1
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Synthesis of Indigo-Dyes from Indole Derivatives by Unspecific Peroxygenases and Their Application for In-Situ Dyeing. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrian purple (also known as royal or imperial purple) is the oldest known commercial pigment and still one of the most expensive dyes, often associated with the wardrobes of clergy and royalty. It is a brominated derivative of indigo, a natural dye that has been used since 4000 BC. Moreover, just recently, the therapeutic value of indigoids for the treatment of several disorders was discovered. The manufacturing of indigo derivatives by the existing chemical routes has become increasingly uninteresting due to the use of aggressive reagents, expensive starting materials and high-energy costs. Thus, both dyestuff manufacturers and the pharmaceutical industry are interested in the development of gentle preparation methods of indigoids from simple precursors. Here, we describe a simple enzymatic method for the one-step synthesis of Tyrian purple and other indigo derivatives with fungal peroxygenases (UPO, EC 1.11.2.1). The reaction does not require complex co-substrates and works well in phosphate buffers with H2O2 (<0.1 wt%) and less than 5% (v/v) acetonitrile as co-solvent. We demonstrate the scaling up of the reaction to 10 Liters and established thereupon an environmentally friendly combined synthesis and in-situ dyeing process, further simplifying the manufacturing of vat-dyed fabrics. Eventually, we screened a number of halogen-substituted indoles in the search for novel indigo derivatives, which may be of interest for pharmaceutical and/or dyeing purposes.
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2
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Rimal H, Subedi P, Kim KH, Park H, Lee JH, Oh TJ. Characterization of CYP125A13, the First Steroid C-27 Monooxygenase from Streptomyces peucetius ATCC27952. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1750-1759. [PMID: 32958729 PMCID: PMC9728343 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2007.07004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of cytochrome P450 CYP125A13 from Streptomyces peucetius was conducted using cholesterol as the sole substrate. The in vitro enzymatic assay utilizing putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase from Pseudomonas putida revealed that CYP125A13 bound cholesterol and hydroxylated it. The calculated KD value, catalytic conversion rates, and Km value were 56.92 ± 11.28 μM, 1.95 nmol min-1 nmol-1, and 11.3 ± 2.8 μM, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that carbon 27 of the cholesterol side-chain was hydroxylated, characterizing CYP125A13 as steroid C27-hydroxylase. The homology modeling and docking results also revealed the binding of cholesterol to the active site, facilitated by the hydrophobic amino acids and position of the C27-methyl group near heme. This orientation was favorable for the hydroxylation of the C27-methyl group, supporting the in vitro analysis. This was the first reported case of the hydroxylation of cholesterol at the C-27 position by Streptomyces P450. This study also established the catalytic function of CYP125A13 and provides a solid basis for further studies related to the catabolic potential of Streptomyces species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemraj Rimal
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, SunMoon University, Asan 3460, Republic of Korea
| | - Pradeep Subedi
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, SunMoon University, Asan 3460, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki -Hwa Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, SunMoon University, Asan 3460, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 0841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Unit of Research for Practical Application, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea,Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author J.H.Lee Phone: +82-32-760-5555 E-mail:
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, SunMoon University, Asan 3460, Republic of Korea,Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, SunMoon University, Asan 3140, Republic of Korea,T-J.Oh Phone: +82-41-530-2677 E-mail:
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3
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Zhang Z, Li F, Cao Y, Tian Y, Li J, Zong Y, Song H. Electricity-driven 7α-hydroxylation of a steroid catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in engineered yeast. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01288e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Schematic diagram of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-catalyzed BES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Yao Tian
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Yongchao Zong
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
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4
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White BE, Fenner CJ, Smit MS, Harrison STL. Effect of cell permeability and dehydrogenase expression on octane activation by CYP153A6-based whole cell Escherichia coli catalysts. