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Zahid MT, Mustafa G, Sajid R, Razzaq A, Waheed M, Khan MA, Hwang JH, Park YK, Chung WJ, Jeon BH. Surviving chlorinated waters: bleaching sensitivity and persistence of free-living amoebae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:48073-48084. [PMID: 39017868 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in membrane technologies and disinfection methods have enhanced drinking water quality significantly. However, microorganisms, including free-living amoebae (FLA), persist and pose potential threats to humans. FLA are linked to severe neuro-ophthalmic infections and serve as hosts of pathogenic bacteria. This study examined FLA presence in chlorinated and ultrafiltration drinking water and evaluated chlorine's disinfectant. Of 115 water samples, 21 tested positive for Acanthamoeba sp., Allovahlkampfia sp., and Vermamoeba vermiformis, originating from chlorinated sources. FLA trophozoites withstand temperatures up to 37 °C, while the cysts tolerate heat shocks of 60-70 °C. Trophozoites are susceptible to 5 mg L-1 chlorine, but cysts remain viable at concentrations up to 10 mg L-1. FLAs' survival in chlorinated waters is attributed to high cyst tolerance and lower residual chlorine concentrations. These findings highlight the need for ultrafiltration or enhanced chlorination protocols to ensure safer drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariq Zahid
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Nazir Ahmad Institute of Biological Sciences, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Nazir Ahmad Institute of Biological Sciences, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Romasa Sajid
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Nazir Ahmad Institute of Biological Sciences, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Razzaq
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Nazir Ahmad Institute of Biological Sciences, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muzdalfa Waheed
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Nazir Ahmad Institute of Biological Sciences, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jae-Hoon Hwang
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Young Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Chung
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-Ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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da Cruz Nizer WS, Adams ME, Allison KN, Montgomery MC, Mosher H, Cassol E, Overhage J. Oxidative stress responses in biofilms. Biofilm 2024; 7:100203. [PMID: 38827632 PMCID: PMC11139773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidizing agents are low-molecular-weight molecules that oxidize other substances by accepting electrons from them. They include reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (HO-), and reactive chlorine species (RCS) including sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and its active ingredient hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and chloramines. Bacteria encounter oxidizing agents in many different environments and from diverse sources. Among them, they can be produced endogenously by aerobic respiration or exogenously by the use of disinfectants and cleaning agents, as well as by the mammalian immune system. Furthermore, human activities like industrial effluent pollution, agricultural runoff, and environmental activities like volcanic eruptions and photosynthesis are also sources of oxidants. Despite their antimicrobial effects, bacteria have developed many mechanisms to resist the damage caused by these toxic molecules. Previous research has demonstrated that growing as a biofilm particularly enhances bacterial survival against oxidizing agents. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the resistance mechanisms employed by bacterial biofilms against ROS and RCS, focussing on the most important mechanisms, including the formation of biofilms in response to oxidative stressors, the biofilm matrix as a protective barrier, the importance of detoxifying enzymes, and increased protection within multi-species biofilm communities. Understanding the complexity of bacterial responses against oxidative stress will provide valuable insights for potential therapeutic interventions and biofilm control strategies in diverse bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madison Elisabeth Adams
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON, Canada
| | - Kira Noelle Allison
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON, Canada
| | | | - Hailey Mosher
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON, Canada
| | - Joerg Overhage
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON, Canada
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3
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da Cruz Nizer WS, Adams ME, Inkovskiy V, Beaulieu C, Overhage J. The secondary metabolite hydrogen cyanide protects Pseudomonas aeruginosa against sodium hypochlorite-induced oxidative stress. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1294518. [PMID: 38033579 PMCID: PMC10687435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1294518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The high pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is attributed to the production of many virulence factors and its resistance to several antimicrobials. Among them, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a widely used disinfectant due to its strong antimicrobial effect. However, bacteria develop many mechanisms to survive the damage caused by this agent. Therefore, this study aimed to identify novel mechanisms employed by P. aeruginosa to resist oxidative stress induced by the strong oxidizing agent NaOCl. We analyzed the growth of the P. aeruginosa mutants ΔkatA, ΔkatE, ΔahpC, ΔahpF, ΔmsrA at 1 μg/mL NaOCl, and showed that these known H2O2 resistance mechanisms are also important for the survival of P. aeruginosa under NaOCl stress. We then conducted a screening of the P. aeruginosa PA14 transposon insertion mutant library and identified 48 mutants with increased susceptibility toward NaOCl. Among them were 10 mutants with a disrupted nrdJa, bvlR, hcnA, orn, sucC, cysZ, nuoJ, PA4166, opmQ, or thiC gene, which also exhibited a significant growth defect in the presence of NaOCl. We focussed our follow-up experiments (i.e., growth analyzes and kill-kinetics) on mutants with defect in the synthesis of the secondary metabolite hydrogen cyanide (HCN). We showed that HCN produced by P. aeruginosa contributes to its resistance toward NaOCl as it acts as a scavenger molecule, quenching the toxic effects of NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joerg Overhage
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Bogun K, Peh E, Siekmann L, Plötz M, Kittler S. Combining antimicrobial substances for Campylobacter post harvest mitigation on chicken breast fillet and chicken skin - any synergistic effects? J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad209. [PMID: 37709568 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To reduce Campylobacter along the food chain, we investigated the mitigation potential of four antimicrobial compounds against Campylobacter using a new evaluation scheme. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the checkerboard method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of two organic acids (peroxyacetic acid and lactic acid) and two plant extracts (carvacrol and resveratrol) against a C. jejuni and a C. coli field isolate were determined as well as the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices of combined treatment. The lowest MIC values were found for peroxyacetic acid (0.03 mg mL-1) and carvacrol (0.06 mg mL-1). Based on subsequent sensory studies, peroxyacetic acid and carvacrol were selected for challenge tests to quantitatively determine the reducing potential against Campylobacter on chicken meat and chicken skin. Applying peroxyacetic acid significantly reduced Campylobacter counts on chicken skin with maximum reductions of 3.3 log-units (P < .0001), while the combination of peroxyacetic acid and carvacrol resulted in significant reductions of only 0.4 log-units on chicken breast fillet 24 hours after treatment but not thereafter (P = .0192). CONCLUSIONS Peroxyacetic acid is suitable as a postharvest intervention measure to reduce Campylobacter concentration on chicken skin without reducing consumer acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Bogun
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover 30173, Germany
| | - Elisa Peh
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover 30173, Germany
| | - Lisa Siekmann
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover 30173, Germany
| | - Madeleine Plötz
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover 30173, Germany
| | - Sophie Kittler
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover 30173, Germany
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Li H, Li X, Chen T, Yang Z, Shi D, Yin J, Yang D, Zhou S, Li J, Jin M. Antidepressant exposure as a source of disinfectant resistance in waterborne bacteria. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131371. [PMID: 37030229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of disinfectant-resistant pathogens in water is a major threat to public health. However, whether human-consumed pharmaceuticals can induce bacterial resistance to disinfectants remains unclear. Herein, Escherichia coli was exposed to 12 antidepressants, and susceptibility of antidepressant-induced chloramphenicol (CHL)-resistant mutants to disinfectants was tested. Whole genome sequencing, global transcriptomic sequencing, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We observed that duloxetine, fluoxetine, amitriptyline, and sertraline significantly increased the mutation frequency of E. coli against CHL by 15- to 2948-fold. The resultant mutants increased the average MIC50 of sodium hypochlorite, benzalkonium bromide, and triclosan roughly 2- to 8-fold. Consistently, marRAB and acrAB-tolC genes, together with ABC transporter genes (e.g., yddA, yadG, yojI, and mdlA), were triggered to increase the efflux of disinfectants out of the cell, while ompF was inhibited, reducing disinfectant penetration into the cell. Additionally, the occurrence of DNA mutations in marR and acrR in the mutants was observed, potentially resulting in increased synthesis of the AcrAB-TolC pump. This study indicates that pharmaceutical exposure may create disinfectant-resistant bacteria, which may then be released into water systems, providing novel insights into the potential source of water-borne disinfectant-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibei Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xinmei Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Tianjiao Chen
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Danyang Shi
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Shuqing Zhou
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Junwen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China.
