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Pulkkinen K, Taskinen J. Nutrient enrichment increases virulence in an opportunistic environmental pathogen, with greater effect at low bacterial doses. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae013. [PMID: 38305097 PMCID: PMC10959552 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems is associated with an increased risk of pathogen infection via increased pathogen growth and host exposure via increased pathogen doses. Here, we studied the effect of nutrients on the virulence of an opportunistic bacterial pathogen of fish, Flavobacterium columnare, in challenge experiments with rainbow trout fingerlings. We hypothesized that removing all nutrients by washing the bacteria would reduce virulence as compared to unwashed bacteria, but adding nutrients to the tank water would increase the virulence of the bacterium. Nutrient addition and increase in bacterial dose increased virulence for both unwashed and washed bacteria. For unwashed bacteria, the addition of nutrients reduced the survival probability of fish challenged with low bacterial doses more than for fish challenged with higher bacterial doses, suggesting activation of bacterial virulence factors. Washing and centrifugation reduced viable bacterial counts, and the addition of washed bacteria alone did not lead to fish mortality. However, a small addition of nutrient medium, 0.05% of the total water volume, added separately to the fish container, restored the virulence of the washed bacteria. Our results show that human-induced eutrophication could trigger epidemics of aquatic pathogens at the limits of their survival and affect their ecology and evolution by altering the dynamics between strains that differ in their growth characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35 (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35 (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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2
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Srour B, Kordahi MC, Bonazzi E, Deschasaux-Tanguy M, Touvier M, Chassaing B. Ultra-processed foods and human health: from epidemiological evidence to mechanistic insights. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7:1128-1140. [PMID: 35952706 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested a role for ultra-processed foods in numerous chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases and metabolic syndrome. Preclinical and clinical studies are accumulating to better decipher the effects of various aspects of food processing and formulation on the aetiology of chronic, debilitating inflammatory diseases. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current data that highlight an association between ultra-processed food consumption and various chronic diseases, with a focus on epidemiological evidence and mechanistic insights involving the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Srour
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; NACRe Network-Nutrition and Cancer Research Network, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Melissa C Kordahi
- INSERM U1016, Mucosal microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France; NACRe Network-Nutrition and Cancer Research Network, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Erica Bonazzi
- INSERM U1016, Mucosal microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France; NACRe Network-Nutrition and Cancer Research Network, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mélanie Deschasaux-Tanguy
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; NACRe Network-Nutrition and Cancer Research Network, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; NACRe Network-Nutrition and Cancer Research Network, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- INSERM U1016, Mucosal microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France; NACRe Network-Nutrition and Cancer Research Network, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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3
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Sha H, Li L, Lu J, Xiong J. High nutrient induces virulence in the AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus, interpretation from the ecological assembly of shrimp gut microbiota. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:758-765. [PMID: 35835385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp diseases frequently occur during the later farming stages, when the rearing water is eutrophic. This observation provides clue that the virulence of pathogens could be induced by elevated nutrient, whereas the underlying ecological mechanism remains limited. To address this pressing knowledge, we explored how gut microbiota responded to the infection of oligotrophic (OVp) or eutrophic (EVp) pre-cultured Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a causing pathogen of shrimp acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Resulted revealed that OVp and EVp infections caused dysbiosis in the gut microbiota and compromised shrimp immunity, while the later infection led to earlier and higher mortality. Significant associations were detected between the gut microbiota and each of the measured immune activities. Neutral community model showed that the assembly of gut microbiota was more strongly governed by deterministic processes in EVp infection, followed by EVp infected and control shrimp. Additionally, there were significantly lower temporal turnover rate and average variation degree in the gut microbiota in EVp infected shrimp compared with control individuals. Notably, we identified 22 infection-discriminatory taxa after ruling out the ontogenic effect. Using profiles of the 22 indicators as independent variables, the diagnosis model accurately distinguished (an overall 85.9% accuracy) the infected status (control, OVp or EVp infected shrimp), with 81.3% accuracy at the initial infection stage. The convergent and deterministic gut microbiota in EVp infected shrimp could partially explain why it is challenge to cure APHND from an ecological viewpoint. In addition, we provided a sensitive approach for diagnosing the onset of infection, when disease symptom is unobservable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Sha
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Luyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jinbo Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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4