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:156. [PMID: 28931395 PMCID: PMC5607502 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regeneration of cofactors and the supply of alkane substrate are key considerations for the biocatalytic activation of hydrocarbons by cytochrome P450s. This study focused on the biotransformation of n-octane to 1-octanol using resting Escherichia coli cells expressing the CYP153A6 operon, which includes the electron transport proteins ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase. Glycerol dehydrogenase was co-expressed with the CYP153A6 operon to investigate the effects of boosting cofactor regeneration. In order to overcome the alkane supply bottleneck, various chemical and physical approaches to membrane permeabilisation were tested in strains with or without additional dehydrogenase expression. RESULTS Dehydrogenase co-expression in whole cells did not improve product formation and reduced the stability of the system at high cell densities. Chemical permeabilisation resulted in initial hydroxylation rates that were up to two times higher than the whole cell system, but severely impacted biocatalyst stability. Mechanical cell breakage led to improved enzyme stability, but additional dehydrogenase expression was necessary to improve product formation. The best-performing system (in terms of final titres) consisted of mechanically ruptured cells expressing additional dehydrogenase. This system had an initial activity of 1.67 ± 0.12 U/gDCW (32% improvement on whole cells) and attained a product concentration of 34.8 ± 1.6 mM after 24 h (22% improvement on whole cells). Furthermore, the system was able to maintain activity when biotransformation was extended to 72 h, resulting in a final product titre of 60.9 ± 1.1 mM. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that CYP153A6 in whole cells is limited by coupling efficiencies rather than cofactor supply. However, the most significant limitation in the current system is hydrocarbon transport, with substrate import being the main determinant of hydroxylation rates, and product export playing a key role in system stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn E White
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Caryn J Fenner
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Martha S Smit
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Susan T L Harrison
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa. .,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
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5
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Tong X, Barberi TT, Botting CH, Sharma SV, Simmons MJH, Overton TW, Goss RJM. Rapid enzyme regeneration results in the striking catalytic longevity of an engineered, single species, biocatalytic biofilm. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:180. [PMID: 27769259 PMCID: PMC5073922 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineering of single-species biofilms for enzymatic generation of fine chemicals is attractive. We have recently demonstrated the utility of an engineered Escherichia coli biofilm as a platform for synthesis of 5-halotryptophan. E. coli PHL644, expressing a recombinant tryptophan synthase, was employed to generate a biofilm. Its rapid deposition, and instigation of biofilm formation, was enforced by employing a spin-down method. The biofilm presents a large three-dimensional surface area, excellent for biocatalysis. The catalytic longevity of the engineered biofilm is striking, and we had postulated that this was likely to largely result from protection conferred to recombinant enzymes by biofilm's extracellular matrix. SILAC (stable isotopic labelled amino acids in cell cultures), and in particular dynamic SILAC, in which pulses of different isotopically labelled amino acids are administered to cells over a time course, has been used to follow the fate of proteins. To explore within our spin coated biofilm, whether the recombinant enzyme's longevity might be in part due to its regeneration, we introduced pulses of isotopically labelled lysine and phenylalanine into medium overlaying the biofilm and followed their incorporation over the course of biofilm development. RESULTS Through SILAC analysis, we reveal that constant and complete regeneration of recombinant enzymes occurs within spin coated biofilms. The striking catalytic longevity within the biofilm results from more than just simple protection of active enzyme by the biofilm and its associated extracellular matrix. The replenishment of recombinant enzyme is likely to contribute significantly to the catalytic longevity observed for the engineered biofilm system. CONCLUSIONS Here we provide the first evidence of a recombinant enzyme's regeneration in an engineered biofilm. The recombinant enzyme was constantly replenished over time as evidenced by dynamic SILAC, which suggests that the engineered E. coli biofilms are highly metabolically active, having a not inconsiderable energetic demand. The constant renewal of recombinant enzyme highlights the attractive possibility of utilising this biofilm system as a dynamic platform into which enzymes of interest can be introduced in a "plug-and-play" fashion and potentially be controlled through promoter switching for production of a series of desired fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Tong
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Tania Triscari Barberi
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Catherine H Botting
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Sunil V Sharma
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Mark J H Simmons
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
| | - Tim W Overton
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
| | - Rebecca J M Goss
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK. .,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
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6
