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Wang L, Meng J, Yu X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang H, Feng H, Tian Q, Zhang L, Liu H. Construction of highly active and stable recombinant nattokinase by engineered bacteria and computational design. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 760:110126. [PMID: 39154817 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is an enzyme that has been recognized as a new potential thrombolytic drug due to its strong thrombolytic activity. However, it is difficult to maintain the enzyme activity of NK during high temperature environment of industrial production. In this study, we constructed six NK mutants with potential for higher thermostability using a rational protein engineering strategy integrating free energy-based methods and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Then, wild-type NK and NK mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli), and their thermostability and thrombolytic activity were tested. The results showed that, compared with wild-type NK, the mutants Y256P, Q206L and E156F all had improved thermostability. The optimal mutant Y256P showed a higher melting temperature (Tm) of 77.4 °C, an increase of 4 °C in maximum heat-resistant temperature and an increase of 51.8 % in activity at 37 °C compared with wild-type NK. Moreover, we also explored the mechanism of the increased thermostability of these mutants by analysing the MD trajectories under different simulation temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxin Wang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Jinhui Meng
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Xiaomiao Yu
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Man Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Hengyi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Huawei Feng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Simulation and Information Processing of Biomacromolecules, Shenyang, 110036, China; Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang, 110036, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Qifeng Tian
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Simulation and Information Processing of Biomacromolecules, Shenyang, 110036, China; Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang, 110036, China.
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Simulation and Information Processing of Biomacromolecules, Shenyang, 110036, China; Engineering Laboratory for Molecular Simulation and Designing of Drug Molecules of Liaoning, Shenyang, 110036, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China.
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2
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Khadka DB, Pahadi T, Aryal S, Karki DB. Partial purification and characterization of protease extracted from kinema. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27173. [PMID: 38463843 PMCID: PMC10923713 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteases are large group of highly demanded enzymes having huge application in food and pharmaceutical industries. Numerous sources, including plants, microorganisms, and animals, can be used to obtain protease. Due to its affordability and safety consideration, fermented foods have recently attracted more attention as a source of microbial protease. The present study aimed to extract protease from kinema, partially purify the extracted protease following dialysis after precipitation with ammonium sulfate, and determine general characteristics of protease. The kinema having highest proteolysis activity after three days of control fermentation (Temperature 30±2 °C, RH 66 ± 2%) was taken for the study. About 2.45 fold of purification with overall recovery of 63.21% was achieved after precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 30-70% saturation level followed by dialysis of crude extracted protease. The dialysed kinema protease had specific activity of 7.90 U/mg. The enzyme remained actively functional across a wider pH (5-9) and temperature (40-60 °C) range. SDS-PAGE and Zymogram confirmed the presence of three major active bands respectively of 29.04 kDa, 36.09 kDa and 46.35 kDa in the kinema protease extract. The enzyme kinetics data on casein, fitted to Mechaelis Mentens' plots showed the protease had Vmax of 1.001 U/ml with corresponding Km value of 0.825 mg/ml. Metal ions such as iron, mercury and aluminium showed the inhibition effect whereas presence of sodium, zinc, and calcium shows the activation effect on protease performance. The enzyme was active over various natural substrates; showing maximal activity on casein, and subsequent to bovine serum albumin, gelatin, hemoglobin and whey protein respectively. Furthermore, molecular weight distribution of the protease extract and activity inhibition with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, suggesting the protease from kinema could be a metal dependent serine protease or mixture of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dambar Bahadur Khadka
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
- Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Tikaram Pahadi
- Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Sunil Aryal
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Dhan Bahadur Karki
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
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3
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Hulscher N, Procter BC, Wynn C, McCullough PA. Clinical Approach to Post-acute Sequelae After COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination. Cureus 2023; 15:e49204. [PMID: 38024037 PMCID: PMC10663976 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been found to exhibit pathogenic characteristics and be a possible cause of post-acute sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination. COVID-19 vaccines utilize a modified, stabilized prefusion spike protein that may share similar toxic effects with its viral counterpart. The aim of this study is to investigate possible mechanisms of harm to biological systems from SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and vaccine-encoded spike protein and to propose possible mitigation strategies. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and 'grey literature' to find studies that (1) investigated the effects of the spike protein on biological systems, (2) helped differentiate between viral and vaccine-generated spike proteins, and (3) identified possible spike protein detoxification protocols and compounds that had signals of benefit and acceptable safety profiles. We found abundant evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein may cause damage in the cardiovascular, hematological, neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and immunological systems. Viral and vaccine-encoded spike proteins have been shown to play a direct role in cardiovascular and thrombotic injuries from both SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination. Detection of spike protein for at least 6-15 months after vaccination and infection in those with post-acute sequelae indicates spike protein as a possible primary contributing factor to long COVID. We rationalized that these findings give support to the potential benefit of spike protein detoxification protocols in those with long-term post-infection and/or vaccine-induced complications. We propose a base spike detoxification protocol, composed of oral nattokinase, bromelain, and curcumin. This approach holds immense promise as a base of clinical care, upon which additional therapeutic agents are applied with the goal of aiding in the resolution of post-acute sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination. Large-scale, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are warranted in order to determine the relative risks and benefits of the base spike detoxification protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hulscher
- Epidemiology, Unversity of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Cade Wynn
- Family Medicine, McKinney Family Medicine, McKinney, USA
| | - Peter A McCullough
- Internal Medicine, Cardiology, McKinney Family Medicine, McKinney, USA
- Cardiology, Epidemiology, and Public Health, McCullough Foundation, Dallas, USA
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4
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Tanikawa T, Yu J, Hsu K, Chen S, Ishii A, Yokogawa T, Inoue Y, Kitamura M. Development of Novel Monoclonal Antibodies Against Nattokinase. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:153-156. [PMID: 37855913 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase is a protease produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto that exhibits various beneficial biological effects. Thus, a reliable assay to determine nattokinase levels is needed. In this study, we developed novel mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize nattokinase, and created a specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure nattokinase levels. The ELISA was developed using a combination of new mouse antinattokinase mAbs used as capture antibodies coated onto 96-well plates, with a peroxidase-conjugated antibody used for detection. This ELISA enabled detection of nattokinase at 1 ng/mL. We believe that the novel mAbs developed in this study will be useful in future for elucidating nattokinase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tanikawa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - James Yu
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kate Hsu
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Takami Yokogawa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inoue
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitamura
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
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5
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Lyagin I, Aslanli A, Domnin M, Stepanov N, Senko O, Maslova O, Efremenko E. Metal Nanomaterials and Hydrolytic Enzyme-Based Formulations for Improved Antifungal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11359. [PMID: 37511117 PMCID: PMC10379199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Active research of metal-containing compounds and enzymes as effective antifungal agents is currently being conducted due to the growing antifungal resistance problem. Metals are attracting special attention due to the wide variety of ligands that can be used for them, including chemically synthesized and naturally obtained variants as a result of the so-called "green synthesis". The main mechanism of the antifungal action of metals is the triggering of the generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further action of ROS on various biomolecules is nonspecific. Various hydrolytic enzymes (glucanases and proteases), in turn, exhibit antifungal properties by affecting the structural elements of fungal cells (cell walls, membranes), fungal quorum sensing molecules, fungal own protective agents (mycotoxins and antibiotics), and proteins responsible for the adhesion and formation of stable, highly concentrated populations in the form of biofilms. A wide substrate range of enzymes allows the use of various mechanisms of their antifungal actions. In this review, we discuss the prospects of combining two different types of antifungal agents (metals and enzymes) against mycelial fungi and yeast cells. Special attention is paid to the possible influence of metals on the activity of the enzymes and the possible effects of proteins on the antifungal activity of metal-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Lyagin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aysel Aslanli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maksim Domnin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Stepanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Senko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Maslova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Efremenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Modi A, Raval I, Doshi P, Joshi M, Joshi C, Patel AK. Heterologous expression of recombinant nattokinase in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and media optimization for overproduction of nattokinase using RSM. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 203:106198. [PMID: 36379347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase, a serine protease, was discovered in Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of a soybean byproduct. Nattokinase is essential for the lysis of blood clots and the treatment of cardiac diseases including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, high blood pressure, and stroke. The demand for thrombolytic drugs rises as the prevalence of cardiovascular disease rises, and nattokinase is particularly effective for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to its long duration of action. In this study, we cloned the nattokinase gene from the Bacillus subtilis strain into the pET32a vector and expressed the protein in the E. coli BL21(DE3) strain. The active recombinant nattokinase was purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and then evaluated for fibrinolytic and blood clot lysis activity. Physiological parameters for optimizing protein production at optimal pH, temperature, IPTG concentration, and incubation time were investigated. A statistical technique was used to optimize media components for nattokinase overproduction, and Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology-based optimization was used to select significant components for protein production. The optimized media produced 1805.50 mg/L of expressed nattokinase and 42.80 gm/L of bacterial mass. The fibrinolytic activity obtained from refolded native protein was 58FU/mg, which was five times higher than the available orokinase drug (11FU/mg). The efficiency with which a statistical technique for media optimization was implemented improved recombinant nattokinase production and provides new information for scale - up nattokinase toward industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Modi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Ishan Raval
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Doshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Amrutlal K Patel
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India.