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Zou YJ, Shan MM, Wan X, Liu JC, Zhang KH, Ju JQ, Xing CH, Sun SC. Kinesin KIF15 regulates tubulin acetylation and spindle assembly checkpoint in mouse oocyte meiosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:422. [PMID: 35835966 PMCID: PMC11072983 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics ensure multiple cellular events during oocyte meiosis, which is critical for the fertilization and early embryo development. KIF15 (also termed Hklp2) is a member of kinesin-12 family motor proteins, which participates in Eg5-related bipolar spindle formation in mitosis. In present study, we explored the roles of KIF15 in mouse oocyte meiosis. KIF15 expressed during oocyte maturation and localized with microtubules. Depletion or inhibition of KIF15 disturbed meiotic cell cycle progression, and the oocytes which extruded the first polar body showed a high aneuploidy rate. Further analysis showed that disruption of KIF15 did not affect spindle morphology but resulted in chromosome misalignment. This might be due to the reduced stability of the K-fibers, which further induced the loss of kinetochore-microtubule attachment and activated spindle assembly checkpoint, showing with the failed release of Bub3 and BubR1. Based on mass spectroscopy analysis and coimmunoprecipitation data we showed that KIF15 was responsible for recruiting HDAC6, NAT10 and SIRT2 to maintain the acetylated tubulin level, which further affected tubulin acetylation for microtubule stability. Taken together, these results suggested that KIF15 was essential for the microtubule acetylation and cell cycle control during mouse oocyte meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jing Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meng-Meng Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiang Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing-Cai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kun-Huan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jia-Qian Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chun-Hua Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Pulkkinen K, Ketola T, Laakso J, Mappes J, Sundberg L. Rich resource environment of fish farms facilitates phenotypic variation and virulence in an opportunistic fish pathogen. Evol Appl 2022; 15:417-428. [PMID: 35386393 PMCID: PMC8965373 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic variation is suggested to facilitate the persistence of environmentally growing pathogens under environmental change. Here, we hypothesized that the intensive farming environment induces higher phenotypic variation in microbial pathogens than natural environment, because of high stochasticity for growth and stronger survival selection compared to the natural environment. We tested the hypothesis with an opportunistic fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare isolated either from fish farms or from natural waters. We measured growth parameters of two morphotypes from all isolates in different resource concentrations and two temperatures relevant for the occurrence of disease epidemics at farms and tested their virulence using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) infection model. According to our hypothesis, isolates originating from the fish farms had higher phenotypic variation in growth between the morphotypes than the isolates from natural waters. The difference was more pronounced in higher resource concentrations and the higher temperature, suggesting that phenotypic variation is driven by the exploitation of increased outside-host resources at farms. Phenotypic variation of virulence was not observed based on isolate origin but only based on morphotype. However, when in contact with the larger fish, the less virulent morphotype of some of the isolates also had high virulence. As the less virulent morphotype also had higher growth rate in outside-host resources, the results suggest that both morphotypes can contribute to F. columnare epidemics at fish farms, especially with current prospects of warming temperatures. Our results suggest that higher phenotypic variation per se does not lead to higher virulence, but that environmental conditions at fish farms could select isolates with high phenotypic variation in bacterial population and hence affect evolution in F. columnare at fish farms. Our results highlight the multifaceted effects of human-induced environmental alterations in shaping epidemiology and evolution in microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Jouni Laakso
- Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Johanna Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Lotta‐Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Nanoscience CenterUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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Wang G, Li Y, Liu J, Chen B, Su H, Liang J, Huang W, Yu K. Comparative Genomics Reveal the Animal-Associated Features of the Acanthopleuribacteraceae Bacteria, and Description of Sulfidibacter corallicola gen. nov., sp., nov. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:778535. [PMID: 35173698 PMCID: PMC8841776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.778535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the phylum Acidobacteria are ubiquitous in various environments. Soil acidobacteria have been reported to present a variety of strategies for their success in terrestrial environments. However, owing to lack of pure culture, information on animal-associated acidobacteria are limited, except for those obtained from 16S rRNA genes. To date, only two acidobacteria have been isolated from animals, namely strain M133T obtained from coral Porites lutea and Acanthopleuribacter pedis KCTC 12899T isolated from chiton. Genomics and physiological characteristics of strain M133T and A. pedis KCTC 12899T were compared with 19 other isolates (one strain from each genus) in the phylum Acidobacteria. The results revealed that strain M133T represents a new species in a new genus in the family Acanthopleuribacteraceae. To date, these two Acanthopleuribacteraceae isolates have the largest genomes (10.85–11.79 Mb) in the phylum Acidobacteria. Horizontal gene transfer and gene duplication influenced the structure and plasticity of these large genomes. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction and abundant secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (including eicosapentaenoic acid de novo biosynthesis) are two distinct features of the Acanthopleuribacteraceae bacteria in the phylum Acidobacteria. The absence of glycoside hydrolases involved in plant polysaccharide degradation and presence of animal disease-related peptidases indicate that these bacteria have evolved to adapt to the animal hosts. In addition to low- and high-affinity respiratory oxygen reductases, enzymes for nitrate to nitrogen, and sulfhydrogenase were also detected in strain M133T, suggesting the capacity and flexibility to grow in aerobic and anaerobic environments. This study highlighted the differences in genome structure, carbohydrate and protein utilization, respiration, and secondary metabolism between animal-associated acidobacteria and other acidobacteria, especially the soil acidobacteria, displaying flexibility and versatility of the animal-associated acidobacteria in environmental adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning, China