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Lin J, Yang J, Cheng J, Zhang W, Yang X, Ding W, Zhang H, Wang Y, Shen X. Pseudomonas aeruginosa H3-T6SS Combats H 2O 2 Stress by Diminishing the Amount of Intracellular Unincorporated Iron in a Dps-Dependent Manner and Inhibiting the Synthesis of PQS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1614. [PMID: 36675127 PMCID: PMC9866239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS), a protein translocation nanomachine, is widely distributed in Gram-negative bacteria and delivers effectors directly into target cells or the extracellular environment to help the bacteria gain a competitive fitness advantage and promote bacterial survival in harmful environments. In this study, we demonstrated that the synthesis of the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was inhibited by the H3-T6SS gene cluster under iron-rich conditions, and that this inhibition was relieved under iron starvation conditions. Conversely, PQS differentially regulated the expression of the H3-T6SS structural genes and the effector protein gene tseF. The expression of tseF was inhibited by PQS, while the expressions of the H3-T6SS structural genes were positively regulated by PQS. Further studies showed that the H3-T6SS was involved in the resistance of P. aeruginosa to oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Interestingly, H3-T6SS expression was neither induced by H2O2 stress nor regulated by OxyR (a global anti-oxidative transcriptional regulator) but was positively regulated by RpoS (a major transcription regulator of the stress response). In addition, we found that the clpV3 (a structural gene of H3-T6SS) mutation resulted in upregulation of two proteins related to PQS synthesis and many proteins related to oxidative stress resistance, while the expression of some iron storage proteins, especially Dps, were significantly downregulated. Furthermore, the clpV3 mutation led to an increase in the intracellular free Fe2+ content of P. aeruginosa. Further studies showed that both the PQS deficient mutation and overexpression of dps effectively restored the H2O2 sensitive phenotype of the H3-T6SS mutant. Finally, we proposed the following model of H3-T6SS-mediated resistance to H2O2 stress in P. aeruginosa. H3-T6SS not only reduces the intracellular free Fe2+ level by upregulating the expression of ferritin Dps, but also inhibits the synthesis of PQS to mediate the resistance of P. aeruginosa to H2O2 stress. This study highlights the important role of H3-T6SS in the ability of P. aeruginosa to combat H2O2 stress and provides a perspective for understanding the stress response mechanism of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshui Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianshe Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Juanli Cheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wei Ding
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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7
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Ruparel FJ, Shah SK, Patel JH, Thakkar NR, Gajera GN, Kothari VO. Network analysis for identifying potential anti-virulence targets from whole transcriptome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus exposed to certain anti-pathogenic polyherbal formulations. Drug Target Insights 2023; 17:58-69. [PMID: 37275512 PMCID: PMC10238913 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2022.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global threat. Identification of novel antibacterial targets is urgently warranted to help antimicrobial drug discovery programs. This study attempted identification of potential targets in two important pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods Transcriptomes of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus exposed to two different quorum-modulatory polyherbal formulations were subjected to network analysis to identify the most highly networked differentially expressed genes (hubs) as potential anti-virulence targets. Results Genes associated with denitrification and sulfur metabolism emerged as the most important targets in P. aeruginosa. Increased buildup of nitrite (NO2) in P. aeruginosa culture exposed to the polyherbal formulation Panchvalkal was confirmed through in vitro assay too. Generation of nitrosative stress and inducing sulfur starvation seemed to be effective anti-pathogenic strategies against this notorious gram-negative pathogen. Important targets identified in S. aureus were the transcriptional regulator sarA, immunoglobulin-binding protein Sbi, serine protease SplA, the saeR/S response regulator system, and gamma-hemolysin components hlgB and hlgC. Conclusion Further validation of the potential targets identified in this study is warranted through appropriate in vitro and in vivo assays in model hosts. Such validated targets can prove vital to many antibacterial drug discovery programs globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feny J Ruparel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - India
- FJR, NRT, and GNG contributed equally
| | - Siddhi K Shah
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - India
- FJR, NRT, and GNG contributed equally
| | - Jhanvi H Patel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - India
- FJR, NRT, and GNG contributed equally
| | - Nidhi R Thakkar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - India
- FJR, NRT, and GNG contributed equally
| | - Gemini N Gajera
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - India
- FJR, NRT, and GNG contributed equally
| | - Vijay O Kothari
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - India
- FJR, NRT, and GNG contributed equally
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8
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Ruparel FJ, Shah SK, Patel JH, Thakkar NR, Gajera GN, Kothari VO. Network analysis for identifying potential anti-virulence targets from whole transcriptome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus exposed to certain anti-pathogenic polyherbal formulations. Drug Target Insights 2023; 17:58-69. [PMID: 37275512 PMCID: PMC10238913 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2023.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global threat. Identification of novel antibacterial targets is urgently warranted to help antimicrobial drug discovery programs. This study attempted identification of potential targets in two important pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods Transcriptomes of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus exposed to two different quorum-modulatory polyherbal formulations were subjected to network analysis to identify the most highly networked differentially expressed genes (hubs) as potential anti-virulence targets. Results Genes associated with denitrification and sulfur metabolism emerged as the most important targets in P. aeruginosa. Increased buildup of nitrite (NO2) in P. aeruginosa culture exposed to the polyherbal formulation Panchvalkal was confirmed through in vitro assay too. Generation of nitrosative stress and inducing sulfur starvation seemed to be effective anti-pathogenic strategies against this notorious gram-negative pathogen. Important targets identified in S. aureus were the transcriptional regulator sarA, immunoglobulin-binding protein Sbi, serine protease SplA, the saeR/S response regulator system, and gamma-hemolysin components hlgB and hlgC. Conclusion Further validation of the potential targets identified in this study is warranted through appropriate in vitro and in vivo assays in model hosts. Such validated targets can prove vital to many antibacterial drug discovery programs globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feny J Ruparel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - India
- FJR, NRT, and GNG contributed equally
| | - Siddhi K Shah
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - India
- FJR, NRT, and GNG contributed equally
| | - Jhanvi H Patel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - India
- FJR, NRT, and GNG contributed equally
| | - Nidhi R Thakkar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - India
- FJR, NRT, and GNG contributed equally
| | - Gemini N Gajera
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - India
- FJR, NRT, and GNG contributed equally
| | - Vijay O Kothari
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - India
- FJR, NRT, and GNG contributed equally
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Basiry D, Entezari Heravi N, Uluseker C, Kaster KM, Kommedal R, Pala-Ozkok I. The effect of disinfectants and antiseptics on co- and cross-selection of resistance to antibiotics in aquatic environments and wastewater treatment plants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1050558. [PMID: 36583052 PMCID: PMC9793094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to increased use of disinfectants and antiseptics (DAs), resulting in higher concentrations of these compounds in wastewaters, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and receiving water bodies. Their constant presence in water bodies may lead to development and acquisition of resistance against the DAs. In addition, they may also promote antibiotic resistance (AR) due to cross- and co-selection of AR among bacteria that are exposed to the DAs, which is a highly important issue with regards to human and environmental health. This review addresses this issue and provides an overview of DAs structure together with their modes of action against microorganisms. Relevant examples of the most effective treatment techniques to increase the DAs removal efficiency from wastewater are discussed. Moreover, insight on the resistance mechanisms to DAs and the mechanism of DAs enhancement of cross- and co-selection of ARs are presented. Furthermore, this review discusses the impact of DAs on resistance against antibiotics, the occurrence of DAs in aquatic systems, and DA removal mechanisms in WWTPs, which in principle serve as the final barrier before releasing these compounds into the receiving environment. By recognition of important research gaps, research needs to determine the impact of the majority of DAs in WWTPs and the consequences of their presence and spread of antibiotic resistance were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Basiry
