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Földi C, Merényi Z, Balázs B, Csernetics Á, Miklovics N, Wu H, Hegedüs B, Virágh M, Hou Z, Liu XB, Galgóczy L, Nagy LG. Snowball: a novel gene family required for developmental patterning of fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes). mSystems 2024; 9:e0120823. [PMID: 38334416 PMCID: PMC10949477 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01208-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of sexual fruiting bodies of fungi is a complex process determined by a genetically encoded program. Fruiting bodies reached the highest complexity levels in the Agaricomycetes; yet, the underlying genetics is currently poorly known. In this work, we functionally characterized a highly conserved gene termed snb1, whose expression level increases rapidly during fruiting body initiation. According to phylogenetic analyses, orthologs of snb1 are present in almost all agaricomycetes and may represent a novel conserved gene family that plays a substantial role in fruiting body development. We disrupted snb1 using CRISPR/Cas9 in the agaricomycete model organism Coprinopsis cinerea. snb1 deletion mutants formed unique, snowball-shaped, rudimentary fruiting bodies that could not differentiate caps, stipes, and lamellae. We took advantage of this phenotype to study fruiting body differentiation using RNA-Seq analyses. This revealed differentially regulated genes and gene families that, based on wild-type RNA-Seq data, were upregulated early during development and showed tissue-specific expression, suggesting a potential role in differentiation. Taken together, the novel gene family of snb1 and the differentially expressed genes in the snb1 mutants provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying developmental patterning in the Agaricomycetes. IMPORTANCE Fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are complex multicellular structures, with a spatially and temporally integrated developmental program that is, however, currently poorly known. In this study, we present a novel, conserved gene family, Snowball (snb), termed after the unique, differentiation-less fruiting body morphology of snb1 knockout strains in the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. snb is a gene of unknown function that is highly conserved among agaricomycetes and encodes a protein of unknown function. A comparative transcriptomic analysis of the early developmental stages of differentiated wild-type and non-differentiated mutant fruiting bodies revealed conserved differentially expressed genes which may be related to tissue differentiation and developmental patterning fruiting body development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csenge Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint Balázs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Miklovics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hongli Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Botond Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zhihao Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Xiao-Bin Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
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Clavé C, Dheur S, Ament-Velásquez SL, Granger-Farbos A, Saupe SJ. het-B allorecognition in Podospora anserina is determined by pseudo-allelic interaction of genes encoding a HET and lectin fold domain protein and a PII-like protein. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011114. [PMID: 38346076 PMCID: PMC10890737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi display allorecognition genes that trigger regulated cell death (RCD) when strains of unlike genotype fuse. Podospora anserina is one of several model species for the study of this allorecognition process termed heterokaryon or vegetative incompatibility. Incompatibility restricts transmission of mycoviruses between isolates. In P. anserina, genetic analyses have identified nine incompatibility loci, termed het loci. Here we set out to clone the genes controlling het-B incompatibility. het-B displays two incompatible alleles, het-B1 and het-B2. We find that the het-B locus encompasses two adjacent genes, Bh and Bp that exist as highly divergent allelic variants (Bh1/Bh2 and Bp1/Bp2) in the incompatible haplotypes. Bh encodes a protein with an N-terminal HET domain, a cell death inducing domain bearing homology to Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains and a C-terminal domain with a predicted lectin fold. The Bp product is homologous to PII-like proteins, a family of small trimeric proteins acting as sensors of adenine nucleotides in bacteria. We show that although the het-B system appears genetically allelic, incompatibility is in fact determined by the non-allelic Bh1/Bp2 interaction while the reciprocal Bh2/Bp1 interaction plays no role in incompatibility. The highly divergent C-terminal lectin fold domain of BH determines recognition specificity. Population studies and genome analyses indicate that het-B is under balancing selection with trans-species polymorphism, highlighting the evolutionary significance of the two incompatible haplotypes. In addition to emphasizing anew the central role of TIR-like HET domains in fungal RCD, this study identifies novel players in fungal allorecognition and completes the characterization of the entire het gene set in that species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Clavé
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sonia Dheur
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Sven J. Saupe
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Toepfer S, Toth S, Zupan T, Bogataj U, Žnidaršič N, Ladanyi M, Sabotič J. Diabrotica v. virgifera Seems Not Affected by Entomotoxic Protease Inhibitors from Higher Fungi. INSECTS 2024; 15:60. [PMID: 38249066 PMCID: PMC10816698 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Certain soil insects, such as the root-damaging larvae of the maize pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), are increasingly difficult to control because of recent bans of some insecticides. An alternative and safer approach may be the development of biopesticides based on entomotoxic defense proteins of higher fungi. Many of these potentially interesting proteins are protease inhibitors, and some have been shown to adversely affect insects. We examined the effects of the cysteine protease inhibitors macrocypin 1, 3, and 4 from Macrolepiota procera, clitocypin from Clitocybe nebularis, and cocaprin 1 and the serine protease inhibitor cospin 1 from Coprinopsis cinerea on D. v. virgifera. We confirmed the inhibition by mycocypins of the cysteine catalytic-type proteolytic activities in gut extracts of larvae and adults. The inhibition of pGlu-Phe-Leu-hydrolyzing activity was stronger than that of Z-Phe-Arg-hydrolyzing activity. Mycocypins and cospin resisted long-term proteolytic digestion, whereas cocaprin 1 was digested. Bioassays with overlaid artificial diet revealed no effects of proteins on neonatal mortality or stunting, and no effects on adult mortality. Immersion of eggs in protein solutions had little effect on egg hatching or mortality of hatching neonates. Microscopic analysis of the peritrophic matrix and apical surface of the midguts revealed the similarity between larvae of D. v. virgifera and the chrysomelid Leptinotarsa decemlineata, which are sensitive to these inhibitors. The resistance of D. v. virgifera to fungal protease inhibitors is likely due to effective adaptation of digestive enzyme expression to dietary protease inhibitors. We continue to study unique protein complexes of higher fungi for the development of new approaches to pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Toepfer
- Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 2100 Godollo, Hungary;
- CABI, 2800 Delemont, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Toth
- Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 2100 Godollo, Hungary;
| | - Tanja Zupan
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Urban Bogataj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.B.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (U.B.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Marta Ladanyi
- Department of Applied Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Basic Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Z.); (J.S.)