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7
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Efremenko E, Aslanli A, Lyagin I. Advanced Situation with Recombinant Toxins: Diversity, Production and Application Purposes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054630. [PMID: 36902061 PMCID: PMC10003545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, the production and use of various samples of recombinant protein/polypeptide toxins is known and is actively developing. This review presents state-of-the-art in research and development of such toxins and their mechanisms of action and useful properties that have allowed them to be implemented into practice to treat various medical conditions (including oncology and chronic inflammation applications) and diseases, as well as to identify novel compounds and to detoxify them by diverse approaches (including enzyme antidotes). Special attention is given to the problems and possibilities of the toxicity control of the obtained recombinant proteins. The recombinant prions are discussed in the frame of their possible detoxification by enzymes. The review discusses the feasibility of obtaining recombinant variants of toxins in the form of protein molecules modified with fluorescent proteins, affine sequences and genetic mutations, allowing us to investigate the mechanisms of toxins' bindings to their natural receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Efremenko
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)-939-3170; Fax: +7-(495)-939-5417
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8
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Azrin NAM, Ali MSM, Rahman RNZRA, Oslan SN, Noor NDM. Versatility of subtilisin: A review on structure, characteristics, and applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:2599-2616. [PMID: 35019178 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to its thermostability and high pH compatibility, subtilisin is most known for its role as an additive for detergents in which it is categorized as a serine protease according to MEROPS database. Subtilisin is typically isolated from various bacterial species of the Bacillus genus such as Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, and various other organisms. It is composed of 268-275 amino acid residues and is initially secreted in the precursor form, preprosubtilisin, which is composed of 29-residues signal peptide, 77-residues propeptide, and 275-residues active subtilisin. Subtilisin is known for the presence of high and low affinity calcium binding sites in its structure. Native subtilisin has general properties of thermostability, tolerance to neutral to high pH, broad specificity, and calcium-dependent stability, which contribute to the versatility of subtilisin applicability. Through protein engineering and immobilization technologies, many variants of subtilisin have been generated, which increase the applicability of subtilisin in various industries including detergent, food processing and packaging, synthesis of inhibitory peptides, therapeutic, and waste management applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aliyah Mohd Azrin
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Dina Muhd Noor
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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9
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Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Xu F, Wang J, Zhang F. Stepwise Strategy to Identify Thrombin as a Hydrolytic Substrate for Nattokinase. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:5780-5793. [PMID: 36330712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is a serine protease with a potent thrombolytic activity that possesses multiple cardiovascular disease (CVD) preventative and treatment activities. In light of its advanced beneficial cardiovascular effects and its nature as a serine protease, characterizing its biological substrates is essential for informing and ultimately delineating the molecular mechanism of its thrombolytic and anticoagulant activities that will unlock the powerful strategic design of effective therapies for CVDs. Given the efficacy of NK to break the vicious loop between inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombosis, and the extensive role of thrombin in the loop, a stepwise computational strategy was developed to investigate the cleavage events of NK, including both a protein-protein complex model for protein substrate recognition and a protease-peptide complex model for the cleavage site identification, whereby their contact region was sited to allow for the prediction of the corresponding cleavage site that was successfully verified by both mass spectrometry (MS)-based N-terminal sequencing and various functional assays. Collectively, thrombin was predicted and identified to be a novel biological substrate of NK, which expanded the comprehensive antithrombus mechanism of NK via breaking the vicious loop between inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombosis. This study not only provided insight into the interaction characteristics between NK and its hydrolytic substrate for a better understanding toward its catalytic mechanism but also developed a comprehensive computational strategy to elucidate the proteolytic targets of NK for the breakthrough of feature drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People's Republic of China
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10
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Liang M, Zhang J, Yang Y, Xia Y, Liu L, Liu L, Wang Q, Gao X. Nattokinase enhances the preventive effects of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:8. [PMID: 36350434 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase with excellent anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-hypertension properties has been used in the development of several healthcare products in many countries. The probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) with anti-inflammatory effect is commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease. To determine whether nattokinase could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of EcN in colitis, a recombinant E. coli Nissle 1917 strain (EcNnatto) with nattokinase-expressing ability was successfully constructed, and the protective effect of the engineered strain on mice with experimental chronic colitis was investigated. Although both EcN and EcNnatto strains substantially alleviated the clinical symptoms and pathological abnormalities in colitis mice by regulating gut flora and maintaining intestinal barrier function, the EcNnatto strain was found to perform better than the control strain, based on a further increase in colon length and a downregulation in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α). Nattokinase expressed in EcN attenuated DSS-induced epithelial damage and restored the mucosal integrity by upregulating the levels of tight junction proteins, including ZO-1 and occludin. The expression level of Lgr5, a marker of intestinal stem cells, was also increased. Moreover, constitutively expressed nattokinase in EcN reversed the gut microbial richness and diversity in colitis mice. Based on our findings, nattokinase could strengthen the capacity of EcN to treat intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lintao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaowei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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11
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Yao M, Yang Y, Fan J, Ma C, Liu X, Wang Y, Wang B, Sun Z, McClements DJ, Zhang J, Liu L, Xia G, Zhang N, Sun Q. Production, purification, and functional properties of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganism obtained from soy-based fermented foods: developments and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3725-3750. [PMID: 36315047 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2134980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a major cause of chronic illness around the globe. It has been reported that soy-based fermented food (SFF) is very effective in preventing thrombus (one of the most important contributing factors to CVD), which are mainly attributed to the bioactive substances, especially the fibrinolytic enzymes (FE) generated by microorganisms during the fermentation process of soybean food. This paper therefore mainly reviewed the microbial fibrinolytic enzymes (MFE) from SFF. We first discuss the use of microbial fermentation to produce FE, with an emphasis on the strains involved. The production, purification, physicochemical properties, structure-functional attributes, functional properties and possible application of MFE from SFF are then discussed. Finally, current limitations and future perspectives for the production, purification, and the practical application of MFE are discussed. MFE from SFF pose multiple health benefits, including thrombolysis, antihypertension, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemia, anticancer, neuroprotective, antiviral and other activities. Therefore, they exhibit great potential for functional foods and nutraceutical applications, especially foods with CVDs prevention potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Yao
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmin Ma
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Zhihui Sun
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | | | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Guanghua Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Quancai Sun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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12
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Afzaal M, Saeed F, Islam F, Ateeq H, Asghar A, Shah YA, Ofoedu CE, Chacha JS. Nutritional Health Perspective of Natto: A Critical Review. Biochem Res Int 2022; 2022:5863887. [PMID: 36312453 PMCID: PMC9616652 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5863887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natto, a traditional soy food fermented by Bacillus subtilis, is made by steaming or cooking soaked soybean seeds, inoculating them with the bacteria, and then letting them sit for an incubation period. Natto soya has grown popular because of its nutritional importance and health advantages. As a result, farmers have more opportunities, thanks to the natto soybean market. For the natto soybean market to remain stable and grow, improved soybean cultivars with enhanced natto quality traits are essential. Natto's high-quality attributes are influenced by the bacteria strain, processing parameters, and soybean variety. Natto has a specific flavor and aroma with a slimy, sticky consistency. Natto possesses various therapeutic potentials and contains a range of essential nutrients and bioactive compounds, i.e., nattokinase, soybean isoflavone, γ-polyglutamic acid, vitamin K2, and biogenic amines. Bacterial species, processing conditions, and cultivars of soybean determine the quality characteristics of natto. Natto food is higher in menaquinone-7 and contains 100 times more menaquinone-7 than most cheeses. The present review highlights the production technology, microbiology, nutritional composition, and therapeutic potentials of natto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Islam
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Huda Ateeq
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aasma Asghar
- Department of Home Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Abbas Shah
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Chigozie E. Ofoedu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - James S. Chacha
- Department of Food Science and Agroprocessing, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
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13
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Xiao Z, Shen J, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Zhao JY. High and Economical Nattokinase Production with Acetoin as a Useful Byproduct from Soybean Milk and Glucose. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:792-803. [PMID: 34387855 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme with wide pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Safe and high NK-yielding strains are urgently needed. In this study, the best strain NDF was isolated from one of the 11 natto samples and then identified as Bacillus subtilis. The effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on NK production were investigated, and glucose and soybean milk were finally selected as the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Acetoin, a valuable compound with versatile usages, was detected as the main byproduct of carbon overflow. In a 6-L fermenter, NK and acetoin reached their peak concentrations simultaneously (10,220 IU/mL and 25.9 g/L, respectively) at 25 h in a culture medium containing 180 g/L of soybean milk and 105 g/L of glucose. The NK product was verified by sequencing of the aprN gene and SDS-PAGE analysis. Only very limited kinds of proteins were found in the supernatant of the fermentation broth, and NK was one of the main bands. This study has developed an economical and high NK production method with acetoin as a useful byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Xiao
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China.