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Duan Y, Ba L, Gao J, Gao X, Zhu D, de Jong RM, Mink D, Kaluzna I, Lin Z. Semi-rational engineering of cytochrome CYP153A from Marinobacter aquaeolei for improved ω-hydroxylation activity towards oleic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8779-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Gao H, Khera E, Lee JK, Wen F. Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27166648 DOI: 10.3791/53944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently developed a simple, reusable and coupled whole-cell biocatalytic system with the capability of cofactor regeneration and biocatalyst immobilization for improved production yield and sustained synthesis. Described herewith is the experimental procedure for the development of such a system consisting of two E. coli strains that express functionally complementary enzymes. Together, these two enzymes can function co-operatively to mediate the regeneration of expensive cofactors for improving the product yield of the bioreaction. In addition, the method of synthesizing an immobilized form of the coupled biocatalytic system by encapsulation of whole cells in calcium alginate beads is reported. As an example, we present the improved biosynthesis of L-xylulose from L-arabinitol by coupling E. coli cells expressing the enzymes L-arabinitol dehydrogenase or NADH oxidase. Under optimal conditions and using an initial concentration of 150 mM L-arabinitol, the maximal L-xylulose yield reached 96%, which is higher than those reported in the literature. The immobilized form of the coupled whole-cell biocatalysts demonstrated good operational stability, maintaining 65% of the yield obtained in the first cycle after 7 cycles of successive re-use, while the free cell system almost completely lost the catalytic activity. Therefore, the methods reported here provides two strategies that could help improve the industrial production of L-xylulose, as well as other value-added compounds requiring the use of cofactors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University
| | - Eshita Khera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University;
| | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan;
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8
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Tieves F, Erenburg IN, Mahmoud O, Urlacher VB. Synthesis of chiral 2-alkanols fromn-alkanes by aP. putidawhole-cell biocatalyst. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1845-52. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tieves
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Isabelle N. Erenburg
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Osama Mahmoud
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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9
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Rimal H, Lee SW, Lee JH, Oh TJ. Understanding of real alternative redox partner of Streptomyces peucetius DoxA: Prediction and validation using in silico and in vitro analyses. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 585:64-74. [PMID: 26334717 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces peucetius ATCC27952 contains the cytochrome P450 monoxygenase DoxA that is responsible for the hydroxylation of daunorubicin into doxorubicin. Although S. peucetius ATCC27952 contains several potential redox partners, the most suitable endogenous electron-transport system is still unclear; therefore, we conducted a study of potential redox partners using Accelrys Discovery Studio 3.5. Recombinant DoxA along with its redox partners from S. peucetius FDX1, FDR2, and FDX3, and the putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase from Pseudomonas putida that are essential equivalents of the class I type of bacterial electron-transport system were over-expressed and purified. The successful development of an efficient redox system was achieved by an in vitro enzymatic catalysis reaction with DoxA. The optimal pH for the activation of the heme was 7.6 and the optimal temperature was 30 °C. Our findings suggest a two-fold increase of DoxA activity via the NADH → FDR2 → FDX1 → DoxA pathway for the hydroxylation of the daunorubicin, and indicate that the usage of a native redox partner may increase daunorubicin-derived doxorubicin production due to the inclusion of DoxA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemraj Rimal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, SunMoon University, #100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeong-myeon, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Won Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, SunMoon University, #100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeong-myeon, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, SunMoon University, #100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeong-myeon, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, SunMoon University, #100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeong-myeon, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Guidelines for development and implementation of biocatalytic P450 processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2465-83. [PMID: 25652652 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic reactions performed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are interesting in pharmaceutical research since they are involved in human drug metabolism. Furthermore, they are potentially interesting as biocatalysts for synthetic chemistry because of the exquisite selectivity of the chemistry they undertake. For example, selective hydroxylation can be undertaken on a highly functionalized molecule without the need for functional group protection. Recent progress in the discovery of novel P450s as well as protein engineering of these enzymes strongly encourages further development of their application, including use in synthetic processes. The biological characteristics of P450s (e.g., cofactor dependence) motivate the use of whole-cell systems for synthetic processes, and those processes implemented in industry are so far dominated by growing cells and native host systems. However, for an economically feasible process, the expression of P450 systems in a heterologous host with sufficient biocatalyst yield (g/g cdw) for non-growing systems or space-time yield (g/L/h) for growing systems remains a major challenge. This review summarizes the opportunities to improve P450 whole-cell processes and strategies in order to apply and implement them in industrial processes, both from a biological and process perspective. Indeed, a combined approach of host selection and cell engineering, integrated with process engineering, is suggested as the most effective route to implementation.