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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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Kim S. Biochemical characterization and cytotoxicity of polylactosamine-extended N-glycans binding isolectins from the mushroom Hericium erinaceus. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:1010-1020. [PMID: 36526067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mushroom Hericium erinaceus expresses isolectins with different glycan binding specificities; of these, the ricin B-like lectin HEL1 and HEL2 (HEL2a and HEL2b) can bind fucosylated N-glycans and core 1 O-glycans, respectively. However, other lectin-like protein-coding transcripts detected in the H. erinaceus transcriptome, named HEL3, remain to be characterized. Therefore, in this study, the expression levels of all these isolectins genes were compared to characterize the molecular and biochemical properties of these carbohydrate-binding proteins. Low expression genes encoding putative cytolysin proteins, HEL3a and HEL3b, were identified. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that these proteins shared highly homologous structures and carbohydrate-binding residues with other mushroom lectins. Further, their recombinant proteins, rHEL3a and rHEL3b showed an octamer composed of identical 17 kDa subunits under non-denaturing conditions and a slightly basic isoelectric point value of approximately 8.3. The hemagglutination activity of these isolectins was strongly inhibited by glycoproteins rather than free glycans. Interestingly, glycan-binding profiles showed that rHEL3 isolectins interacted with most polylactosamine (poly-LacNAc)-extended N-glycans with relatively low binding activity. Isothermal titration calorimetry also revealed that these recombinant lectins have different binding capacities toward N-glycan-containing glycoproteins. Further, treatment with different concentrations of rHEL3 lectins showed cytotoxic effects in K562, UACC62, and CHO model cell lines, which express poly-LacNAc glycans, confirmed by inhibition of proliferation. Overall, these biochemical properties indicate that rHEL3 isolectins may be used as unique lectins for detecting poly-LacNAc-extended glycans, which are known to be over-expressed in leukemia or metastatic melanoma cells, in cancer diagnostic assays and anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghun Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Yan M, Chen Y, Li M, Wu J, Fang Z, Wang J, Liu J. Coprinopsis cinerea Galectin CGL1 Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Tumor Growth in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010235. [PMID: 36613681 PMCID: PMC9820451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom galectins are promising anticancer agents for their low IC50 values against cancer cells in vitro. In this study, two Coprinopsis cinerea galectins, CGL1 and CGL2, were heterologously expressed, and their biochemistry properties and anticancer effects were evaluated. The purified galectins were thermostable at neutral pH conditions. They both existed as tetramers and shared a high affinity towards lactose. CGL1 and CGL2 strongly inhibited the cell viability of many cancer cell lines, including three colorectal cancer cells, in a dose-dependent manner by inducing mitochondria-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, CGL1 exhibited higher apoptosis-inducing ability and cytotoxicity than CGL2. In vivo cell viability experiments based on two xenograft mouse models showed that CGL1 had a more substantial inhibitory effect than CGL2 on HCT116 tumor growth (p < 0.0001), whereas only CGL1 inhibited DLD1 tumor growth (p < 0.01). This is the first study to evaluate the anti-colorectal cancer effect of mushroom lectins in vivo, and our results showed that CGL1 is a potent agent for colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yaxuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mengke Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei 230601, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.L.)
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7
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Plett JM, Sabotič J, Vogt E, Snijders F, Kohler A, Nielsen UN, Künzler M, Martin F, Veneault-Fourrey C. Mycorrhiza-induced mycocypins of Laccaria bicolor are potent protease inhibitors with nematotoxic and collembola antifeedant activity. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4607-4622. [PMID: 35818672 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungivory of mycorrhizal hyphae has a significant impact on fungal fitness and, by extension, on nutrient transfer between fungi and host plants in natural ecosystems. Mycorrhizal fungi have therefore evolved an arsenal of chemical compounds that are hypothesized to protect the hyphal tissues from being eaten, such as the protease inhibitors mycocypins. The genome of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor has an unusually high number of mycocypin-encoding genes. We have characterized the evolution of this class of proteins, identified those induced by symbiosis with a host plant and characterized the biochemical properties of two upregulated L. bicolor mycocypins. More than half of L. bicolor mycocypin-encoding genes are differentially expressed during symbiosis or fruiting body formation. We show that two L. bicolor mycocypins that are strongly induced during symbiosis are cysteine protease inhibitors and exhibit similar but distinct localization in fungal tissues at different developmental stages and during interaction with a host plant. Moreover, we show that these L. bicolor mycocypins have toxic and feeding deterrent effect on nematodes and collembolans, respectively. Therefore, L. bicolor mycocypins may be part of a mechanism by which this species deters grazing by different members of the soil food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Vogt
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fridtjof Snijders
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Uffe N Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francis Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
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8
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Radiation of mushroom-forming fungi correlates with novel modes of protecting sexual fruiting bodies. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:556-565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Trochine A, Bellora N, Nizovoy P, Duran R, Greif G, de García V, Batthyany C, Robello C, Libkind D. Genomic and proteomic analysis of Tausonia pullulans reveals a key role for a GH15 glucoamylase in starch hydrolysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4655-4667. [PMID: 35713658 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Basidiomycetous yeasts remain an almost unexplored source of enzymes with great potential in several industries. Tausonia pullulans (Tremellomycetes) is a psychrotolerant yeast with several extracellular enzymatic activities reported, although the responsible genes are not known. We performed the genomic sequencing, assembly and annotation of T. pullulans strain CRUB 1754 (Perito Moreno glacier, Argentina), a gene survey of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and analyzed its secretome by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after growth in glucose (GLU) or starch (STA) as main carbon sources. T. pullulans has 7210 predicted genes, 3.6% being CAZymes. When compared to other Tremellomycetes, it contains a high number of CAZy domains, and in particular higher quantities of glucoamylases (GH15), pectinolytic enzymes (GH28) and lignocellulose decay enzymes (GH7). When the secretome of T. pullulans was analyzed experimentally after growth in starch or glucose, 98 proteins were identified. The 60% of total spectral counts belonged to GHs, oxidoreductases and to other CAZymes. A 65 kDa glucoamylase of family GH15 (TpGA1) showed the highest fold change (tenfold increase in starch). This enzyme contains a conserved active site and showed extensive N-glycosylation. This study increases the knowledge on the extracellular hydrolytic enzymes of basidiomycetous yeasts and, in particular, establishes T. pullulans as a potential source of carbohydrate-active enzymes. KEY POINTS: • Tausonia pullulans genome harbors a high number of genes coding for CAZymes. • Among CAZy domains/families, the glycoside hydrolases are the most abundant. • Secretome analysis in glucose or starch as main C sources identified 98 proteins. • A 65 kDa GH15 glucoamylase showed the highest fold increase upon culture in starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trochine
- Centro de Referencia en Levaduras Y Tecnología Cervecera (CRELTEC), Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas Y Geoambientales (IPATEC), CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, (CP8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Nicolás Bellora
- Instituto de Tecnologías Nucleares Para La Salud (INTECNUS), RP82, (CP8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Paula Nizovoy
- Centro de Referencia en Levaduras Y Tecnología Cervecera (CRELTEC), Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas Y Geoambientales (IPATEC), CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, (CP8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Rosario Duran
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo (IPMont), Mataojo 2020, (CP11400), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, (CP 11600), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Greif
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo (IPMont), Mataojo 2020, (CP11400), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Virginia de García
- Instituto de Investigación Y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas (PROBIEN), Buenos Aires 1400, (CP8300), Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Carlos Batthyany
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo (IPMont), Mataojo 2020, (CP11400), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Facultad de Medicina (UDELAR), Av. Gral. Flores 2125, (CP1180), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Robello
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo (IPMont), Mataojo 2020, (CP11400), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Facultad de Medicina (UDELAR), Av. Gral. Flores 2125, (CP1180), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Libkind
- Centro de Referencia en Levaduras Y Tecnología Cervecera (CRELTEC), Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas Y Geoambientales (IPATEC), CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, (CP8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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10
