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Si X, Hou C, Wang H, Yan W, Tang Y, Hu X, Ni J, Sun L, Lv H, Xu QQ. Comparison of six Z-score formulas based on echocardiography for coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease. Int J Cardiol 2024; 409:132102. [PMID: 38685457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.132102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
GOAL Kawasaki disease (KD) patients are at risk of developing the serious complication of coronary artery dilation (CAD). To diagnose CAD caused by KD, various Z-Score formulas are used worldwide. This paper aims to evaluate the differences and inclusiveness among the six most commonly used Z-Score formulas in diagnosing CAD in Suzhou, China. Additionally, the study seeks to compare the differences in CAD diagnosis among different high-risk factor groups. By doing so, this research provides a valuable reference for accurately diagnosing CAD in KD patients. METHOD This paper presents a retrospective analysis of 1509 patients diagnosed with KD at the Children's Hospital of Soochow University between January 2018 and December 2020. We collected the patients' clinical and echocardiographic data and used six Z-Score formulas (Kobayashi et al., de Zorzi et al., Kurotobi et al., McCrindle et al., Olivieri et al., and Dallaire et al.) to diagnose the degree of CAD in different segments. We then compared the diagnostic differences and inclusiveness of these formulas, especially the diagnostic differences in medium to giant CAA. To achieve this, we divided the patients into groups based on their age (≤12 months, 13-30 months, and > 30 months) and fever duration (≤5 days, 6-7 days, 8-9 days, and ≥ 10 days). Using the McNemar test and the Kappa test, we compared the differences and the consistencies of CDA diagnosis among the six Z-Score formulas. Moreover, we used the Friedman test and Chi-square segmentation formula to compare the differences in age and number of fever duration between groups and to compare each Z-Score formula pair within the group. RESULTS Except for the LMCA segment, where there were no statistically significant differences between de Zorzi formula and McCrindle formula, the Z-score formulas showed statistically significant differences in the degree of CAD diagnosis across all other segments. Inclusiveness assessment revealed that Kobayashi formula and Dallaire formula showed significantly higher rates of dilatation (6.58% and 5.32%), or of small aneurysms (6.52% and 4.52%) compared to other formulas (1.0%-1.73%). Medium aneurysms were also more likely to be identified with Kobayashi and Dallaire formulas (0.8% and 0.8%) compared to the remaining formulas (0.13-0.40%). There are significant differences in the diagnoses of medium to giant CAA made by these six formulas in LAD and RCA. The longer the duration of fever and the younger the age, the higher the diagnosis rates of CAD and CAA. There were no statistically significant differences between de Zorzi formula and McCrindle formula, de Zorzi formula and Oliveri formula, and Kurotobi formula and Dallaire formula within the four groups based on the duration of fever. Similarly, there were no statistically significant differences between Kobayashi formula and Dallaire formula, and between de Zorzi formula and Oliveri formula in the age groups of ≤12 months and 13-30 months. CONCLUSION There are diagnostic differences among these six Z-score formulas, considering the aforementioned statistics. Kobayashi formula and Dallaire formula are more inclusive, and less likely to under-diagnose significant CAD. They perform evenly for dilatation only, for small aneurysms and the median size aneurysms, and that is for segments of LMCA, LAD and RCA. In addition, McCrindle formula joins the "inclusive" pack for LAD and RCA in the matter of CAD. The younger the age of the patients and the longer the duration of fever, the higher the diagnosis rates of CAD and CAA. Furthermore, the younger the age of the patients and the shorter the duration of fever, the greater the differences between the various formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Si
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Cui Hou
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Wenying Yan
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yunjia Tang
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xinlu Hu
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Juncheng Ni
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Haitao Lv
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Qiu-Qin Xu
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
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Yoshiura T, Masuda T, Tahara M, Kobayashi Y, Kikuhara Y, Ishibashi T, Nonaka H, Oku T, Sato T, Funama Y. Cardiac computed tomography angiography with and without bolus tracking methods in infants with congenital heart disease. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2024; 200:251-258. [PMID: 38088430 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The study investigated radiation dose, vascular computed tomography (CT) enhancement and image quality of cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) with and without bolus tracking (BT) methods in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). The volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) were recorded for all CT scans, and the effective dose was obtained using a conversion factors. The CT number for the ascending aorta (AO) and pulmonary artery (PA), image noise of muscle tissue and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured and calculated. The median values in the groups with and without BT were 2.20 mGy versus 0.44 mGy for CTDIvol, 8.10 mGy·cm versus 6.20 mGy·cm for DLP, and 0.66 mSv versus 0.51 mSv for effective dose (p < 0.001). There were no statistical differences in vascular CT enhancement, image noise, and CNR. CCTA without BT methods can reduce the radiation dose while maintaining vascular CT enhancement and image quality compared to CCTA with BT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yoshiura
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, 4-24-1 Kuhonji, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, Tsuchiya General Hospital, 3-30 Nakajima-cho, Hiroshima, 730-8655, Japan
| | - Takanori Masuda
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki-City, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tahara
- Hiroshima Central Street Children's Clinic, 7-1 Mikawa-cho, Hiroshima, 730-0029, Japan
| | - Yukie Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Technology, Tsuchiya General Hospital, 3-30 Nakajima-cho, Hiroshima, 730-8655, Japan
| | - Yukari Kikuhara
- Department of Medical Technology, Tsuchiya General Hospital, 3-30 Nakajima-cho, Hiroshima, 730-8655, Japan
| | - Toru Ishibashi
- Department of Medical Technology, Tsuchiya General Hospital, 3-30 Nakajima-cho, Hiroshima, 730-8655, Japan
| | - Haruki Nonaka
- Department of Medical Technology, Tsuchiya General Hospital, 3-30 Nakajima-cho, Hiroshima, 730-8655, Japan
| | - Takayuki Oku
- Department of Medical Technology, Tsuchiya General Hospital, 3-30 Nakajima-cho, Hiroshima, 730-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Sato