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Nooshin Entezari Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Cansu Uluseker
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Michelle Kaster
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Roald Kommedal
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ilke Pala-Ozkok
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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10
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Mendoza IC, Luna EO, Pozo MD, Vásquez MV, Montoya DC, Moran GC, Romero LG, Yépez X, Salazar R, Romero-Peña M, León JC. Conventional and non-conventional disinfection methods to prevent microbial contamination in minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022; 165:113714. [PMID: 35783661 PMCID: PMC9239846 DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic COVID-19 warned the importance of preparing the immune system to prevent diseases. Therefore, consuming fresh fruits and vegetables is essential for a healthy and balanced diet due to their diverse compositions of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and bioactive compounds. However, these fresh products grew close to manure and irrigation water and are harvested with equipment or by hand, representing a high risk of microbial, physical, and chemical contamination. The handling of fruits and vegetables exposed them to various wet surfaces of equipment and utensils, an ideal environment for biofilm formation and a potential risk for microbial contamination and foodborne illnesses. In this sense, this review presents an overview of the main problems associated with microbial contamination and the several chemicals, physical, and biological disinfection methods concerning their ability to avoid food contamination. This work has discussed using chemical products such as chlorine compounds, peroxyacetic acid, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Moreover, newer techniques including ozone, electrolyzed water, ultraviolet light, ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure, cold plasma technology, and microbial surfactants have also been illustrated here. Finally, future trends in disinfection with a sustainable approach such as combined methods were also described. Therefore, the fruit and vegetable industries can be informed about their main microbial risks to establish optimal and efficient procedures to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana Cruz Mendoza
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Esther Ortiz Luna
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Dreher Pozo
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Mirian Villavicencio Vásquez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Diana Coello Montoya
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Galo Chuchuca Moran
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Luis Galarza Romero
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ximena Yépez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Rómulo Salazar
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Romero-Peña
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jonathan Coronel León
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5, Via Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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11
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Chen J, Song T, Long S, Zhu KJ, Pavlostathis SG. Effect of peracetic acid solution on a nitrifying culture: Kinetics, inhibition, cellular and transcriptional responses. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118543. [PMID: 35561624 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) has been widely used as a disinfectant in many industries. However, information related to the potential inhibitory effect of PAA solutions (PAA and H2O2) on biological wastewater treatment processes is very limited. The work reported here assessed the effect of PAA and H2O2 solutions on nitrification kinetics and inhibition, cellular level responses and gene expression of a suspended-growth nitrifying culture. The initial ammonia removal and nitrate production rates significantly decreased at 1/0.14 to 3/0.42 mg/L PAA/H2O2. H2O2 up to 3 mg/L did not impact nitrification, cell viability or related respiratory activities; thus, the impact of the PAA solution is attributed to PAA alone or in some combination with H2O2. Nitrification inhibition by PAA was predominantly related to enzyme inhibition, rather than to loss of cell viability and/or cell lysis. PAA and H2O2 negatively affected Nitrosomonas but resulted in Nitrosospira enrichment. Most nitrogen metabolism-related genes (e.g., hydroxylamine oxidoreductase and nitrite oxidoreductase genes) as well as oxidase genes (e.g., cytochrome c oxidase, catalase-peroxidase, and peroxidase genes) were upregulated in PAA- and H2O2-amended cultures. Major ATPase genes were downregulated while ATP synthase genes upregulated under the effect of PAA and/or H2O2. Upregulation of ATP-dependent protease genes indicates protein damage predominantly caused by PAA rather than H2O2. The transcriptional level of genes related to cell division and DNA repair did not show a particular pattern; thus, cell division functionality and DNA integrity were not significantly affected by PAA or H2O2. The results of this study have significant implications in the design and operation of effective biological nitrogen removal systems for the treatment of PAA-bearing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchen Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0512, United States
| | - Tianze Song
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0230, United States
| | - Sha Long
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0512, United States; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Kevin J Zhu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0512, United States
| | - Spyros G Pavlostathis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0512, United States.
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12
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Stearns R, Xue J, Freshour N, Matak K, Luo Y, Shen C. The Efficacy of Conventional Spray, Electrostatic Spray, and Dip with a Combination of Hydrogen Peroxide and Peroxyacetic Acid To Inactivate Listeria monocytogenes on Apples. J Food Prot 2022; 85:828-834. [PMID: 35146513 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxyacetic acid (PAA) mixer delivered by conventional garden spray (GS), electrostatic spray (ES), and dip methods to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes on apples. Organic Honeycrisp, Fuji, and Pink Lady apples were dip inoculated with L. monocytogenes (two strains, serotype 1/2b), which were then kept untreated (control), sprayed with water only, or treated with the H2O2-PAA mixer (0.0064, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.50%) for 20 s via GS, ES, or dip, followed by draining (for 2 min) on aluminum foil. Surviving bacteria were recovered on modified Oxford agar. Atomic force microscopy was used to detect the structural changes of inactivation of L. monocytogenes in broth medium by the H2O2-PAA mixer solution. Data (two replicates, with six samples per replicate) were analyzed using the mixed model procedure of SAS (P = 0.05). Initial counts of L. monocytogenes on untreated apples were 6.80 to 6.90 log CFU per apple. The dip method was the most effective treatment (P < 0.05) for pathogen reductions (2.31 to 2.41 log CFU per apple), followed by GS (1.44 to 1.70 log CFU per apple) and then ES (0.84 to 1.20 log CFU per apple). Reductions of L. monocytogenes were greatest (P < 0.05) when apples were treated with H2O2-PAA mixer -0.25 and -0.50%. Atomic force microscopy analyses indicated that inactivation of L. monocytogenes cells in H2O2-PAA mixer solutions resulted from disruption of the outer membrane. The H2O2-PAA mixer-treated cells had increased width and height and decreased roughness compared with the untreated cells. Results suggested that applying a H2O2-PAA mixer by dip or GS methods is better for pathogen reduction than ES on apples. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stearns
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Jingyi Xue
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Nettie Freshour
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Kristen Matak
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Yangchao Luo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Cangliang Shen
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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13
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Oxidative Stress Response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091187. [PMID: 34578219 PMCID: PMC8466533 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative environmental and human opportunistic pathogen highly adapted to many different environmental conditions. It can cause a wide range of serious infections, including wounds, lungs, the urinary tract, and systemic infections. The high versatility and pathogenicity of this bacterium is attributed to its genomic complexity, the expression of several virulence factors, and its intrinsic resistance to various antimicrobials. However, to thrive and establish infection, P. aeruginosa must overcome several barriers. One of these barriers is the presence of oxidizing agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid) produced by the host immune system or that are commonly used as disinfectants in a variety of different environments including hospitals. These agents damage several cellular molecules and can cause cell death. Therefore, bacteria adapt to these harsh conditions by altering gene expression and eliciting several stress responses to survive under oxidative stress. Here, we used PubMed to evaluate the current knowledge on the oxidative stress responses adopted by P. aeruginosa. We will describe the genes that are often differently expressed under oxidative stress conditions, the pathways and proteins employed to sense and respond to oxidative stress, and how these changes in gene expression influence pathogenicity and the virulence of P. aeruginosa. Understanding these responses and changes in gene expression is critical to controlling bacterial pathogenicity and developing new therapeutic agents.