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Bleuler-Martinez S, Varrot A, Olieric V, Schubert M, Vogt E, Fetz C, Wohlschlager T, Plaza DF, Wälti M, Duport Y, Capitani G, Aebi M, Künzler M. Structure-function relationship of a novel fucoside-binding fruiting body lectin from Coprinopsis cinerea exhibiting nematotoxic activity. Glycobiology 2022; 32:600-615. [PMID: 35323921 PMCID: PMC9191617 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are non-immunoglobulin-type proteins that bind to specific carbohydrate epitopes and play important roles in intra- and inter-organismic interactions. Here, we describe a novel fucose-specific lectin, termed CML1, which we identified from fruiting body extracts of Coprinopsis cinerea. For further characterization, the coding sequence for CML1 was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Feeding of CML1-producing bacteria inhibited larval development of the bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis tropicalis, but not of C. elegans. The crystal structure of the recombinant protein in its apo-form and in complex with H type I or Lewis A blood group antigens was determined by X-ray crystallography. The protein folds as a sandwich of 2 antiparallel β-sheets and forms hexamers resulting from a trimer of dimers. The hexameric arrangement was confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). One carbohydrate-binding site per protomer was found at the dimer interface with both protomers contributing to ligand binding, resulting in a hexavalent lectin. In terms of lectin activity of recombinant CML1, substitution of the carbohydrate-interacting residues His54, Asn55, Trp94, and Arg114 by Ala abolished carbohydrate-binding and nematotoxicity. Although no similarities to any characterized lectin were found, sequence alignments identified many non-characterized agaricomycete proteins. These results suggest that CML1 is the founding member of a novel family of fucoside-binding lectins involved in the defense of agaricomycete fruiting bodies against predation by fungivorous nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bleuler-Martinez
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Vincent Olieric
- Swiss Light Source (SLS), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mario Schubert
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Vogt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Fetz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Therese Wohlschlager
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Fernando Plaza
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martin Wälti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Duport
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Capitani
- Swiss Light Source (SLS), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Renko M, Zupan T, Plaza DF, Schmieder SS, Perišić Nanut M, Kos J, Turk D, Künzler M, Sabotič J. Cocaprins, β-Trefoil Fold Inhibitors of Cysteine and Aspartic Proteases from Coprinopsis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4916. [PMID: 35563308 PMCID: PMC9104457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a new family of fungal protease inhibitors with β-trefoil fold from the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea, named cocaprins, which inhibit both cysteine and aspartic proteases. Two cocaprin-encoding genes are differentially expressed in fungal tissues. One is highly transcribed in vegetative mycelium and the other in the stipes of mature fruiting bodies. Cocaprins are small proteins (15 kDa) with acidic isoelectric points that form dimers. The three-dimensional structure of cocaprin 1 showed similarity to fungal β-trefoil lectins. Cocaprins inhibit plant C1 family cysteine proteases with Ki in the micromolar range, but do not inhibit the C13 family protease legumain, which distinguishes them from mycocypins. Cocaprins also inhibit the aspartic protease pepsin with Ki in the low micromolar range. Mutagenesis revealed that the β2-β3 loop is involved in the inhibition of cysteine proteases and that the inhibitory reactive sites for aspartic and cysteine proteases are located at different positions on the protein. Their biological function is thought to be the regulation of endogenous proteolytic activities or in defense against fungal antagonists. Cocaprins are the first characterized aspartic protease inhibitors with β-trefoil fold from fungi, and demonstrate the incredible plasticity of loop functionalization in fungal proteins with β-trefoil fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Renko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.R.); (D.T.)
| | - Tanja Zupan
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Z.); (M.P.N.); (J.K.)
| | - David F. Plaza
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (D.F.P.); (S.S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Stefanie S. Schmieder
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (D.F.P.); (S.S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Z.); (M.P.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Z.); (M.P.N.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.R.); (D.T.)
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (D.F.P.); (S.S.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Z.); (M.P.N.); (J.K.)
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12
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Kraševec N, Panevska A, Lemež Š, Razinger J, Sepčić K, Anderluh G, Podobnik M. Lipid-Binding Aegerolysin from Biocontrol Fungus Beauveria bassiana. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:820. [PMID: 34822604 PMCID: PMC8624791 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are the most common pathogens of insects and thus important regulators of their populations. Lipid-binding aegerolysin proteins, which are commonly found in the fungal kingdom, may be involved in several biologically relevant processes including attack and defense against other organisms. Aegerolysins act alone or together with membrane-attack-complex/perforin (MACPF)-like proteins to form transmembrane pores that lead to cell lysis. We performed an in-depth bioinformatics analysis of aegerolysins in entomopathogenic fungi and selected a candidate aegerolysin, beauveriolysin A (BlyA) from Beauveria bassiana. BlyA was expressed as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli, and purified to further determine its functional and structural properties, including lipid-binding ability. Aegerolysins were found to be encoded in genomes of entomopathogenic fungi, such as Beauveria, Cordyceps, Metarhizium and Ophiocordyceps. Detailed bioinformatics analysis revealed that they are linked to MACPF-like genes in most genomes. We also show that BlyA interacts with an insect-specific membrane lipid. These results were placed in the context of other fungal and bacterial aegerolysins and their partner proteins. We believe that aegerolysins play a role in promoting the entomopathogenic and antagonistic activity of B. bassiana, which is an active ingredient of bioinsecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Kraševec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.L.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Špela Lemež
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.L.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
- Biotechnology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Razinger
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.L.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.L.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
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13
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Transcriptomics Reveals the Putative Mycoparasitic Strategy of the Mushroom Entoloma abortivum on Species of the Mushroom Genus Armillaria. mSystems 2021; 6:e0054421. [PMID: 34636668 PMCID: PMC8510539 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00544-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During mycoparasitism, a fungus—the host—is parasitized by another fungus—the mycoparasite. The genetic underpinnings of these relationships have been best characterized in ascomycete fungi. However, within basidiomycete fungi, there are rare instances of mushroom-forming species parasitizing the reproductive structures, or sporocarps, of other mushroom-forming species, which have been rarely investigated on a genetic level. One of the most enigmatic of these occurs between Entoloma abortivum and species of Armillaria, where hyphae of E. abortivum are hypothesized to disrupt the development of Armillaria sporocarps, resulting in the formation of carpophoroids. However, it remains unknown whether carpophoroids are the direct result of a mycoparasitic relationship. To address the nature of this unique interaction, we analyzed gene expression of field-collected Armillaria and E. abortivum sporocarps and carpophoroids. Transcripts in the carpophoroids are primarily from E. abortivum, supporting the hypothesis that this species is parasitizing Armillaria. Most notably, we identified differentially upregulated E. abortivum β-trefoil-type lectins in the carpophoroid, which we hypothesize bind to Armillaria cell wall galactomannoproteins, thereby mediating recognition between the mycoparasite and the host. The most differentially upregulated E. abortivum transcripts in the carpophoroid code for oxalate decarboxylases—enzymes that degrade oxalic acid. Oxalic acid is a virulence factor in many plant pathogens, including Armillaria species; however, E. abortivum has evolved a sophisticated strategy to overcome this defense mechanism. The number of gene models and genes that code for carbohydrate-active enzymes in the E. abortivum transcriptome was reduced compared to other closely related species, perhaps as a result of the specialized nature of this interaction. IMPORTANCE By studying fungi that parasitize other fungi, we can understand the basic biology of these unique interactions. Studies focused on the genetic mechanisms regulating mycoparasitism between host and parasite have thus far concentrated on a single fungal lineage within the Ascomycota. The work presented here expands our understanding of mycoparasitic relationships to the Basidiomycota and represents the first transcriptomic study to our knowledge that examines fungal-fungal relationships in their natural setting. The results presented here suggest that even distantly related mycoparasites utilize similar mechanisms to parasitize their host. Given that species of the mushroom-forming pathogen Armillaria cause plant root-rot diseases in many agroecosystems, an enhanced understanding of this interaction may contribute to better control of these diseases through biocontrol applications.
