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Yamuna KT, Hamza Areekan A, Shah JM. Identification of a suitable method of inoculation for reducing background effect in mock-inoculated controls during gene expression studies in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1619-1632. [PMID: 38162917 PMCID: PMC10754790 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The recent advancement in the field of transcriptome and methylome sequencing helped scientists to analyse the gene expression and epigenetic status of different genes. Several genes and their regulatory pathways have been discovered due to research into plant-microbe interactions. Previous research on plant-Agrobacterium interactions found that the method of inoculation (wounding using a syringe), resulted in altered DNA methylation of the host DNA repair gene promoters. The expression study of host defence genes revealed that the method of inoculation masked the host response to bacteria. It could be possible that these method-induced changes could interfere with various defence regulatory pathways, which otherwise would not be triggered by the bacteria alone. Hence, it would be critical to identify an appropriate method of inoculation that could provide more unambiguous interpretation of studies involving gene expression and regulation in plants under bacterial stress. The expression dynamics of two defence genes, PR1 and NPR1, under various combinations of parameters such as three different methods of inoculation, treatment with five different bacterial re-suspending solutions, and at three different post-inoculation time intervals were examined in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The H2O2 and superoxide (O2-) production due to various inoculation methods and re-suspending solutions on the host was also studied. The flood inoculation method, which used sterile deionized water (SDW) to re-suspend bacteria, elicited the slightest response in mock-inoculated plants. Under this method, Agrobacterium strains carrying the GUS reporter gene were used to test bacterial infectivity. Blue sectors were found in plants infected for 24 and 48 h. PR1 and NPR1 expression were significantly altered at various time intervals after inoculation. So, for experiments involving Arabidopsis-Agrobacterium interaction with minimal background influences, such as gene expression and epigenetic analyses, the flood inoculation method using SDW as the resuspension liquid is proposed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01381-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. T. Yamuna
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Periya, Kasaragod, Kerala 671320 India
| | - A. Hamza Areekan
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Periya, Kasaragod, Kerala 671320 India
| | - Jasmine M. Shah
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Periya, Kasaragod, Kerala 671320 India
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Awan ZA, Shoaib A, Schenk PM, Ahmad A, Alansi S, Paray BA. Antifungal potential of volatiles produced by Bacillus subtilis BS-01 against Alternaria solani in Solanum lycopersicum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1089562. [PMID: 36777534 PMCID: PMC9909239 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1089562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biocontrol agent/s (BCAs) against plant diseases are eco-friendly and sustainable options for profitable agricultural crop production. Specific beneficial strains of Bacillus subtilis are effective in controlling many fungal diseases including Alternaria blight caused by a notorious pathogen "Alternaria solani". In the present study, the biocontrol attributes of a newfangled strain of B. subtilis (BS-01) have been investigated and its bioactive compounds were also identified against A. solani. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by BS-01 in organic solvents viz., n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate were extracted and their antifungal efficacy has evaluated against A. solani. Also, the preventive and curative biocontrol method to reduce the fungal load of A. solani was estimated by both foliar and seed applications on infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants as determined by quantitative PCR assays. Growth chamber bioassay revealed that both foliar and seed application of BS-01 on tomato plants previously or subsequently infected by A. solani significantly reduced the pathogen load on inoculated tomato foliage. Results showed that antifungal bioassays with various concentrations (10-100 mg mL-1) of extracted metabolites produced by BS-01 in ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest inhibition in fungal biomass (extracellular metabolites: 69-98% and intracellular metabolites: 48-85%) followed by n-hexane (extracellular metabolites: 63-88% and intracellular metabolites: 35-62%) and dichloromethane (extracellular metabolites: 41-74% and intracellular metabolites: 42-70%), respectively. The extracted volatile compounds of BS-01 were identified via GC-MS analysis and were found in great proportions in the organic fractions as major potent antifungal constituents including triphenylphosphine oxide; pyrrolo[1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl); pyrrolo[1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(phenylmethyl); n-hexadecanoic acid; n-tridecan-1-ol; octadecane; octadecanoic acid; eicosane and dodecyl acrylate. Separate or mixture of these bioactive VOCs had the potential to mitigate the tomato early blight disease severity in the field that would act as a sustainable plant protection strategy to generate profitable tomato production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoia Arshad Awan
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amna Shoaib
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Peer M. Schenk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alansi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Rajer FU, Samma MK, Ali Q, Rajar WA, Wu H, Raza W, Xie Y, Tahir HAS, Gao X. Bacillus spp.-Mediated Growth Promotion of Rice Seedlings and Suppression of Bacterial Blight Disease under Greenhouse Conditions. Pathogens 2022; 11:1251. [PMID: 36365003 PMCID: PMC9694674 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major cereal and staple food crop worldwide, and its growth and production are affected by several fungal and bacterial phytopathogens. Bacterial blight (BB) is one of the world's most devastating rice diseases, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). In the current study, Bacillus atrophaeus FA12 and B. cabrialesii FA26 were isolated from the rice rhizosphere and characterized as having broad-range antifungal and antibacterial activities against various phytopathogens, including Xoo. In addition, the selected strains were further evaluated for their potent rice growth promotion and suppression efficacy against BB under greenhouse conditions. The result shows that FA12 and FA26, applied as seed inoculants, significantly enhanced the vigor index of rice seedlings by 78.89% and 108.70%, respectively. Suppression efficacy against BB disease by FA12 and FA26 reached up to 59.74% and 54.70%, respectively, in pot experiments. Furthermore, MALDI-TOF MS analysis of selected strains revealed the masses ranged from m/z 1040 to 1540, representing that iturins and fengycin are the major antimicrobial compounds in the crude extracts, which might have beneficial roles in rice defence responses against BB. In conclusion, FA12 and FA26 possess broad-range antagonistic activity and have the capability to promote plant growth traits. More importantly, applying these strains has a high potential for implementing eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable management practices for BB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Uddin Rajer
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kaleem Samma
- Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi 75600, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Waleed Ahmed Rajar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Huijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Waseem Raza
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Department of Grassland Science, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Hafiz Abdul Samad Tahir
- Tobacco Research Institute, Pakistan Tobacco Board, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Peshawar 25124, Pakistan
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Bonaterra A, Badosa E, Daranas N, Francés J, Roselló G, Montesinos E. Bacteria as Biological Control Agents of Plant Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091759. [PMID: 36144361 PMCID: PMC9502092 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control is an effective and sustainable alternative or complement to conventional pesticides for fungal and bacterial plant disease management. Some of the most intensively studied biological control agents are bacteria that can use multiple mechanisms implicated in the limitation of plant disease development, and several bacterial-based products have been already registered and marketed as biopesticides. However, efforts are still required to increase the commercially available microbial biopesticides. The inconsistency in the performance of bacterial biocontrol agents in the biological control has limited their extensive use in commercial agriculture. Pathosystem factors and environmental conditions have been shown to be key factors involved in the final levels of disease control achieved by bacteria. Several biotic and abiotic factors can influence the performance of the biocontrol agents, affecting their mechanisms of action or the multitrophic interaction between the plant, the pathogen, and the bacteria. This review shows some relevant examples of known bacterial biocontrol agents, with especial emphasis on research carried out by Spanish groups. In addition, the importance of the screening process and of the key steps in the development of bacterial biocontrol agents is highlighted. Besides, some improvement approaches and future trends are considered.