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanjin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning, China
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning, China
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning, China
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongfei Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning, China
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiayuan Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning, China
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning, China
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning, China
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Kefu Yu,
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Lu J, Zhang X, Wang C, Li M, Chen J, Xiong J. Responses of sediment resistome, virulence factors and potential pathogens to decades of antibiotics pollution in a shrimp aquafarm. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148760. [PMID: 34323773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture ecosystem has become a hotspot of antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) dissemination, owing to the abuse of prophylactic antibiotics. However, it is still unclear how and to what extent ARGs respond to the increasing antibiotic pollution, a trend as expected and as has occurred. Herein, a significant sediment antibiotic pollution gradient was detected along a drainage ditch after decades of shrimp aquaculture. The increasing antibiotic pollution evidently promoted the diversities and tailored the community structures of ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), virulence factors and pathogens. The profiles of ARGs and MGEs were directly altered by the concentrations of terramycin and sulphadimidine. By contrast, virulence factors were primarily affected by nutrient variables in sediment. The pathogens potentially hosted diverse virulence factors and ARGs. More than half of the detected ARGs subtypes non-linearly responded to increasing antibiotic pollution, as supported by significant tipping points. However, we screened seven antibiotic concentration discriminatory ARGs that could serve as independent variable for quantitatively diagnosing total antibiotic concentration. Co-occurrence analysis depicted that notorious aquaculture pathogens of Vibrio harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus potentially hosted ARGs that confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, while priority pathogens for humankind, e.g., Helicobacter pylori and Staphylococcus aureus, could have harbored redundant virulence factors. Collectively, the significant tipping points and antibiotic concentration-discriminatory ARGs may translate into warning index and diagnostic approach for diagnosing antibiotic pollution. Our findings provided novel insights into the interplay among ARGs, MGEs, pathogens, virulence factors and geochemical variables under the scenario of increasing antibiotic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xinxu Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chaohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Meng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jinbo Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Al Kassaa I, El Omari S, Abbas N, Papon N, Drider D, Kassem II, Osman M. High association of COVID-19 severity with poor gut health score in Lebanese patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258913. [PMID: 34673813 PMCID: PMC8530309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected millions of lives globally. However, the disease has presented more extreme challenges for developing countries that are experiencing economic crises. Studies on COVID-19 symptoms and gut health are scarce and have not fully analyzed possible associations between gut health and disease pathophysiology. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate a potential association between gut health and COVID-19 severity in the Lebanese community, which has been experiencing a severe economic crisis. Methods This cross-sectional study investigated SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive Lebanese patients. Participants were interviewed and gut health, COVID-19 symptoms, and different metrics were analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regression models. Results Analysis of the data showed that 25% of participants were asymptomatic, while an equal proportion experienced severe symptoms, including dyspnea (22.7%), oxygen need (7.5%), and hospitalization (3.1%). The mean age of the participants was 38.3 ±0.8 years, and the majority were males (63.9%), married (68.2%), and currently employed (66.7%). A negative correlation was found between gut health score and COVID-19 symptoms (Kendall’s tau-b = -0.153, P = 0.004); indicating that low gut health was associated with more severe COVID-19 cases. Additionally, participants who reported unhealthy food intake were more likely to experience severe symptoms (Kendall’s tau-b = 0.118, P = 0.049). When all items were taken into consideration, multiple ordinal logistic regression models showed a significant association between COVID-19 symptoms and each of the following variables: working status, flu-like illness episodes, and gut health score. COVID-19 severe symptoms were more common among patients having poor gut health scores (OR:1.31, 95%CI:1.07–1.61; P = 0.008), experiencing more than one episode of flu-like illness per year (OR:2.85, 95%CI:1.58–5.15; P = 0.001), and owning a job (OR:2.00, 95%CI:1.1–3.65; P = 0.023). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study that showed the impact of gut health and exposure to respiratory viruses on COVID-19 severity in Lebanon. These findings can facilitate combating the pandemic in Lebanon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Al Kassaa
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: (IAK); , (MO)
| | - Sarah El Omari
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada Abbas