- Department of Medical Technology, Tsuchiya General Hospital, 3-30 Nakajima-cho, Hiroshima, 730-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Funama
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 4-24-1 Kuhonji, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan
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Galeotti C, Bajolle F, Belot A, Biscardi S, Bosdure E, Bourrat E, Cimaz R, Darbon R, Dusser P, Fain O, Hentgen V, Lambert V, Lefevre-Utile A, Marsaud C, Meinzer U, Morin L, Piram M, Richer O, Stephan JL, Urbina D, Kone-Paut I. French national diagnostic and care protocol for Kawasaki disease. Rev Med Interne 2023:S0248-8663(23)00647-1. [PMID: 37349225 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis with a particular tropism for the coronary arteries. KD mainly affects male children between 6 months and 5 years of age. The diagnosis is clinical, based on the international American Heart Association criteria. It should be systematically considered in children with a fever, either of 5 days or more, or of 3 days if all other criteria are present. It is important to note that most children present with marked irritability and may have digestive signs. Although the biological inflammatory response is not specific, it is of great value for the diagnosis. Because of the difficulty of recognising incomplete or atypical forms of KD, and the need for urgent treatment, the child should be referred to a paediatric hospital as soon as the diagnosis is suspected. In the event of signs of heart failure (pallor, tachycardia, polypnea, sweating, hepatomegaly, unstable blood pressure), medical transfer to an intensive care unit (ICU) is essential. The standard treatment is an infusion of IVIG combined with aspirin (before 10 days of fever, and for a minimum of 6 weeks), which reduces the risk of coronary aneurysms. In case of coronary involvement, antiplatelet therapy can be maintained for life. In case of a giant aneurysm, anticoagulant treatment is added to the antiplatelet agent. The prognosis of KD is generally good and most children recover without sequelae. The prognosis in children with initial coronary involvement depends on the progression of the cardiac anomalies, which are monitored during careful specialised cardiological follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galeotti
- Service de rhumatologie pédiatrique, centre de référence des maladies auto-inflammatoires rares et des amyloses, CHU de Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - F Bajolle
- M3C-Necker-Enfants-Malades, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A Belot
- Service de néphrologie, rhumatologie et dermatologie pédiatriques, centre de référence des rhumatismes inflammatoires et maladies auto-immunes systémiques rares de l'enfant (RAISE), hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - S Biscardi
- Service des urgences pédiatriques, centre hospitalier intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - E Bosdure
- Service de spécialités pédiatriques et médecine infantile, CHU Timone-Enfants, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - E Bourrat
- Service de pédiatrie générale, maladies infectieuses et médecine interne, centre de référence des rhumatismes inflammatoires et maladies auto-immunes systémiques rares de l'enfant, hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré, université hospital, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - R Cimaz
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Gaetano Pini Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Research Centre for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - R Darbon
- Association France vascularites, Blaisy-Bas, France
| | - P Dusser
- Service de rhumatologie pédiatrique, centre de référence des maladies auto-inflammatoires rares et des amyloses, CHU de Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - O Fain
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne université, AP-HP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - V Hentgen
- Service de pédiatrie, centre de référence des maladies auto-inflammatoires et de l'amylose (CEREMAIA), centre hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France
| | - V Lambert
- Service de radiologie pédiatrique, Institut mutualiste Montsouris, CHU de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - A Lefevre-Utile
- Service de pédiatrie générale et des urgences pédiatriques, hôpital Jean-Verdier, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Bondy, France
| | - C Marsaud
- Service de rhumatologie pédiatrique, centre de référence des maladies auto-inflammatoires rares et des amyloses, CHU de Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - U Meinzer
- Service de pédiatrie générale, maladies infectieuses et médecine interne, centre de référence des rhumatismes inflammatoires et maladies auto-immunes systémiques rares de l'enfant, hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré, université hospital, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - L Morin
- Service de réanimation pédiatrique et néonatale, DMU 3 santé de l'enfant et adolescent, hôpital Bicêtre, université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - M Piram
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - O Richer
- Service des urgences pédiatriques, hôpital universitaire de Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - J-L Stephan
- Service de pédiatrie, CHU Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - D Urbina
- Service d'accueil des urgences pédiatriques, hôpital Nord, AP-HM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - I Kone-Paut
- Service de rhumatologie pédiatrique, centre de référence des maladies auto-inflammatoires rares et des amyloses, CHU de Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Crean A, Benson L, Shah A, Han K, Lesser J, McCrindle BW. Imaging the delayed complications of childhood Kawasaki disease. F1000Res 2022; 11:147. [PMID: 36970577 PMCID: PMC10036956 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.73097.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will discuss the long-term complications of Kawasaki disease with a particular focus on imaging surveillance of the coronary arteries in adolescence and adult life. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each modality will be illustrated with practical examples, demonstrating that, in many cases, a multimodality imaging strategy may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Crean
- Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Lee Benson
- Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ashish Shah
- Cardiology, St Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Kelly Han
- Cardiology, Children's Minnesota Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, 55404, USA
| | - John Lesser
- Cardiology, Minneapolis Heart Institute, Minneapolis, MN, 55407, USA