| | - Jie Shen
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yang Li
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yanshuang Zhao
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhao
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
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14
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. The potential role of ischaemia-reperfusion injury in chronic, relapsing diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Long COVID, and ME/CFS: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. Biochem J 2022; 479:1653-1708. [PMID: 36043493 PMCID: PMC9484810 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, initiated via bursts of reactive oxygen species produced during the reoxygenation phase following hypoxia, is well known in a variety of acute circumstances. We argue here that I-R injury also underpins elements of the pathology of a variety of chronic, inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, ME/CFS and, our chief focus and most proximally, Long COVID. Ischaemia may be initiated via fibrin amyloid microclot blockage of capillaries, for instance as exercise is started; reperfusion is a necessary corollary when it finishes. We rehearse the mechanistic evidence for these occurrences here, in terms of their manifestation as oxidative stress, hyperinflammation, mast cell activation, the production of marker metabolites and related activities. Such microclot-based phenomena can explain both the breathlessness/fatigue and the post-exertional malaise that may be observed in these conditions, as well as many other observables. The recognition of these processes implies, mechanistically, that therapeutic benefit is potentially to be had from antioxidants, from anti-inflammatories, from iron chelators, and via suitable, safe fibrinolytics, and/or anti-clotting agents. We review the considerable existing evidence that is consistent with this, and with the biochemical mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602, South Africa
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15
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Tanikawa T, Kiba Y, Yu J, Hsu K, Chen S, Ishii A, Yokogawa T, Suzuki R, Inoue Y, Kitamura M. Degradative Effect of Nattokinase on Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175405. [PMID: 36080170 PMCID: PMC9458005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a pandemic and has inflicted enormous damage on the lives of the people and economy of many countries worldwide. However, therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. SARS-CoV-2 has a spike protein (S protein), and cleavage of the S protein is essential for viral entry. Nattokinase is produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto and is beneficial to human health. In this study, we examined the effect of nattokinase on the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. When cell lysates transfected with S protein were incubated with nattokinase, the S protein was degraded in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that S protein on the cell surface was degraded when nattokinase was added to the culture medium. Thus, our findings suggest that nattokinase exhibits potential for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection via S protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yuka Kiba
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - James Yu
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei City 100007, Taiwan
| | - Kate Hsu
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei City 100007, Taiwan
| | - Shinder Chen
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei City 100007, Taiwan
| | | | - Takami Yokogawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Phytochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inoue
- Laboratory of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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16
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Li Y, Tang X, Chen L, Xu X, Li J. Characterization of a Nattokinase from the Newly Isolated Bile Salt-Resistant Bacillus mojavensis LY-06. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162403. [PMID: 36010402 PMCID: PMC9407603 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase is a potential new thrombolytic drug because of its strong thrombolytic effect, high safety, and low cost. However, there is no research reporting on bile salt-tolerant nattokinase-producing probiotics. In this study, the bile salt-tolerant nattokinase-producing strain Bacillus mojavensis LY-06 was isolated from local Xinjiang douchi, and the fermentation yield of nattokinase of 1434.64 U/mL was obtained by both a single factor experiment and an orthogonal experiment. A gene responsible for fibrinolysis (aprY) was cloned from the genome of strain Bacillus mojavensis LY-06, and the soluble expression of this gene in Escherichia coli (rAprY, fused with His-tag at C-terminus) was achieved; molecular docking elucidates the cause of insoluble expression of rAprY. The optimal pH and temperature for the fibrinolysis activity of nattokinase AprY fermented by Bacillus mojavensis LY-06 were determined to be pH 6.0 and 50 °C, respectively. However, the optimal pH of rAprY expressed in Escherichia coli was 8, and its acid stability, thermal stability, and fibrinolytic activity were lower than those of AprY. Bioinformatics analysis found that the His-tag carried at the C-terminus of rAprY could affect its acidic stability by changing the isoelectric point and surface charge of the enzyme; in contrast to AprY, changes in the number of internal hydrogen bonds and the flexibility of the loop region in the structure of rAprY resulted in lower fibrinolytic activity and poorer thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Xiyu Tang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Liangqi Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Xinran Xu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Correspondence:
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do Prado FG, Pagnoncelli MGB, de Melo Pereira GV, Karp SG, Soccol CR. Fermented Soy Products and Their Potential Health Benefits: A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1606. [PMID: 36014024 PMCID: PMC9416513 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the growing search for therapeutic strategies, there is an interest in foods containing natural antioxidants and other bioactive compounds capable of preventing or reversing pathogenic processes associated with metabolic disease. Fermentation has been used as a potent way of improving the properties of soybean and their components. Microbial metabolism is responsible for producing the β-glucosidase enzyme that converts glycosidic isoflavones into aglycones with higher biological activity in fermented soy products, in addition to several end-metabolites associated with human health development, including peptides, phenolic acids, fatty acids, vitamins, flavonoids, minerals, and organic acids. Thus, several products have emerged from soybean fermentation by fungi, bacteria, or a combination of both. This review covers the key biological characteristics of soy and fermented soy products, including natto, miso, tofu, douchi, sufu, cheonggukjang, doenjang, kanjang, meju, tempeh, thua-nao, kinema, hawaijar, and tungrymbai. The inclusion of these foods in the diet has been associated with the reduction of chronic diseases, with potential anticancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anticholesterol, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. These biological activities and the recently studied potential of fermented soybean molecules against SARS-CoV-2 are discussed. Finally, a patent landscape is presented to provide the state-of-the-art of the transfer of knowledge from the scientific sphere to the industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Guilherme do Prado
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Giovana Binder Pagnoncelli
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba 80230-900, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Susan Grace Karp
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil
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18
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Purification, biochemical characterization and fibrinolytic potential of proteases produced by bacteria of the genus Bacillus: a systematic literature review. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:503. [PMID: 35852634 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a hematological disorder characterized by the formation of intravascular thrombi, which contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Fibrinolytic enzymes are proteases that promote the hydrolysis of fibrin, promoting the dissolution of thrombi, contributing to the maintenance of adequate blood flow. The characterization of new effective, safe and low-cost fibrinolytic agents is an important strategy for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. However, the development of new fibrinolytics requires the use of complex methodologies for purification, physicochemical characterization and evaluation of the action potential and toxicity of these enzymes. In this context, microbial enzymes produced by bacteria of the Bacillus genus are promising and widely researched sources to produce new fibrinolytics, with high thrombolytic potential and reduced toxicity. Thus, this review aims to provide a current and comprehensive understanding of the different Bacillus species used for the production of fibrinolytic proteases, highlighting the purification techniques, biochemical characteristics, enzymatic activity and toxicological evaluations used.