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11
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Gao P, Li A, Lee HH, Wang DIC, Li Z. Enhancing Enantioselectivity and Productivity of P450-Catalyzed Asymmetric Sulfoxidation with an Aqueous/Ionic Liquid Biphasic System. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs5010344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Gao
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore 117585
- Singapore−MIT
Alliance, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore 117583
| | - Aitao Li
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore 117585
| | - Heng Hiang Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore 117585
| | - Daniel I. C. Wang
- Singapore−MIT
Alliance, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore 117583
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zhi Li
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore 117585
- Singapore−MIT
Alliance, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore 117583
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12
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Müller CA, Dennig A, Welters T, Winkler T, Ruff AJ, Hummel W, Gröger H, Schwaneberg U. Whole-cell double oxidation of n-heptane. J Biotechnol 2014; 191:196-204. [PMID: 24925696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Biocascades allow one-pot synthesis of chemical building blocks omitting purification of reaction intermediates and expenses for downstream processing. Here we show the first whole cell double oxidation of n-heptane to produce chiral alcohols and heptanones. The concept of an artificial operon for co-expression of a monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium (P450 BM3) and an alcohol dehydrogenase (RE-ADH) from Rhodococcus erythropolis is reported and compared to the widely used two-plasmid or Duet-vector expression systems. Both catalysts are co-expressed on a polycistronic constructs (single mRNA) that reduces recombinant DNA content and metabolic burden for the host cell, therefore increasing growth rate and expression level. Using the artificial operon system, the expression of P450 BM3 reached 81mgg(-1) cell dry weight. In addition, in situ cofactor regeneration through the P450 BM3/RE-ADH couple was enhanced by coupling to glucose oxidation by E. coli. Under optimized reaction conditions the artificial operon system displayed a product formation of 656mgL(-1) (5.7mM) of reaction products (heptanols+heptanones), which is 3-fold higher than the previously reported values for an in vitro oxidation cascade. In conjunction with the high product concentrations it was possible to obtain ee values of >99% for (S)-3-heptanol. Coexpression of a third alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis (Lb-ADH) in the same host yielded complete oxidation of all heptanol isomers. Introduction of a second ADH enabled further to utilize both cofactors in the host cell (NADH and NADPH) which illustrates the simplicity and modular character of the whole cell oxidation concept employing an artificial operon system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Müller
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Welters
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Till Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology at the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Anna Joelle Ruff
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Hummel
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology at the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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13
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Bernhardt R, Urlacher VB. Cytochromes P450 as promising catalysts for biotechnological application: chances and limitations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6185-203. [PMID: 24848420 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) belong to the superfamily of heme b containing monooxygenases with currently more than 21,000 members. These enzymes accept a vast range of organic molecules and catalyze diverse reactions. These extraordinary capabilities of CYP systems that are unmet by other enzymes make them attractive for biotechnology. However, the complexity of these systems due to the need of electron transfer from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) via redox partner proteins for the initial hydroxylation step limits a broader technical implementation of CYP enzymes. There have been several reviews during the past years tackling the potential CYPs for synthetic application. The aim of this review is to give a critical overview about possibilities and chances for application of these interesting catalysts as well as to discuss drawbacks and problems related to their use. Solutions to overcome these limitations will be demonstrated, and several selected examples of successful CYP applications under industrial conditions will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany,
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14
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Bhattarai S, Liou K, Oh TJ. Hydroxylation of long chain fatty acids by CYP147F1, a new cytochrome P450 subfamily protein from Streptomyces peucetius. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 539:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Biocatalytic production of 5-hydroxy-2-adamantanone by P450cam coupled with NADH regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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17
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Design and characterization of an efficient CYP105A1-based whole-cell biocatalyst for the conversion of resin acid diterpenoids in permeabilized Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7639-49. [PMID: 23793341 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes exhibit a tremendous potential for biotechnological applications due to their ability to introduce oxygen into non-activated carbon atoms. Their catalytic diversity is complemented by a broad substrate range covering many natural compounds. Especially the functionalization of terpenoids by P450s becomes increasingly interesting due to the diverse biological effects of these compounds. The bacterial CYP105A1 from Streptomyces griseolus was recently identified to carry out a one-step hydroxylation of several abietane-type resin acids. In this work, a whole-cell system for CYP105A1 with its heterologous electron transfer proteins Arh1 and Etp1(fd) from Schizosaccharomyces pombe was designed in Escherichia coli JM109 cells. Additionally, an enzyme-coupled cofactor regeneration system was integrated by co-expression of alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis. In order to overcome mass transfer limitations of substrate into the cell, different agents were tested towards their permeabilizing activity on the E. coli membrane. The peptide antibiotic polymyxin B proved to be the most effective permeabilizer. After optimising the expression and conversion conditions, the cells were able to completely convert 200 μM of abietic acid into 15-hydroxyabietic acid within 2 h, exhibiting an initial conversion rate of 125 μM/h. These results demonstrate the high potential of this whole-cell system for the synthesis of functionalized resin acid diterpenoids.