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, GEIHP, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | - Djamel Drider
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV—Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Issmat I. Kassem
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States of America
| | - Marwan Osman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IAK); , (MO)
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Turner WC, Kamath PL, van Heerden H, Huang YH, Barandongo ZR, Bruce SA, Kausrud K. The roles of environmental variation and parasite survival in virulence-transmission relationships. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210088. [PMID: 34109041 PMCID: PMC8170194 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks are a consequence of interactions among the three components of a host-parasite system: the infectious agent, the host and the environment. While virulence and transmission are widely investigated, most studies of parasite life-history trade-offs are conducted with theoretical models or tractable experimental systems where transmission is standardized and the environment controlled. Yet, biotic and abiotic environmental factors can strongly affect disease dynamics, and ultimately, host-parasite coevolution. Here, we review research on how environmental context alters virulence-transmission relationships, focusing on the off-host portion of the parasite life cycle, and how variation in parasite survival affects the evolution of virulence and transmission. We review three inter-related 'approaches' that have dominated the study of the evolution of virulence and transmission for different host-parasite systems: (i) evolutionary trade-off theory, (ii) parasite local adaptation and (iii) parasite phylodynamics. These approaches consider the role of the environment in virulence and transmission evolution from different angles, which entail different advantages and potential biases. We suggest improvements to how to investigate virulence-transmission relationships, through conceptual and methodological developments and taking environmental context into consideration. By combining developments in life-history evolution, phylogenetics, adaptive dynamics and comparative genomics, we can improve our understanding of virulence-transmission relationships across a diversity of host-parasite systems that have eluded experimental study of parasite life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C. Turner
- US Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pauline L. Kamath
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Henriette van Heerden
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zoe R. Barandongo
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Spencer A. Bruce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Kyrre Kausrud
- Section for Epidemiology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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Juul F, Vaidean G, Parekh N. Ultra-processed Foods and Cardiovascular Diseases: Potential Mechanisms of Action. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1673-1680. [PMID: 33942057 PMCID: PMC8483964 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods are industrially manufactured ready-to-eat or ready-to-heat formulations containing food additives and little or no whole foods, in contrast to processed foods, which are whole foods preserved by traditional techniques such as canning or pickling. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that higher consumption of ultra-processed food is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, epidemiological evidence needs to be corroborated with criteria of biological plausibility. This review summarizes the current evidence on the putative biological mechanisms underlying the associations between ultra-processed foods and CVD. Research ranging from laboratory-based to prospective epidemiological studies and experimental evidence suggest that ultra-processed foods may affect cardiometabolic health through a myriad of mechanisms, beyond the traditionally recognized individual nutrients. Processing induces significant changes to the food matrix, for which ultra-processed foods may affect health outcomes differently than unrefined whole foods with similar nutritional composition. Notably, the highly degraded physical structure of ultra-processed foods may affect cardiometabolic health by influencing absorption kinetics, satiety, glycemic response, and the gut microbiota composition and function. Food additives and neo-formed contaminants produced during processing may also play a role in CVD risk. Key biological pathways include altered serum lipid concentrations, modified gut microbiota and host-microbiota interactions, obesity, inflammation, oxidative stress, dysglycemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Further research is warranted to clarify the proportional harm associated with the nutritional composition, food additives, physical structure, and other attributes of ultra-processed foods. Understanding how ultra-processing changes whole foods and through which pathways these foods affect health is a prerequisite for eliminating harmful processing techniques and ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippa Juul
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgeta Vaidean
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Florham Park, NJ, USA,Division of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Declercq AM, Cai W, Naranjo E, Thongda W, Eeckhaut V, Bauwens E, Arias C, De La Fuente L, Beck BH, Lange MD, Peatman E, Haesebrouck F, Aerts J, Decostere A. Evidence that the stress hormone cortisol regulates biofilm formation differently among Flavobacterium columnare isolates. Vet Res 2019; 50:24. [PMID: 30971289 PMCID: PMC6458827 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of cortisol on Flavobacterium columnare biofilm formation was explored. Firstly, the dynamics of biofilm formation by one highly (HV) and one low virulent (LV) F. columnare isolate with and without the stress hormone cortisol under microfluidic flow conditions was characterized. This to confirm that F. columnare cells could form biofilm under cortisol supplementation, and to compare the temporal and structural differences between different treatment groups. One trial revealed that in both isolates cell aggregates resembling biofilms occurred within 7-h post-inoculation. Consequently, cell clusters were sloughed away, followed by a rebuilding of bacterial cell aggregates, suggestive for a high spreading capacity. While the HV isolate revealed cell aggregates formed upstream at all time-points, for the LV isolate this was only seen upon cortisol supplementation. Secondly, the transcriptional effect of genes (gldK, gldL, gldM, gldN, sprA, sprE, sprT, and porV) belonging to the Type IX secretion system involved in gliding motility was investigated in planktonic and biofilm cells of a HV and LV isolate to which no, a low (LD) or high (HD) dose of cortisol was added. Significantly lower expression of gliding genes gldK, gldL, gldM and gldN, and of protein secretion regulator porV was seen in the LV isolate planktonic cells supplemented with a HD-cortisol. The LV isolate biofilm cells treated with the HD-cortisol showed a significant upregulation of sprT, encoding mobile surface adhesion important in bacterial colonization. This is the first evidence for the co-regulatory effect of cortisol on biofilm formation and F. columnare gliding gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Maria Declercq