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14
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Moradi A, Austerlitz T, Dahlin P, Robert CA, Maurer C, Steinauer K, van Doan C, Himmighofen PA, Wieczorek K, Künzler M, Mauch F. Marasmius oreades agglutinin enhances resistance of Arabidopsis against plant-parasitic nematodes and a herbivorous insect. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:402. [PMID: 34470613 PMCID: PMC8408931 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-parasitic nematodes and herbivorous insects have a significant negative impact on global crop production. A successful approach to protect crops from these pests is the in planta expression of nematotoxic or entomotoxic proteins such as crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or plant lectins. However, the efficacy of this approach is threatened by emergence of resistance in nematode and insect populations to these proteins. To solve this problem, novel nematotoxic and entomotoxic proteins are needed. During the last two decades, several cytoplasmic lectins from mushrooms with nematicidal and insecticidal activity have been characterized. In this study, we tested the potential of Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) to furnish Arabidopsis plants with resistance towards three economically important crop pests: the two plant-parasitic nematodes Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne incognita and the herbivorous diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. RESULTS The expression of MOA does not affect plant growth under axenic conditions which is an essential parameter in the engineering of genetically modified crops. The transgenic Arabidopsis lines showed nearly complete resistance to H. schachtii, in that the number of female and male nematodes per cm root was reduced by 86-91 % and 43-93 % compared to WT, respectively. M. incognita proved to be less susceptible to the MOA protein in that 18-25 % and 26-35 % less galls and nematode egg masses, respectively, were observed in the transgenic lines. Larvae of the herbivorous P. xylostella foraging on MOA-expression lines showed a lower relative mass gain (22-38 %) and survival rate (15-24 %) than those feeding on WT plants. CONCLUSIONS The results of our in planta experiments reveal a robust nematicidal and insecticidal activity of the fungal lectin MOA against important agricultural pests which may be exploited for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboubakr Moradi
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Tina Austerlitz
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Dahlin
- Agroscope, Research Division, Plant Protection, Phytopathology and Zoology in Fruit and Vegetable Production, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Am Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Corina Maurer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Steinauer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cong van Doan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Felix Mauch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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15
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Tayyrov A, Wei C, Fetz C, Goryachkin A, Schächle P, Nyström L, Künzler M. Cytoplasmic Lipases-A Novel Class of Fungal Defense Proteins Against Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:696972. [PMID: 37744157 PMCID: PMC10512399 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.696972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are an attractive food source for predators such as fungivorous nematodes. Several fungal defense proteins and their protective mechanisms against nematodes have been described. Many of these proteins are lectins which are stored in the cytoplasm of the fungal cells and bind to specific glycan epitopes in the digestive tract of the nematode upon ingestion. Here, we studied two novel nematotoxic proteins with lipase domains from the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. These cytoplasmically localized proteins were found to be induced in the vegetative mycelium of C. cinerea upon challenge with fungivorous nematode Aphelenchus avenae. The proteins showed nematotoxicity when heterologously expressed in E. coli and fed to several bacterivorous nematodes. Site-specific mutagenesis of predicted catalytic residues eliminated the in-vitro lipase activity of the proteins and significantly reduced their nematotoxicity, indicating the importance of the lipase activity for the nematotoxicity of these proteins. Our results suggest that cytoplasmic lipases constitute a novel class of fungal defense proteins against predatory nematodes. These findings improve our understanding of fungal defense mechanisms against predators and may find applications in the control of parasitic nematodes in agriculture and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annageldi Tayyrov
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chunyue Wei
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Fetz
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandr Goryachkin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schächle
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Nyström
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Milijaš Jotić M, Panevska A, Iacovache I, Kostanjšek R, Mravinec M, Skočaj M, Zuber B, Pavšič A, Razinger J, Modic Š, Trenti F, Guella G, Sepčić K. Dissecting Out the Molecular Mechanism of Insecticidal Activity of Ostreolysin A6/Pleurotolysin B Complexes on Western Corn Rootworm. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070455. [PMID: 34209983 PMCID: PMC8310357 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ostreolysin A6 (OlyA6) is a protein produced by the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). It binds to membrane sphingomyelin/cholesterol domains, and together with its protein partner, pleurotolysin B (PlyB), it forms 13-meric transmembrane pore complexes. Further, OlyA6 binds 1000 times more strongly to the insect-specific membrane sphingolipid, ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE). In concert with PlyB, OlyA6 has potent and selective insecticidal activity against the western corn rootworm. We analysed the histological alterations of the midgut wall columnar epithelium of western corn rootworm larvae fed with OlyA6/PlyB, which showed vacuolisation of the cell cytoplasm, swelling of the apical cell surface into the gut lumen, and delamination of the basal lamina underlying the epithelium. Additionally, cryo-electron microscopy was used to explore the membrane interactions of the OlyA6/PlyB complex using lipid vesicles composed of artificial lipids containing CPE, and western corn rootworm brush border membrane vesicles. Multimeric transmembrane pores were formed in both vesicle preparations, similar to those described for sphingomyelin/cholesterol membranes. These results strongly suggest that the molecular mechanism of insecticidal action of OlyA6/PlyB arises from specific interactions of OlyA6 with CPE, and the consequent formation of transmembrane pores in the insect midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Milijaš Jotić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Ioan Iacovache
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (I.I.); (B.Z.)
| | - Rok Kostanjšek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Martina Mravinec
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Matej Skočaj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Benoît Zuber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (I.I.); (B.Z.)
| | - Ana Pavšič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Jaka Razinger
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.R.); (Š.M.)
| | - Špela Modic
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.R.); (Š.M.)
| | - Francesco Trenti
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Graziano Guella
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (F.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.J.); (A.P.); (R.K.); (M.M.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-320-3419
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17
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Lebreton A, Bonnardel F, Dai YC, Imberty A, Martin FM, Lisacek F. A Comprehensive Phylogenetic and Bioinformatics Survey of Lectins in the Fungal Kingdom. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:453. [PMID: 34200153 PMCID: PMC8227253 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal lectins are a large family of carbohydrate-binding proteins with no enzymatic activity. They play fundamental biological roles in the interactions of fungi with their environment and are found in many different species across the fungal kingdom. In particular, their contribution to defense against feeders has been emphasized, and when secreted, lectins may be involved in the recognition of bacteria, fungal competitors and specific host plants. Carbohydrate specificities and quaternary structures vary widely, but evidence for an evolutionary relationship within the different classes of fungal lectins is supported by a high degree of amino acid sequence identity. The UniLectin3D database contains 194 fungal lectin 3D structures, of which 129 are characterized with a carbohydrate ligand. Using the UniLectin3D lectin classification system, 109 lectin sequence motifs were defined to screen 1223 species deposited in the genomic portal MycoCosm of the Joint Genome Institute. The resulting 33,485 putative lectin sequences are organized in MycoLec, a publicly available and searchable database. These results shed light on the evolution of the lectin gene families in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Lebreton
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (A.L.); (Y.-C.D.)
| | - François Bonnardel
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland
- Computer Science Department, UniGe, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yu-Cheng Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (A.L.); (Y.-C.D.)
| | - Anne Imberty
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Francis M. Martin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (A.L.); (Y.-C.D.)