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Pham SQ, Gao P, Li Z. Engineering of recombinant E. coli cells co-expressing P450pyrTM monooxygenase and glucose dehydrogenase for highly regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of alicycles with cofactor recycling. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:363-73. [PMID: 22886996 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
E. coli (P450pyrTM-GDH) with dual plasmids, pETDuet containing P450pyr triple mutant I83H/M305Q/A77S (P450pyrTM) and ferredoxin reductase (FdR) genes and pRSFDuet containing glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and ferredoxin (Fdx) genes, was engineered to show a high activity (12.7 U g⁻¹ cdw) for the biohydroxylation of N-benzylpyrrolidine 1 and a GDH activity of 106 U g⁻¹ protein. The E. coli cells were used as efficient biocatalysts for highly regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of alicyclic substrates at non-activated carbon atom with enhanced productivity via intracellular recycling of NAD(P)H. Hydroxylation of N-benzylpyrrolidine 1 with resting cells in the presence of glucose showed excellent regio- and stereoselectivity, giving (S)-N-benzyl-3-hydroxypyrrolidine 2 in 98% ee as the sole product in 9.8 mM. The productivity is much higher than that of the same biohydroxylation using E. coli (P450pyrTM)b without expressing GDH. E. coli (P450pyrTM-GDH) was found to be highly regio- and stereoselective for the hydroxylation of N-benzylpyrrolidin-2-one 3, improving the regioselectivity from 90% of the wild-type P450pyr to 100% and giving (S)-N-benzyl-4-hydroxylpyrrolidin-2-one 4 in 99% ee as the sole product. A high activity of 15.5 U g⁻¹ cdw was achieved and (S)-4 was obtained in 19.4 mM. E. coli (P450pyrTM-GDH) was also found to be highly regio- and stereoselective for the hydroxylation of N-benzylpiperidin-2-one 5, increasing the ee of the product (S)-N-benzyl-4-hydroxy-piperidin-2-one 6 to 94% from 33% of the wild-type P450pyr. A high activity of 15.8 U g⁻¹ cdw was obtained and (S)-6 was produced in 3.3 mM as the sole product. E. coli (P450pyrTM-GDH) represents the most productive system known thus far for P450-catalyzed hydroxylations with cofactor recycling, and the hydroxylations with E. coli (P450pyrTM-GDH) provide with simple and useful syntheses of (S)-2, (S)-4, and (S)-6 that are valuable pharmaceutical intermediates and difficult to prepare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Q Pham
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Niide T, Goto M, Kamiya N. Biocatalytic synthesis of gold nanoparticles with cofactor regeneration in recombinant Escherichia coli cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7350-2. [PMID: 21629910 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12302e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the enzymatic synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) by an engineered Escherichia coli harboring an NADH cofactor regeneration system coupled with glycerol dehydrogenase, which can be triggered by the addition of exogenous glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Niide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Hoffmann G, Bönsch K, Greiner-Stöffele T, Ballschmiter M. Changing the substrate specificity of P450cam towards diphenylmethane by semi-rational enzyme engineering. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:439-46. [PMID: 21273340 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A focused library comprising nine residues of the active site of P450cam monooxygenase resulting in ∼ 300,000 protein variants was screened for activity on diphenylmethane (DPM). The assay was based on the depletion of NADH by an in vitro reconstituted P450cam system in a 96-well scale. The throughput was increased by the parallel cultivation, purification and analysis of 20 variants per well (cluster screening). Thus ∼ 20,000 protein variants could be screened in summary of which five were found to transform DPM with a specific activity of up to 75% of the wild-type activity on d-camphor and a coupling rate of 7-18%. One variant converting DPM to 4-hydroxydiphenylmethane (4HDPM) was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis and saturation mutagenesis, which revealed the particular importance of positions F87, Y96 and L244 for substrate selectivity and the possibility for further improvements of this variant. Moreover, a reduction in size of the amino acid at position 396 decreased specific activity dramatically but increased coupling and switched the main product formation from 4HDPM towards diphenylmethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Hoffmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5b, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Mouri T, Kamiya N, Goto M. New strategy to enhance catalytic performance of Escherichia coli whole cell biocatalysts harboring P450cam mutants. Biochem Eng J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gudiminchi RK, Smit MS. Identification and characterization of 4-hexylbenzoic acid and 4-nonyloxybenzoic acid as substrates of CYP102A1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 90:117-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang W, Tang WL, Wang Z, Li Z. Regio- and Stereoselective Biohydroxylations with a Recombinant Escherichia coli Expressing P450pyr Monooxygenase of Sphingomonas Sp. HXN-200. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mouri T, Shimizu T, Kamiya N, Goto M, Ichinose H. Design of a cytochrome P450BM3 reaction system linked by two-step cofactor regeneration catalyzed by a soluble transhydrogenase and glycerol dehydrogenase. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 25:1372-8. [PMID: 19725101 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A cytochrome P450BM3-catalyzed reaction system linked by a two-step cofactor regeneration was investigated in a cell-free system. The two-step cofactor regeneration of redox cofactors, NADH and NADPH, was constructed by NAD(+)-dependent bacterial glycerol dehydrogenase (GLD) and bacterial soluble transhydrogenase (STH) both from Escherichia coli. In the present system, the reduced cofactor (NADH) was regenerated by GLD from the oxidized cofactor (NAD(+)) using glycerol as a sacrificial cosubstrate. The reducing equivalents were subsequently transferred to NADP(+) by STH as a cycling catalyst. The resultant regenerated NADPH was used for the substrate oxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P450BM3. The initial rate of the P450BM3-catalyzed reaction linked by the two-step cofactor regeneration showed a slight increase (approximately twice) when increasing the GLD units 10-fold under initial reaction conditions. In contrast, a 10-fold increase in STH units resulted in about a 9-fold increase in the initial reaction rate, implying that transhydrogenation catalyzed by STH was the rate-determining step. In the system lacking the two-step cofactor regeneration, 34% conversion of 50 microM of a model substrate (p-nitrophenoxydecanoic acid) was attained using 50 microM NADPH. In contrast, with the two-step cofactor regeneration, the same amount of substrate was completely converted using 5 microM of oxidized cofactors (NAD(+) and NADP(+)) within 1 h. Furthermore, a 10-fold dilution of the oxidized cofactors still led to approximately 20% conversion in 1 h. These results indicate the potential of the combination of GLD and STH for use in redox cofactor recycling with catalytic quantities of NAD(+) and NADP(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Mouri
- Dept. of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Bell SG, Dale A, Rees NH, Wong LL. A cytochrome P450 class I electron transfer system from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:163-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Prior JE, Shokati T, Christians U, Gill RT. Identification and characterization of a bacterial cytochrome P450 for the metabolism of diclofenac. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:625-33. [PMID: 19636551 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Actinoplanes sp. ATCC 53771 is known to perform drug metabolism of several xenobiotics similarly to humans. We identified a cytochrome P450 enzyme from this strain, CYP107E4, and expressed it in Escherichia coli using the pET101 vector. The purified enzyme showed the characteristic reduced-CO difference spectra with a peak at 450 nm, indicating the protein is produced in the active form with proper heme incorporation. The CYP107E4 enzyme was found to bind the drug diclofenac. Using redox enzymes from spinach, the reconstituted system is able to produce hydroxylated metabolites of diclofenac. Production of the human 4'-hydroxydiclofenac metabolite by CYP107E4 was confirmed, and a second hydroxylated metabolite was also produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Prior
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Rabe KS, Spengler M, Erkelenz M, Müller J, Gandubert VJ, Hayen H, Niemeyer CM. Screening for cytochrome p450 reactivity by harnessing catalase as reporter enzyme. Chembiochem 2009; 10:751-7. [PMID: 19241405 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are known to catalyze a variety of reactions that are difficult to perform by standard organic synthesis, such as the oxidation of unactivated C--C bonds. Cytochrome P450 enzymes can also be used in artificial systems in which organic peroxides act as cosubstrates. To find substrates that are converted by a certain P450 catalyst in the presence of an organic peroxide, various screening assays have been established, however, most of them are limited to one or only a few specific substrates. Here, we report a simple and rapid screening assay that works independently of the nature of the substrate and utilizes a previously undescribed reactivity of catalase as reporter enzyme. In an initial demonstration of this assay, we screened 180 enzyme/peroxide/substrate combinations for potential bioconversions. As shown by subsequent verification of the screening results with liquid chromatography/multistage mass spectrometry (LC/MS(n)), we were able to identify three new substrates for the enzyme CYP152A1 and at least two previously undescribed conversions by the enzyme CYP119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersten S Rabe