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14
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Molina Mora JA, Montero-Manso P, García-Batán R, Campos-Sánchez R, Vilar-Fernández J, García F. A first perturbome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Identification of core genes related to multiple perturbations by a machine learning approach. Biosystems 2021; 205:104411. [PMID: 33757842 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance to stress conditions is vital for organismal survival, including bacteria under specific environmental conditions, antibiotics, and other perturbations. Some studies have described common modulation and shared genes during stress response to different types of disturbances (termed as perturbome), leading to the idea of central control at the molecular level. We implemented a robust machine learning approach to identify and describe genes associated with multiple perturbations or perturbome in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 model. Using microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), we evaluated six approaches to rank and select genes: using two methodologies, data single partition (SP method) or multiple partitions (MP method) for training and testing datasets, we evaluated three classification algorithms (SVM Support Vector Machine, KNN K-Nearest neighbor and RF Random Forest). Gene expression patterns and topological features at the systems level were included to describe the perturbome elements. We were able to select and describe 46 core response genes associated with multiple perturbations in P. aeruginosa PAO1 and it can be considered a first report of the P. aeruginosa perturbome. Molecular annotations, patterns in expression levels, and topological features in molecular networks revealed biological functions of biosynthesis, binding, and metabolism, many of them related to DNA damage repair and aerobic respiration in the context of tolerance to stress. We also discuss different issues related to implemented and assessed algorithms, including data partitioning, classification approaches, and metrics. Altogether, this work offers a different and robust framework to select genes using a machine learning approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Arturo Molina Mora
- Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET) and Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
| | | | - Raquel García-Batán
- Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET) and Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
| | - Rebeca Campos-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | | | - Fernando García
- Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET) and Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
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15
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Daer S, Goodwill JE, Ikuma K. Effect of ferrate and monochloramine disinfection on the physiological and transcriptomic response of Escherichia coli at late stationary phase. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116580. [PMID: 33166917 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biological mechanisms of disinfection not only vary by disinfectant but also remain not well understood. We investigated the physiological and transcriptomic response of Escherichia coli at late stationary phase to ferrate and monochloramine in amended lake water. Although ferrate and monochloramine treatments similarly reduced culturable cell concentrations by 3-log10, 64% and 11% of treated cells were viable following monochloramine and ferrate treatment, respectively. This observed induction of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state following monochloramine treatment but not ferrate is attributed to slower monochloramine disinfection kinetics (by 2.8 times) compared to ferrate. Transcriptomic analysis of E. coli at 15 min of exposure revealed that 3 times as many genes related to translation and transcription were downregulated by monochloramine compared to ferrate, suggesting that monochloramine treatment may be inducing VBNC through reduced protein synthesis and metabolism. Downregulation of universal stress response genes (rpoS, uspA) was attributed to growth-related physiological stressors during late stationary phase which may have contributed to the elevated expression levels of general stress responses pre-disinfection and, subsequently, their significant downregulation post-disinfection. Both disinfectants upregulated oxidative stress response genes (trxC, grxA, soxS), although levels of upregulation were time sensitive. This work shows that bacterial inactivation responses to disinfectants is mediated by complex molecular and growth-related responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Daer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Environmental Sciences Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Joseph E Goodwill
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, United States
| | - Kaoru Ikuma
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Environmental Sciences Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
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16
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Bekhet OH. Disinfectants and pH synergistically inactivate Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525: insights into cellular redox homeostasis and ultrastructure. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1969277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Osama Hussein Bekhet
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Procter & Gamle Newcastle Innovation Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
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17
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Luo LW, Wu YH, Yu T, Wang YH, Chen GQ, Tong X, Bai Y, Xu C, Wang HB, Ikuno N, Hu HY. Evaluating method and potential risks of chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB): A review. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116474. [PMID: 33039832 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) are commonly defined as bacteria with high resistance to chlorine disinfection or bacteria which can survive or even regrow in the residual chlorine. Chlorine disinfection cannot completely control the risks of CRB, such as risks of pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance and microbial growth. Currently, researchers pay more attention to CRB with pathogenicity or antibiotic resistance. The microbial growth risks of non-pathogenic CRB in water treatment and reclamation systems have been neglected to some extent. In this review, these three kinds of risks are all analyzed, and the last one is also highlighted. In order to study CRB, various methods are used to evaluate chlorine resistance. This review summarizes the evaluating methods for chlorine resistance reported in the literatures, and collects the important information about the typical isolated CRB strains including their genera, sources and levels of chlorine resistance. To our knowledge, few review papers have provided such systematic information about CRB. Among 44 typical CRB strains from 17 genera isolated by researchers, Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Legionella, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas were the five genera with the highest frequency of occurrence in literatures. They are all pathogenic or opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. In addition, although there are many studies on CRB, information about chlorine resistance level is still limited to specie level or strain level. The difference in chlorine resistance level among different bacterial genera is less well understood. An inconvenient truth is that there is still no widely-accepted method to evaluate chlorine resistance and to identify CRB. Due to the lack of a unified method, it is difficult to compare the results about chlorine resistance level of bacterial strains in different literatures. A recommended evaluating method using logarithmic removal rate as an index and E. coli as a reference strain is proposed in this review based on the summary of the current evaluating methods. This method can provide common range of chlorine resistance of each genus and it is conducive to analyzing the distribution and abundance of CRB in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Luo
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yin-Hu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tong Yu
- Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yun-Hong Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Bai
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao-Bin Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nozomu Ikuno
- Kurita Water Industries Ltd., Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0001, Japan
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
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18
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Roles of RcsA, an AhpD Family Protein, in Reactive Chlorine Stress Resistance and Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01480-20. [PMID: 32801171 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01480-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive chlorine species (RCS), particularly hypochlorous acid (HOCl), are powerful antimicrobial oxidants generated by biological pathways and chemical syntheses. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen that has adapted mechanisms for protection and survival in harsh environments, including RCS exposure. Based on previous transcriptomic studies of HOCl exposure in P. aeruginosa, we found that the expression of PA0565, or rcsA, which encodes an alkyl hydroperoxidase D-like protein, exhibited the highest induction among the RCS-induced genes. In this study, rcsA expression was dominant under HOCl stress and greatly increased under HOCl-related stress conditions. Functional analysis of RcsA showed that the distinguishing core amino acid residues Cys60, Cys63, and His67 were required for the degradation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), suggesting an extended motif in the AhpD family. After allelic exchange mutagenesis in the P. aeruginosa rcsA, the P. aeruginosa rcsA deletion mutant showed significantly decreased HOCl resistance. Ectopic expression of P. aeruginosa rcsA led to significantly increased NaOCl resistance in Escherichia coli Moreover, the pathogenicity of the rcsA mutant decreased dramatically in both Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster host model systems compared to the wild type (WT). Finally, the Cys60, Cys63, and His67 variants of RcsA were unsuccessful at complementing phenotypes of the rcsA mutant. Overall, our data indicate the importance of P. aeruginosa RcsA in defense against HOCl stress under disinfections and during infections of hosts, which involves the catalytic Cys60, Cys63, and His67 residues.IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that is a major cause of serious infections in many hosts. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a potent antimicrobial agent found in household bleach and is a widely used disinfectant. P. aeruginosa has evolved adaptive mechanisms for protection and survival during HOCl exposure. We identified P. aeruginosa rcsA as a HOCl-responsive gene encoding an antioxidant protein that may be involved in HOCl degradation. RcsA has a distinguishing core motif containing functional Cys60, Cys63, and His67 residues. P. aeruginosa rcsA plays an important role in bleach tolerance, with expression of P. aeruginosa rcsA in Escherichia coli also conferring HOCl resistance. Interestingly, RcsA is required for full virulence in worm and fruit fly infection models, indicating a correlation between mechanisms of bleach toxicity and host immunity during infection. This provides new insights into the mechanisms used by P. aeruginosa to persist in harsh environments such as hospitals.
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19
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da Cruz Nizer WS, Inkovskiy V, Overhage J. Surviving Reactive Chlorine Stress: Responses of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Hypochlorous Acid. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1220. [PMID: 32796669 PMCID: PMC7464077 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and its active ingredient, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), are the most commonly used chlorine-based disinfectants. HOCl is a fast-acting and potent antimicrobial agent that interacts with several biomolecules, such as sulfur-containing amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids, and membrane components, causing severe cellular damage. It is also produced by the immune system as a first-line of defense against invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize the adaptive responses of Gram-negative bacteria to HOCl-induced stress and highlight the role of chaperone holdases (Hsp33, RidA, Cnox, and polyP) as an immediate response to HOCl stress. We also describe the three identified transcriptional regulators (HypT, RclR, and NemR) that specifically respond to HOCl. Besides the activation of chaperones and transcriptional regulators, the formation of biofilms has been described as an important adaptive response to several stressors, including HOCl. Although the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in HOCl biofilm stimulation is limited, studies have shown that HOCl induces the formation of biofilms by causing conformational changes in membrane properties, overproducing the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, and increasing the intracellular concentration of cyclic-di-GMP. In addition, acquisition and expression of antibiotic resistance genes, secretion of virulence factors and induction of the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state has also been described as an adaptive response to HOCl. In general, the knowledge of how bacteria respond to HOCl stress has increased over time; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in this stress response is still in its infancy. A better understanding of these mechanisms could help understand host-pathogen interactions and target specific genes and molecules to control bacterial spread and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joerg Overhage
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (W.S.d.C.N.); (V.I.)