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Shi Y, Qin Y, Li F, Wang H. Genome-Wide Profiling of DNA Methylome and Transcriptome Reveals Epigenetic Regulation of Potato Response to DON Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:934379. [PMID: 35812951 PMCID: PMC9260311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.934379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Potato is an important food crop that occupies lesser area but has greater production than rice and wheat. However, potato production is affected by numerous biotic and abiotic stresses, among which Fusarium dry rot is a disease that has significant effect on potato production, storage, and processing. However, the role of DNA methylation in regulating potato response to Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) stress is still not fully understood. In this study, we performed DNA methylome and transcriptome analyses of potato tubers treated with five concentrations of DON. The global DNA methylation levels in potato tubers treated with different concentrations of DON showed significant changes relative to those in the control. In particular, the 20 ng/ml treatment showed the largest decrease in all three contexts of methylation levels, especially CHH contexts in transposon regions. The differentially methylated region (DMR)-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in resistance-related metabolic pathways, indicating that DNA methylation plays an essential role in potato response to DON stress. Furthermore, we examined lesions on potato tubers infested with Fusarium after treatment. Furthermore, the potato tubers treated with 5 and 35 ng/ml DON had lesions of significantly smaller diameters than those of the control, indicating that DON stress may induce resistance. We speculate that this may be related to epigenetic memory created after DNA methylation changes. The detailed DNA methylome and transcriptome profiles suggest that DNA methylation plays a vital role in potato disease resistance and has great potential for enhancing potato dry rot resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fenglan Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Awan ZA, Shoaib A, Iftikhar MS, Jan BL, Ahmad P. Combining Biocontrol Agent With Plant Nutrients for Integrated Control of Tomato Early Blight Through the Modulation of Physio-Chemical Attributes and Key Antioxidants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:807699. [PMID: 35401436 PMCID: PMC8986128 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.807699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early blight (EB) is one of the major fungal diseases caused by Alternaria solani that is responsible for destructive tomato production around the globe. Biocontrol agent/s can be adequately implemented in an integrated management framework by using it in combination with vital plant nutrients, e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) and zinc (Zn). The current study was aimed to assess the integrated effect of a biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis (BS-01) and the selective plant nutrients (NPK and Zn) on EB disease management and tomato crop performance. A field experiment was conducted for the off-season tomato production (under walk-in tunnels) in Punjab, Pakistan. The trial was set in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and comprised nine treatments of a biocontrol agent (BS-01) either alone or in combination with the plant nutrients, viz., NPK (64:46:50 kg acre–1) and Zn (10 kg acre–1) as sustainable disease managing approach against EB. In addition, the biocontrol efficacy of B. subtilis (BS-01) on a fungal load of A. solani was estimated by quantitative PCR assays, where the foliar application of BS-01 on tomato plants either alone or in combination with the plant nutrients was done as a preventive measure. Our results revealed that the interactive effect of BS-01 with plant nutrients conferred significantly a varying degree of resilience in the infected tomato plants against EB by effectively modifying the content of total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and total phenolics along with the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POX, PPO, and PAL). In addition, the integrative effect of BS-01 and plant nutrients proved significantly effective in reducing pathogen load on inoculated tomato foliage, displaying the desired level of protection against A. solani infection. Besides, the complementary interaction of BS-01 + Zn + NPK worked synergistically to improve crop productivity by providing the highest marketable yield (21.61 tons acre–1) and net profit (361,363 Pakistani rupees acre–1). This integrated approach is put forward as a way to reduce the fungicide doses to control EB that would act as a sustainable plant protection strategy to generate profitable tomato production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoia Arshad Awan
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Zoia Arshad Awan,
| | - Amna Shoaib
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Basit Latief Jan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Lahlali R, Ezrari S, Radouane N, Kenfaoui J, Esmaeel Q, El Hamss H, Belabess Z, Barka EA. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: A Global Perspective. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030596. [PMID: 35336171 PMCID: PMC8951280 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the world population has generated an important need for both quality and quantity agricultural products, which has led to a significant surge in the use of chemical pesticides to fight crop diseases. Consumers, however, have become very concerned in recent years over the side effects of chemical fungicides on human health and the environment. As a result, research into alternative solutions to protect crops has been imposed and attracted wide attention from researchers worldwide. Among these alternatives, biological controls through beneficial microorganisms have gained considerable importance, whilst several biological control agents (BCAs) have been screened, among them Bacillus, Pantoea, Streptomyces, Trichoderma, Clonostachys, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and certain yeasts. At present, biopesticide products have been developed and marketed either to fight leaf diseases, root diseases, or fruit storage diseases. However, no positive correlation has been observed between the number of screened BCAs and available marketed products. Therefore, this review emphasizes the development of biofungicides products from screening to marketing and the problems that hinder their development. Finally, particular attention was given to the gaps observed in this sector and factors that hamper its development, particularly in terms of efficacy and legislation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Menkes 50001, Morocco; (S.E.); (N.R.); (J.K.); (H.E.H.)
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (E.A.B.); Tel.: +212-55-30-02-39 (R.L.); +33-3-2691-3441 (E.A.B.)
| | - Said Ezrari
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Menkes 50001, Morocco; (S.E.); (N.R.); (J.K.); (H.E.H.)
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Nabil Radouane
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Menkes 50001, Morocco; (S.E.); (N.R.); (J.K.); (H.E.H.)
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Jihane Kenfaoui
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Menkes 50001, Morocco; (S.E.); (N.R.); (J.K.); (H.E.H.)
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Route d’Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Qassim Esmaeel
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bio-Protection des Plantes-EA 4707-USC INRAE1488, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France;
| | - Hajar El Hamss
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Menkes 50001, Morocco; (S.E.); (N.R.); (J.K.); (H.E.H.)
| | - Zineb Belabess
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Oujda, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Mohamed VI, BP428 Oujda, Oujda 60000, Morocco;
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bio-Protection des Plantes-EA 4707-USC INRAE1488, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France;
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (E.A.B.); Tel.: +212-55-30-02-39 (R.L.); +33-3-2691-3441 (E.A.B.)
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Yu Y, Gui Y, Li Z, Jiang C, Guo J, Niu D. Induced Systemic Resistance for Improving Plant Immunity by Beneficial Microbes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030386. [PMID: 35161366 PMCID: PMC8839143 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant beneficial microorganisms improve the health and growth of the associated plants. Application of beneficial microbes triggers an enhanced resistance state, also termed as induced systemic resistance (ISR), in the host, against a broad range of pathogens. Upon the activation of ISR, plants employ long-distance systemic signaling to provide protection for distal tissue, inducing rapid and strong immune responses against pathogens invasions. The transmission of ISR signaling was commonly regarded to be a jasmonic acid- and ethylene-dependent, but salicylic acid-independent, transmission. However, in the last decade, the involvement of both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathways and the regulatory roles of small RNA in ISR has been updated. In this review, the plant early recognition, responsive reactions, and the related signaling transduction during the process of the plant-beneficial microbe interaction was discussed, with reflection on the crucial regulatory role of small RNAs in the beneficial microbe-mediated ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Gui
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zijie Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunhao Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dongdong Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence:
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Mhlongo MI, Piater LA, Steenkamp PA, Labuschagne N, Dubery IA. Metabolomic Evaluation of Tissue-Specific Defense Responses in Tomato Plants Modulated by PGPR-Priming against Phytophthora capsici Infection. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081530. [PMID: 34451575 PMCID: PMC8400099 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can stimulate disease suppression through the induction of an enhanced state of defense readiness. Here, untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS) and targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QqQ-MS) were used to investigate metabolic reprogramming in tomato plant tissues in response to priming by Pseudomonas fluorescens N04 and Paenibacillus alvei T22 against Phytophthora capsici. Roots were treated with the two PGPR strains prior to stem inoculation with Ph. capsici. Metabolites were methanol-extracted from roots, stems and leaves at two–eight days post-inoculation. Targeted analysis by UHPLC–QqQ-MS allowed quantification of aromatic amino acids and phytohormones. For untargeted analysis, UHPLC–MS data were chemometrically processed to determine signatory biomarkers related to priming against Ph. capsici. The aromatic amino acid content was differentially reprogrammed in Ps. fluorescens and Pa. alvei primed plants responding to Ph. capsici. Furthermore, abscisic acid and methyl salicylic acid were found to be major signaling molecules in the tripartite interaction. LC–MS metabolomics analysis showed time-dependent metabolic changes in the primed-unchallenged vs. primed-challenged tissues. The annotated metabolites included phenylpropanoids, benzoic acids, glycoalkaloids, flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids, as well as oxygenated fatty acids. Tissue-specific reprogramming across diverse metabolic networks in roots, stems and leaves was also observed, which demonstrated that PGPR priming resulted in modulation of the defense response to Ph. capsici infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Msizi I. Mhlongo
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Nico Labuschagne
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-559-2401
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Antimicrobial activity screening of rhizosphere soil bacteria from tomato and genome-based analysis of their antimicrobial biosynthetic potential. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:29. [PMID: 33413100 PMCID: PMC7789753 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tomato plant growth is frequently hampered by a high susceptibility to pests and diseases. Traditional chemical control causes a serious impact on both the environment and human health. Therefore, seeking environment-friendly and cost-effective green methods in agricultural production becomes crucial nowadays. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can promote plant growth through biological activity. Their use is considered to be a promising sustainable approach for crop growth. Moreover, a vast number of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for secondary metabolite production are being revealed in PGPR, which helps to find potential anti-microbial activities for tomato disease control. Results We isolated 181 Bacillus-like strains from healthy tomato, rhizosphere soil, and tomato tissues. In vitro antagonistic assays revealed that 34 Bacillus strains have antimicrobial activity against Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas syringae; Rhizoctonia solani; Botrytis cinerea; Verticillium dahliae and Phytophthora infestans. The genomes of 10 Bacillus and Paenibacillus strains with good antagonistic activity were sequenced. Via genome mining approaches, we identified 120 BGCs encoding NRPs, PKs-NRPs, PKs, terpenes and bacteriocins, including known compounds such as fengycin, surfactin, bacillibactin, subtilin, etc. In addition, several novel BGCs were identified. We discovered that the NRPs and PKs-NRPs BGCs in Bacillus species are encoding highly conserved known compounds as well as various novel variants. Conclusions This study highlights the great number of varieties of BGCs in Bacillus strains. These findings pave the road for future usage of Bacillus strains as biocontrol agents for tomato disease control and are a resource arsenal for novel antimicrobial discovery. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07346-8.