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Tsujioka Y, Handa A, Nishimura G, Miura M, Yokoyama K, Sato K, Handa H, Jinzaki M, Nosaka S, Kono T. Multisystem Imaging Manifestations of Kawasaki Disease. Radiographics 2021; 42:268-288. [PMID: 34826255 DOI: 10.1148/rg.210070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a common pediatric vasculitis syndrome involving medium- and small-sized arteries that is especially prevalent in early childhood (ie, age 6 months to 5 years). The diagnosis of KD is made on the basis of clinical features, such as fever, characteristic mucocutaneous changes, and nonsuppurative cervical lymphadenopathy. However, early diagnosis is often challenging because many children with KD present with atypical symptoms. The most serious complication of KD is coronary artery aneurysm caused by coronary arteritis. Prompt intravenous immunoglobulin therapy reduces the risk of cardiac morbidity. In addition, the systemic extension of KD-related vasculitis during the acute phase causes a variety of multisystem manifestations, including encephalopathy, stroke, retropharyngeal edema, pericarditis, myocarditis, KD shock syndrome, pulmonary lesions, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, gallbladder hydrops, arthritis, and myositis. These complications tend to be more common in affected children with atypical presentation. Radiologists can play an important role in the timely identification of diverse KD-associated morbidities and thus may contribute to the early diagnosis of atypical KD. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tsujioka
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.T., T.K.) and Cardiology (M.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.J.); Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (A.H.); Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.); Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan (K.Y.); Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Yokohama Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (K.S.); Department of Neurology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (H.H.); and Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan (S.N.)
| | - Atsuhiko Handa
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.T., T.K.) and Cardiology (M.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.J.); Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (A.H.); Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.); Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan (K.Y.); Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Yokohama Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (K.S.); Department of Neurology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (H.H.); and Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan (S.N.)
| | - Gen Nishimura
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.T., T.K.) and Cardiology (M.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.J.); Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (A.H.); Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.); Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan (K.Y.); Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Yokohama Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (K.S.); Department of Neurology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (H.H.); and Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan (S.N.)
| | - Masaru Miura
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.T., T.K.) and Cardiology (M.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.J.); Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (A.H.); Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.); Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan (K.Y.); Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Yokohama Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (K.S.); Department of Neurology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (H.H.); and Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan (S.N.)
| | - Koji Yokoyama
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.T., T.K.) and Cardiology (M.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.J.); Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (A.H.); Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.); Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan (K.Y.); Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Yokohama Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (K.S.); Department of Neurology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (H.H.); and Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan (S.N.)
| | - Kozo Sato
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.T., T.K.) and Cardiology (M.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.J.); Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (A.H.); Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.); Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan (K.Y.); Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Yokohama Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (K.S.); Department of Neurology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (H.H.); and Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan (S.N.)
| | - Hideo Handa
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.T., T.K.) and Cardiology (M.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.J.); Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (A.H.); Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.); Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan (K.Y.); Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Yokohama Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (K.S.); Department of Neurology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (H.H.); and Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan (S.N.)
| | - Masahiro Jinzaki
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.T., T.K.) and Cardiology (M.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.J.); Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (A.H.); Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.); Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan (K.Y.); Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Yokohama Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (K.S.); Department of Neurology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (H.H.); and Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan (S.N.)
| | - Shunsuke Nosaka
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.T., T.K.) and Cardiology (M.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.J.); Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (A.H.); Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.); Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan (K.Y.); Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Yokohama Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (K.S.); Department of Neurology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (H.H.); and Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan (S.N.)
| | - Tatsuo Kono
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.T., T.K.) and Cardiology (M.M.), Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Y.T., M.J.); Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (A.H.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (A.H.); Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama University Hospital, Saitama, Japan (G.N.); Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan (K.Y.); Department of Radiology, Saiseikai Yokohama Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (K.S.); Department of Neurology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (H.H.); and Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan (S.N.)