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20
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Liu Y, Shang L, Zhan Y, Lin M, Liu Z, Yan Y. Genome-Wide Analysis of Sugar Transporters Identifies the gtsA Gene for Glucose Transportation in Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040592. [PMID: 32325908 PMCID: PMC7232493 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 possesses an extraordinary number of transporters which confer this rhizosphere bacterium with the sophisticated ability to metabolize various carbon sources. However, sugars are not a preferred carbon source for P. stutzeri A1501. The P. stutzeri A1501 genome has been sequenced, allowing for the homology-based in silico identification of genes potentially encoding sugar-transport systems by using established microbial sugar transporters as a template sequence. Genomic analysis revealed that there were 10 sugar transporters in P. stutzeri A1501, most of which belong to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family (5/10); the others belong to the phosphotransferase system (PTS), major intrinsic protein (MIP) family, major facilitator superfamily (MFS) and the sodium solute superfamily (SSS). These systems might serve for the import of glucose, galactose, fructose and other types of sugar. Growth analysis showed that the only effective medium was glucose and its corresponding metabolic system was relatively complete. Notably, the loci of glucose metabolism regulatory systems HexR, GltR/GtrS, and GntR were adjacent to the transporters ABCMalEFGK, ABCGtsABCD, and ABCMtlEFGK, respectively. Only the ABCGtsABCD expression was significantly upregulated under both glucose-sufficient and -limited conditions. The predicted structure and mutant phenotype data of the key protein GtsA provided biochemical evidence that P. stutzeri A1501 predominantly utilized the ABCGtsABCD transporter for glucose uptake. We speculate that gene absence and gene diversity in P. stutzeri A1501 was caused by sugar-deficient environmental factors and hope that this report can provide guidance for further analysis of similar bacterial lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China;
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.S.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Liguo Shang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.S.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Yuhua Zhan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.S.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Min Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.S.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Zhu Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yongliang Yan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.S.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Y.Y.)
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Mohamed FA, Shaker GH, Askoura MM. Oxidative Stress Influences Pseudomonas aeruginosa Susceptibility to Antibiotics and Reduces Its Pathogenesis in Host. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:479-490. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Ligowska-Marzęta M, Hancock V, Ingmer H, M Aarestrup F. Comparison of Gene Expression Profiles of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli CFT073 after Prolonged Exposure to Subinhibitory Concentrations of Different Biocides. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040167. [PMID: 31569631 PMCID: PMC6963283 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocides are chemical compounds widely used for sterilization and disinfection. The aim of this study was to examine whether exposure to subinhibitory biocide concentrations influenced transcriptional expression of genes that could improve a pathogen’s drug resistance or fitness. We used DNA microarrays to investigate the transcriptome of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain CFT073 in response to prolonged exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of four biocides: benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide and triclosan. Transcription of a gene involved in polymyxin resistance, arnT, was increased after treatment with benzalkonium chloride. However, pretreatment of the bacteria with this biocide did not result in cross-resistance to polymyxin in vitro. Genes encoding products related to transport formed the functional group that was most affected by biocides, as 110 out of 884 genes in this category displayed altered transcription. Transcripts of genes involved in cysteine uptake, sulfate assimilation, dipeptide transport, as well as cryptic phage genes were also more abundant in response to several biocides. Additionally, we identified groups of genes with transcription changes unique to single biocides that might include potential targets for the biocides. The biocides did not increase the resistance potential of the pathogen to other antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Ligowska-Marzęta
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Viktoria Hancock
- Renal Research & Innovation, Baxter International Inc., SE-220 10 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Bhilwadikar T, Pounraj S, Manivannan S, Rastogi NK, Negi PS. Decontamination of Microorganisms and Pesticides from Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: A Comprehensive Review from Common Household Processes to Modern Techniques. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1003-1038. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanmayee Bhilwadikar
- Dept. of Fruit and Vegetable TechnologyCSIR ‐ Central Food Technological Research Inst. Mysuru 570020 India
| | - Saranya Pounraj
- Dept. of Fruit and Vegetable TechnologyCSIR ‐ Central Food Technological Research Inst. Mysuru 570020 India
| | - S. Manivannan
- Dept. of Food Protectant and Infestation ControlCSIR ‐ Central Food Technological Research Inst. Mysuru 570020 India
| | - N. K. Rastogi
- Dept. of Food EngineeringCSIR ‐ Central Food Technological Research Inst. Mysuru 570020 India
| | - P. S. Negi
- Dept. of Fruit and Vegetable TechnologyCSIR ‐ Central Food Technological Research Inst. Mysuru 570020 India
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Lipus D, Vikram A, Gulliver D, Bibby K. Upregulation of peroxide scavenging enzymes and multidrug efflux proteins highlight an active sodium hypochlorite response in Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:329-339. [PMID: 31066290 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1605357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative biocide sodium hypochlorite is among the most commonly used antimicrobial agents in the control of surface-attached microbial communities (biofilms). Clarifying the genetic response of microorganisms in biofilms to hypochlorite may contribute to improved biofilm control strategies. Here, RNA-seq was used to investigate the differential gene expression response of industrially relevant Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms to sub-lethal concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. Pseudomonas biofilms responded to hypochlorite exposure with increased transcription of genes encoding peroxide scavenging enzymes (e.g., alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (Ahp) and hydroperoxide resistance protein (Ohr)), oxidative stress repair enzymes (e.g., the periplasmic sulfoxide reductase YedYZ complex), and multidrug efflux (e.g., MexEF pumps). In addition, genes involved in amino acid synthesis and energy metabolism were down-regulated following hypochlorite exposure. This work improves the current understanding of genetic response mechanisms to biocides and contributes to the optimization of biocides and application strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lipus
- a National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
- b Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , Oak Ridge , Tennessee , USA
- c Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Amit Vikram
- d US Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center , Nebraska
| | - Djuna Gulliver
- a National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- b Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , Oak Ridge , Tennessee , USA
- c Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
- e Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences , University of Notre Dame , South Bend , Indiana , USA
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25
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Rood L, Koutoulis A, Bowman JP, Evans DE, Stanley RA, Kaur M. Control of microbes on barley grains using peroxyacetic acid and electrolysed water as antimicrobial agents. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Mathew EN, Muyyarikkandy MS, Bedell C, Amalaradjou MA. Efficacy of Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, and Peroxyacetic Acid in Reducing Salmonella Contamination in Wash Water and on Mangoes Under Simulated Mango Packinghouse Washing Operations. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Strempel N, Nusser M, Neidig A, Brenner-Weiss G, Overhage J. The Oxidative Stress Agent Hypochlorite Stimulates c-di-GMP Synthesis and Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2311. [PMID: 29213262 PMCID: PMC5702645 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is able to survive under a variety of often harmful environmental conditions due to a multitude of intrinsic and adaptive resistance mechanisms, including biofilm formation as one important survival strategy. Here, we investigated the adaptation of P. aeruginosa PAO1 to hypochlorite (HClO), a phagocyte-derived host defense compound and frequently used disinfectant. In static biofilm assays, we observed a significant enhancement in initial cell attachment in the presence of sublethal HClO concentrations. Subsequent LC-MS analyses revealed a strong increase in cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) levels suggesting a key role of this second messenger in HClO-induced biofilm development. Using DNA microarrays, we identified a 26-fold upregulation of ORF PA3177 coding for a putative diguanylate cyclase (DGC), which catalyzes the synthesis of the second messenger c-di-GMP – an important regulator of bacterial motility, sessility and persistence. This DGC PA3177 was further characterized in more detail demonstrating its impact on P. aeruginosa motility and biofilm formation. In addition, cell culture assays attested a role for PA3177 in the response of P. aeruginosa to human phagocytes. Using a subset of different mutants, we were able to show that both Pel and Psl exopolysaccharides are effectors in the PA3177-dependent c-di-GMP network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Strempel
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Nusser
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anke Neidig
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerald Brenner-Weiss
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joerg Overhage
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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28
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Synergistic effects of combined ultrasound and peroxyacetic acid treatments against Cronobacter sakazakii biofilms on fresh cucumber. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Yan S, Wu G. Reorganization of gene network for degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 under several conditions. J Appl Genet 2017; 58:545-563. [PMID: 28685384 PMCID: PMC5655620 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-017-0402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are harmful to human health, their elimination from the environment is not easy. Biodegradation of PAHs is promising since many bacteria have the ability to use hydrocarbons as their sole carbon and energy sources for growth. Of various microorganisms that can degrade PAHs, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is particularly important, not only because it causes a series of diseases including infection in cystic fibrosis patients, but also because it is a model bacterium in various studies. The genes that are responsible for degrading PAHs have been identified in P. aeruginosa, however, no gene acts alone as various stresses often initiate different metabolic pathways, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, antibiotic tolerance, etc. Therefore, it is important to study how PAH degradation genes behave under different conditions. In this study, we apply network analysis to investigating how 46 PAH degradation genes reorganized among 5549 genes in P. aeruginosa PAO1 under nine different conditions using publicly available gene coexpression data from GEO. The results provide six aspects of novelties: (i) comparing the number of gene clusters before and after stresses, (ii) comparing the membership in each gene cluster before and after stresses, (iii) defining which gene changed its membership together with PAH degradation genes before and after stresses, (iv) classifying membership-changed-genes in terms of category in Pseudomonas Genome Database, (v) postulating unknown gene’s function, and (vi) proposing new mechanisms for genes of interests. This study can shed light on understanding of cooperative mechanisms of PAH degradation from the level of entire genes in an organism, and paves the way to conduct the similar studies on other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Yan
- Bioscience and Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Guang Wu
- Bioscience and Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China.