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19
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Yuan L, Liangqi C, Xiyu T, Jinyao L. Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Applications of Bacillus Nattokinase. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070980. [PMID: 35883536 PMCID: PMC9312984 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis has threatened human health in past decades. Bacillus nattokinase is a potential low-cost thrombolytic drug without side-effects and has been introduced into the consumer market as a functional food or dietary supplement. This review firstly summarizes the biodiversity of sources and the fermentation process of nattokinase, and systematically elucidates the structure, catalytic mechanism and enzymatic properties of nattokinase. In view of the problems of low fermentation yield, insufficient activity and stability of nattokinase, this review discusses the heterologous expression of nattokinase in different microbial hosts and summarizes the protein and genetic engineering progress of nattokinase-producing strains. Finally, this review summarizes the clinical applications of nattokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
| | - Chen Liangqi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Tang Xiyu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Li Jinyao
- Department of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-130-0968-6488
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20
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Yao Z, Jeon HS, Yoo JY, Kang YJ, Kim MJ, Kim TJ, Kim JH. DNA Shuffling of aprE Genes to Increase Fibrinolytic Activity and Thermostability. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:800-807. [PMID: 35484964 PMCID: PMC9628911 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2202.02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Four aprE genes encoding alkaline serine proteases from B. subtilis strains were used as template genes for family gene shuffling. Shuffled genes obtained by DNase I digestion followed by consecutive primerless and regular PCR reactions were ligated with pHY300PLK, an E. coli-Bacillus shuttle vector. The ligation mixture was introduced into B. subtilis WB600 and one transformant (FSM4) showed higher fibrinolytic activity. DNA sequencing confirmed that the shuffled gene (aprEFSM4) consisted of DNA mostly originated from either aprEJS2 or aprE176 in addition to some DNA from either aprE3-5 or aprESJ4. Mature AprEFSM4 (275 amino acids) was different from mature AprEJS2 in 4 amino acids and mature AprE176 in 2 amino acids. aprEFSM4 was overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) by using pET26b(+) and recombinant AprEFSM4 was purified. The optimal temperature and pH of AprEFSM4 were similar to those of parental enzymes. However, AprEFM4 showed better thermostability and fibrinogen hydrolytic activity than the parental enzymes. The results indicated that DNA shuffling could be used to improve fibrinolytic enzymes from Bacillus sp. for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Yao
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 4), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 4), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 4), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ji Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 4), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 4), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 4), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 4), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea,Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-55-772-1904 Fax: +82-55-772-1909 E-mail:
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21
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Recent Advances in Nattokinase-Enriched Fermented Soybean Foods: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131867. [PMID: 35804683 PMCID: PMC9265860 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the dramatic increase in mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) caused by thrombus, this has sparked an interest in seeking more effective thrombolytic drugs or dietary nutriments. The dietary consumption of natto, a traditional Bacillus-fermented food (BFF), can reduce the risk of CVDs. Nattokinase (NK), a natural, safe, efficient and cost-effective thrombolytic enzyme, is the most bioactive ingredient in natto. NK has progressively been considered to have potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects. Microbial synthesis is a cost-effective method of producing NK. Bacillus spp. are the main production strains. While microbial synthesis of NK has been thoroughly explored, NK yield, activity and stability are the critical restrictions. Multiple optimization strategies are an attempt to tackle the current problems to meet commercial demands. We focus on the recent advances in NK, including fermented soybean foods, production strains, optimization strategies, extraction and purification, activity maintenance, biological functions, and safety assessment of NK. In addition, this review systematically discussed the challenges and prospects of NK in actual application. Due to the continuous exploration and rapid progress of NK, NK is expected to be a natural future alternative to CVDs.
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22
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Dong B, Yu C, Lin Y, Zhou G, Sun C, Wang J, Wu T. Antimicrobial property of Pichia pastoris-derived natto peptide against foodborne bacteria and its preservative potential to maintain pork quality during refrigerated storage. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:914-925. [PMID: 35282007 PMCID: PMC8907714 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pork spoilage caused by foodborne bacteria contamination always leads to substantial economic loss in the meat industry. The toxicity and drug resistance of chemical preservatives have raised public concerns about their safety and stability. In this study, natto peptide from Pichia pastoris was prepared using DNA recombinant technology. It showed an excellent antibacterial effect against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 6 to 30 μg/ml. Of note, natto peptide exhibited low cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity. The application of natto peptide on pork during refrigerated storage dramatically decreased the growth of Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia spp., and Pseudomonas spp. The bactericidal properties remained in force when natto peptide was used in pork models contaminated with artificial bacteria. Moreover, the application of natto peptide (90 μg/ml) inhibited the increase in pH variation and drip loss, decreased the generation of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and maintained a high sensory quality score during pork storage. These results implied that P. pastoris-derived natto peptide could extend the storage time of pork, and it has the potential to be a promising antiseptic biopreservative to replace chemical preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River DeltaCollege of Biological and Environmental EngineeringBinzhou UniversityBinzhouChina
| | - Cailing Yu
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River DeltaCollege of Biological and Environmental EngineeringBinzhou UniversityBinzhouChina
| | - Yanjun Lin
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River DeltaCollege of Biological and Environmental EngineeringBinzhou UniversityBinzhouChina
| | - Guowen Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River DeltaCollege of Biological and Environmental EngineeringBinzhou UniversityBinzhouChina
| | - Chunlong Sun
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River DeltaCollege of Biological and Environmental EngineeringBinzhou UniversityBinzhouChina
| | - Jun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River DeltaCollege of Biological and Environmental EngineeringBinzhou UniversityBinzhouChina
| | - Tao Wu
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River DeltaCollege of Biological and Environmental EngineeringBinzhou UniversityBinzhouChina
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23
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Parveen A, Devika R. Fibrinolytic Enzyme - An Overview. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2022; 23:1336-1345. [PMID: 34983344 DOI: 10.2174/1389201023666220104143113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, like coronary heart disease or artery disorders (arteriosclerosis, including artery solidification), heart failure (myocardial infarction), arrhythmias, congestive heart condition, stroke, elevated vital signs (hypertension), rheumatic heart disorder, and other circulatory system dysfunctions are the most common causes of death worldwide. Cardiovascular disorders are treated with stenting, coronary bypass surgery grafting, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and other pharmacological and surgical procedures; however, these have limitations due to their adverse effects. Fibrinolytic agents degrade fibrin through enzymatic and biochemical processes. There are various enzymes that are currently used as a treatment for CVDs, like Streptokinase, Nattokinase, Staphylokinase, Urokinase, etc. These enzymes are derived from various sources like bacteria, fungi, algae, marine organisms, plants, snakes, and other organisms. This review deals with the fibrinolytic enzymes, their mechanisms, sources, and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen A
- Department of Biotechnology, Biotechnology, Aarupadai Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Missions University, Chennai, India
| | - Devika R
- Department of Biotechnology, Biotechnology, Aarupadai Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Missions University, Chennai, India
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Zhang J, Tang Y, Yuan T, Yang M, Fang W, Li L, Fei F, Gong A. Nattokinase crude extract enhances oral mucositis healing. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:555. [PMID: 34717590 PMCID: PMC8556967 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nattokinase (NK) is a promising alternative in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to its potent fibrinolytic activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of crude nattokinase extract on the healing of acetic acid-induced oral mucositis in mice. Methods Bacillus subtilis culture media (BSCM) was isolated into the supernatant, named nattokinase crude extract (NCE), and the pellet was named Bacillus subtilis mass (BSM). An oral mucositis model was established in mice by applying 50% glacial acetic acid to the buccal mucosa. According to the treatment conditions, the mice were divided into BSCM, NCE, BSM and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) groups. The weight of the mice, oral mucositis healing score and histopathological examination were used to evaluate the treatment. Results Fibrinolytic activities of BSCM, NCE and BSM were approximately 8069, 10,800 and 80 U/ml, respectively. The weight gain of mice in the NCE group was significantly different from the PBS group after three days’ treatment (p < 0.05). The oral mucositis score of NCE group was significantly higher than other groups (p < 0.05). The differences in histopathology scores between the NCE and other groups were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Conclusions NCE could possess remarkable potential to reduce pain and promote oral mucositis healing with minimal safety concerns. In this study, we first report that NCE from the supernatant of Bacillus subtilis can promote the healing of oral mucositis, which extends the application scope of NK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Wenjing Fang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Fei Fei
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Aihua Gong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China.