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6
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Thangathurai J, Kalashnikova M, Takahashi M, Shinbane JS. Coronary Artery Aneurysm in Kawasaki Disease: Coronary CT Angiography through the Lens of Pathophysiology and Differential Diagnosis. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2021; 3:e200550. [PMID: 34778780 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.2021200550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an inflammatory autoimmune vasculitis affecting the coronary arteries of very young patients, which can result in coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) with lifelong manifestations. Accurate identification and assessment of CAAs in the acute phase and sequentially during the chronic phase of KD is fundamental to the treatment plan for these patients. The differential diagnosis of CAA includes atherosclerosis, other vasculitic processes, connective tissue disorders, fistulas, mycotic aneurysms, and procedural sequelae. Understanding of the initial pathophysiology and evolutionary arterial changes is important to interpretation of imaging findings. There are multiple applicable imaging modalities, each with its own strengths, limitations, and role at various stages of the disease process. Coronary CT angiography is useful for evaluation of CAAs as it provides assessment of the entire coronary tree, CAA size, structure, wall, and lumen characteristics and visualization of other cardiothoracic vasculature. Knowledge of the natural history of KD, the spectrum of other conditions that can cause CAA, and the strengths and limitations of cardiovascular imaging are all important factors in imaging decisions and interpretation. Keywords: Pediatrics, Coronary Arteries, Angiography, Cardiac © RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenica Thangathurai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, 1124 W Carson St, RB-2 3rd Floor, Torrance, CA 90502 (J.T.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Heart Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash (M.T.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Health Science Campus, Los Angeles, Calif (J.S.S.)
| | - Mariya Kalashnikova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, 1124 W Carson St, RB-2 3rd Floor, Torrance, CA 90502 (J.T.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Heart Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash (M.T.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Health Science Campus, Los Angeles, Calif (J.S.S.)
| | - Masato Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, 1124 W Carson St, RB-2 3rd Floor, Torrance, CA 90502 (J.T.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Heart Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash (M.T.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Health Science Campus, Los Angeles, Calif (J.S.S.)
| | - Jerold S Shinbane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, 1124 W Carson St, RB-2 3rd Floor, Torrance, CA 90502 (J.T.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Heart Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash (M.T.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Health Science Campus, Los Angeles, Calif (J.S.S.)
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7
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Yoshiura T, Masuda T, Matsumoto Y, Sato T, Yamashita Y, Kobayashi Y, Ishibashi T, Oku T, Imada N, Funama Y. [Usefulness of Fenestrated Catheters for i.v. Contrast Infusion Cardiac CT Angiography for Newborn Patients during the Congenital Heart Disease]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2019; 75:765-770. [PMID: 31434848 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2019_jsrt_75.8.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A three-dimensional (3D) image from computed tomography (CT) angiography is a useful method for evaluation of complex anatomy such as congenital heart disease. However, 3D imaging requires high contrast enhancement for distinguishing between blood vessels and soft tissue. To improve the contrast enhancement, many are increasing the injection rate. However, one method is the use of fenestrated catheters, it allows use of a smaller gauge catheter for high-flow protocols. The purpose of this study was to compare the pressure of injection rate and CT number of a 24-gauge fenestrated catheter with an 22-gauge non-fenestrated catheter for i.v. contrast infusion during CT. METHODS Between December 2014 and March 2015, 50 newborn patients were randomly divided into two protocols; 22-gauge conventional non-fenestrated catheter (24 newborn; age range 0.25-8 months, body weight 3.6±1.2 kg) and 24-gauge new fenestrated catheter (22 newborn; age range 0.25-12 months, body weight 3.3±0.9 kg). Helical scan of the heart was performed using a 64-detector CT (LightSpeed VCT, GE Healthcare) (tube voltage 80 kV; detector configuration 64×0.625 mm, rotation time 0.4 s/rot, helical pitch 1.375, preset noise index for automatic tube current modulation 40 at 0.625 mm slice thickness). RESULTS We compared the maximum pressure of injection rate, CT number of aortic enhancement, and CT number of pulmonary artery enhancement between both protocols. The median injection rate, CT number of aortic enhancement, and CT number of pulmonary artery enhancement were 0.9 (0.5-3.4) ml/s, 455.5 (398-659) HU, and 500.0 (437-701) HU in 22-gauge conventional non-fenestrated catheter and 0.9 (0.5-2.0) ml/s, 436.5 (406-632) HU, and 479.5 (445-695) HU in the 24-gauge fenestrated catheter, respectively. There are no significantly different between a 24-gauge fenestrated catheter and 22-gauge non-fenestrated catheters at injection rate and CT number. Maximum pressure of injection rate was lower with 24-gauge non-fenestrated catheters (0.33 kg/cm2) than 22-gauge non-fenestrated catheters (0.55 kg/cm2) (p<0.01Conclusion: A 24-gauge fenestrated catheter performs similarly to an 22-gauge non-fenestrated catheter with respect to i.v. contrast infusion and aortic enhancement levels and can be placed in most subjects whose veins are deemed insufficient for an 22-gauge catheter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomoyasu Sato
- Department of Medical Technology, Tsuchiya General Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Takayuki Oku
- Department of Medical Technology, Tsuchiya General Hospital
| | - Naoyuki Imada
- Department of Medical Technology, Tsuchiya General Hospital
| | - Yoshinori Funama
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
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8