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn Strasse 6, Dortmund, Germany
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Robin A, Roberts GA, Kisch J, Sabbadin F, Grogan G, Bruce N, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL. Engineering and improvement of the efficiency of a chimeric [P450cam-RhFRed reductase domain] enzyme. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:2478-80. [DOI: 10.1039/b901716j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Julsing MK, Cornelissen S, Bühler B, Schmid A. Heme-iron oxygenases: powerful industrial biocatalysts? Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12:177-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schewe H, Kaup BA, Schrader J. Improvement of P450(BM-3) whole-cell biocatalysis by integrating heterologous cofactor regeneration combining glucose facilitator and dehydrogenase in E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 78:55-65. [PMID: 18057930 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli BL21, expressing a quintuple mutant of P450(BM-3), oxyfunctionalizes alpha-pinene in an NADPH-dependent reaction to alpha-pinene oxide, verbenol, and myrtenol. We optimized the whole-cell biocatalyst by integrating a recombinant intracellular NADPH regeneration system through co-expression of a glucose facilitator from Zymomonas mobilis for uptake of unphosphorylated glucose and a NADP(+)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium that oxidizes glucose to gluconolactone. The engineered strain showed a nine times higher initial alpha-pinene oxide formation rate corresponding to a sixfold higher yield of 20 mg g(-1) cell dry weight after 1.5 h. The initial total product formation rate was 1,000 micromol h(-1) micromol(-1) P450 leading to a total of 32 mg oxidized products per gram cell of dry weight after 1.5 h. The physiological functioning of the heterologous cofactor regeneration system was illustrated by a sevenfold increased alpha-pinene oxide yield in the presence of glucose compared to glucose-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schewe
- Biochemical Engineering Group, DECHEMA e.V., Karl-Winnacker-Institut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt, Germany
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Schewe H, Kaup B, Schrader J. Oxyfunctionalization of α-pinene in a whole-cell bioprocess using recombinant P450 BM-3. J Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mouri T, Kamiya N, Goto M. Increasing the Catalytic Performance of a Whole Cell Biocatalyst Harboring a Cytochrome P450cam System by Stabilization of an Electron Transfer Component. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:1509-13. [PMID: 16955357 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic activity of a recombinant Escherichia coli whole cell biocatalyst harboring a cytochrome P450cam monooxygenase system from Pseudomonas putida coupled with enzymatic co-factor regeneration was investigated. About 0.7 micromol camphor was hydroxylated per mg dry cells at 4 degrees C in 50 mM Tris/HCl buffer (pH 7.4) when utilizing a stable putidaredoxin (Pdx) mutant, C73S/C85S-Pdx (Cys73Ser, Cys85Ser double mutant), instead of wild-type Pdx, which was about two-fold improvement in the substrate conversion. Ten-micromole camphor was completely hydroxylated at 20 degrees C in 6 h by 15 mg dry cell weight of whole cell biocatalyst including C73S/C85S-Pdx. Thus, modulation of protein-protein interaction in multicomponent enzymatic catalysis in whole cells is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Mouri
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Urlacher VB, Eiben S. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: perspectives for synthetic application. Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24:324-30. [PMID: 16759725 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are versatile biocatalysts that introduce oxygen into a vast range of molecules. These enzymes catalyze diverse reactions in a regio- and stereoselective manner, and their properties have been used for drug development, bioremediation and the synthesis of fine chemicals and other useful compounds. However, the potential of P450 monooxygenases has not been fully exploited; there are some drawbacks limiting the broader implementation of these catalysts for commercial needs. Protein engineering has produced P450 enzymes with widely altered substrate specificities, substantially increased activity and higher stability. Furthermore, electrochemical and enzymatic approaches for the replacement or regeneration of NAD(P)H have been developed, enabling the more cost-effective use of P450 enzymes. In this review, we focus on the aspects relevant to the synthetic applications of P450 enzymes and their optimization for commercial needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlada B Urlacher
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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