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Li T, Zhan C, Guo G, Liu Z, Hao N, Ouyang P. Tofu processing wastewater as a low-cost substrate for high activity nattokinase production using Bacillus subtilis. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:57. [PMID: 34620130 PMCID: PMC8499530 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though tofu is a traditional Chinese food loved by Asian people the wastewater generated during the production of tofu can pollute the environment, and the treatment of this generated wastewater can increase the operating cost of the plant. In this study, the production of nattokinase could be achieved by using the nitrogen source in tofu processing wastewater (TPW) instead of using the traditional nattokinase medium. This meets the need for the low-cost fermentation of nattokinase and at the same time addresses the environmental pollution concerns caused by the wastewater. Bacillus subtilis 13,932 is, a high yielding strain of nattokinase, which is stored in our laboratory. To increase the activity of nattokinase in the tofu process wastewater fermentation medium, the medium components and culture parameters were optimized. Nattokinase with high enzymatic activity was obtained in 7 L and 100 L bioreactors when TPW was used as the sole nitrogen source catalyzed by Bacillus subtilis. Such a result demonstrates that the production of nattokinase from TPW fermentation using B. subtilis can be implemented at an industrial level. RESULTS The peptide component in TPW is a crucial factor in the production of nattokinase. Box-Behnken design (BBD) experiments were designed to optimize various critical components, i.e., Glucose, TPW, MgSO4·7H2O, CaCl2, in nattokinase fermentation media. A maximum nattokinase activity was recorded at 37 °C, pH 7.0, 70 mL liquid medium, and 200 rpm. The highest nattokinase activities obtained from 7 to 100 L bioreactors were 8628.35 ± 113.87 IU/mL and 10,661.97 ± 72.47 IU/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS By replacing the nitrogen source in the original medium with TPW, there was an increase in the enzyme activity by 19.25% after optimizing the medium and culture parameters. According to the scale-up experiment from conical flasks to 100 L bioreactors, there was an increase in the activity of nattokinase by 47.89%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chenyi Zhan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Gege Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhaoxing Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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Research progress on the utilisation of embedding technology and suitable delivery systems for improving the bioavailability of nattokinase: A review. FOOD STRUCTURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2021.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Heterologous expression of nattokinase from B. subtilis natto using Pichia pastoris GS115 and assessment of its thrombolytic activity. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:49. [PMID: 34372833 PMCID: PMC8353737 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nattokinase is a fibrinolytic enzyme that has huge market value as a nutritional supplement for health promotion. In order to increase nattokinase yields, fermentation conditions, strains, cultivation media, and feeding strategies have been optimized. Nattokinase has been expressed using several heterologous expression systems. Pichia pastoris heterologous expression system was the alternative. Results This report aimed to express high levels of nattokinase from B. subtilis natto (NK-Bs) using a Pichia pastoris heterologous expression system and assess its fibrinolytic activity in vivo. Multicopy expression strains bearing 1–7 copies of the aprN gene were constructed. The expression level of the target protein reached a maximum at five copies of the target gene. However, multicopy expression strains were not stable in shake-flask or high-density fermentation, causing significant differences in the yield of the target protein among batches. Therefore, P. pastoris bearing a single copy of aprN was used in shake-flask and high-density fermentation. Target protein yield was 320 mg/L in shake-flask fermentation and approximately 9.5 g/L in high-density fermentation. The recombinant nattokinase showed high thermo- and pH-stability. The present study also demonstrated that recombinant NK-Bs had obvious thrombolytic activity. Conclusions This study suggests that the P. pastoris expression system is an ideal platform for the large-scale, low-cost preparation of nattokinase. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-021-00708-4.
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Soares Bispo JR, de Oliveira Lima IG, da Silva MB, de Oliveira Feitosa A, Dos Santos ACM, Alexandre Moreira MS, Zambrano Passarini MR, Saraiva Câmara PEA, Rosa LH, Oliveira VM, de Queiroz AC, Fernandes Duarte AW. Fibrinolytic enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms in the development of new thrombolytic therapies: Technological Prospecting. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2021; 15:169-183. [PMID: 34353276 DOI: 10.2174/1872208315666210805154713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremophilic microorganisms from a wide variety of extreme natural environments have been researched, and many biotechnological applications have been carried out, due to their capacity to produce biomolecules resistant to extreme conditions, such as fibrinolytic proteases. The search for new fibrinolytic enzymes is important in the development of new therapies against cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE This article aimed to evaluate the patents filed about protease with fibrinolytic activity produced by extremophilic microorganisms whose use is aimed at the development of new drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. METHODS The prospecting was carried out using data on deposits and patent concessions made available on the technological bases: European Patent Office (EPO), United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial - Brazil (INPI), The LENS and Patent Inspiration. The International Patent Classification and subclasses and groups for each document were also evaluated. RESULTS Although 382 patents were selected using terms related to extreme environments, such as "thermophile" and "acidophiles", few were related to clinical use and were mainly performed using Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces megasporus strains. A highlight of nattokinase was produced by Bacillus subtilis GDN and actinokinase by Streptomyces megasporus SD5. CONCLUSION The low number of patents on enzymes with this profile (extreme environments) revealed a little-explored field, promising in the development of new microbial thrombolytic drugs, such as fibrinolytic enzymes with less adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Romero Soares Bispo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Igor Gomes de Oliveira Lima
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Maurício Bernardo da Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Alexya de Oliveira Feitosa
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Melo Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Magna Suzana Alexandre Moreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió, AL. Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Henrique Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG. Brazil
| | - Valéria Maia Oliveira
- Divisão de Recursos Microbianos, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13148-218, Paulínia, SP. Brazil
| | - Aline Cavalcanti de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Alysson Wagner Fernandes Duarte
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
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Jin Y, Xu CY, Wang J, Man X, Shi Q, Nie F, Nan J, Min JZ. Simultaneous Determination of Free DL-Amino Acids in Natto with Novel Fluorescent Derivatization by UPLC-FL. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gasmi A, Bjørklund G, Peana M, Mujawdiya PK, Pivina L, Ongenae A, Piscopo S, Severin B. Phosphocalcic metabolism and the role of vitamin D, vitamin K2, and nattokinase supplementation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7062-7071. [PMID: 33966563 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1910481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is involved in bone metabolism, regulation of nerve signaling, and release of neurotransmitters. Phosphorus is a structural component of ATP, participates in metabolic energy regulation, and ensures stability to biological membranes and cells. Vitamin D and vitamin K are important for intestinal absorption and renal excretion of calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin D plays a regulatory role in bone formation, carbohydrate metabolism, immune responses, and cardiovascular regulation. Research has linked vitamin D deficiency to the development of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer, and osteoporosis. Vitamin K has been associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (due to improved vascular elasticity). This review highlights the importance of vitamins D and K in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus and explores various molecular mechanisms that help maintain the system's mineral homeostasis. Moreover, the paper reviews the enzyme nattokinase's role in thrombotic prevention due to its fibrinolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Gasmi
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Lyudmila Pivina
- Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan.,CONEM Kazakhstan Environmental Health and Safety Research Group, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Adrien Ongenae
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Salva Piscopo
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Beatrice Severin
- Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
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31
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Li M, Zhang Z, Li S, Tian Z, Ma X. Study on the mechanism of production of γ-PGA and nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis natto based on RNA-seq analysis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:83. [PMID: 33836770 PMCID: PMC8034199 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and nattokinase (NK) are the main substances produced by Bacillus subtilis natto in solid-state fermentation and have wide application prospects. We found that our strains had higher activity of nattokinase when soybeans were used as substrate to increase the yield of γ-PGA. Commercial production of γ-PGA and nattokinase requires an understanding of the mechanism of co-production. Here, we obtained the maximum γ-PGA yield (358.5 g/kg, w/w) and highest activity of NK during fermentation and analyzed the transcriptome of Bacillus subtilis natto during co-production of γ-PGA and NK. By comparing changes in expression of genes encoding key enzymes and the metabolic pathways associated with the products in genetic engineering, the mechanism of co-production of γ-PGA and nattokinase can be summarized based on RNA-seq analysis. This study firstly provides new insights into the mechanism of co-production of γ-PGA and nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis natto and reveals potential molecular targets to promote the co-production of γ-PGA and nattokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Shenwei Li
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Zhengan Tian
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R, Shanghai, 200335, China.