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Goswami N, Marzan K, De Oliveira E, Wagner-Lees S, Szmuszkovicz J. Recurrent Kawasaki Disease: A Case Report of Three Separate Episodes at >4-Year Intervals. CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 5:children5110155. [PMID: 30469337 PMCID: PMC6262567 DOI: 10.3390/children5110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a self-limited systemic vasculitis, most often occurring in children 1⁻5 years old. It has a 2% recurrence rate and is associated with coronary aneurysms (CA), which can develop within two weeks of onset. A 25% increased risk is noted in patients who are recalcitrant to treatment. We describe a patient with recurrence of KD three times, approximately four years apart. A 10-year-old female with two previous episodes of KD, at 11 months and five years of age), in which she met five out of five criteria for KD and had no coronary involvement, presented with 15 days of fever, conjunctivitis and mucocutaneous changes. Infectious work-up was negative, and she was diagnosed with incomplete KD meeting three out of five criteria. An echocardiogram (ECHO) on day 12 revealed dilation of the right coronary artery (RCA) and left coronary artery (LCA). Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and high-dose aspirin was started at an outside hospital. After transfer, serial ECHOs showed evolving coronary aneurysms, left anterior descending (LAD) z-score + 8.2 and RCA z-score + 4.0. She received 10 mg/kg infliximab (day 18) and began clopidogrel. A cardiac MRI (day 20) demonstrated progression of the LAD aneurysm, with a z-score + 13, and warfarin was started. To our knowledge, this is the first report of recurrent KD occurring three times at ~5 year intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Goswami
- CHLA Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mailstop #60, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Katherine Marzan
- CHLA Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mailstop #60, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Elizabeth De Oliveira
- Pacific Pediatric Cardiology, Pacific Pediatric Cardiology Medical Group, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
| | - Sharon Wagner-Lees
- CHLA Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Jacqueline Szmuszkovicz
- CHLA Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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National consensus on the cardiological treatment and follow-up of Kawasaki disease. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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Abstract
Cardiovascular CT (CCT) is an important imaging modality in congenital and acquired paediatric heart disease. Technological advances have resulted in marked improvements in spatial and temporal resolution of CCT with a concomitant increase in speed of data acquisition and a decrease in radiation dose. This has elevated CCT from being sparingly used to an essential diagnostic tool in the daily multimodality imaging practice alongside echocardiography, cardiovascular MR and invasive angiography. The application of CCT in paediatric congenital and acquired heart disease can be both technically and diagnostically challenging. This review highlights important considerations for current state of the art CCT across the spectrum of heart disease encountered in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian H Mortensen
- 1 Cardiorespiratory Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - Oliver Tann
- 1 Cardiorespiratory Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
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11
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Barrios Tascón A, Centeno Malfaz F, Rojo Sombrero H, Fernández-Cooke E, Sánchez-Manubens J, Pérez-Lescure Picarzo J. [National consensus on the cardiological treatment and follow-up of Kawasaki disease]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2018; 89:188.e1-188.e22. [PMID: 29778491 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease is a self-limiting acute vasculitis that affects small and medium-sized vessels, and is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in our environment. Up to 25% of untreated patients develop coronary aneurysms. It is suspected that an infectious agent may be the trigger of the disease, but the causative agent is still unknown. Based on the previous evidence, recommendations are proposed for the diagnosis, treatment of acute disease, and the long-term management of these patients, in order to unify criteria. The diagnosis must be quick, based on easy-to-use algorithms and with the support of complementary tests. This document includes the indication of available imaging techniques, as well as the planning of cardiological examinations based on the initial involvement. Intravenous immunoglobulin is the basis of the initial treatment. The role of corticosteroids is still controversial, but there are studies that support its use as adjuvant treatment. A multidisciplinary working group has developed a scheme with different treatment guidelines depending on the risk factors at diagnosis, the patient's clinical situation, and response to previous treatment, including indications for thromboprophylaxis in patients with coronary involvement. The stratification of risk for long-term treatment is essential, as well as the recommendations on the procedures based on the initial cardiological involvement and its progression. Patients with coronary aneurysms require continuous and uninterrupted cardiological monitoring for life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Barrios Tascón
- Cardiología infantil, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, España; Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas.
| | - Fernando Centeno Malfaz
- Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas; Cardiología infantil, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, España
| | - Henar Rojo Sombrero
- Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas; Cardiología infantil, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España
| | - Elisa Fernández-Cooke
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Materno Infantil Doce de Octubre, Madrid, España; Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica
| | - Judith Sánchez-Manubens
- Unidad de Reumatología Pediátrica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, España; Sociedad Española de Reumatología Pediátrica
| | - Javier Pérez-Lescure Picarzo
- Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas; Cardiología infantil, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, España
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12
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Dynamic flow imaging using 320-detector row CT and motion coherence analysis in coronary aneurysms associated with Kawasaki disease. Cardiol Young 2018; 28:416-420. [PMID: 29239297 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951117002293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Introduction We propose a new dynamic flow imaging using 320-detector row CT, and investigate the assessment of coronary flow in aneurysms of Kawasaki disease in adulthood. METHODS Six patients with Kawasaki disease and coronary aneurysms associated (26.7 years old) and six controls were enrolled. Dynamic coronary CT angiography with 320-row CT was continuously performed at mid-diastole throughout 15-25 cardiac cycles with prospective Electrocardiogram gating after injection of contrast media. Dynamic data sets of 15-25 cycles were computed into 90-100 data sets by motion coherence image processing. Next, time-density curves for coronary arteries were calculated for all the phases. On the basis of the maximum slope method, coronary flow index was defined as the ratio of the maximum upslope of the attenuation of coronary arteries to the upslope of the attenuation of ascending aorta on the time-density curves. Coronary flow indexes for the proximal and distal sites of coronary arteries and intra-aneurysm were measured.