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium. .,Stress Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ostend, 8400, Belgium.
| | - Wenlong Cai
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Eber Naranjo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Wilawan Thongda
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Aquatic Genetics and Genomics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Venessa Eeckhaut
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Eva Bauwens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Covadonga Arias
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Miles D Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Aquatic Genetics and Genomics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Johan Aerts
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ostend, 8400, Belgium.,Stress Physiology Research Group, Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Ostend, 8400, Belgium
| | - Annemie Decostere
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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12
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Pulkkinen K, Pekkala N, Ashrafi R, Hämäläinen DM, Nkembeng AN, Lipponen A, Hiltunen T, Valkonen JK, Taskinen J. Effect of resource availability on evolution of virulence and competition in an environmentally transmitted pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4962392. [PMID: 29659817 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding ecological and epidemiological factors driving pathogen evolution in contemporary time scales is a major challenge in modern health management. Pathogens that replicate outside the hosts are subject to selection imposed by ambient environmental conditions. Increased nutrient levels could increase pathogen virulence by pre-adapting for efficient use of resources upon contact to a nutrient rich host or by favouring transmission of fast-growing virulent strains. We measured changes in virulence and competition in Flavobacterium columnare, a bacterial pathogen of freshwater fish, under high and low nutrient levels. To test competition between strains in genotype mixtures, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR assay. We found that a virulent strain maintained its virulence and outcompeted less virulent strains independent of the nutrient level and resource renewal rate while a less virulent strain further lost virulence in chemostats under low nutrient level and over long-term serial culture under high nutrient level. Our results suggest that increased outside-host nutrient levels might maintain virulence in less virulent strains and increase their contribution to epidemics in aquaculture. The results highlight a need to further explore the role of resource in the outside-host environment in maintaining strain diversity and driving evolution of virulence among environmentally growing pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nina Pekkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Roghaieh Ashrafi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä,Finland
| | - Dorrit M Hämäläinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Aloysius N Nkembeng
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, P. O. Box 1627, (Neulaniementie 2), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Microbiology, P. O. Box 56, (Viikinkaari 9), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne K Valkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä,Finland
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, (Survontie 9), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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13
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Bailey C, Rubin A, Strepparava N, Segner H, Rubin JF, Wahli T. Do fish get wasted? Assessing the influence of effluents on parasitic infection of wild fish. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5956. [PMID: 30479904 PMCID: PMC6238765 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many ecosystems are influenced simultaneously by multiple stressors. One important environmental stressor is aquatic pollution via wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. WWTP effluents may contribute to eutrophication or contain anthropogenic contaminants that directly and/or indirectly influence aquatic wildlife. Both eutrophication and exposure to anthropogenic contaminants may affect the dynamics of fish-parasite systems. With this in mind, we studied the impact of WWTP effluents on infection of brown trout by the parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD). PKD is associated with the long-term decline of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations in Switzerland. We investigated PKD infection of brown trout at two adjacent sites (≈400 m apart) of a Swiss river. The sites are similar in terms of ecology except that one site receives WWTP effluents. We evaluated the hypothesis that fish inhabiting the effluent site will show greater susceptibility to PKD in terms of prevalence and disease outcome. We assessed susceptibility by (i) infection prevalence, (ii) parasite intensity, (iii) host health in terms of pathology, and (iv) estimated apparent survival rate. At different time points during the study, significant differences between sites concerning all measured parameters were found, thus providing evidence of the influence of effluents on parasitic infection of fish in our study system. However, from these findings we cannot determine if the effluent has a direct influence on the fish host via altering its ability to manage the parasite, or indirectly on the parasite or the invertebrate host via increasing bryozoa (the invertebrate host) reproduction. On a final note, the WWTP adhered to all national guidelines and the effluent only resulted in a minor water quality reduction assessed via standardized methods in this study. Thus, we provide evidence that even a subtle decrease in water quality, resulting in small-scale pollution can have consequences for wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christyn Bailey