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30
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Botta L, Bizzarri BM, Crucianelli M, Saladino R. Advances in biotechnological synthetic applications of carbon nanostructured systems. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:6490-6510. [PMID: 32264413 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00764g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years carbon nanostructures have been applied for the immobilization of enzymes and biomimetic organo-metallic species useful for biotechnological applications. The nature of the support and the method of immobilization are responsible for the stability, reactivity and selectivity of the system. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the use of carbon nanostructures, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanorods, fullerene and graphene for the preparation of biocatalytic and biomimetic systems and for their application in the development of green chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Botta
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Yang Y, Kitajima M, Pham T, Yu L, Ling R, Gin K, Reinhard M. UsingPseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1 to evaluate hydrogen peroxide as a biofouling control agent in membrane treatment systems. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 63:488-494. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - M. Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - T.P.T. Pham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - L. Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - R. Ling
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - K.Y.H. Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - M. Reinhard
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
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32
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GeLC-MS-based proteomics of Chromobacterium violaceum: comparison of proteome changes elicited by hydrogen peroxide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28174. [PMID: 27321545 PMCID: PMC4913304 DOI: 10.1038/srep28174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a free-living bacillus with several genes that enables it survival under different harsh environments such as oxidative and temperature stresses. Here we performed a label-free quantitative proteomic study to unravel the molecular mechanisms that enable C. violaceum to survive oxidative stress. To achieve this, total proteins extracted from control and C. violaceum cultures exposed during two hours with 8 mM hydrogen peroxide were analyzed using GeLC-MS proteomics. Analysis revealed that under the stress condition, the bacterium expressed proteins that protected it from the damage caused by reactive oxygen condition and decreasing the abundance of proteins responsible for bacterial growth and catabolism. GeLC-MS proteomics analysis provided an overview of the metabolic pathways involved in the response of C. violaceum to oxidative stress ultimately aggregating knowledge of the response of this organism to environmental stress. This study identified approximately 1500 proteins, generating the largest proteomic coverage of C. violaceum so far. We also detected proteins with unknown function that we hypothesize to be part of new mechanisms related to oxidative stress defense. Finally, we identified the mechanism of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), which has not yet been reported for this organism.
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33
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Vikram A, Lipus D, Bibby K. Produced water exposure alters bacterial response to biocides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13001-13009. [PMID: 25279933 DOI: 10.1021/es5036915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial activity during the holding and reuse of wastewater from hydraulic fracturing operations, termed produced water, may lead to issues with corrosion, sulfide release, and fouling. Biocides are applied to control biological activity, often with limited efficacy, which is typically attributed to chemical interactions with the produced water. However, it is unknown whether there is a biologically driven mechanism to biocide tolerance in produced water. Here, we demonstrate that produced water exposure results in an enhanced tolerance against the typically used biocide glutaraldehyde and increased susceptibility to the oxidative biocide hypochlorite in a native and a model bacteria and that this altered resistance is due to the salinity of the produced water. In addition, we elucidate the genetic response of the model organism Pseudomonas fluorescens to produced water exposure to provide a mechanistic interpretation of the altered biocide resistance. The RNA-seq data demonstrated the induction of genes involved in osmotic stress, energy production and conversion, membrane integrity, and protein transport following produced water exposure, which facilitates bacterial survival and alters biocide tolerance. Efforts to fundamentally understand biocide resistance mechanisms, which enable the optimization of biocide application, hold significant implications for greening of the fracturing process through encouraging produced water recycling. Specifically, these results suggest the necessity of optimizing biocide application at the level of individual shale plays, rather than historical experience, based upon produced water characteristics and salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Vikram
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and §Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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34
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Kaihami GH, de Almeida JRF, dos Santos SS, Netto LES, de Almeida SR, Baldini RL. Involvement of a 1-Cys peroxiredoxin in bacterial virulence. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004442. [PMID: 25329795 PMCID: PMC4199769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The killing of bacterial pathogens by macrophages occurs via the oxidative burst and bacteria have evolved to overcome this challenge and survive, using several virulence and defense strategies, including antioxidant mechanisms. We show here that the 1-Cys peroxiredoxin LsfA from the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is endowed with thiol-dependent peroxidase activity that protects the bacteria from H(2)O(2) and that this protein is implicated in pathogenicity. LsfA belongs to the poorly studied Prx6 subfamily of peroxiredoxins. The function of these peroxiredoxins has not been characterized in bacteria, and their contribution to host-pathogen interactions remains unknown. Infection of macrophages with the lsfA mutant strains resulted in higher levels of the cytokine TNF-α production due to the activation of the NF-kB and MAPK pathways, that are partially inhibited by the wild-type P. aeruginosa strain. A redox fluorescent probe was more oxidized in the lsfA mutant-infected macrophages than it was in the macrophages infected with the wild-type strain, suggesting that the oxidative burst was overstimulated in the absence of LsfA. Although no differences in the phagocytosis rates were observed when macrophages were infected with wild-type and mutant bacteria in a gentamicin exclusion assay, a higher number of wild-type bacterial cells was found in the supernatant. This difference was not observed when macrophages were pre-treated with a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, confirming the role of LsfA in the bacterial resistance to ROS generated via NADPH oxidase. In an acute pneumonia model, mice infected with the mutant strains presented higher cytokine release in the lungs and increased activated neutrophil recruitment, with reduced bacterial burden and improved survival rates compared to mice infected with the wild-type bacteria. LsfA is the first bacterial 1-Cys Prx shown to modulate host immune responses and its characterization will allow a better understanding of the role of redox signaling in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Hideo Kaihami
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Suelen Silvana dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Lúcia Baldini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wong CK, Tan MH, Rasouliha BH, Hwang IY, Ling H, Poh CL, Chang MW. Therapeutic microbes for infectious disease. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1151:117-33. [PMID: 24838883 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0554-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens has invoked concerns of our current limitations in controlling the spread of infectious disease. To resolve this, we have applied synthetic biology principles to engineer human commensal microbe that can specifically sense and kill an antibiotic-resistant strain of P. aeruginosa. In this chapter, we describe the methods used to assemble, characterize, and evaluate the effectiveness of our engineered microbe in multicellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Kit Wong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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36
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Neo SY, Lim PY, Phua LK, Khoo GH, Kim SJ, Lee SC, Yuk HG. Efficacy of chlorine and peroxyacetic acid on reduction of natural microflora, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocyotgenes and Salmonella spp. on mung bean sprouts. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:475-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Van de Velde F, Güemes DR, Pirovani ME. Optimisation of the peracetic acid washing disinfection of fresh-cut strawberries based on microbial load reduction and bioactive compounds retention. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Van de Velde
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santiago del Estero 2829 Santa Fe 3000 Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Santiago del Estero 2829. 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Daniel R. Güemes
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santiago del Estero 2829 Santa Fe 3000 Argentina
| | - María E. Pirovani
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Santiago del Estero 2829 Santa Fe 3000 Argentina
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38
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Holder D, Berry D, Dai D, Raskin L, Xi C. A dynamic and complex monochloramine stress response in Escherichia coli revealed by transcriptome analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4978-4985. [PMID: 23866139 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of monochloramine in drinking water treatment, there is surprisingly little information about its mode of action. In this study, DNA microarrays were used to investigate the global gene expression of Escherichia coli cells exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of monochloramine, with a focus on temporal dynamics. Genes induced by monochloramine were associated with several stress response functions, including oxidative stress, DNA repair, multidrug efflux, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and cell wall repair. The diversity of functional associations supports a model of monochloramine action involving multiple cellular targets including cell membranes, nucleic acids, and proteins. These data suggest that E. coli responds to monochloramine exposure by activating diverse defense responses rather than a single antioxidant system and the exposure may also induce biofilm formation. The induction of multidrug efflux pumps and specific antibiotic resistance genes further suggests that exposure to monochloramine may contribute to reduced susceptibility to some antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Holder
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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39
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Comparative analysis of temperature-dependent transcriptome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from rhizosphere and human habitats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:1007-19. [PMID: 23053111 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of a change in growth temperature on the transcriptome of two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The chosen P. aeruginosa strains were M18 and PAO1, which are adapted to two different niches, rhizosphere and human, respectively. To assess the changes induced by a change in temperature, we used a newly designed microarray covering the complete genome of four P. aeruginosa strains: PAO1, M18, PA14 and LESB58, which proved informative and reliable for the transcriptome study. Using the microarray, we analysed the transcriptome profile changes of two P. aeruginosa strains of M18 and PAO1 at their originating and non-originating temperatures: 28 °C for the rhizosphere and 37 °C for the human. The transcriptome profiles showed significant temperature-dependent differences (64.8 % in M18 and 66.8 % in PAO1) compared with the genome structure (6 % in M18 and 4.1 % in PAO1). Furthermore, we found that the specific induced genes at the non-originating growth temperature of the each strain (207 genes in M18 and 229 genes in PAO1) were evidently more than those induced at the originating growth temperature (158 genes in M18 and 169 genes in PAO1). The functional analysis of several newly found specific regulated operons (such as phh, liu, hmg) in the two strains indicated possible strategies implemented to respond to the non-originating temperature. This study provides new insight into how P. aeruginosa species responds to temperature change and a microarray platform covering the complete genomes of four widely studied P. aeruginosa strains.