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Arif S, Liaquat F, Yang S, Shah IH, Zhao L, Xiong X, Garcia D, Zhang Y. Exogenous inoculation of endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus suppresses clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) occurrence in pak choi (Brassica campestris sp. chinensis L.). PLANTA 2021; 253:25. [PMID: 33404767 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Bacillus cereus plays a key role in clubroot suppression and improves plant biomass in pak choi. B. cereus is reported for the first time as a novel biocontrol agent against clubroot. Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin causes a devastating infectious disease known as clubroot that is damaging to cruciferous vegetables. This study aimed to isolate beneficial bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of pak choi (Brassica campestris sp. chinensis) and to evaluate the ability of the isolate to reduce the severity of clubroot. Strains obtained from the rhizosphere of symptomless pak choi were first selected on the basis of their germination inhibition rate and effects on the viability of P. brassicae resting spores. Eight bacterial isolates had inhibitory effects against the resting spores of clubroot causing pathogen. However, MZ-12 showed the highest inhibitory effect at 73.4%. Inoculation with MZ-12 enhanced the plant biomass relative to plants grown without MZ-12 as well as P. brassicae infected plants. Furthermore, enhanced antioxidant enzymatic activities were observed in clubroot-infected plants during bacterial association. Co-inoculation of the plant with both P. brassicae and MZ-12 resulted in a 64% reduction of gall formation in comparison to plants inoculated with P. brassicae only. Three applications of MZ-12 to plants infected with P. brassicae at 7, 14 and 21 days after seeding (DAS) were more effective than one application and repressed root hair infection. According to 16S rDNA sequence analysis, strain MZ-12 was identified as had a 100% sequence similarity with type strain Bacillus cereus. The findings of the present study will facilitate further investigation into biological mechanisms of cruciferous clubroot control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiah Arif
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Fiza Liaquat
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Senlin Yang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Iftikhar Hussain Shah
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Xiong
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Garcia
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidong Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Azizbekyan RR. Biological Preparations for the Protection of Agricultural Plants (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819080027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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López-Isasmendi G, Alvarez AE, Petroselli G, Erra-Balsells R, Audisio MC. Aphicidal activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains in the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae). Microbiol Res 2019; 226:41-47. [PMID: 31284943 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a generalist cosmopolitan insect that infests more than 400 plant species of 40 different families and is one of the major pests infesting potato crops. It causes direct damage and also spread plant viruses. The intensive use of synthetic insecticide to control aphids has led to resistant populations. Therefore, there is a need to develop biopesticides for effective control that minimizes environmental hazards. The bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is recognized as a producer of a variety of bioactive compounds. The aim here was to evaluate the aphicidal effect of B. amyloliquefaciens strains, CBMDDrag3, PGPBacCA2, and CBMDLO3, and their metabolites on the mortality and fecundity of M. persicae. Cells suspensions, heat-killed cell suspensions, cell-free supernatants, or isolated lipopeptide fractions from B. amyloliquefaciens strains were offered to aphids through artificial diets. The isolated lipopeptide fractions composed mainly of kurstakins, surfactins, iturins, and fengycins, when were administrated through diets, had no aphicidal effect against M. persicae. However, aphids fed on diets with whole cell suspensions and its cell-free supernatant of all three bacteria strains resulted in 100% mortality of adult aphids and nymphs. Specially, B. amyloliquefaciens CBMDLO3, has an effective aphicidal effect on M. persicae, used both bacterial cells and their metabolites. Moreover, heat-killed cells of B. amyloliquefaciens CBMDLO3 also had aphicidal action, although the aphid mortality was lower than on diet with living bacteria. Therefore, these results propose that B. amyloliquefaciens, could function as a novel eco-friendly biopesticide for the control of M. persicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe López-Isasmendi
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina; CONICET, CCT-Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriela Petroselli
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, 3 Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, 3 Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Carina Audisio
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, 4400 Salta, Argentina.
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Caulier S, Nannan C, Gillis A, Licciardi F, Bragard C, Mahillon J. Overview of the Antimicrobial Compounds Produced by Members of the Bacillus subtilis Group. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:302. [PMID: 30873135 PMCID: PMC6401651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last seven decades, applications using members of the Bacillus subtilis group have emerged in both food processes and crop protection industries. Their ability to form survival endospores and the plethora of antimicrobial compounds they produce has generated an increased industrial interest as food preservatives, therapeutic agents and biopesticides. In the growing context of food biopreservation and biological crop protection, this review suggests a comprehensive way to visualize the antimicrobial spectrum described within the B. subtilis group, including volatile compounds. This classification distinguishes the bioactive metabolites based on their biosynthetic pathways and chemical nature: i.e., ribosomal peptides (RPs), volatile compounds, polyketides (PKs), non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs), and hybrids between PKs and NRPs. For each clade, the chemical structure, biosynthesis and antimicrobial activity are described and exemplified. This review aims at constituting a convenient and updated classification of antimicrobial metabolites from the B. subtilis group, whose complex phylogeny is prone to further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Caulier
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Laboratory of Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Catherine Nannan
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Annika Gillis
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Florent Licciardi
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claude Bragard
- Laboratory of Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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15
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Sui J, Ji C, Wang X, Liu Z, Sa R, Hu Y, Wang C, Li Q, Liu X. A plant growth‐promoting bacterium alters the microbial community of continuous cropping poplar trees’ rhizosphere. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1209-1220. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Sui
- College of Life Sciences Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - C. Ji
- College of Forestry Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - X. Wang
- College of Life Sciences Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - Z. Liu
- College of Forestry Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - R. Sa
- School of Life Sciences Taishan Medical University Taian China
| | - Y. Hu
- College of Forestry Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - C. Wang
- College of Forestry Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - Q. Li
- College of Forestry Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - X. Liu
- College of Forestry Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
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16
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Siahmoshteh F, Hamidi-Esfahani Z, Spadaro D, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Unraveling the mode of antifungal action of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as potential biocontrol agents against aflatoxigenic Aspergillus parasiticus. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Kang W, Zhu X, Wang Y, Chen L, Duan Y. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal that bacteria promote plant defense during infection of soybean cyst nematode in soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:86. [PMID: 29751738 PMCID: PMC5948838 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most devastating pathogen of soybean. Our previous study showed that the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus simplex strain Sneb545 promotes soybean resistance to SCN. Here, we conducted a combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis to gain information regarding the biological mechanism of defence enhancement against SCN in Sneb545-treated soybean. To this end, we compared the transcriptome and metabolome of Sneb545-treated and non-treated soybeans under SCN infection. RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis showed that 6792 gene transcripts were common in Sneb545-treated and non-treated soybeans. However, Sneb545-treated soybeans showed a higher concentration of various nematicidal metabolites, including 4-vinylphenol, methionine, piperine, and palmitic acid, than non-treated soybeans under SCN infection. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results validated and expanded the existing models regarding the co-regulation of gene expression and metabolites in plants, indicating the advantage of integrated system-oriented analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Kang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Yuxi Duan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866 China
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18
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Bauske MJ, Yellareddygari SKR, Gudmestad NC. Potential Impact of Fluopyram on the Frequency of the D123E Mutation in Alternaria solani. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:656-665. [PMID: 30673489 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-17-0853-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase-inhibiting (SDHI) fungicides have been widely applied in commercial potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) fields for the control of early blight, caused by Alternaria solani Sorauer. Five-point mutations on three AsSdh genes in A. solani have been identified as conferring resistance to SDHI fungicides. Recent work in our laboratory determined that A. solani isolates possessing the D123E mutation, or the substitution of aspartic acid for glutamic acid at position 123 in the AsSdhD gene, were collected at successively higher frequencies throughout a 3-year survey. In total, 118 A. solani isolates previously characterized as possessing the D123E mutation were evaluated in vitro for boscalid and fluopyram sensitivity. Over 80% of A. solani isolates with the D123E mutation evaluated were determined to be highly resistant to boscalid in vitro. However, effective concentration at which the fungal growth is inhibited by 50% values of isolates with the D123E mutation to fluopyram, ranging from 0.2 to 3 µg/ml, were sensitive and only slightly higher than those of baseline isolates to fluopyram, which ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 µg/ml. Five A. solani isolates with the D123E mutation were further evaluated in vivo for percent disease control obtained from boscalid and fluopyram compared with two wild-type isolates, three isolates possessing the F129L mutation, two isolates possessing the H134R mutation, two isolates possessing the H133R mutation, and one isolate with the H278R mutation. Relative area under the dose response curve values for boscalid and fluopyram were significantly lower for all five D123E-mutant isolates, demonstrating reduced disease control in vivo. In field trials, the frequency of A. solani isolates with the D123E mutation recovered from treatments receiving an in-furrow application of fluopyram ranged from 5 to 37%, which was significantly higher compared with treatments receiving foliar applications of standard protectants, in which the frequency of the D123E mutation in isolates ranged from 0 to 2.5%. Results suggest that A. solani isolates possessing the D123E mutation have a selective advantage under the application of fluopyram compared with SDHI-sensitive isolates, as well as isolates possessing other mutations conferring SDHI resistance. These data illustrate the importance of implementing fungicide resistance management strategies and cautions the use of fluopyram for in-furrow applications that target other pathogens of potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Bauske