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Rubin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,University of Applied Sciences, Hepia, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Strepparava
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Rubin
- University of Applied Sciences, Hepia, Geneva, Switzerland.,Maison de la Rivière, Tolochenaz, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wahli
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Abstract
Anthropogenic influences from increased nutrients and chemical contaminants, to habitat alterations and climate change, can have significant effects on fish populations. Adverse effects monitoring, utilizing biomarkers from the organismal to the molecular level, can be used to assess the cumulative effects on fishes and other organisms. Fish health has been used worldwide as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health. The necropsy-based fish health assessment provides data on visible abnormalities and lesions, parasites, condition and organosomatic indices. These can be compared by site, season and sex, as well as temporally, to document change over time. Severity ratings can be assigned to various observations to calculate a fish health index for more quantitative assessment. A drawback of the necropsy-based assessment is that it is based on visual observations and condition factors, which are not as sensitive as tissue and subcellular biomarkers for sublethal effects. Additionally, it is rarely possible to identify causes or risk factors associated with observed abnormalities. So, for instance a raised lesion or "tumor" on the fins, lips or body surface may be a neoplasm. However, it could also be a response to a parasite, chronic inflammation or hyperplasia of normal cells in response to an irritant. Conversely, neoplasms, certain parasites, other infectious agents and many tissue changes are not visible and so may be underestimated. However, during the necropsy-based assessment, blood (plasma), tissues for histopathology (microscopic pathology), genomics and other molecular analyses, and otoliths for aging can be collected. These downstream analyses, together with geospatial analyses, habitat assessments, water quality and contaminant analyses can all be important in comprehensive ecosystem evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki S Blazer
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey;
| | | | - Ryan P Braham
- National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey
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15
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Xiong J, Dai W, Qiu Q, Zhu J, Yang W, Li C. Response of host-bacterial colonization in shrimp to developmental stage, environment and disease. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3686-3699. [PMID: 30070062 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The host-associated microbiota is increasingly recognized to facilitate host fitness, but the understanding of the underlying ecological processes that govern the host-bacterial colonization over development and, particularly, under disease remains scarce. Here, we tracked the gut microbiota of shrimp over developmental stages and in response to disease. The stage-specific gut microbiotas contributed parallel changes to the predicted functions, while shrimp disease decoupled this intimate association. After ruling out the age-discriminatory taxa, we identified key features indicative of shrimp health status. Structural equation modelling revealed that variations in rearing water led to significant changes in bacterioplankton communities, which subsequently affected the shrimp gut microbiota. However, shrimp gut microbiotas are not directly mirrored by the changes in rearing bacterioplankton communities. A neutral model analysis showed that the stochastic processes that govern gut microbiota tended to become more important as healthy shrimp aged, with 37.5% stochasticity in larvae linearly increasing to 60.4% in adults. However, this defined trend was skewed when disease occurred. This departure was attributed to the uncontrolled growth of two candidate pathogens (over-represented taxa). The co-occurrence patterns provided novel clues on how the gut commensals interact with candidate pathogens in sustaining shrimp health. Collectively, these findings offer updated insight into the ecological processes that govern the host-bacterial colonization in shrimp and provide a pathological understanding of polymicrobial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Xiong
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wenfang Dai
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qiongfen Qiu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jinyong Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wen Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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16
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Xiong J. Progress in the gut microbiota in exploring shrimp disease pathogenesis and incidence. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7343-7350. [PMID: 29982924 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognized that gut microbiota contributes indispensable roles in safeguarding host health. Shrimp is being threatened by newly emerging diseases globally; thus, understanding the driving factors that govern its gut microbiota would facilitate an initial step to reestablish and maintain a "healthy" gut microbiota. This review summarizes the factors that assemble the shrimp gut microbiota, which focuses on the current progresses of knowledge linking the gut microbiota and shrimp health status. In particular, I propose the exploration of shrimp disease pathogenesis and incidence based on the interplay between dysbiosis in the gut microbiota and disease severity. An updated research on shrimp disease toward an ecological perspective is discussed, including host-bacterial colonization, identification of polymicrobial pathogens and diagnosing disease incidence. Further, a simple conceptual model is offered to summarize the interplay among the gut microbiota, external factors, and shrimp disease. Finally, based on the review, current limitations are raised and future studies directed at solving these concerns are proposed. This review is timely given the increased interest in the role of gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis and the advent of novel diagnosis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Xiong