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d’Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRAE GrandEst-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Frédérique Lisacek
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland
- Computer Science Department, UniGe, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland
- Section of Biology, UniGe, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Chen P, De Schutter K, Pauwels J, Gevaert K, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. The lectin Orysata induces phosphatase-mediated and carbohydrate-independent aggregation of insect cells. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104241. [PMID: 33845093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lectins, or carbohydrate-binding proteins, can cause agglutination of particular cells. This process is mediated by the interaction of the carbohydrate-binding domain with sugar structures on the cell surface, and this binding can be inhibited by pre-incubation of the lectin with its specific sugars. However, when incubated with insect cells, Orysata, a mannose-binding lectin from rice, caused aggregation of the cells, independent from carbohydrate binding activity. This phenomenon was observed for multiple insect cell lines, confirming the robustness of this phenotype. While the carbohydrate-dependent agglutination of red blood cells happens within minutes, the carbohydrate-independent aggregation of insect cells requires longer incubation times. Further analysis with the galactose-binding lectins SSA and Jacalin, validated the robustness of this lectin-induced, carbohydrate-independent aggregation in different insect cell lines. Since proteomic analysis revealed no changes in the proteome after treatment with the lectins, this cell aggregation is likely caused by the (in) activation or re-organization of the existing surface proteins. The use of inhibitors of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, staurosporine (STS) and a phosphatase inhibitor (PPI) cocktail, pointed to dephosphorylation as a key mechanism in the lectin-induced, carbohydrate-independent aggregation of insect cells. Similar to contact inhibition, cell proliferation in cell aggregates was decreased. Analysis of the marker for cell proliferation, cyclin E, confirmed that aggregated cells enter a quiescent state. The current data offer a new perspective on the mechanism by which lectins execute their activities, specifically through lectin-induced phosphatase-mediated cell aggregation and proliferation inhibition, independent from their carbohydrate-binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jarne Pauwels
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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19
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Moradi A, El-Shetehy M, Gamir J, Austerlitz T, Dahlin P, Wieczorek K, Künzler M, Mauch F. Expression of a Fungal Lectin in Arabidopsis Enhances Plant Growth and Resistance Toward Microbial Pathogens and a Plant-Parasitic Nematode. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:657451. [PMID: 33897746 PMCID: PMC8063123 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.657451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Coprinopsis cinerea lectin 2 (CCL2) is a fucoside-binding lectin from the basidiomycete C. cinerea that is toxic to the bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as well as animal-parasitic and fungivorous nematodes. We expressed CCL2 in Arabidopsis to assess its protective potential toward plant-parasitic nematodes. Our results demonstrate that expression of CCL2 enhances host resistance against the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Surprisingly, CCL2-expressing plants were also more resistant to fungal pathogens including Botrytis cinerea, and the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. In addition, CCL2 expression positively affected plant growth indicating that CCL2 has the potential to improve two important agricultural parameters namely biomass production and general disease resistance. The mechanism of the CCL2-mediated enhancement of plant disease resistance depended on fucoside-binding by CCL2 as transgenic plants expressing a mutant version of CCL2 (Y92A), compromised in fucoside-binding, exhibited wild type (WT) disease susceptibility. The protective effect of CCL2 did not seem to be direct as the lectin showed no growth-inhibition toward B. cinerea in in vitro assays. We detected, however, a significantly enhanced transcriptional induction of plant defense genes in CCL2- but not CCL2-Y92A-expressing lines in response to infection with B. cinerea compared to WT plants. This study demonstrates a potential of fungal defense lectins in plant protection beyond their use as toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboubakr Moradi
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed El-Shetehy
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Jordi Gamir
- Department Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural (ESTCE), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Tina Austerlitz
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Dahlin
- Agroscope, Research Division, Plant Protection, Phytopathology and Zoology in Fruit and Vegetable Production, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Mauch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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20
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Ramos-Martínez E, Hernández-González L, Ramos-Martínez I, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, López-Cortés GI, Pérez-Campos E, Mayoral Andrade G, Hernández-Huerta MT, José MV. Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621311. [PMID: 33717121 PMCID: PMC7943724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular DNA traps (ETs) are evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial mechanisms present in protozoa, plants, and animals. In this review, we compare their similarities in species of different taxa, and put forward the hypothesis that ETs have multiple origins. Our results are consistent with a process of evolutionary convergence in multicellular organisms through the application of a congruency test. Furthermore, we discuss why multicellularity is related to the presence of a mechanism initiating the formation of ETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- School of Sciences, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Iván Ramos-Martínez
- Glycobiology, Cell Growth and Tissue Repair Research Unit (Gly-CRRET), Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Pérez-Campos
- Biochemistry and Immunology Unit, National Technological of Mexico/ITOaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Mayoral Andrade
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Marco V. José
- Theoretical Biology Group, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Ganatra MB, Potapov V, Vainauskas S, Francis AZ, McClung CM, Ruse CI, Ong JL, Taron CH. A bi-specific lectin from the mushroom Boletopsis grisea and its application in glycoanalytical workflows. Sci Rep 2021; 11:160. [PMID: 33420304 PMCID: PMC7794217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The BLL lectin from the edible Japanese "Kurokawa" mushroom (Boletopsis leucomelaena) was previously reported to bind to N-glycans harboring terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and to induce apoptosis in a leukemia cell line. However, its gene has not been reported. In this study, we used a transcriptomics-based workflow to identify a full-length transcript of a BLL functional ortholog (termed BGL) from Boletopsis grisea, a close North American relative of B. leucomelaena. The deduced amino acid sequence of BGL was an obvious member of fungal fruit body lectin family (Pfam PF07367), a highly conserved group of mushroom lectins with a preference for binding O-glycans harboring the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF-antigen; Galβ1,3GalNAc-α-) and having two ligand binding sites. Functional characterization of recombinant BGL using glycan microarray analysis and surface plasmon resonance confirmed its ability to bind both the TF-antigen and β-GlcNAc-terminated N-glycans. Structure-guided mutagenesis of BGL's two ligand binding clefts showed that one site is responsible for binding TF-antigen structures associated with O-glycans, whereas the second site specifically recognizes N-glycans with terminal β-GlcNAc. Additionally, the two sites show no evidence of allosteric communication. Finally, mutant BGL proteins having single functional bindings site were used to enrich GlcNAc-capped N-glycans or mucin type O-glycopeptides from complex samples in glycomics and glycoproteomics analytical workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul B Ganatra
- New England Biolabs, Inc, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Vladimir Potapov
- New England Biolabs, Inc, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cristian I Ruse
- New England Biolabs, Inc, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ong
- New England Biolabs, Inc, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
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22