| | - Xia Ma
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy and Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200436, China.
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Long J, Zhang X, Gao Z, Yang Y, Tian X, Lu M, He L, Li C, Zeng X. Isolation of Bacillus spp. with High Fibrinolytic Activity and Performance Evaluation in Fermented Douchi. J Food Prot 2021; 84:717-727. [PMID: 33232445 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fibrinolytic enzymes are effective and highly safe in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, screening fibrinolytic enzyme-producing microbial strains with excellent fermentation performance is of great value to industrial applications. The fibrin plate method was used in screening strains with high yields of fibrinolytic enzymes from different fermented food products, and the screened strains were preliminarily identified using molecular biology. Then, the strains were used for solid-state fermentation of soybeans. Moreover, the fermentation product douchi was subjected to fibrinolytic activity measurement, sensory evaluation, and biogenic amine content determination. The fermentation performance of each strain was comprehensively evaluated through principal component analysis. Finally, the target strain was identified based on strain morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, 16S rDNA sequence, and phylogenetic analysis results. A total of 15 Bacillus species with high fibrinolysin activity were selected. Their fibrinolytic enzyme-producing activity levels were higher than 5,500 IU/g. Through molecular biology analysis, we found 4 strains of Bacillus subtilis, 10 strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and 1 strain of Bacillus velezensis. The principal component analysis results showed that SN-14 had the best fermentation performance and reduced the accumulation of histamine and total amine, the fibrinolytic activity of fermented douchi reached 5,920.5 ± 107.7 IU/g, and the sensory score was 4.6 ± 0.3 (out of 5 points). Finally, the combined results of physiological and biochemical analyses showed SN-14 was Bacillus velezensis. The high-yield fibrinolytic and excellent fermentation performance strain Bacillus velezensis SN-14 has potential industrial application. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Long
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storation & Processing of Guizhou Province (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3523-0872 [L.H.]).,College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China.,College of Artificial Intelligence and Electrical Engineering, GuiZhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zexin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storation & Processing of Guizhou Province (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3523-0872 [L.H.]).,College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storation & Processing of Guizhou Province (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3523-0872 [L.H.]).,College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storation & Processing of Guizhou Province (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3523-0872 [L.H.]).,College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storation & Processing of Guizhou Province (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3523-0872 [L.H.]).,College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Laping He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storation & Processing of Guizhou Province (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3523-0872 [L.H.]).,College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storation & Processing of Guizhou Province (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3523-0872 [L.H.]).,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storation & Processing of Guizhou Province (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3523-0872 [L.H.]).,College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
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Sharipova MR, Mardanova AM, Rudakova NL, Pudova DS. Bistability and Formation of the Biofilm Matrix as Adaptive Mechanisms during the Stationary Phase of Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology (Reading) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002626172006017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Zhou L, Hao N, Li X, Chen J, Yang R, Song C, Sun Y, Zhang Q. Nattokinase mitigated dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis by regulating microbiota and suppressing tryptophan metabolism via inhibiting IDO-1. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Moula Ali AM, Bavisetty SCB. Purification, physicochemical properties, and statistical optimization of fibrinolytic enzymes especially from fermented foods: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1498-1517. [PMID: 32781120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes are proteases responsible for cleavage of fibrin mesh in thrombus clots, which are the primary causative agents in cardiovascular diseases. Developing safe, effective and cheap thrombolytic agents are important for prevention and cure of thrombosis. Although a wide variety of sources have been discovered for fibrinolytic enzymes, only few of them have been employed in clinical and therapeutic applications due to the drawbacks such as high cost of production, low stability of enzyme or therapeutic side effects. However, the discovery of new fibrinolytic enzymes requires complex purification stages and characterization, which gives an insight into their diverse modes of action. Post-discovery, approaches such as a) statistical optimization for fermentative bioprocessing and b) genetic engineering are advantageous in providing economic viability by finding simple and cost-effective medium, strain development with sufficient nutrient supplements for stable and high-level production of recombinant enzyme. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of different sources, purification techniques, production through genetic engineering approaches and statistical optimization of fermentation parameters as proteases have a wide variety of industrial and biotechnological applications making 60% of total enzyme market worldwide. New strategies targeting increased enzyme yields, non-denaturing environments, improved stability, enzyme activity and strain improvement have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Muhammed Moula Ali
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food-Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Sri Charan Bindu Bavisetty
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Food-Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.
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Syahbanu F, Giriwono PE, Tjandrawinata RR, Suhartono MT. Molecular analysis of a fibrin-degrading enzyme from Bacillus subtilis K2 isolated from the Indonesian soybean-based fermented food moromi. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8553-8563. [PMID: 33111172 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The screening of proteolytic and fibrinolytic bacteria from moromi (an Indonesian soybean-based fermented food) yielded a number of isolates. Based on morphological and biochemical analyses and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, the isolate that exhibited the highest proteolytic and fibrinolytic activity was identified as Bacillus subtilis K2. The study was performed to analyze molecular characteristic of a fibrin-degrading enzyme from B. subtilis K2. BLASTn analysis of the nucleotide sequence encoding this fibrinolytic protein demonstrated 73.6% homology with the gene encoding the fibrin-degrading enzyme nattokinase of the B. subtilis subsp. natto, which was isolated from fermented soybean in Japan. An analysis of the putative amino-acid sequence of this protein indicated that it is a serine protease enzyme with aspartate, histidine, and serine in the catalytic triad. This enzyme was determined to be a 26-kDa molecule, as confirmed with a zymogram assay. Further bioinformatic analysis using Protparam demonstrated that the enzyme has a pI of 6.02, low instability index, high aliphatic index, and low GRAVY value. Molecular docking analysis using HADDOCK indicated that there are favorable interactions between subtilisin K2 and the fibrin substrate, as demonstrated by a high binding affinity (ΔG: - 19.4 kcal/mol) and low Kd value (6.3E-15 M). Overall, the study concluded that subtilisin K2 belong to serine protease enzyme has strong interactions with its fibrin substrate and fibrin can be rapidly degraded by this enzyme, suggesting its application as a treatment for thrombus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathma Syahbanu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Dramaga, P.O. BOX 220, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Puspo Edi Giriwono
- Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Dramaga, P.O. BOX 220, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Maggy T Suhartono
- Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Dramaga, P.O. BOX 220, Bogor, Indonesia.