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13
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Saling LJ, Raptis DA, Parekh K, Rockefeller TA, Sheybani EF, Bhalla S. Abnormalities of the Coronary Arteries in Children: Looking beyond the Origins. Radiographics 2017; 37:1665-1678. [PMID: 29019754 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2017170018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronary arterial abnormalities are uncommon findings in children that have profound clinical implications. Although anomalies of the coronary origins are well described, there are many other disease processes that affect the coronary arteries. Immune system-mediated diseases (eg, Kawasaki disease, polyarteritis nodosa, and other vasculiditides) can result in coronary arterial aneurysms, strictures, and abnormal tapering of the vessels. Because findings at imaging are an important component of diagnosis in these diseases, the radiologist's understanding of them is essential. Congenital anomalies may present at varying ages, and findings in hemodynamically significant anomalies, such as fistulas, are key for both diagnosis and preoperative planning. Pediatric heart surgery can result in wide-ranging postoperative imaging appearances of the coronary arteries and also predisposes patients to a multitude of complications affecting the heart and coronary arteries. In addition, although rare, accidental trauma can lead to injury of the coronary arteries, and awareness and detection of these conditions are important for diagnosis in the acute setting. Patients with coronary arterial conditions at presentation may range from being asymptomatic to having findings of myocardial infarction. Recognition of the imaging findings is essential to direct appropriate treatment. ©RSNA, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Saling
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110 (L.J.S., D.A.R., S.B.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (K.P.); Department of Cardiology, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo (T.A.R.); and Department of Radiology, Mercy Hospital, St Louis, Mo (E.F.S.)
| | - Demetrios A Raptis
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110 (L.J.S., D.A.R., S.B.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (K.P.); Department of Cardiology, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo (T.A.R.); and Department of Radiology, Mercy Hospital, St Louis, Mo (E.F.S.)
| | - Keyur Parekh
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110 (L.J.S., D.A.R., S.B.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (K.P.); Department of Cardiology, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo (T.A.R.); and Department of Radiology, Mercy Hospital, St Louis, Mo (E.F.S.)
| | - Toby A Rockefeller
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110 (L.J.S., D.A.R., S.B.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (K.P.); Department of Cardiology, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo (T.A.R.); and Department of Radiology, Mercy Hospital, St Louis, Mo (E.F.S.)
| | - Elizabeth F Sheybani
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110 (L.J.S., D.A.R., S.B.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (K.P.); Department of Cardiology, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo (T.A.R.); and Department of Radiology, Mercy Hospital, St Louis, Mo (E.F.S.)
| | - Sanjeev Bhalla
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, St Louis, MO 63110 (L.J.S., D.A.R., S.B.); Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (K.P.); Department of Cardiology, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo (T.A.R.); and Department of Radiology, Mercy Hospital, St Louis, Mo (E.F.S.)
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14
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McCrindle BW, Rowley AH, Newburger JW, Burns JC, Bolger AF, Gewitz M, Baker AL, Jackson MA, Takahashi M, Shah PB, Kobayashi T, Wu MH, Saji TT, Pahl E. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management of Kawasaki Disease: A Scientific Statement for Health Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017; 135:e927-e999. [PMID: 28356445 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2158] [Impact Index Per Article: 308.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood that leads to coronary artery aneurysms in ≈25% of untreated cases. It has been reported worldwide and is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. METHODS AND RESULTS To revise the previous American Heart Association guidelines, a multidisciplinary writing group of experts was convened to review and appraise available evidence and practice-based opinion, as well as to provide updated recommendations for diagnosis, treatment of the acute illness, and long-term management. Although the cause remains unknown, discussion sections highlight new insights into the epidemiology, genetics, pathogenesis, pathology, natural history, and long-term outcomes. Prompt diagnosis is essential, and an updated algorithm defines supplemental information to be used to assist the diagnosis when classic clinical criteria are incomplete. Although intravenous immune globulin is the mainstay of initial treatment, the role for additional primary therapy in selected patients is discussed. Approximately 10% to 20% of patients do not respond to initial intravenous immune globulin, and recommendations for additional therapies are provided. Careful initial management of evolving coronary artery abnormalities is essential, necessitating an increased frequency of assessments and escalation of thromboprophylaxis. Risk stratification for long-term management is based primarily on maximal coronary artery luminal dimensions, normalized as Z scores, and is calibrated to both past and current involvement. Patients with aneurysms require life-long and uninterrupted cardiology follow-up. CONCLUSIONS These recommendations provide updated and best evidence-based guidance to healthcare providers who diagnose and manage Kawasaki disease, but clinical decision making should be individualized to specific patient circumstances.