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40
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Dinu CZ, Borkar IV, Bale SS, Campbell AS, Kane RS, Dordick JS. Perhydrolase-nanotube-paint sporicidal composites stabilized by intramolecular crosslinking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mechanisms of resistance to chloramphenicol in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:1001-9. [PMID: 22143519 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05398-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a chloramphenicol-resistant bacterium that is able to grow in the presence of this antibiotic at a concentration of up to 25 μg/ml. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that the expression profile of 102 genes changed in response to this concentration of chloramphenicol in the culture medium. The genes that showed altered expression include those involved in general metabolism, cellular stress response, gene regulation, efflux pump transporters, and protein biosynthesis. Analysis of a genome-wide collection of mutants showed that survival of a knockout mutant in the TtgABC resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pump and mutants in the biosynthesis of pyrroloquinoline (PQQ) were compromised in the presence of chloramphenicol. The analysis also revealed that an ABC extrusion system (PP2669/PP2668/PP2667) and the AgmR regulator (PP2665) were needed for full resistance toward chloramphenicol. Transcriptional arrays revealed that AgmR controls the expression of the pqq genes and the operon encoding the ABC extrusion pump from the promoter upstream of open reading frame (ORF) PP2669.
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Goldová J, Ulrych A, Hercík K, Branny P. A eukaryotic-type signalling system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributes to oxidative stress resistance, intracellular survival and virulence. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:437. [PMID: 21880152 PMCID: PMC3224232 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contains at least three genes encoding eukaryotic-type Ser/Thr protein kinases, one of which, ppkA, has been implicated in P. aeruginosa virulence. Together with the adjacent pppA phosphatase gene, they belong to the type VI secretion system (H1-T6SS) locus, which is important for bacterial pathogenesis. To determine the biological function of this protein pair, we prepared a pppA-ppkA double mutant and characterised its phenotype and transcriptomic profiles. RESULTS Phenotypic studies revealed that the mutant grew slower than the wild-type strain in minimal media and exhibited reduced secretion of pyoverdine. In addition, the mutant had altered sensitivity to oxidative and hyperosmotic stress conditions. Consequently, mutant cells had an impaired ability to survive in murine macrophages and an attenuated virulence in the plant model of infection. Whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed that pppA-ppkA deletion affects the expression of oxidative stress-responsive genes, stationary phase σ-factor RpoS-regulated genes, and quorum-sensing regulons. The transcriptome of the pppA-ppkA mutant was also analysed under conditions of oxidative stress and showed an impaired response to the stress, manifested by a weaker induction of stress adaptation genes as well as the genes of the SOS regulon. In addition, expression of either RpoS-regulated genes or quorum-sensing-dependent genes was also affected. Complementation analysis confirmed that the transcription levels of the differentially expressed genes were specifically restored when the pppA and ppkA genes were expressed ectopically. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that in addition to its crucial role in controlling the activity of P. aeruginosa H1-T6SS at the post-translational level, the PppA-PpkA pair also affects the transcription of stress-responsive genes. Based on these data, it is likely that the reduced virulence of the mutant strain results from an impaired ability to survive in the host due to the limited response to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Goldová
- Cell and Molecular Microbiology Division, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Ulrych
- Cell and Molecular Microbiology Division, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Hercík
- Cell and Molecular Microbiology Division, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pavel Branny
- Cell and Molecular Microbiology Division, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Saeidi N, Wong CK, Lo TM, Nguyen HX, Ling H, Leong SSJ, Poh CL, Chang MW. Engineering microbes to sense and eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a human pathogen. Mol Syst Biol 2011; 7:521. [PMID: 21847113 PMCID: PMC3202794 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2011.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology aims to systematically design and construct novel biological systems that address energy, environment, and health issues. Herein, we describe the development of a synthetic genetic system, which comprises quorum sensing, killing, and lysing devices, that enables Escherichia coli to sense and kill a pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain through the production and release of pyocin. The sensing, killing, and lysing devices were characterized to elucidate their detection, antimicrobial and pyocin release functionalities, which subsequently aided in the construction of the final system and the verification of its designed behavior. We demonstrated that our engineered E. coli sensed and killed planktonic P. aeruginosa, evidenced by 99% reduction in the viable cells. Moreover, we showed that our engineered E. coli inhibited the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilm by close to 90%, leading to much sparser and thinner biofilm matrices. These results suggest that E. coli carrying our synthetic genetic system may provide a novel synthetic biology-driven antimicrobial strategy that could potentially be applied to fighting P. aeruginosa and other infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Saeidi
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Folsom JP, Richards L, Pitts B, Roe F, Ehrlich GD, Parker A, Mazurie A, Stewart PS. Physiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in biofilms as revealed by transcriptome analysis. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:294. [PMID: 21083928 PMCID: PMC2998477 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptome analysis was applied to characterize the physiological activities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown for three days in drip-flow biofilm reactors. Conventional applications of transcriptional profiling often compare two paired data sets that differ in a single experimentally controlled variable. In contrast this study obtained the transcriptome of a single biofilm state, ranked transcript signals to make the priorities of the population manifest, and compared ranki ngs for a priori identified physiological marker genes between the biofilm and published data sets. Results Biofilms tolerated exposure to antibiotics, harbored steep oxygen concentration gradients, and exhibited stratified and heterogeneous spatial patterns of protein synthetic activity. Transcriptional profiling was performed and the signal intensity of each transcript was ranked to gain insight into the physiological state of the biofilm population. Similar rankings were obtained from data sets published in the GEO database http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo. By comparing the rank of genes selected as markers for particular physiological activities between the biofilm and comparator data sets, it was possible to infer qualitative features of the physiological state of the biofilm bacteria. These biofilms appeared, from their transcriptome, to be glucose nourished, iron replete, oxygen limited, and growing slowly or exhibiting stationary phase character. Genes associated with elaboration of type IV pili were strongly expressed in the biofilm. The biofilm population did not indicate oxidative stress, homoserine lactone mediated quorum sensing, or activation of efflux pumps. Using correlations with transcript ranks, the average specific growth rate of biofilm cells was estimated to be 0.08 h-1. Conclusions Collectively these data underscore the oxygen-limited, slow-growing nature of the biofilm population and are consistent with antimicrobial tolerance due to low metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Folsom
- Center for Biofilm Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, PO Box 173980, Montana State University-Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3980, USA
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Nde CW, Toghrol F, Jang HJ, Bentley WE. Toxicogenomic response of Mycobacterium bovis BCG to peracetic acid and a comparative analysis of the M. bovis BCG response to three oxidative disinfectants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 90:277-304. [PMID: 21152916 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2931-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death worldwide and infects thousands of Americans annually. Mycobacterium bovis causes tuberculosis in humans and several animal species. Peracetic acid is an approved tuberculocide in hospital and domestic environments. This study presents for the first time the transcriptomic changes in M. bovis BCG after treatment with 0.1 mM peracetic acid for 10 and 20 min. This study also presents for the first time a comparison among the transcriptomic responses of M. bovis BCG to three oxidative disinfectants: peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide after 10 min of treatment. Results indicate that arginine biosynthesis, virulence, and oxidative stress response genes were upregulated after both peracetic acid treatment times. Three DNA repair genes were downregulated after 10 and 20 min and cell wall component genes were upregulated after 20 min. The devR-devS signal transduction system was upregulated after 10 min, suggesting a role in the protection against peracetic acid treatment. Results also suggest that peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite both induce the expression of the ctpF gene which is upregulated in hypoxic environments. Further, this study reveals that in M. bovis BCG, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid both induce the expression of katG involved in oxidative stress response and the mbtD and mbtI genes involved in iron regulation/virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal W Nde