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bo Xiong
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Li Nie
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; E-mail:
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18
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Paull SH, Johnson PTJ. How Temperature, Pond-Drying, and Nutrients Influence Parasite Infection and Pathology. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:396-408. [PMID: 29511903 PMCID: PMC6126996 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid pace of environmental change is driving multi-faceted shifts in abiotic factors that influence parasite transmission. However, cumulative effects of these factors on wildlife diseases remain poorly understood. Here we used an information-theoretic approach to compare the relative influence of abiotic factors (temperature, diurnal temperature range, nutrients and pond-drying), on infection of snail and amphibian hosts by two trematode parasites (Ribeiroia ondatrae and Echinostoma spp.). A temperature shift from 20 to 25 °C was associated with an increase in infected snail prevalence of 10-20%, while overall snail densities declined by a factor of 6. Trematode infection abundance in frogs was best predicted by infected snail density, while Ribeiroia infection specifically also declined by half for each 10% reduction in pond perimeter, despite no effect of perimeter on the per snail release rate of cercariae. Both nutrient concentrations and Ribeiroia infection positively predicted amphibian deformities, potentially owing to reduced host tolerance or increased parasite virulence in more productive environments. For both parasites, temperature, pond-drying, and nutrients were influential at different points in the transmission cycle, highlighting the importance of detailed seasonal field studies that capture the importance of multiple drivers of infection dynamics and the mechanisms through which they operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H Paull
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado, 13001 E 17th Pl, Box B119, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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19
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Penttinen R, Hoikkala V, Sundberg LR. Gliding Motility and Expression of Motility-Related Genes in Spreading and Non-spreading Colonies of Flavobacterium columnare. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:525. [PMID: 29632520 PMCID: PMC5879114 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliding motility facilitates the movement of bacteria along surfaces in many Bacteroidetes species and results in spreading colonies. The adhesins required for the gliding are secreted through a gliding motility-associated protein secretion system, known as the type IX secretion system (T9SS). The fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare produces spreading (rhizoid [Rz], soft [S]) and non-spreading (rough [R]) colony types, of which only the spreading Rz type is virulent. In this study, we explored the spreading behavior of these colony types by microscopic imaging and measured the expression of genes associated with gliding motility and T9SS (gldG, gldH, gldL, sprA, sprB, sprE, sprF, sprT, and porV) under high and low resource levels by using RT-qPCR (reverse transcription quantitative PCR). The spreading colony types responded to the low resource level with increased colony size. The non-spreading colony type, as well as the cells growing under high nutrient level expressed only moderate cell movements. Yet, a low nutrient level provoked more active gliding motility in individual cells and increased spreading by cooperative gliding. The gene expression survey demonstrated an increased expression level of sprA (a core component of T9SS) and sprF (needed for adhesin secretion) under low nutrient conditions. Surprisingly, the expression of gliding motility genes was not consistently associated with more active spreading behavior. Furthermore, no genetic differences were found between spreading and non-spreading colony types in the studied genes associated with gliding motility. Our study demonstrates that environmental nutrient level is an important regulator of both gliding motility and the expression of some of the associated genes. These results may help to understand the connections between nutrient concentration, gliding motility, and virulence of F. columnare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Penttinen
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ville Hoikkala
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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20
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Zinöcker MK, Lindseth IA. The Western Diet-Microbiome-Host Interaction and Its Role in Metabolic Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:E365. [PMID: 29562591 PMCID: PMC5872783 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary pattern that characterizes the Western diet is strongly associated with obesity and related metabolic diseases, but biological mechanisms supporting these associations remain largely unknown. We argue that the Western diet promotes inflammation that arises from both structural and behavioral changes in the resident microbiome. The environment created in the gut by ultra-processed foods, a hallmark of the Western diet, is an evolutionarily unique selection ground for microbes that can promote diverse forms of inflammatory disease. Recognizing the importance of the microbiome in the development of diet-related disease has implications for future research, public dietary advice as well as food production practices. Research into food patterns suggests that whole foods are a common denominator of diets associated with a low level of diet-related disease. Hence, by studying how ultra-processing changes the properties of whole foods and how these foods affect the gut microbiome, more useful dietary guidelines can be made. Innovations in food production should be focusing on enabling health in the super-organism of man and microbe, and stronger regulation of potentially hazardous components of food products is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit K Zinöcker
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Lovisenberggata 13, 0456 Oslo, Norway.