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105
| | | | - Neil C Gudmestad
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105
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19
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Mhlongo MI, Piater LA, Madala NE, Labuschagne N, Dubery IA. The Chemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions in the Rhizosphere and the Potential for Metabolomics to Reveal Signaling Related to Defense Priming and Induced Systemic Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:112. [PMID: 29479360 PMCID: PMC5811519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots communicate with microbes in a sophisticated manner through chemical communication within the rhizosphere, thereby leading to biofilm formation of beneficial microbes and, in the case of plant growth-promoting rhizomicrobes/-bacteria (PGPR), resulting in priming of defense, or induced resistance in the plant host. The knowledge of plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions have been greatly extended over recent years; however, the chemical communication leading to priming is far from being well understood. Furthermore, linkage between below- and above-ground plant physiological processes adds to the complexity. In metabolomics studies, the main aim is to profile and annotate all exo- and endo-metabolites in a biological system that drive and participate in physiological processes. Recent advances in this field has enabled researchers to analyze 100s of compounds in one sample over a short time period. Here, from a metabolomics viewpoint, we review the interactions within the rhizosphere and subsequent above-ground 'signalomics', and emphasize the contributions that mass spectrometric-based metabolomic approaches can bring to the study of plant-beneficial - and priming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Msizi I. Mhlongo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ntakadzeni E. Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nico Labuschagne
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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20
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Cruz-Martín M, Acosta-Suárez M, Mena E, Roque B, Pichardo T, Alvarado-Capó Y. Effect of Bacillus pumilus CCIBP-C5 on Musa- Pseudocercospora fijiensis interaction. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:122. [PMID: 29450112 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of antifungal activity of culture filtrate (CF) of Bacillus pumilus strain CCIBP-C5, an isolate from a phyllosphere of banana (Musa) leaves, was determined on Pseudocercospora fijiensis challenged banana plants. The CF was shown to decrease the fungal biomass and induce changes in banana plant. In this sense, at 70 days post inoculation (dpi), a lower infection index as well as a decrease in fungal biomass after 6 dpi was obtained in treated plants with respect to control ones. At the same time, changes in the activities of several enzymes related to plant defense responses, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases and peroxidases were observed. These results indicate that B. pumilus CCIBP-C5 has a potential role for biological control of P. fijiensis possibly due to the production of antifungal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mileidy Cruz-Martín
- Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5.5, CP 54830 Santa Clara, Villa Clara Cuba
| | - Mayra Acosta-Suárez
- Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5.5, CP 54830 Santa Clara, Villa Clara Cuba
| | - Eilyn Mena
- Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5.5, CP 54830 Santa Clara, Villa Clara Cuba
| | - Berkis Roque
- Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5.5, CP 54830 Santa Clara, Villa Clara Cuba
| | - Tatiana Pichardo
- Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5.5, CP 54830 Santa Clara, Villa Clara Cuba
| | - Yelenys Alvarado-Capó
- Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5.5, CP 54830 Santa Clara, Villa Clara Cuba
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Zihalirwa Kulimushi P, Argüelles Arias A, Franzil L, Steels S, Ongena M. Stimulation of Fengycin-Type Antifungal Lipopeptides in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in the Presence of the Maize Fungal Pathogen Rhizomucor variabilis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:850. [PMID: 28555132 PMCID: PMC5430075 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most isolates belonging to the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum clade retain the potential to produce a vast array of structurally diverse antimicrobial compounds that largely contribute to their efficacy as biocontrol agents against numerous plant fungal pathogens. In that context, the role of cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) has been well-documented but still little is known about the impact of interactions with other soil-inhabiting microbes on the expression of these molecules. In this work, we wanted to investigate the antagonistic activity developed by this bacterium against Rhizomucor variabilis, a pathogen isolated from diseased maize cobs in Democratic Republic of Congo. Our data show that fengycins are the major compounds involved in the inhibitory activity but also that production of this type of CLP is significantly upregulated when co-cultured with the fungus compared to pure cultures. B. amyloliquefaciens is thus able to perceive fungal molecules that are emitted and, as a response, up-regulates the biosynthesis of some specific components of its antimicrobial arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parent Zihalirwa Kulimushi
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Research Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech Faculty, University of LiègeGembloux, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques et Environnement, Université Evangélique en AfriqueBukavu, Congo
| | - Anthony Argüelles Arias
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Research Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech Faculty, University of LiègeGembloux, Belgium
| | - Laurent Franzil
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Research Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech Faculty, University of LiègeGembloux, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Steels
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Research Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech Faculty, University of LiègeGembloux, Belgium
| | - Marc Ongena
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Research Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech Faculty, University of LiègeGembloux, Belgium
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22
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Molinatto G, Franzil L, Steels S, Puopolo G, Pertot I, Ongena M. Key Impact of an Uncommon Plasmid on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum S499 Developmental Traits and Lipopeptide Production. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:17. [PMID: 28154555 PMCID: PMC5243856 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhizobacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum S499 (S499) is particularly efficient in terms of the production of cyclic lipopeptides, which are responsible for the high level of plant disease protection provided by this strain. Sequencing of the S499 genome has highlighted genetic differences and similarities with the closely related rhizobacterium B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum FZB42 (FZB42). More specifically, a rare 8008 bp plasmid (pS499) harboring a rap-phr cassette constitutes a major distinctive element between S499 and FZB42. By curing this plasmid, we demonstrated that its presence is crucial for preserving the typical physiology of S499 cells. Indeed, the growth rate and extracellular proteolytic activity were significantly affected in the cured strain (S499 P-). Furthermore, pS499 made a significant contribution to the regulation of cyclic lipopeptide production. Surfactins and fengycins were produced in higher quantities by S499 P-, whereas lower amounts of iturins were detected. In line with the increase in surfactin release, bacterial motility improved after curing, whereas the ability to form biofilm was reduced in vitro. The antagonistic effect against phytopathogenic fungi was also limited for S499 P-, most probably due to the reduction of iturin production. With the exception of this last aspect, S499 P- behavior fell between that of S499 and FZB42, suggesting a role for the plasmid in shaping some of the phenotypic differences observed in the two strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Molinatto
- Plant Pathology and Applied Microbiology Unit, Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Laurent Franzil
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Research Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech Faculty, University of Liège Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Steels
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Research Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech Faculty, University of Liège Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Plant Pathology and Applied Microbiology Unit, Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Plant Pathology and Applied Microbiology Unit, Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Marc Ongena
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Research Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech Faculty, University of Liège Gembloux, Belgium
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Molinatto G, Puopolo G, Sonego P, Moretto M, Engelen K, Viti C, Ongena M, Pertot I. Complete genome sequence of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum S499, a rhizobacterium that triggers plant defences and inhibits fungal phytopathogens. J Biotechnol 2016; 238:56-59. [PMID: 27671697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum S499 is a plant beneficial rhizobacterium with a good antagonistic potential against phytopathogens through the release of active secondary metabolites. Moreover, it can induce systemic resistance in plants by producing considerable amounts of surfactins. The complete genome sequence of B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum S499 includes a circular chromosome of 3,927,922bp and a plasmid of 8,008bp. A remarkable abundance in genomic regions of putative horizontal origin emerged from the analysis. Furthermore, we highlighted the presence of genes involved in the establishment of interactions with the host plants at the root level and in the competition with other soil-borne microorganisms. More specifically, genes related to the synthesis of amylolysin, amylocyclicin, and butirosin were identified. These antimicrobials were not known before to be part of the antibiotic arsenal of the strain. The information embedded in the genome will support the upcoming studies regarding the application of B. amyloliquefaciens isolates as plant-growth promoters and biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Molinatto