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Berry D, Holder D, Xi C, Raskin L. Comparative transcriptomics of the response of Escherichia coli to the disinfectant monochloramine and to growth conditions inducing monochloramine resistance. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:4924-4931. [PMID: 20692677 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli growth in biofilms and growth at a suboptimal temperature of 20 °C have been shown to decrease sensitivity to monochloramine (Berry, D., C. Xi, L. Raskin. 2009. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 884-889). In order to better understand why growth conditions affect sensitivity to monochloramine, a comparative transcriptomic approach was used to identify common patterns of differentially-expressed genes under these growth conditions and during monochloramine exposure. This approach revealed a set of differentially-expressed genes shared under multiple conditions (planktonic growth at 20 °C, biofilm growth, and exposure of planktonic cells to monochloramine), with nine genes shared under all three conditions. Functional gene categories enriched in the shared gene sets included: general metabolic inhibition, redox and oxidoreductase response, cell envelope integrity response, control of iron and sulfur transport metabolism and several genes of unknown function. Single gene deletion mutant analyses verified that loss of 15 of the 24 genes up-regulated during monochloramine exposure as well as during other tested conditions increased E. coli sensitivity to monochloramine up to two fold. Constitutive expression of down-regulated genes in single gene mutants yielded mixed results, indicating that the expression of some down-regulated genes actually decreases sensitivity to monochloramine. These results contribute to the understanding of the bacterial response to disinfectants by characterizing the overlap between growth condition associated stress responses and monochloramine-associated stress responses. This characterization highlights the bacterial responses responsible for decreased sensitivity to monochloramine under different growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Berry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave, 107 EWRE Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, USA
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Peeters E, Sass A, Mahenthiralingam E, Nelis H, Coenye T. Transcriptional response of Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315 sessile cells to treatments with high doses of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:90. [PMID: 20137066 PMCID: PMC2830190 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria are opportunistic pathogens, which can cause severe respiratory tract infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). As treatment of infected CF patients is problematic, multiple preventive measures are taken to reduce the infection risk. Besides a stringent segregation policy to prevent patient-to-patient transmission, clinicians also advise patients to clean and disinfect their respiratory equipment on a regular basis. However, problems regarding the efficacy of several disinfection procedures for the removal and/or killing of B. cepacia complex bacteria have been reported. In order to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance of biofilm-grown Burkholderia cenocepacia cells against high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the present study focussed on the transcriptional response in sessile B. cenocepacia J2315 cells following exposure to high levels of H2O2 or NaOCl. Results The exposure to H2O2 and NaOCl resulted in an upregulation of the transcription of 315 (4.4%) and 386 (5.4%) genes, respectively. Transcription of 185 (2.6%) and 331 (4.6%) genes was decreased in response to the respective treatments. Many of the upregulated genes in the NaOCl- and H2O2-treated biofilms are involved in oxidative stress as well as general stress response, emphasizing the importance of the efficient neutralization and scavenging of ROS. In addition, multiple upregulated genes encode proteins that are necessary to repair ROS-induced cellular damage. Unexpectedly, a prolonged treatment with H2O2 also resulted in an increased transcription of multiple phage-related genes. A closer inspection of hybridisation signals obtained with probes targeting intergenic regions led to the identification of a putative 6S RNA. Conclusion Our results reveal that the transcription of a large fraction of B. cenocepacia J2315 genes is altered upon exposure of sessile cells to ROS. These observations have highlighted that B. cenocepacia may alter several pathways in response to exposure to ROS and they have led to the identification of many genes not previously implicated in the stress response of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Peeters
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Jang HJ, Nde C, Toghrol F, Bentley WE. Global transcriptome analysis of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG response to sodium hypochlorite. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:127-40. [PMID: 19756581 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis and infrequently by other subspecies of the M. tuberculosis complex, such as M. bovis. Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is routinely used in hospitals and health care facilities for surface sterilization; however, the modes of action of bleach on M. bovis BCG and how this organism develops resistance to sodium hypochlorite have not been elucidated. In this study, we performed a global toxicogenomic analysis of the M. bovis response to 2.5 mM sodium hypochlorite after 10 and 20 min. M. bovis BCG growth was monitored by measuring the quantity of ATP in picomoles produced over a short exposure time (10-60 min) to sodium hypochlorite. This study revealed significant regulation of oxidative stress response genes of M. bovis BCG, such as oxidoreductase, peroxidase, heat shock proteins and lipid transport, and metabolism genes. We interpreted this response as a potentially more lethal interplay between fatty acid metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and oxidative stress. Our results also suggest that sodium hypochlorite repressed transcription of genes involved in cell wall synthesis of M. bovis. This study shows that the treatment of M. bovis BCG with bleach inhibits the biosynthesis of outer cell wall mycolic acids and also induces oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeung-Jin Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
One of the hallmarks of bacterial survival is their ability to adapt rapidly to changing environmental conditions. Niche adaptation is a response to the signals received that are relayed, often to regulators that modulate gene expression. In the post-genomic era, DNA microarrays are used to study the dynamics of gene expression on a global scale. Numerous studies have used Pseudomonas aeruginosa--a Gram-negative environmental and opportunistic human pathogenic bacterium--as the model organism in whole-genome transcriptome analysis. This paper reviews the transcriptome studies that have led to immense advances in our understanding of the biology of this intractable human pathogen. Comparative analysis of 23 P. aeruginosa transcriptome studies has led to the identification of a unique set of genes that are signal specific and a core set that is differentially regulated. The 303 genes in the core set are involved in bacterial homeostasis, making them attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Balasubramanian
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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The PqrR transcriptional repressor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa transduces redox signals via an iron-containing prosthetic group. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:6709-21. [PMID: 19717597 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00932-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible defenses against oxidative stress are coordinated by redox-sensitive transcription factors that transduce oxidative damage into differential gene expression. The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa has evolved under physiological and host-derived sources of oxidative stress. Previous work showed that the pqrABC and pqrR genes of P. aeruginosa, all lacking known functions, were induced by treatment of three different isolates of P. aeruginosa with paraquat (PQ), a superoxide-producing agent. Insertional mutation of the pqrABCR genes resulted in hypersensitive phenotypes to a variety of oxidants, although the hypersensitivity to PQ was marginal. Mutation of pqrR and complementation assays showed that PqrR regulated the pqrABC genes in response to PQ. PqrR, a member of the MarR family of transcriptional regulators, contains a C-terminal region with four conserved cysteines, which suggested redox-regulated transcriptional activity. Purified PqrR bound to two discrete sites at the pqrA and pqrR regulatory regions. The in vitro DNA binding activity of PqrR was decreased by exposure to air and reconstituted by treatment with dl-dithiothreitol. Elemental analysis and preliminary electron paramagnetic resonance experiments showed that PqrR contains iron. Interestingly, site-directed mutagenesis of C-terminal cysteines demonstrated that the four conserved cysteine residues are essential for in vivo redox sensing by PqrR.
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