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Panevska A, Skočaj M, Modic Š, Razinger J, Sepčić K. Aegerolysins from the fungal genus Pleurotus - Bioinsecticidal proteins with multiple potential applications. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 186:107474. [PMID: 32971130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aegerolysin proteins ostreolysin A6, pleurotolysin A2 and erylysin A are produced by mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus. These aegerolysins can interact specifically with sphingolipid-enriched membranes. In particular, they strongly bind insect cells and to artificial lipid membranes that contain physiologically relevant concentrations of the main invertebrate-specific sphingolipid, ceramide phosphoethanolamine. Moreover, the aegerolysins permeabilise these membranes when combined with their protein partner pleurotolysin B, which contains a membrane-attack-complex/perforin domain. These aegerolysin/ pleurotolysin B complexes show strong and selective toxicity towards western corn rootworm larvae and adults and Colorado potato beetle larvae. Their insecticidal activities arise through aegerolysin binding to ceramide phosphoethanolamine in the insect midgut. This mode of membrane binding is different from those described for similar aegerolysin-based complexes of bacterial origin (e.g., Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1), or other Bacillus thuringiensis proteinaceous crystal toxins, which associate with protein receptors. The ability of Pleurotus aegerolysins to specifically interact with sphingolipid-enriched domains in mammalian cells can be further exploited to visualize lipid rafts in living cells, and to treat certain types of tumours and metabolic disorders. Finally, these proteins can strongly enhance fruiting initiation of P. ostreatus even when applied externally. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge of the potential biotechnological and biomedical applications of the Pleurotus aegerolysins, either alone or when complexed with pleurotolysin B, with special emphasis on their bioinsecticidal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Matej Skočaj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Špela Modic
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jaka Razinger
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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23
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Sabotič J, Brzin J, Erjavec J, Dreo T, Tušek Žnidarič M, Ravnikar M, Kos J. L-Amino Acid Oxidases From Mushrooms Show Antibacterial Activity Against the Phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:977. [PMID: 32508788 PMCID: PMC7248570 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanaceraum is the quarantine plant pathogenic bacterium that causes bacterial wilt in over 200 host plants, which include economically important crops such as potato, tomato, tobacco, banana, and ginger. Alternative biological methods of disease control that can be used in integrated pest management are extensively studied. In search of new proteins with antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum, we identified L-amino acid oxidases (LAOs) from fruiting bodies of Amanita phalloides (ApLAO) and Infundibulicybe geotropa (CgLAO). We describe an optimized isolation procedure for their biochemical characterization, and show that they are dimeric proteins with estimated monomer molecular masses of 72 and 66 kDa, respectively, with isoelectric point of pH 6.5. They have broad substrate specificities for hydrophobic and charged amino acids, with highest Km for L-Leu, and broad pH optima at pH 5 and pH 6, respectively. An enzyme with similar properties is also characterized from the mycelia of I. geotropa (CgmycLAO). Fractionated aqueous extracts of 15 species of mushrooms show that LAO activity against L-Leu correlates with antibacterial activity. We confirm that the LAO activities mediate the antibacterial actions of ApLAO, CgLAO, and CgmycLAO. Their antibacterial activities are greater against Gram-negative versus Gram-positive bacteria, with inhibition of growth rate, prolongation of lag-phase, and decreased endpoint biomass. In Gram-positive bacteria, they mainly prolong the lag phase. These in vitro antibacterial activities of CgLAO and CgmycLAO are confirmed in vivo in tomato plants, while ApLAO has no effect on disease progression in planta. Transmission electron microscopy shows morphological changes of R. solanacearum upon LAO treatments. Finally, broad specificity of the antibacterial activities of these purified LAOs were seen for in vitro screening against 14 phytopathogenic bacteria. Therefore, these fungal LAOs show great potential as new biological phytoprotective agents and show the fruiting bodies of higher fungi to be a valuable source of antimicrobials with unique features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Brzin
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Erjavec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Dreo
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magda Tušek Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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24
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Kim S. Ricin B-like lectin orthologues from two mushrooms, Hericium erinaceus and Stereum hirsutum, enable recognition of highly fucosylated N-glycans. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:560-568. [PMID: 31931062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mushroom Hericium erinaceus contains isolectins, including the ricin B-like lectin HEL1 and the core 1 O-glycan-binding lectin HEL2. Recombinant HEL2 reportedly binds O-linked glycans, but recombinant HEL1 (rHEL1) has not been characterized. HEL1 and Stereum hirsutum lectin (SHL1) orthologues, which contain the typical (QxW)3 ricin-B like motif, were evaluated. Interestingly, under non-denaturing conditions, recombinant SHL1 (rSHL1) existed as a trimer and exhibited agglutination activity, whereas rHEL1 existed as a monomer with no agglutination activity. The hemagglutination activity of rSHL1 was inhibited by N-linked glycoprotein transferrin. A glycan-array analysis revealed that the two recombinant lectins had different binding intensities toward fucosylated N-glycans harboring fucose-α(1,2) galactose or fucose-α(1,4) N-acetylglucosamine. Isothermal calorimetry showed that compared with rHEL1, rSHL1 interacted more strongly with transferrin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, than with other fucosylated disaccharide glycoconjugates. Finally, rSHL1 and rHEL1 were comparable in their ability to detect highly fucosylated N-glycans within glycoproteins on the surface of SW1116 human colorectal carcinoma cells. Therefore, these ricin B-like lectins might enable detection of highly fucosylated glycoepitopes on cancer cells for diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghun Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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25
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CNL- Clitocybe nebularis Lectin-The Fungal GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-Binding Lectin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234204. [PMID: 31756927 PMCID: PMC6930499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clitocybe nebularis lectin (CNL) is present in fruiting bodies of clouded agaric along with several similar isolectins that are all small and stable proteins. It is a beta-trefoil type lectin forming homodimers that are essential for its functionality. It binds specifically N,N′-diacetyllactosediamine (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc, LacDiNac) and human blood group A determinant-containing glycan epitopes. Its most probable function is to defend fruiting bodies against predators and parasites. In addition, an endogenous regulatory function is possible for CNL, as indicated by its interaction with fungal protease inhibitors sharing the beta-trefoil fold. CNL is toxic to insects, nematodes and amoebae, as well as to leukemic T-cell lines. Bivalent carbohydrate binding is essential for the toxicity of CNL, against both invertebrates and cancer-derived cell lines. In addition, CNL exhibits potent immunostimulation of human dendritic cells, resulting in a strong T helper cell type 1 response. Based on its unique characteristics, CNL is a promising candidate for applications in human and veterinary medicine as well as in agriculture, for plant protection.
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26
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Heterologous Production and Functional Characterization of Ageritin, a Novel Type of Ribotoxin Highly Expressed during Fruiting of the Edible Mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01549-19. [PMID: 31444206 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01549-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce various defense proteins against antagonists, including ribotoxins. These toxins cleave a single phosphodiester bond within the universally conserved sarcin-ricin loop of ribosomes and inhibit protein biosynthesis. Here, we report on the structure and function of ageritin, a previously reported ribotoxin from the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita The amino acid sequence of ageritin was derived from cDNA isolated from the dikaryon A. aegerita AAE-3 and lacks, according to in silico prediction, a signal peptide for classical secretion, predicting a cytoplasmic localization of the protein. The calculated molecular weight of the protein is slightly higher than the one reported for native ageritin. The A. aegerita ageritin-encoding gene, AaeAGT1, is highly induced during fruiting, and toxicity assays with AaeAGT1 heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli showed a strong toxicity against Aedes aegypti larvae yet not against nematodes. The activity of recombinant A. aegerita ageritin toward rabbit ribosomes was confirmed in vitro Mutagenesis studies revealed a correlation between in vivo and in vitro activities, indicating that entomotoxicity is mediated by ribonucleolytic cleavage. The strong larvicidal activity of ageritin makes this protein a promising candidate for novel biopesticide development.IMPORTANCE Our results suggest a pronounced organismal specificity of a protein toxin with a very conserved intracellular molecular target. The molecular details of the toxin-target interaction will provide important insight into the mechanism of action of protein toxins and the ribosome. This insight might be exploited to develop novel bioinsecticides.