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1-38010 S. Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1-38010 S. Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1-38010 S. Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1-38010 S. Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1-38010 S. Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Carlo Viti
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 24-50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Marc Ongena
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Research Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1-38010 S. Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
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Debois D, Fernandez O, Franzil L, Jourdan E, de Brogniez A, Willems L, Clément C, Dorey S, De Pauw E, Ongena M. Plant polysaccharides initiate underground crosstalk with bacilli by inducing synthesis of the immunogenic lipopeptide surfactin. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 7:570-582. [PMID: 25731631 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Some plant-associated bacteria such as Bacillus sp. can protect their host from pathogen ingress and this biocontrol activity correlates with their potential to form multiple antibiotics upon in vitro growth. However, our knowledge on antibiotic production by soil bacilli evolving on roots in natural conditions is still limited. In this work, antibiome imaging first revealed that the lipopeptide surfactin is the main bacterial ingredient produced in planta within the first hours of interaction with root tissues. We further demonstrated that surfactin synthesis is specifically stimulated upon perception of plant cell wall polymers such as xylan or arabinogalactan, leading to fast accumulation of micromolar amounts in the root environment. At such concentrations, the lipopeptide may not only favour the ecological fitness of the producing strain in term of root colonization, but also triggers systemic resistance in the host plant. This surfactin-induced immunity primes the plant to better resist further pathogen ingress, and involves only limited expression of defence-related molecular events and does not provoke seedling growth inhibition. By contrast with the strong response mounted upon perception of pathogens, this strongly attenuated defensive reaction induced by surfactin in plant tissues should help Bacillus to be tolerated as saprophytic partner by its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Debois
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSM/GIGA-R), Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Olivier Fernandez
- URVVC-EA 4707, Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Université de Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, BP 1039, France
| | - Laurent Franzil
- Wallon Center for Industrial Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Jourdan
- Wallon Center for Industrial Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
| | - Alix de Brogniez
- Molecular Biology (GxABT), Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA), University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular Biology (GxABT), Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA), University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
| | - Christophe Clément
- URVVC-EA 4707, Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Université de Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, BP 1039, France
| | - Stephan Dorey
- URVVC-EA 4707, Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Université de Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, BP 1039, France
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSM/GIGA-R), Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Marc Ongena
- Wallon Center for Industrial Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
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25
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Farace G, Fernandez O, Jacquens L, Coutte F, Krier F, Jacques P, Clément C, Barka EA, Jacquard C, Dorey S. Cyclic lipopeptides from Bacillus subtilis activate distinct patterns of defence responses in grapevine. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:177-87. [PMID: 25040001 PMCID: PMC6638491 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Non-self-recognition of microorganisms partly relies on the perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and leads to the activation of an innate immune response. Bacillus subtilis produces three main families of cyclic lipopeptides (LPs), namely surfactins, iturins and fengycins. Although LPs are involved in induced systemic resistance (ISR) activation, little is known about defence responses induced by these molecules and their involvement in local resistance to fungi. Here, we showed that purified surfactin, mycosubtilin (iturin family) and plipastatin (fengycin family) are perceived by grapevine plant cells. Although surfactin and mycosubtilin stimulated grapevine innate immune responses, they differentially activated early signalling pathways and defence gene expression. By contrast, plipastatin perception by grapevine cells only resulted in early signalling activation. Gene expression analysis suggested that mycosubtilin activated salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathways, whereas surfactin mainly induced an SA-regulated response. Although mycosubtilin and plipastatin displayed direct antifungal activity, only surfactin and mycosubtilin treatments resulted in a local long-lasting enhanced tolerance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea in grapevine leaves. Moreover, challenge with specific strains overproducing surfactin and mycosubtilin led to a slightly enhanced stimulation of the defence response compared with the LP-non-producing strain of B. subtilis. Altogether, our results provide the first comprehensive view of the involvement of LPs from B. subtilis in grapevine plant defence and local resistance against the necrotrophic pathogen Bo. cinerea. Moreover, this work is the first to highlight the ability of mycosubtilin to trigger an immune response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Farace
- URVVC-EA 4707, Stress, Défenses et Reproductions des Plantes, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, F-51687, Reims cedex 2, France
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26
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Cawoy H, Debois D, Franzil L, De Pauw E, Thonart P, Ongena M. Lipopeptides as main ingredients for inhibition of fungal phytopathogens by Bacillus subtilis/amyloliquefaciens. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 8:281-95. [PMID: 25529983 PMCID: PMC4353342 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Some isolates of the Bacillus subtilis/amyloliquefaciens species are known for their plant protective activity against fungal phytopathogens. It is notably due to their genetic potential to form an impressive array of antibiotics including non-ribosomal lipopeptides (LPs). In the work presented here, we wanted to gain further insights into the relative role of these LPs in the global antifungal activity of B. subtilis/amyloliquefaciens. To that end, a comparative study was conducted involving multiple strains that were tested against four different phytopathogens. We combined various approaches to further exemplify that secretion of those LPs is a crucial trait in direct pathogen ward off and this can actually be generalized to all members of these species. Our data illustrate that for each LP family, the fungitoxic activity varies in function of the target species and that the production of iturins and fengycins is modulated by the presence of pathogens. Our data on the relative involvement of these LPs in the biocontrol activity and modulation of their production are discussed in the context of natural conditions in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Cawoy
- Walloon Center for Industrial Microbiology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
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27
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Oliveira DF, Santos Júnior HMD, Nunes AS, Campos VP, Pinho RSCDE, Gajo GC. Purification and identification of metabolites produced by Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis active against Meloidogyne exigua, and their in silico interaction with a putative phosphoribosyltransferase from M. incognita. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2014; 86:525-538. [PMID: 24770454 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201402412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To contribute to the development of products to control Meloidogyne exigua, the bacteria Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis were cultivated in liquid medium to produce metabolites active against this plant-parasitic nematode. Fractionation of the crude dichloromethane extracts obtained from the cultures afforded uracil, 9H-purine and dihydrouracil. All compounds were active against M. exigua, the latter being the most efficient. This substance presented a LC50 of 204 µg/mL against the nematode, while a LC50 of 260 µg/mL was observed for the commercial nematicide carbofuran. A search for protein-ligand complexes in which the ligands were structurally similar to dihydrouracil resulted in the selection of phosphoribosyltransferases, the sequences of which were used in an in silico search in the genome of M. incognita for a similar sequence of amino acids. The resulting sequence was modelled and dihydrouracil and 9H-purine were inserted in the active site of this putative phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in protein-ligand complexes that underwent molecular dynamics simulations. Calculation of the binding free-energies of these complexes revealed that the dissociation constant of dihydrouracil and 9H-purine to this protein is around 8.3 x 10-7 and 1.6 x 10-6 M, respectively. Consequently, these substances and the putative phosphoribosyltransferase are promising for the development of new products to control M. exigua.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandro S Nunes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - Vicente P Campos
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - Renata S C DE Pinho
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - Giovanna C Gajo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
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Cawoy H, Mariutto M, Henry G, Fisher C, Vasilyeva N, Thonart P, Dommes J, Ongena M. Plant defense stimulation by natural isolates of bacillus depends on efficient surfactin production. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:87-100. [PMID: 24156767 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-13-0262-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Some plant-associated Bacillus strains produce induced systemic resistance (ISR) in the host, which contributes to their protective effect against phytopathogens. Little is known about the variety of elicitors responsible for ISR that are produced by Bacillus strains. Working with a particular strain, we have previously identified the surfactin lipopeptide as a main compound stimulating plant immune-related responses. However, with the perspective of developing Bacillus strains as biocontrol agents, it is important to establish whether a central role of surfactin is generally true for isolates belonging to the B. subtilis/amyloliquefaciens complex. To that end, we set up a comparative study involving a range of natural strains. Their secretomes were first tested for triggering early defense events in cultured tobacco cells. Six isolates with contrasting activities were further evaluated for ISR in plants, based both on macroscopic disease reduction and on stimulation of the oxylipin pathway as defense mechanism. A strong correlation was found between defense-inducing activity and the amount of surfactin produced by the isolates. These results support the idea of a widespread role for surfactin as a nonvolatile elicitor formed by B. subtilis/amyloliquefaciens, and screening for strong surfactin producers among strains naturally secreting multiple antibiotics could be an efficient approach to select good candidates as biopesticides.