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15
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Bastami M, Nariman-Saleh-Fam Z, Saadatian Z, Nariman-Saleh-Fam L, Omrani MD, Ghaderian SMH, Masotti A. The miRNA targetome of coronary artery disease is perturbed by functional polymorphisms identified and prioritized by in-depth bioinformatics analyses exploiting genome-wide association studies. Gene 2016; 594:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Kim SS, Ko SM, Choi SI, Choi BH, Stillman AE. Sudden cardiac death from structural heart diseases in adults: imaging findings with cardiovascular computed tomography and magnetic resonance. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 32 Suppl 1:21-43. [PMID: 27139460 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-016-0891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is defined as the unexpected natural death from a cardiac cause within an hour of the onset of symptoms in the absence of any other cause. Although such a rapid course of death is mainly attributed to a cardiac arrhythmia, identification of structural heart disease by cardiovascular computed tomography (CCT) and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is important to predict the long-term risk of SCD. In adults, SCD most commonly results from coronary artery diseases, coronary artery anomalies, inherited cardiomyopathies, valvular heart diseases, myocarditis, and aortic dissection with coronary artery involvement or acute aortic regurgitation. This review describes the CCT and CMR findings of structural heart diseases related to SCD, which are essential for radiologists to diagnose or predict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Soo Kim
- Department of Radiology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Ko
- Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sang Il Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo Hwa Choi
- Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Arthur E Stillman
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Khanna G, Sargar K, Baszis KW. Pediatric vasculitis: recognizing multisystemic manifestations at body imaging. Radiographics 2016; 35:849-65. [PMID: 25969938 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2015140076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric vasculitides are multisystem diseases that can be diagnostic challenges because of variable clinical manifestations. The clinical manifestation is determined by the size of the affected vessels, organs involved, extent of vascular injury, and underlying pathologic characteristics. Henoch-Schönlein purpura and Kawasaki disease are the two most common subtypes of pediatric vasculitis. Diagnosis of pediatric vasculitis can be difficult, and the outcome can be serious or fatal in the absence of timely intervention. Imaging plays a central role in establishing the diagnosis of vasculitis involving large- and medium-sized vessels, visualizing its vascular and extravascular manifestations, and monitoring the disease course and response to treatment. Although imaging cannot depict the vessel changes of small-vessel vasculitis directly, it can be used to detect tissue damage resulting from vessel inflammation. This article discusses the classification and clinical features of the major pediatric vasculitides. The imaging approach to and nonneurologic findings of major pediatric vasculitis subtypes are reviewed for the pediatric body imager.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Khanna
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (G.K., K.S.) and Department of Pediatrics (K.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131-MIR, St Louis, MO 63110
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18
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Computed Tomography Imaging in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease Part I: Rationale and Utility. An Expert Consensus Document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT). J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2015; 9:475-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a paediatric vasculitis with coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) as its main complication. Two guidelines exist regarding the follow-up of patients after KD, by the American Heart Association and the Japanese Circulation Society. After the acute phase, CAA-negative patients are checked for cardiovascular risk assessment or with ECG and echocardiography until 5 years after the disease. In CAA-positive patients, monitoring includes myocardial perfusion imaging, conventional angiography and CT-angiography. However, the invasive nature and high radiation exposure do not reflect technical advances in cardiovascular imaging. Newer techniques, such as cardiac MRI, are mentioned but not directly implemented in the follow-up. Cardiac MRI can be performed to identify CAA, but also evaluate functional abnormalities, ischemia and previous myocardial infarction including adenosine stress-testing. Low-dose CT angiography can be implemented at a young age when MRI without anaesthesia is not feasible. CT calcium scoring with a very low radiation dose can be useful in risk stratification years after the disease. By incorporating newer imaging techniques, detection of CAA will be improved while reducing radiation burden and potential complications of invasive imaging modalities. Based on the current knowledge, a possible pathway to follow-up patients after KD is introduced. Key Points • Kawasaki disease is a paediatric vasculitis with coronary aneurysms as major complication. • Current guidelines include invasive, high-radiation modalities not reflecting new technical advances. • Cardiac MRI can provide information on coronary anatomy as well as cardiac function. • (Low-dose) CT-angiography and CT calcium score can also provide important information. • Current guidelines for follow-up of patients with KD need to be revised.