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27
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Novak M, Čepin U, Hodnik V, Narat M, Jamnik M, Kraševec N, Sepčić K, Anderluh G. Functional studies of aegerolysin and MACPF-like proteins in Aspergillus niger. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1253-1269. [PMID: 31376198 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the aegerolysin family have a high abundance in Fungi. Due to their specific binding to membrane lipids, and their membrane-permeabilization potential in concert with protein partner(s) belonging to a membrane-attack-complex/perforin (MACPF) superfamily, they were proposed as useful tools in different biotechnological and biomedical applications. In this work, we performed functional studies on expression of the genes encoding aegerolysin and MACPF-like proteins in Aspergillus niger. Our results suggest the sporulation process being crucial for strong induction of the expression of all these genes. However, deletion of either of the aegerolysin genes did not influence the growth, development, sporulation efficiency and phenotype of the mutants, indicating that aegerolysins are not key factors in the sporulation process. In all our expression studies we noticed a strong correlation in the expression of one aegerolysin and MACPF-like gene. Aegerolysins were confirmed to be secreted from the fungus. We also showed the specific interaction of a recombinant A. niger aegerolysin with an invertebrate-specific membrane sphingolipid. Moreover, using this protein labelled with mCherry we successfully stained insect cells membranes containing this particular sphingolipid. Our combined results suggest, that aegerolysins in this species, and probably also in other aspergilli, could be involved in defence against predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruša Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Čepin
- BioSistemika Ltd and National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Narat
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Jamnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Kraševec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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28
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Singh RS, Walia AK, Kennedy JF. Structural aspects and biomedical applications of microfungal lectins. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:1097-1107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Kaczmarczyk-Ziemba A, Wagner GK, Grzywnowicz K, Kucharczyk M, Zielińska S. The microbiome profiling of fungivorous black tinder fungus beetle Bolitophagus reticulatus reveals the insight into bacterial communities associated with larvae and adults. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6852. [PMID: 31119076 PMCID: PMC6510215 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Saproxylic beetles play a crucial role in key processes occurring in forest ecosystems, and together with fungi contribute to the decomposition and mineralization of wood. Among this group are mycetophilic beetles which associate with wood-decaying fungi and use the fruiting body for nourishment and development. Therefore, their feeding strategy (especially in the case of fungivorous species) requires special digestive capabilities to take advantage of the nutritional value of fungal tissue. Although polypore-beetle associations have been investigated in numerous studies, detailed studies focusing on the microbiome associated with species feeding on fruiting bodies of polypores remain limited. Here we investigated the bacterial communities associated with larvae and adults of Bolitophagus reticulatus collected from Fomes fomentarius growing on two different host tree: beech (Fagus sp.) and birch (Betula sp.), respectively. Among 24 identified bacterial phyla, three were the most relatively abundant (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes). Moreover, we tried to find unique patterns of bacteria abundances which could be correlated with the long-term field observation showing that the fruiting bodies of F. fomentarius, growing on birch are more inhabited by beetles than fruiting bodies of the same fungus species growing on beech. Biochemical analyses showed that the level of protease inhibitors and secondary metabolites in F. fomentarius is higher in healthy fruiting bodies than in the inhabited ones. However, tested microbiome samples primarily clustered by developmental stage of B. reticulatus and host tree did not appear to impact the taxonomic distribution of the communities. This observation was supported by statistical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grzegorz K. Wagner
- Department of Zoology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Marek Kucharczyk
- Department of Nature Protection, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Zielińska
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Phage Consultants, Gdansk, Poland
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Tayyrov A, Stanley CE, Azevedo S, Künzler M. Combining microfluidics and RNA-sequencing to assess the inducible defensome of a mushroom against nematodes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:243. [PMID: 30909884 PMCID: PMC6434838 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi are an attractive source of nutrients for predators. As part of their defense, some fungi are able to induce the production of anti-predator protein toxins in response to predation. A previous study on the interaction of the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea by the fungivorous nematode Aphelenchus avenae on agar plates has shown that the this fungal defense response is most pronounced in the part of the mycelium that is in direct contact with the nematode. Hence, we hypothesized that, for a comprehensive characterization of this defense response, an experimental setup that maximizes the zone of direct interaction between the fungal mycelium and the nematode, was needed. RESULTS In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of C. cinerea vegetative mycelium upon challenge with A. avenae using a tailor-made microfluidic device. The device was designed such that the interaction between the fungus and the nematode was confined to a specific area and that the mycelium could be retrieved from this area for analysis. We took samples from the confrontation area after different time periods and extracted and sequenced the poly(A)+ RNA thereof. The identification of 1229 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shows that this setup profoundly improved sensitivity over co-cultivation on agar plates where only 37 DEGs had been identified. The product of one of the most highly upregulated genes shows structural homology to bacterial pore-forming toxins, and revealed strong toxicity to various bacterivorous nematodes. In addition, bacteria associated with the fungivorous nematode A. avenae were profiled with 16S rRNA deep sequencing. Similar to the bacterivorous and plant-feeding nematodes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most dominant phyla in A. avenae. CONCLUSIONS The use of a novel experimental setup for the investigation of the defense response of a fungal mycelium to predation by fungivorous nematodes resulted in the identification of a comprehensive set of DEGs and the discovery of a novel type of fungal defense protein against nematodes. The bacteria found to be associated with the fungivorous nematode are a possible explanation for the induction of some antibacterial defense proteins upon nematode challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annageldi Tayyrov
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claire E. Stanley
- Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Azevedo
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Schmieder SS, Stanley CE, Rzepiela A, van Swaay D, Sabotič J, Nørrelykke SF, deMello AJ, Aebi M, Künzler M. Bidirectional Propagation of Signals and Nutrients in Fungal Networks via Specialized Hyphae. Curr Biol 2019; 29:217-228.e4. [PMID: 30612903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular distribution of nutrients and coordination of responses to internal and external cues via endogenous signaling molecules are hallmarks of multicellular organisms. Vegetative mycelia of multicellular fungi are syncytial networks of interconnected hyphae resulting from hyphal tip growth, branching, and fusion. Such mycelia can reach considerable dimensions and, thus, different parts can be exposed to quite different environmental conditions. Our knowledge about the mechanisms by which fungal mycelia can adjust nutrient gradients or coordinate their defense response to fungivores is scarce, in part due to limitations in technologies currently available for examining different parts of a mycelium over longer time periods at the microscopic level. Here, we combined a tailor-made microfluidic platform with time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to visualize the dynamic response of the vegetative mycelium of a basidiomycete to two different stimuli. The microfluidic platform allows simultaneous monitoring at both the colony and single-hypha level. We followed the dynamics of the distribution of a locally administered nutrient analog and the defense response to spatially confined predation by a fungivorous nematode. Although both responses of the mycelium were constrained locally, we observed long-distance propagation for both the nutrient analog and defense response in a subset of hyphae. This propagation along hyphae occurred in both acropetal and basipetal directions and, intriguingly, the direction was found to alternate every 3 hr in an individual hypha. These results suggest that multicellular fungi have, as of yet, undescribed mechanisms to coordinate the distribution of nutrients and their behavioral response upon attack by fungivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie S Schmieder
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Rzepiela
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk van Swaay
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon F Nørrelykke