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29
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Pertot I, Puopolo G, Hosni T, Pedrotti L, Jourdan E, Ongena M. Limited impact of abiotic stress on surfactin productionin plantaand on disease resistance induced byBacillus amyloliquefaciensS499 in tomato and bean. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 86:505-19. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources; Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); S. Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources; Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); S. Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Taha Hosni
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources; Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); S. Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pedrotti
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources; Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); S. Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Emmanuel Jourdan
- Walloon Centre for Industrial Biology; Bioindustry Unit; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; University of Liège; Gembloux Belgium
| | - Marc Ongena
- Walloon Centre for Industrial Biology; Bioindustry Unit; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; University of Liège; Gembloux Belgium
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30
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Chowdhury SP, Dietel K, Rändler M, Schmid M, Junge H, Borriss R, Hartmann A, Grosch R. Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 on lettuce growth and health under pathogen pressure and its impact on the rhizosphere bacterial community. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68818. [PMID: 23935892 PMCID: PMC3720850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is responsible for crop losses on a wide range of important crops worldwide. The lack of effective control strategies and the increasing demand for organically grown food has stimulated research on biological control. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the rhizosphere competence of the commercially available inoculant Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 on lettuce growth and health together with its impact on the indigenous rhizosphere bacterial community in field and pot experiments. Results of both experiments demonstrated that FZB42 is able to effectively colonize the rhizosphere (7.45 to 6.61 Log 10 CFU g(-1) root dry mass) within the growth period of lettuce in the field. The disease severity (DS) of bottom rot on lettuce was significantly reduced from severe symptoms with DS category 5 to slight symptom expression with DS category 3 on average through treatment of young plants with FZB42 before and after planting. The 16S rRNA gene based fingerprinting method terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) showed that the treatment with FZB42 did not have a major impact on the indigenous rhizosphere bacterial community. However, the bacterial community showed a clear temporal shift. The results also indicated that the pathogen R. solani AG1-IB affects the rhizosphere microbial community after inoculation. Thus, we revealed that the inoculant FZB42 could establish itself successfully in the rhizosphere without showing any durable effect on the rhizosphere bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Paul Chowdhury
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Schmid
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Anton Hartmann
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rita Grosch
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
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Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a plant-beneficial Gram-positive bacterium widely used as a biofertilizer. However, relatively little is known regarding the molecular processes underlying this bacterium's ability to colonize roots. In contrast, much is known about how this bacterium forms matrix-enclosed multicellular communities (biofilms) in vitro. Here, we show that, when B. subtilis colonizes Arabidopsis thaliana roots it forms biofilms that depend on the same matrix genes required in vitro. B. subtilis biofilm formation was triggered by certain plant polysaccharides. These polysaccharides served as a signal for biofilm formation transduced via the kinases controlling the phosphorylation state of the master regulator Spo0A. In addition, plant polysaccharides are used as a source of sugars for the synthesis of the matrix exopolysaccharide. The bacterium's response to plant polysaccharides was observed across several different strains of the species, some of which are known to have beneficial effects on plants. These observations provide evidence that biofilm genes are crucial for Arabidopsis root colonization by B. subtilis and provide insights into how matrix synthesis may be triggered by this plant.
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32
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Lahlali R, Peng G, Gossen BD, McGregor L, Yu FQ, Hynes RK, Hwang SF, McDonald MR, Boyetchko SM. Evidence that the biofungicide Serenade (Bacillus subtilis) suppresses clubroot on canola via antibiosis and induced host resistance. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:245-254. [PMID: 23113546 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-12-0123-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated how the timing of application of the biofungicide Serenade (Bacillus subtilis QST713) or it components (product filtrate and bacterial cell suspension) influenced infection of canola by Plasmodiophora brassicae under controlled conditions. The biofungicide and its components were applied as a soil drench at 5% concentration (vol/vol or equivalent CFU) to a planting mix infested with P. brassicae at seeding or at transplanting 7 or 14 days after seeding (DAS) to target primary and secondary zoospores of P. brassicae. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to assess root colonization by B. subtilis as well as P. brassicae. The biofungicide was consistently more effective than the individual components in reducing infection by P. brassicae. Two applications were more effective than one, with the biofungicide suppressing infection completely and the individual components reducing clubroot severity by 62 to 83%. The biofungicide also reduced genomic DNA of P. brassicae in canola roots by 26 to 99% at 7 and 14 DAS, and the qPCR results were strongly correlated with root hair infection (%) assessed at the same time (r = 0.84 to 0.95). qPCR was also used to quantify the transcript activity of nine host-defense-related genes in inoculated plants treated with Serenade at 14 DAS for potential induced resistance. Genes encoding the jasmonic acid (BnOPR2), ethylene (BnACO), and phenylpropanoid (BnOPCL and BnCCR) pathways were upregulated by 2.2- to 23-fold in plants treated with the biofungicide relative to control plants. This induced defense response was translocated to the foliage (determined based on the inhibition of infection by Leptosphaeria maculans). It is possible that antibiosis and induced resistance are involved in clubroot suppression by Serenade. Activity against the infection from both primary and secondary zoospores of P. brassicae may be required for maximum efficacy against clubroot.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lahlali
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatchewan, Canada
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33
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Control of postharvest soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora of vegetables by a strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its potential modes of action. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 29:411-20. [PMID: 23117674 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc), the causal agent of bacterial soft rot, is one of the destructive pathogens of postharvest vegetables. In this study, a bacterial isolate (BGP20) from the vegetable farm soil showed strong antagonistic activity against Ecc in vitro, and its twofold cell-free culture filtrate showed excellent biocontrol effect in controlling the postharvest bacterial soft rot of potatoes at 25 °C. The anti-Ecc metabolites produced by the isolate BGP20 had a high resistance to high temperature, UV-light and protease K. Based on the colonial morphology, cellular morphology, sporulation, and partial nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA and gyrB gene, the isolate BGP20 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum. Further in vivo assays showed that the BGP20 cell culture was more effective in controlling the postharvest bacterial soft rot of green peppers and Chinese cabbages than its twofold cell-free culture filtrate. In contrast, the biocontrol effect and safety of the BGP20 cell culture were very poor on potatoes. In the wounds of potatoes treated with both the antagonist BGP20 and the pathogen Ecc, the viable count of Ecc was 31,746 times that of BGP20 at 48 h of incubation at 25 °C. But in the wounds of green peppers, the viable count of BGP20 increased 182.3 times within 48 h, and that of Ecc increased only 51.3 %. In addition, the treatment with both BGP20 and Ecc induced higher activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) than others in potatoes. But the same treatment did not induce an increase of PAL activity in green peppers. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the isolate BGP20 is a promising candidate in biological control of postharvest bacterial soft rot of vegetables, but its main mode of action is different among various vegetables.