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20
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Abstract
Coronary artery problems in children usually have a significant impact on both short-term and long-term outcomes. Early and accurate diagnosis, therefore, is crucial but technically challenging due to the small size of the coronary artery, high heart rates, and limited cooperation of children. Coronary artery visibility on CT and MRI in children is considerably improved with recent technical advancements. Consequently, CT and MRI are increasingly used for evaluating various congenital and acquired coronary artery abnormalities in children, such as coronary artery anomalies, aberrant coronary artery anatomy specific to congenital heart disease, Kawasaki disease, Williams syndrome, and cardiac allograft vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Goo
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
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21
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Kim YJ, Yong HS, Kim SM, Kim JA, Yang DH, Hong YJ. Korean guidelines for the appropriate use of cardiac CT. Korean J Radiol 2015; 16:251-85. [PMID: 25741189 PMCID: PMC4347263 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.2.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cardiac CT has provided a non-invasive alternative to echocardiography, exercise electrocardiogram, and invasive angiography and cardiac CT continues to develop at an exponential speed even now. The appropriate use of cardiac CT may lead to improvements in the medical performances of physicians and can reduce medical costs which eventually contribute to better public health. However, until now, there has been no guideline regarding the appropriate use of cardiac CT in Korea. We intend to provide guidelines for the appropriate use of cardiac CT in heart diseases based on scientific data. The purpose of this guideline is to assist clinicians and other health professionals in the use of cardiac CT for diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases, especially in patients at high risk or suspected of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Hwan Seok Yong
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
| | - Sung Mok Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Jeong A Kim
- Department of Radiology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang 411-706, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Hong
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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22
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Hwang EH, Ju JK, Cho MJ, Lee JW, Lee HD. Giant coronary aneurysm caused by Kawasaki disease: consistency between catheter angiography and electrocardiogram gated dual-source computed tomography angiography. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2015; 58:501-4. [PMID: 26770226 PMCID: PMC4705331 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2015.58.12.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present the case of a 5-year-old child with coronary complications due to Kawasaki disease; this patient unintentionally underwent both dual-source computed tomography (DSCT) coronary angiography and invasive coronary angiographic examination in 2 months. This case highlights the strong consistency of the results between DSCT coronary angiography and invasive coronary angiography. Compared to conventional invasive coronary angiography, DSCT coronary angiography offered additional advantages such as minimal invasiveness and less radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung-Ki Ju
- Department of Pediatrics, Good Gang-An Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Doo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
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Ou P, Kutty S, Khraiche D, Sidi D, Bonnet D. Acquired coronary disease in children: the role of multimodality imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2013; 43:444-53. [PMID: 22972555 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-012-2478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Coronary sequelae of Kawasaki disease, post-surgical coronary lesions and cardiac allograft vasculopathy are the main causes of acquired coronary pathology in childhood. Surveillance and timely recognition of coronary problems in children who are at risk of ischemic events are imperative and noninvasive imaging is increasingly utilized for these purposes. Herein, we summarize the causes of acquired coronary disease in children and discuss the role of various imaging techniques that are available to establish the diagnosis and guide management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phalla Ou
- Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, University Paris-Descartes, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France.
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24
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Kim JW, Goo HW. Coronary artery abnormalities in Kawasaki disease: comparison between CT and MR coronary angiography. Acta Radiol 2013; 54:156-63. [PMID: 23482350 DOI: 10.1258/ar.2012.120484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although CT coronary angiography (CTCA) and MR coronary angiography (MRCA) are increasingly used in patients with Kawasaki disease, comparison of coronary artery assessibility and diagnostic performance between the two imaging modalities has been rarely performed. PURPOSE To investigate which imaging modality, CTCA or MRCA, is better for evaluating coronary artery abnormalities in patients with Kawasaki disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between 2003 and 2011, 56 patients (38 boys/men; age range, 1-24 years) with Kawasaki disease underwent CTCA or MRCA (group A). Of these, 17 underwent both CTCA and MRCA (group B). Visibility of 11 coronary arterial segments in each patient was graded on a four-point scale. Coronary artery aneurysm, stenosis, and occlusion were evaluated by CTCA and MRCA, based on a reference standard obtained from cardiac catheterization, echocardiography, follow-up CTCA and MRCA, and clinical history. Coronary artery assessibility and diagnostic performance were compared between CTCA and MRCA. RESULTS In per-segment analysis, more segments were assessable on CTCA than on MRCA in both groups. In per-patient analysis of group B, no significant difference in the assessibility was found between CTCA (95.0%, 128.3/135 segments) and MRCA (92.4%, 124.8/135 segments) (P > 0.05). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of CTCA vs. MRCA were 93.1% vs. 77.9% (P < 0.001), 99.2% vs. 99.7% (P = 0.65), 96.8% vs. 98.7% (P = 0.65), 98.2% vs. 94.1% (P < 0.001), and 98.0% vs. 94.9% (P = 0.008), respectively, in group A, and 91.8% vs. 70.4% (P < 0.001), 99.5% vs. 99.5% (P = 1.000), 98.5% vs. 98.0% (P = 1.000), 97.2% vs. 91.1% (P = 0.006), and 97.6% vs. 92.3% (P = 0.004), respectively, in group B. CONCLUSION Although CTCA and MRCA show comparable assessibility in per-patient analysis, CTCA shows higher diagnostic performance than MRCA for evaluating coronary artery abnormalities in patients with Kawasaki disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Woo Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Goo
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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