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Takagaki S, Suzuki M, Suzuki E, Hasumi K. Unsaturated fatty acids enhance the fibrinolytic activity of subtilisin NAT (nattokinase). J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13326. [PMID: 32572985 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Subtilisin NAT (STN), alternatively designated nattokinase, is a serine protease with potent fibrinolytic activity. In this study, we screened several foods to enhance the fibrinolytic potential of STN and identified unsaturated fatty acid-rich ones as candidates. We isolated linoleic acid as a major active compound from one of the most active foods, red pepper. Linoleic acid promoted the STN-mediated fibrin/fibrinogen degradation at >20 μg/ml. STN cleaved three of the fibrinogen polypeptide chains, among which linoleic acid accelerated Bβ-chain and γ-chain degradations, but slightly suppressed the degradation of α-chain fragments. Linoleic acid failed to affect small synthetic peptide degradation, suggesting a conformational modulation of fibrin/fibrinogen for the linoleic acid promotion of STN activity. Of the various fatty acids tested, unsaturated ones were active but saturated ones were rather inhibitory to STN-mediated fibrinolysis. Thus, our data shed new light on the dietary promotion of STN activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Subtilisin NAT (STN) is a serine protease abundantly contained in natto, a soybean food fermented with Bacillus subtilis var. natto. The use of STN as functional foods to improve blood circulation is getting attention because STN actively degrades fibrin. Our results demonstrate that widely occurring unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids enhance the fibrinolytic activity of STN. Thus, the intake of natto or STN supplements in combination with unsaturated fatty acid-containing oil can be a novel way to gain cardiovascular benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Takagaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan.,Organo Food Tech Corporation, Satte, Japan
| | - Maiko Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Hasumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan
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Effects of different strains and fermentation method on nattokinase activity, biogenic amines, and sensory characteristics of natto. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 57:4414-4423. [PMID: 33087955 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase activity (NK), biogenic amine content and sensory properties of natto are of great significance to consumers, which are affected by strains and fermentation methods. In this study, changes in the pH, biogenic amine and free amino nitrogen (FAN) contents, NK and protease activities, and sensory characteristics of natto prepared using Bacillus subtilis GUTU09 combined with different strains (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Mucor) and fermentation methods were investigated. The combination of two strains showed the best fermentation performance among all samples. The NK and protease activity and FAN content in double-strain fermentation increased by 10.33 FU/g, 88.78 U/g, and 2.34 g/kg, respectively, compared with those in single-strain fermentation. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that mixed fermentation primarily affected the sensory acceptance. This method also reduced the contents of various biogenic amines in natto compared with single-strain fermentation. Tyramine, cadaverine, spermine, and spermidine were significantly reduced, whereas histamine was slightly increased. The total biogenic amines decreased from 390.76 mg/kg to a minimum of 16.16 mg/kg. Some Mucor strains also reduced the contents of various biogenic amines. In the dual-bacteria fermentation of Mucor and GUTU09, co-fermentation has advantages over stage-fermentation, with higher NK and protease activity and higher sensory scores. Correlation analysis showed that the formation and accumulation of some biogenic amines in natto prepared using different microbial combinations were related to NK activity and pH. All these results showed that the quality of natto was improved by mixed fermentation and suitable fermentation methods, which laid a foundation for its potential industrial application.
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Purwaeni E, Riani C, Retnoningrum DS. Molecular Characterization of Bacterial Fibrinolytic Proteins from Indonesian Traditional Fermented Foods. Protein J 2020; 39:258-267. [PMID: 32346840 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09897-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, the crude extracts of recombinant Nattokinase (NK) variants i.e. NatTK and NatOC and one wild type Douchi Fibrinolytic Enzyme (DFE) from Indonesian traditional fermented foods has been shown to demonstrate fibrinolytic activity. Both NKs contain substitutions of D41N, V192A and 252-RLQHTLEALSTM-263 but NatOC has additional V4F. In the present study, the effects of amino acid substitutions in NK variants and G169A in DFE on their enzyme characteristics were evaluated. Pure proteins were obtained using two sequential steps chromatography using ion exchange and a gel filtration columns. Their activities were determined with fibrin plate, fibrin zymography, fibrinogen hydrolysis, and chromogenic assays. The fibrinogen degradation profile of the wild type NK (NatWT) was different to the NK variants but similar to DFEs. Optimum activity of all the NKs and DFEs was achieved at 50 °C while the optimum pH for NatWT/DFEs and NK variants were 8 and 7, respectively. DFEG169A exhibited higher fibrinogen degradation rate and fibrin specific activity than DFE. PMSF inhibited all the NKs and DFEs while SDS and EDTA caused lower activity. The NK variants were more resistant towards Na+ and Ca2+ but more sensitive to K+. The amino acid substitutions in NK variants alter their fibrinogen degradation profile, optimum working pH, working pH range, and resistance to some ions. Substitutions in NK variants likely promote structural changes, particularly with the binding mode of the calcium ion cofactor. The results provide a beneficial basis for future development of fibrino(gen)olytic proteins with improved properties for cardiovascular diseases therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eni Purwaeni
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Catur Riani
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Debbie Soefie Retnoningrum
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia.
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Vianney YM, Tjoa SEE, Aditama R, Dwi Putra SE. Designing a less immunogenic nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto: a computational mutagenesis. J Mol Model 2019; 25:337. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Isolation and Optimal Fermentation Condition of the Bacillus subtilis Subsp. natto Strain WTC016 for Nattokinase Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nattokinase is a serine protease in the subtilisin family which is produced by Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto and exhibits vigorous fibrinolytic activity that has been suggested to be able to prevent and treat thromboembolic diseases. In this study, WTC016, a spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium with fibrinolytic activity was successfully isolated from soil, which was identified as Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto based on morphological and physiological tests, and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrA. According to the growth curve of WTC016, the nattokinase production reached the highest amount in the stationary phase. To optimize the liquid fermentation condition for nattokinase yield of WTC016, further optimal tests of four factors, including the temperature, pH, inoculum size, and loading volume, followed by orthogonal test of all these factors, was performed. The optimal fermentation conditions were determined as 30 °C, 7.0 pH, 2% inoculum size, and 60 mL of loading volume in 250 mL conical flask, which indicates the highest nattokinase production of 3284 ± 58 IU/mL while fermented for 26 h. This work laid the foundation for producing nattokinase using Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto WTC016.
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Pan X, Liang P, Teng L, Ren Y, Peng J, Liu W, Yang Y. Study on molecular mechanisms of nattokinase in pharmacological action based on label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:3185-3193. [PMID: 31660132 PMCID: PMC6804763 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of premature death and disability in people around the world. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of CVDs has become an important subject. In this study, we verified the thrombolytic activities of a nattokinase-like protease named NK-01 in vivo. Label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique was used in our study. NK-01 could inhibit the activity of coagulation factors though the up-regulation of proteinase C inhibitors and protein S. NK-01 also could inhibit the angiotensinogen conversion to AngII and promote the degradation of kininogen to reduce the blood pressure. In addition, NK-01 could increase the content of paraoxonase 1, which could prevent atherosclerosis. In our study, we found that NK-01 cloud effect some key proteins which participant in CVDs associated metabolic processes such as coagulation system, blood pressure, and atherosclerosis. Taken together, the underlying molecular mechanisms for the biological beneficial of NK-01 were investigated. Our proteomic study will provide further theoretical basis for application of NK in prevention or adjuvant treatment in biomedicine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Pan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Pengyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Luyao Teng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Yuhao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Jixian Peng
- Shandong Ruiying Pioneer Pharmaceutical Co., LtdHezeChina
| | - Weizhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
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Genome Sequence of Bacillus subtilis natto VK161, a Novel Strain That Produces Vitamin K 2. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/35/e00444-19. [PMID: 31467091 PMCID: PMC6715861 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00444-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis strain natto VK161 was selected for its high production of vitamin K2. Its genome was sequenced and annotated in the Department of Energy-Joint Genome Institute (DOE-JGI) annotation pipeline. It resulted in a chromosome of 4,073,396 bp, which is composed of 4,332 protein-coding genes, 23 rRNA genes, and 77 tRNA genes. Bacillus subtilis strain natto VK161 was selected for its high production of vitamin K2. Its genome was sequenced and annotated in the Department of Energy-Joint Genome Institute (DOE-JGI) annotation pipeline. It resulted in a chromosome of 4,073,396 bp, which is composed of 4,332 protein-coding genes, 23 rRNA genes, and 77 tRNA genes.
