investigated the effect of human cytochrome P450 enzymes on ClPyr and identified three oxidative metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. We found that ClPyr was metabolized most efficiently by the P450 1A1 enzyme, followed by the 1B1 and 1A2 enzymes. Similar to ClPyr, these metabolites were shown to have agonist activity for the human AhR. We detected these metabolites when ClPyr reacted with a pooled human liver S9 fraction as well as in human urine samples. These results suggest that the metabolites may be used as biomarkers to evaluate the extent of exposure to ClPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Kakimoto
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.,Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Haruna Nagayoshi
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Naoya Inazumi
- Technical Support Division, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , 1-1, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tani
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , 1-1, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Konishi
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Keiji Kajimura
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohura
- Department of Environmental Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University , 1-501, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University , 2-4, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Kakimoto K, Nagayoshi H, Konishi Y, Kajimura K, Ohura T, Hayakawa K, Toriba A. Atmospheric chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in East Asia. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:40-46. [PMID: 24997898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study estimates atmospheric concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in East Asia using a Gas Chromatograph with High Resolution Mass Spectrometer (GC-HRMS). ClPAHs are ubiquitously generated from PAHs through substitution, and some ClPAHs show higher aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activities than their parent PAHs. Atmospheric particles were collected using a high-volume air sampler equipped with a quartz-fiber filter. We determined the ClPAH concentrations of atmospheric particles collected in Japan (Sapporo, Sagamihara, Kanazawa, and Kitakyushu), Korea (Busan), and China (Beijing). The concentrations of ClPAHs were highest in the winter Beijing sample, where the total mean concentration was approximately 15-70 times higher than in the winter samples from Japan and Korea. The concentrations of Σ19ClPAHs and Σ9PAHs were significantly correlated in the Kanazawa and the Busan samples. This indicates that within those cities ClPAHs and PAHs share the same origin, implying direct chlorination of parent PAHs. Toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) of the total ClPAHs and PAHs were lowest in Kanazawa in the summer, reaching 1.18 and 2610fg-TEQm(-3) respectively, and highest in Beijing in the winter, reaching 627 and 4240000fg-TEQm(-3) respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Kakimoto
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Haruna Nagayoshi
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Konishi
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Keiji Kajimura
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohura
- Department of Environmental Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Kaur S, Senthilkumar K, Verma VK, Kumar B, Kumar S, Katnoria JK, Sharma CS. Preliminary analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air particles (PM10) in Amritsar, India: sources, apportionment, and possible risk implications to humans. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 65:382-95. [PMID: 23695716 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary analysis was performed to assess human health risks of exposure to 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by way of inhalation by children and adults living in urban area of Amritsar, Punjab, India. In particular, the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) 16 priority PAH compounds were analyzed in air particulate matter (PM10) from different geographical locations by high-volume air sampler. Sum concentrations of PAHs (37-274 ng m(-3)) were comparable with those of other cities in India as well many cities on a global scale. Pyrene, naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, fluoranthene, fluorene, and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene accounted for >80% of ∑16PAH concentrations. Furthermore, the contribution of seven carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 12% of ∑16PAHs. The estimated carcinogenicity of PAHs in terms of benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency (BaPTEQ) was assessed and confirmed that dibenzo(a,h)anthracene was the dominant PAH contributor (88.7%) followed by benzo(a)pyrene (6.67%). Homolog pattern and diagnostic ratios of PAHs suggested that mixed pyrogenic sources--including biomass burning, coal combustion, and petrogenic sources, such as vehicular emissions--are dominant PAH sources in Amritsar. Health risk of adults and children by way of PAHs was assessed by estimating the lifetime average daily dose (LADD) and corresponding incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) using USEPA guidelines. The assessed cancer risk (ILCR) was found to be within the acceptable range (10(-6)-10(-4)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simerpreet Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
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Tue NM, Takahashi S, Subramanian A, Sakai S, Tanabe S. Environmental contamination and human exposure to dioxin-related compounds in e-waste recycling sites of developing countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1326-1331. [PMID: 23760515 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
E-waste recycling using uncontrolled processes is a major source of dioxin-related compounds (DRCs), including not only the regulated polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) but also non-regulated brominated and mixed halogenated compounds (PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs). Various studies at informal e-waste recycling sites (EWRSs) in Asian developing countries found the soil contamination levels of PCDD/Fs from tens to ten thousand picogram TCDD-equivalents (TEQ) per gram and those of DL-PCBs up to hundreds of picogram TEQ per gram. The air concentration of PCDD/Fs was reported as high as 50 pg TEQ per m(3) in Guiyu, the largest Chinese EWRS. Non-regulated compounds also contributed substantially to the total DL toxicity of the DRC mixtures from e-waste, as evidenced by the high TEQ levels estimated for the currently identifiable PBDD/Fs as well as the large portion of unexplained bioassay-derived TEQ levels in soils/dusts from EWRSs. Considering the high exposure levels estimated for EWRS residents, especially children, comprehensive emission inventories of DRCs from informal e-waste recycling, the identities and toxic potencies of unidentified DRCs released, and their impacts on human health need to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime, Japan
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Abstract
By 2010, the worldwide annual production of plastics will surpass 300 million tons. Plastics are indispensable materials in modern society, and many products manufactured from plastics are a boon to public health (e.g., disposable syringes, intravenous bags). However, plastics also pose health risks. Of principal concern are endocrine-disrupting properties, as triggered for example by bisphenol A and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Opinions on the safety of plastics vary widely, and despite more than five decades of research, scientific consensus on product safety is still elusive. This literature review summarizes information from more than 120 peer-reviewed publications on health effects of plastics and plasticizers in lab animals and humans. It examines problematic exposures of susceptible populations and also briefly summarizes adverse environmental impacts from plastic pollution. Ongoing efforts to steer human society toward resource conservation and sustainable consumption are discussed, including the concept of the 5 Rs--i.e., reduce, reuse, recycle, rethink, restrain--for minimizing pre- and postnatal exposures to potentially harmful components of plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf U Halden
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, USA.
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Senthil Kumar K, Sajwan KS, Richardson JP, Kannan K. Contamination profiles of heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols in sediment and oyster collected from marsh/estuarine Savannah GA, USA. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 56:136-49. [PMID: 18068734 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurunthachalam Senthil Kumar
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Savannah State University, 3219 College Street, P.O. Box 20600, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
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