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34
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Genome sequence of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus sp. strain JS. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:3760-1. [PMID: 22740679 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00676-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile and nonvolatile compounds emitted from the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus sp. strain JS enhance the growth of tobacco and lettuce. Here, we report the high-quality genome sequence of this bacterium. Its 4.1-Mb genome reveals a number of genes whose products are possibly involved in promotion of plant growth or antibiosis.
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35
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Liu J, Zhou T, He D, Li XZ, Wu H, Liu W, Gao X. Functions of lipopeptides bacillomycin D and fengycin in antagonism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C06 towards Monilinia fructicola. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 20:43-52. [PMID: 21335978 DOI: 10.1159/000323501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C06 has been proven to be effective in controlling brown rot of stone fruit caused by Monilinia fructicola. When tested in vitro, cell-free filtrate of B. amyloliquefaciens C06 significantly inhibited mycelial growth and conidial germination of the fungal pathogen. This study aimed to determine the role of the antifungal compound(s) in the cell-free filtrate of B. amyloliquefaciens C06 by an approach combining a DNA-based suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method with MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. It was demonstrated that B. amyloliquefaciens C06 harbored two genes, bmyC and fenD, involved in biosynthesis of bacillomycin D and fengycin, two lipopeptides belonging to the iturin and fengycin family, respectively. To determine the roles of bacillomycin D and fengycin of B. amyloliquefaciens C06 in suppressing M. fructicola, the mutants of B. amyloliquefaciens C06 deficient in producing bacillomy- cin D, fengycin or both were constructed, and evaluated in vitro together with the wild-type B. amyloliquefaciens C06. The results indicated that bacillomycin D and fengycin jointly contributed to the inhibition of conidial germination of M. fructicola, and fengycin played a major role in suppressing mycelial growth of the fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, PR China
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36
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Raaijmakers JM, De Bruijn I, Nybroe O, Ongena M. Natural functions of lipopeptides fromBacillusandPseudomonas: more than surfactants and antibiotics. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2010; 34:1037-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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37
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Shih IL, Lin CY, Wu JY, Hsieh C. Production of antifungal lipopeptide from Bacillus subtilis in submerged fermentation using shake flask and fermentor. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-009-0237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Cameotra SS, Makkar RS, Kaur J, Mehta SK. Synthesis of biosurfactants and their advantages to microorganisms and mankind. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 672:261-80. [PMID: 20545289 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5979-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds synthesized by a wide variety of microorganisms. They are molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains and are capable of lowering the surface tension and the interfacial tension of the growth medium. Biosurfactants possess different chemical structures--lipopeptides, glycolipids, neutral lipids and fatty acids. They are nontoxic biomolecules that are biodegradable. Biosurfactants also exhibit strong emulsification of hydrophobic compounds and form stable emulsions. The low water solubility of these hydrophobic compounds limits their availability to microorganisms, which is a potential problem for bioremediation of contaminated sites. Microbially produced surfactants enhance the bioavailability of these hydrophobic compounds for bioremediation. Therefore, biosurfactant-enhanced solubility of pollutants has potential applications in bioremediation. Not only are the biosurfactants useful in a variety of industrial processes, they are also of vital importance to the microbes in adhesion, emulsification, bioavailability, desorption and defense strategy. These interesting facts are discussed in this chapter.
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Mohammadipour M, Mousivand M, Salehi Jouzani G, Abbasalizadeh S. Molecular and biochemical characterization of Iranian surfactin-producing Bacillus subtilis isolates and evaluation of their biocontrol potential against Aspergillus flavus and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:395-404. [PMID: 19396239 DOI: 10.1139/w08-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of surfactin-producing Bacillus subtilis isolates collected from different ecological zones of Iran is presented. Characterization was performed using blood agar, PCR, drop-collapse, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses, and the isolates' biocontrol effects against the aflatoxin-producing agent Aspergillus flavus and the citrus antracnosis agent Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were studied. In total, 290 B. subtilis isolates were isolated from phylosphere and rhizosphere samples collected from fields and gardens of 5 provinces of Iran. Blood agar assays showed that 185 isolates produced different biosurfactants. Isolates containing the sfp gene, coding for surfactin, were detected using the PCR method. It was found that 14 different isolates contained the sfp gene. Drop-collapse assays, which detect isolates with high production of surfactin, showed that 7 isolates produced high levels of surfactin. It was found from HPLC analysis that the isolates containin the sfp gene produced between 55 and 1610 mg of surfactin per litre of broth medium. Four isolates, named BS119m, BS116l, N3dn, and BS113c, produced more than 1000 mg of surfactin per litre of broth. The highest surfactin production level was observed for isolate BS119m (1610 mg/L). The antagonistic potential of the sfp gene-containing isolates was determined using dual culture and chloroform vapour methods. Our bioassay results indicated that isolate BS119m showed high inhibitory effects against A. flavus (100%) and C. gloeosporioides (88%). Furthermore, the effect of purified surfactin on the growth of A. flavus was evaluated. Mycelia growth was considerably reduced with increasing concentration of surfactin, and 36%, 54%, 84%, and 100% inhibitions of mycelia growth were, respectively, observed at 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/L after 7 days of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matin Mohammadipour
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Biosafety, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Mahdasht Road, Karaj, Iran
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Jourdan E, Henry G, Duby F, Dommes J, Barthélemy JP, Thonart P, Ongena M. Insights into the defense-related events occurring in plant cells following perception of surfactin-type lipopeptide from Bacillus subtilis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:456-68. [PMID: 19271960 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-4-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiple strains of Bacillus subtilis were demonstrated to stimulate plant defense responses, and cyclic lipopeptides may be involved in the elicitation of this induced systemic resistance phenomenon. Here, we further investigated molecular events underlying the interaction between such lipopeptides and plant cells. Addition of surfactin but not fengycin or iturin in the micromolar range to tobacco cell suspensions induced defense-related early events such as extracellular medium alkalinization coupled with ion fluxes and reactive oxygen species production. Surfactin also stimulated the defense enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase and lipoxygenase and modified the pattern of phenolics produced by the elicited cells. The occurrence of these surfactin-elicited early events is closely related to Ca(2+) influx and dynamic changes in protein phosphorylation but is not associated with any marked phytotoxicity or adverse effect on the integrity and growth potential of the treated tobacco cells. Reduced activity of some homologues also indicates that surfactin perception is dictated by structural clues in both the acyl moiety and cyclic peptide part. Our results suggest that these molecules could interact without irreversible pore formation but in a way sufficient to induce disturbance or transient channeling in the plasma membrane that can, in turn, activate a biochemical cascade of molecular events leading to defensive responses. The present study sheds new light not only on defense-related events induced following recognition of amphiphilic lipopeptides from Bacillus spp. but also more globally on the way elicitors from beneficial bacteria can be perceived by host plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jourdan
- Centre Wallon de Biologie Industrielle, Université de Liège, Belgium
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Pan J, Huang T, Yao F, Huang Z, Powell CA, Qiu S, Guan X. Expression and characterization of aiiA gene from Bacillus subtilis BS-1. Microbiol Res 2009; 163:711-6. [PMID: 18261893 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AHL-lactonase (AiiA), a metallo-beta-lactamase produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis, specifically hydrolyzes N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) secreted by Gram-negative bacteria and thereby attenuates the symptoms caused by plant pathogens. In this study, an aiiA gene was cloned from Bacillus subtilis BS-1 by PCR with a pair of degenerate primers. The deduced 250 amino acid sequence contained two small conserved regions, 103SHLHFDH109 and 166TPGHTPGH173, which are characteristic of the metallo-beta-lactamase family. Homology comparison revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence had a high degree of similarity with those of the known AiiA proteins in the B. cereus group. Additionally, the aiiA gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS and the expressed AiiA protein could attenuate the soft rot symptoms caused by Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
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Rajendran L, Karthikeya G, Raguchande T, Samiyappan R. Cloning and Sequencing of Novel Endophytic Bacillus subtilis from