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21
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Walsh HL, Blazer VS, Smith GD, Lookenbill M, Alvarez DA, Smalling KL. Risk Factors Associated with Mortality of Age-0 Smallmouth Bass in the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2018; 30:65-80. [PMID: 29595890 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of disease and mortalities of young of the year (age-0) Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu has occurred during the late spring and summer in many parts of the Susquehanna River watershed since 2005. To better understand contributing factors, fish collected from multiple areas throughout the watershed as well as out-of-basin reference populations (Allegheny and Delaware River basins; experimental ponds, Kearneysville, West Virginia) were examined grossly and histologically for abnormalities. Tissue contaminant concentrations were determined from whole-body homogenates, and water contaminant concentrations were estimated using time-integrated passive samplers at selected sites. Observed or isolated pathogens included bacteria, predominantly motile Aeromonas spp. and Flavobacterium columnare; largemouth bass virus, and parasites, including trematode metacercariae, cestodes, and the myxozoan Myxobolus inornatus. Although these pathogens were found in age-0 Smallmouth Bass from multiple sites, no one pathogen was consistently associated with mortality. Chemicals detected in tissue included polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine, and current-use pesticides. Pyraclostrobin, PCB congeners 170 and 187, cis-chlordane and trans-nonachlor were detected in all Susquehanna watershed samples but rarely in samples from the reference site. The findings support the idea that there is no single cause for disease of age-0 Smallmouth Bass; rather the cumulative effects of co-infections and potential immunomodulation by environmental stressors during a sensitive developmental life stage may lead to mortality. Identifying the most important risk factors will be necessary for more in-depth analyses of individual stressors and better management of the habitat and fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Walsh
- West Virginia University Research Corporation, 886 Chestnut Ridge Road, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia, 25430, USA
| | - Vicki S Blazer
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia, 25430, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Smith
- Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, Division of Fisheries Management, 1601 Elmerton Avenue, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 17110, USA
| | - Michael Lookenbill
- Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Rachel Carson State Office Building, 400 Market Street, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 17101, USA
| | - David A Alvarez
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, USA
| | - Kelly L Smalling
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, 08648, USA
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Kinnula H, Mappes J, Valkonen JK, Pulkkinen K, Sundberg L. Higher resource level promotes virulence in an environmentally transmitted bacterial fish pathogen. Evol Appl 2017; 10:462-470. [PMID: 28515779 PMCID: PMC5427672 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases have become a primary constraint to sustainable aquaculture, but remarkably little attention has been paid to a broad class of pathogens: the opportunists. Opportunists often persist in the environment outside the host, and their pathogenic features are influenced by changes in the environment. To test how environmental nutrient levels influence virulence, we used strains of Flavobacterium columnare, an environmentally transmitted fish pathogen, to infect rainbow trout and zebra fish in two different nutrient concentrations. To separate the effects of dose and nutrients, we used three infective doses and studied the growth of bacteria in vitro. High nutrient concentration promoted both the virulence and the outside-host growth of the pathogen, most notably in a low-virulence strain. The increase in virulence could not be exhaustively explained by the increased dose under higher nutrient supply, suggesting virulence factor activation. In aquaculture settings, accumulation of organic material in rearing units can locally increase water nutrient concentration and therefore increase disease risk as a response to elevated bacterial density and virulence factor activation. Our results highlight the role of increased nutrients in outside-host environment as a selective agent for higher virulence and faster evolutionary rate in opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kinnula
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Johanna Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Janne K. Valkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Lotta‐Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceCentre of Excellence in Biological InteractionsUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
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