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Improvement of menaquinone-7 production by Bacillus subtilis natto in a novel residue-free medium by increasing the redox potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7519-7535. [PMID: 31378837 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis natto is a GRAS bacterium. Nattokinase, with fibrinolytic and antithrombotic activities, is one of the major products of this organism. It is being gradually recognized that B. subtilis natto can also be used as a biosynthetic strain for vitamin K2, which has phenomenal benefits, such as effects in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis along with antitumor effects. Knocking out of the aprN gene by homologous recombination could improve the redox potential and slightly increase the concentration of MK-7. By detecting the change in redox potential during the growth of B. subtilis natto, a good oxygen supply and state of the cell membrane were found to be beneficial to vitamin K2 synthesis. A two-step RSM was used to optimize the operation parameters and substrate concentration in the new residue-free fermentation culture. The optimal conditions for the residue-free medium and control were determined. The optimum concentrations of soybean flour, corn flour, and peptone were 78.9, 72.4, and 24.8 g/L, respectively. The optimum rotational speed and volume of the culture medium using a shaking flask were 117 rpm and 10%, respectively. The state and composition of the cell membranes were more stable when engineered bacteria were cultured in this residue-free fermentation medium. Finally, the concentration of MK-7 increased by 37% to 18.9 mg/L, and the fermentation time was shortened by 24 h.
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Pan S, Chen G, Wu R, Cao X, Liang Z. Non-sterile Submerged Fermentation of Fibrinolytic Enzyme by Marine Bacillus subtilis Harboring Antibacterial Activity With Starvation Strategy. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1025. [PMID: 31156576 PMCID: PMC6533532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial fibrinolytic enzyme is a promising candidate for thrombolytic therapy. Non-sterile production of fibrinolytic enzyme by marine Bacillus subtilis D21-8 under submerged fermentation was realized at a mild temperature of 34°C, using a unique combination of starvation strategy and self-production of antibacterial agents. A medium composed of 18.5 g/L glucose, 6.3 g/L yeast extract, 7.9 g/L tryptone, and 5 g/L NaCl was achieved by conventional and statistical methods. Results showed efficient synthesis of fibrinolytic enzyme and antibacterial compounds required the presence of both yeast extract and tryptone in the medium. At shake-flask level, the non-sterile optimized medium resulted in higher productivity of fibrinolytic enzyme than the sterile one, with an enhanced yield of 3,129 U/mL and a production cost reduced by 24%. This is the first report dealing with non-sterile submerged fermentation of fibrinolytic enzyme, which may facilitate the development of feasible techniques for non-sterile production of raw materials for the preparation of potential drugs with low operation cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Guiguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiqun Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Liu Z, Zheng W, Ge C, Cui W, Zhou L, Zhou Z. High-level extracellular production of recombinant nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis WB800 by multiple tandem promoters. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:89. [PMID: 31064343 PMCID: PMC6505213 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nattokinase (NK), which is a member of the subtilisin family, is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme that might be useful for thrombosis therapy. Extensive work has been done to improve its production for the food industry. The aim of our study was to enhance NK production by tandem promoters in Bacillus subtilis WB800. Results Six recombinant strains harboring different plasmids with a single promoter (PP43, PHpaII, PBcaprE, PgsiB, PyxiE or PluxS) were constructed, and the analysis of the fibrinolytic activity showed that PP43 and PHpaII exhibited a higher expression activity than that of the others. The NK yield that was mediated by PP43 and PHpaII reached 140.5 ± 3.9 FU/ml and 110.8 ± 3.6 FU/ml, respectively. These promoters were arranged in tandem to enhance the expression level of NK, and our results indicated that the arrangement of promoters in tandem has intrinsic effects on the NK expression level. As the number of repetitive PP43 or PHpaII increased, the expression level of NK was enhanced up to the triple-promoter, but did not increase unconditionally. In addition, the repetitive core region of PP43 or PHpaII could effectively enhance NK production. Eight triple-promoters with PP43 and PHpaII in different orders were constructed, and the highest yield of NK finally reached 264.2 ± 7.0 FU/ml, which was mediated by the promoter PHpaII-PHpaII-PP43. The scale-up production of NK that was promoted by PHpaII-PHpaII-PP43 was also carried out in a 5-L fermenter, and the NK activity reached 816.7 ± 30.0 FU/mL. Conclusions Our studies demonstrated that NK was efficiently overproduced by tandem promoters in Bacillus subtilis. The highest fibrinolytic activity was promoted by PHpaII-PHpaII-PP43, which was much higher than that had been reported in previous studies. These multiple tandem promoters were used successfully to control NK expression and might be useful for improving the expression level of the other genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1461-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunlei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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Liu Z, Zhao H, Han L, Cui W, Zhou L, Zhou Z. Improvement of the acid resistance, catalytic efficiency, and thermostability of nattokinase by multisite‐directed mutagenesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1833-1843. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Han Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Laichuang Han
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxi Jiangsu China
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Man LL, Xiang DJ, Zhang CL. Strain Screening from Traditional Fermented Soybean Foods and Induction of Nattokinase Production in Bacillus subtilis MX-6. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 11:283-294. [PMID: 29411244 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The plasminogen-free fibrin plate assay method was used to isolate Bacillus subtilis MX-6, a strain with high production of nattokinase from Chinese douchi. The presence of aprN, a gene-encoding nattokinase, was verified with PCR method. The predicted amino acid sequence was aligned with homologous sequences, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Nattokinase was sublimated with ammonium sulfate, using a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column, a CM-Sepharose Fast Flow column and a Sephadex G-75 gel filtration column. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the molecular weight of the purified nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis MX-6 was about 28 kDa. Fermentation of Bacillus subtilis MX-6 nattokinase showed that nattokinase production was maximized after 72 h; the diameter of clear zone reached 21.60 mm on the plasminogen-free fibrin plate. Nattokinase production by Bacillus subtilis MX-6 increased significantly after supplementation with supernatant I, supernatant II and soy peptone but decreased substantially after the addition of amino acids. This result indicated that the nattokinase production by B. subtilis MX-6 might be induced by soybean polypeptides. The addition of MgSO4 and CaCl2 increased B. subtilis MX-6 nattokinase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Man
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028042, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian-Jun Xiang
- College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chun-Lan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028042, People's Republic of China
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Ho CPS, Lai TYY. Pharmacotherapy for Choroidal Neovascularization Due to Uncommon Causes. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4882-4895. [PMID: 30727875 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in adults is most commonly associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and pathologic myopia. Though less common, CNV can also develop from other conditions such as uveitis, central serous chorioretinopathy, angioid streaks, intraocular tumors, hereditary chorioretinal dystrophies, or can be idiopathic in origin. If left untreated, CNV may cause visual loss because of exudation of intraretinal or subretinal fluid, retinal or subretinal hemorrhage, or fibrosis involving the macula. It is well known that one of the main drivers of angiogenesis in CNV development is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and therefore inhibitors of VEGF might be an effective treatment for CNV. METHODS The goal of this review is to provide an overview and summary in the use of pharmacotherapy especially anti-VEGF therapy, in the treatment of CNV due to uncommon causes. RESULTS Results from uncontrolled case series and controlled clinical trials have reported good efficacy and safety in using anti-VEGF agents including bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept and ziv-aflibercept in the treatment of CNV due to uncommon causes. Anti-VEGF has also been used in combination with verteporfin PDT and anti-inflammatory agents for treating CNV of various causes. CONCLUSION Pharmacotherapy with anti-VEGF agents is an effective treatment option for CNV due to uncommon etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine P S Ho
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Timothy Y Y Lai
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,2010 Retina & Macula Centre, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Moharam ME, El-Bendary MA, El-Beih F, Hassanin Easa SM, Abo Elsoud MM, Azzam MI, Elgamal NN. Optimization of fibrinolytic enzyme production by newly isolated Bacillus subtilis Egy using central composite design. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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