Coconut for the Management of Basal Stem Rot Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/ajppaj.2008.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Herman MAB, Davidson JK, Smart CD. Induction of plant defense gene expression by plant activators and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in greenhouse-grown tomatoes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 98:1226-1232. [PMID: 18943412 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-98-11-1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant activators provide an appealing management option for bacterial diseases of greenhouse-grown tomatoes. Two types of plant activators, one that induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and a second that activates induced systemic resistance (ISR), were evaluated for control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and effect on plant defense gene activation. Benzothiadiazole (BTH, SAR-inducing compound) effectively reduced bacterial speck incidence and severity, both alone and in combination with the ISR-inducing product. Application of BTH also led to elevated activation of salicylic acid and ethylene-mediated responses, based on real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of marker gene expression levels. In contrast, the ISR-inducing product (made up of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) inconsistently modified defense gene expression and did not provide disease control to the same level as did BTH. No antagonism was observed by combining the two activators as control of bacterial speck was similar to or better than BTH alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A B Herman
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
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Shih IL, Kuo CY, Hsieh FC, Kao SS, Hsieh C. Use of surface response methodology to optimize culture conditions for iturin A production by Bacillus subtilis in solid-state fermentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcice.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Glazyrina J, Junne S, Thiesen P, Lunkenheimer K, Goetz P. In situ removal and purification of biosurfactants by automated surface enrichment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 81:23-31. [PMID: 18690427 PMCID: PMC7419455 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method is described to remove and separate biosurfactants from complex mixtures by compressing and harvesting the liquid surface layer. This method was applied to Bacillus subtilis cultures, in which the lipopeptide antibiotic fengycin as well as the polyketide antibiotic bacillaene were produced. The automated harvesting and collection in a custom-built glass body called ‘flounder’ was repeated several hundred times. The fengycin concentration in the fractions was found to be four times higher than in the culture centrifugate. Of the overall fengycin, 50% (w/w) were recovered after 300 cycles, 95% (w/w) after 800 harvesting cycles. A separation of fengycin from the less surface-active bacillaene could be achieved due to stronger surface activity of fengycin. The ratio of partition coefficients of fengycin and bacillaene was nine times higher compared to foam fractionation. A stepwise increase of the equilibrium surface tension in the centrifugate from 29 to 33 mN/m indicated a fractionated separation of different surface-active substances. The utilization of cell containing culture broth instead of centrifugate had only slight effects on separation efficiency. These results demonstrate the possibility to separate biosurfactants directly from cultivation without the use of extraction solvents or foam formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Glazyrina
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Fachgebiet Bioverfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 71–76, ACK24, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Junne
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Fachgebiet Bioverfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 71–76, ACK24, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Thiesen
- Nanofilm Surface Analysis, Halcyonics GmbH, Anna-Vandenhoeck-Ring 5, 37081 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Lunkenheimer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlberg 1, 14424 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Goetz
- Institut für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Ji X, Lu G, Gai Y, Zheng C, Mu Z. Biological control against bacterial wilt and colonization of mulberry by an endophytic Bacillus subtilis strain. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 65:565-73. [PMID: 18631174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-five bacterial isolates were collected from surface-sterilized leaves of mulberry (Morus alba L.). By screening their antagonistic activities against Ralstonia solanacearum in vitro, four isolates showed a remarkable inhibitory effect. The evaluation of the antagonistic strains against bacterial wilt of mulberry indicated that the strain Lu144 effectively reduced disease incidence. In the greenhouse, Lu144 displayed effective biological control against bacterial wilt of mulberry when it was applied to sterile or nonsterile soil before the infection by the pathogen. Based on bacteriological properties and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, Lu144 was identified as a strain of Bacillus subtilis. The endophytic population and infection process of Lu144 in mulberry seedlings was explored following recovery of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Lu144 and examination of the labeled strain by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Interestingly, the infection of GFP-labeled Lu144 cells into the mulberry seedlings occurred through the cracks formed at the lateral root junctions and the zone of differentiation and elongation, and the cells were able to develop and transfer in mulberry and mainly in the intercellular spaces of different tissues. The population of the GFP-labeled Lu144 inoculant was larger and more stable in leaves than that in roots and stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianling Ji
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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Liu YH, Huang CJ, Chen CY. Evidence of induced systemic resistance against Botrytis elliptica in lily. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 98:830-836. [PMID: 18943260 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-98-7-0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lily leaf blight, caused by Botrytis elliptica, is an important fungal disease in Taiwan. In order to identify an effective, nonfungicide method to decrease disease incidence in Lilium formosanum, the efficacy of rhizobacteria eliciting induced systemic resistance (ISR) was examined in this study. Over 300 rhizobacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of L. formosanum healthy plants and 63 were identified by the analysis of fatty acid profiles. Disease suppressive ability of 13 strains was demonstrated by soil drench application of bacterial suspensions to the rhizosphere of L. formosanum seedlings. Biocontrol experiments were carried out with Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas putida strains on L. formosanum and Lilium Oriental hybrid cvs. Acapulco and Star Gazer in greenhouse and field studies. Plants treated with B. cereus strain C1L showed that protection against B. elliptica on L. formosanum could last for at least 10 days and was consistent with high populations of B. cereus on lily roots. Analysis of the expression of LfGRP1 and LsGRP1, encoding glycine-rich protein associated with L. formosanum and cv. Star Gazer, respectively, revealed different responses induced by B. cereus or by the pathogen B. elliptica, suggesting that plant defense responses elicited by each follows a different signaling pathway. According to the results of biocontrol assays and LfGRP1/LsGRP1 gene expression analyses with culture filtrates of B. cereus strain C1L, we propose that eliciting factors of ISR are generated by B. cereus and some of them exhibit thermostable and heat-tolerant traits. This is the first report about ISR-eliciting rhizobacteria and factors effective for foliar disease suppression in lily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Ongena M, Jacques P. Bacillus lipopeptides: versatile weapons for plant disease biocontrol. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:115-25. [PMID: 18289856 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1035] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the context of biocontrol of plant diseases, the three families of Bacillus lipopeptides - surfactins, iturins and fengycins were at first mostly studied for their antagonistic activity for a wide range of potential phytopathogens, including bacteria, fungi and oomycetes. Recent investigations have shed light on the fact that these lipopeptides can also influence the ecological fitness of the producing strain in terms of root colonization (and thereby persistence in the rhizosphere) and also have a key role in the beneficial interaction of Bacillus species with plants by stimulating host defence mechanisms. The different structural traits and physico-chemical properties of these effective surface- and membrane-active amphiphilic biomolecules explain their involvement in most of the mechanisms developed by bacteria for the biocontrol of different plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ongena
- Walloon Centre for Industrial Biology, Agricultural University of Gembloux, Passage des Déportés, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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van Loon LC. Plant responses to plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 2007; 119:243-254. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10658-007-9165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Danielsson J, Reva O, Meijer J. Protection of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) toward fungal pathogens by strains of plant-associated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2007; 54:134-40. [PMID: 17186140 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-006-9181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this report, four Bacillus strains were tested for effects on plant fitness and disease protection of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). The strains belonged to newly discovered plant-associated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and a recently proposed species, Bacillus endophyticus. The fungal pathogens tested represented different infection strategies and included Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Leptosphaeria maculans, and Verticillium longisporum. The B. amyloliquefaciens strains showed no or a weak plant growth promoting activity, whereas the B. endophyticus strain had negative effects on the plant as revealed by phenological analysis. On the other hand, two of the B. amyloliquefaciens strains conferred protection of oilseed rape toward all pathogens tested. In vitro experiments studying the effects of Bacillus exudates on fungal growth showed clear growth inhibition in several but not all cases. The protective effects of Bacillus can therefore, at least in part, be explained by production of antibiotic substances, but other mechanisms must also be involved probably as a result of intricate plant-bacteria interaction. The protective effects observed for certain Bacillus strains make them highly interesting for further studies as biocontrol agents in Brassica cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Danielsson
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Genetics Center, Box 7080, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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