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Kim S. Hericium erinaceus isolectins recognize mucin-type O-glycans as tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens on the surface of K562 human leukemia cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:1093-1102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kombrink A, Tayyrov A, Essig A, Stöckli M, Micheller S, Hintze J, van Heuvel Y, Dürig N, Lin CW, Kallio PT, Aebi M, Künzler M. Induction of antibacterial proteins and peptides in the coprophilous mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea in response to bacteria. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 13:588-602. [PMID: 30301946 PMCID: PMC6461984 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are the main nutritional competitors of saprophytic fungi during colonization of their ecological niches. This competition involves the mutual secretion of antimicrobials that kill or inhibit the growth of the competitor. Over the last years it has been demonstrated that fungi respond to the presence of bacteria with changes of their transcriptome, but the significance of these changes with respect to competition for nutrients is not clear as functional proof of the antibacterial activity of the induced gene products is often lacking. Here, we report the genome-wide transcriptional response of the coprophilous mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea to the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The genes induced upon co-cultivation with each bacterium were highly overlapping, suggesting that the fungus uses a similar arsenal of effectors against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Intriguingly, the induced genes appeare to encode predominantly secreted peptides and proteins with predicted antibacterial activities, which was validated by comparative proteomics of the C. cinerea secretome. Induced members of two putative antibacterial peptide and protein families in C. cinerea, the cysteine-stabilized αβ-defensins (Csαβ-defensins) and the GH24-type lysozymes, were purified, and their antibacterial activity was confirmed. These results provide compelling evidence that fungi are able to recognize the presence of bacteria and respond with the expression of an arsenal of secreted antibacterial peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kombrink
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annageldi Tayyrov
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Essig
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Stöckli
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,rqmicro AG, Brandstrasse 24, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Micheller
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John Hintze
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yasemin van Heuvel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Dürig
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pauli T Kallio
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Vos AM, Jurak E, de Gijsel P, Ohm RA, Henrissat B, Lugones LG, Kabel MA, Wösten HAB. Production of α-1,3-L-arabinofuranosidase active on substituted xylan does not improve compost degradation by Agaricus bisporus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201090. [PMID: 30040824 PMCID: PMC6057652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus consumes carbohydrates contained in wheat straw based compost used for commercial mushroom production. Double substituted arabinoxylan is part of the ~40% of the compost polysaccharides that are not degraded by A. bisporus during its growth and development. Genes encoding α-1,3-l-arabinofuranosidase (AXHd3) enzymes that act on xylosyl residues doubly substituted with arabinosyl residues are absent in this mushroom forming fungus. Here, the AXHd3 encoding hgh43 gene of Humicola insolens was expressed in A. bisporus with the aim to improve its substrate utilization and mushroom yield. Transformants secreted active AXHd3 in compost as shown by the degradation of double substituted arabinoxylan oligomers in an in vitro assay. However, carbohydrate composition and degree of arabinosyl substitution of arabinoxylans were not affected in compost possibly due to inaccessibility of the doubly substituted xylosyl residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurin M. Vos
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edita Jurak
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter de Gijsel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Luis G. Lugones
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han A. B. Wösten
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fungal lectin MpL enables entry of protein drugs into cancer cells and their subcellular targeting. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26896-26910. [PMID: 28460472 PMCID: PMC5432305 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins have been recognized as promising carrier molecules for targeted drug delivery. They specifically bind carbohydrate moieties on cell membranes and trigger cell internalization. Fungal lectin MpL (Macrolepiota procera lectin) does not provoke cancer cell cytotoxicity but is able to bind aminopeptidase N (CD13) and integrin α3β1, two glycoproteins that are overexpressed on the membrane of tumor cells. Upon binding, MpL is endocytosed in a clathrin-dependent manner and accumulates initially in the Golgi apparatus and, finally, in the lysosomes. For effective binding and internalization a functional binding site on the α-repeat is needed. To test the potential of MpL as a carrier for delivering protein drugs to cancer cells we constructed fusion proteins consisting of MpL and the cysteine peptidase inhibitors cystatin C and clitocypin. The fused proteins followed the same endocytic route as the unlinked MpL. Peptidase inhibitor-MpL fusions impaired both the intracellular degradation of extracellular matrix and the invasiveness of cancer cells. MpL is thus shown in vitro to be a lectin that can enable protein drugs to enter cancer cells, enhance their internalization and sort them to lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus.
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Regulin A, Kempken F. Fungal genotype determines survival of Drosophila melanogaster when competing with Aspergillus nidulans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190543. [PMID: 29293643 PMCID: PMC5749846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce an astonishing variety of secondary metabolites, some of which belong to the most toxic compounds in the living world. Several fungal metabolites have anti-insecticidal properties which may yield advantages to the fungus in competition with insects for exploitation of environmental resources. Using the Drosophila melanogaster/Aspergillus nidulans ecological model system to assess secondary metabolite mutant genotypes, we find a major role for the veA allele in insect/fungal confrontations that exceeds the influence of other factors such as LaeA. VeA along with LaeA is a member of a transcriptional complex governing secondary metabolism in A. nidulans. However, historically a mutant veA allele, veA1 reduced in secondary metabolite output, has been used in many studies of this model organism. To test the significance of this allele in our system, Aspergillus nidulans veA wild type, veA1, ΔveA and ΔlaeA were evaluated in confrontation assays to analyze egg laying activity, and the survival rate of larvae. The veA1 genetic background led to a significant increase of larval survival. Adult flies were observed almost exclusively on veA1, ΔveA or ΔlaeA genetic backgrounds, suggesting a role for the velvet complex in insect/fungal interactions. This effect was most profound using the veA1 mutant. Hence, larval survival in confrontations is highly affected by the fungal genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Regulin
- Botanisches Institut und Botanischer Garten, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Kempken
- Botanisches Institut und Botanischer Garten, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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de Medeiros MLS, de Moura MC, Napoleão TH, Paiva PMG, Coelho LCBB, Bezerra ACDS, da Silva MDC. Nematicidal activity of a water soluble lectin from seeds of Moringa oleifera. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 108:782-789. [PMID: 29122715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are the major cause of animal diseases, and the indiscriminate use of synthetic anthelmintic contributes to the development of drug resistance. Natural bioproducts are noteworthy since they have proved to be promising for alternative antiparasitic therapies. This study evaluated the in vitro effect of WSMoL (water soluble Moringa oleifera lectin) on hatching of eggs and on the development of early-stage larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes from naturally infected goats. In addition, the interference of WSMoL on activity of proteases was determined and the affinity of the lectin for glycosylated molecules of these parasites was investigated using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled WSMoL. WSMoL at 250μgmL-1 interfered on hatching of eggs (40.4% of not hatched eggs; p=0.018), and on larval development (stages L1-L3) (IC50 of 78.22μgmL-1). The activity of secreted proteases showed a significant increase in the presence of WSMoL (307.14U/mg-1031U/mg). FITC-labeled WSMoL recognized embryonic egg content and larval content after hatching, which suggests that WSMoL interact with intestinal glycoconjugate receptors in the embryo, as well as in cuticle of the larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Luan Silva de Medeiros
- Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Atirador Miguel Antônio da Silva Neto, s/n, Aeroporto, 59607-360, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Maiara Celine de Moura
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Morais Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Morais Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Morais Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Luana Cassandra Breitenbach Barroso Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Morais Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carla Diógenes Suassuna Bezerra
- Departamento de Biociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, 59625-900, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Michele Dalvina Correia da Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, 59625-900, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Bleuler-Martinez S, Stutz K, Sieber R, Collot M, Mallet JM, Hengartner M, Schubert M, Varrot A, Künzler M. Dimerization of the fungal defense lectin CCL2 is essential for its toxicity against nematodes. Glycobiology 2017; 27:486-500. [PMID: 27980000 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are used as defense effector proteins against predators, parasites and pathogens by animal, plant and fungal innate defense systems. These proteins bind to specific glycoepitopes on the cell surfaces and thereby interfere with the proper cellular functions of the various antagonists. The exact cellular toxicity mechanism is in many cases unclear. Lectin CCL2 of the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea was previously shown to be toxic for Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. This toxicity is dependent on a single, high-affinity binding site for the trisaccharide GlcNAc(Fucα1,3)β1,4GlcNAc, which is a hallmark of nematode and insect N-glycan cores. The carbohydrate-binding site is located at an unusual position on the protein surface when compared to other β-trefoil lectins. Here, we show that CCL2 forms a compact dimer in solution and in crystals. Substitution of two amino acid residues at the dimer interface, R18A and F133A, interfered with dimerization of CCL2 and reduced toxicity but left carbohydrate-binding unaffected. These results, together with the positioning of the two carbohydrate-binding sites on the surface of the protein dimer, suggest that crosslinking of N-glycoproteins on the surface of intestinal cells of invertebrates is a crucial step in the mechanism of CCL2-mediated toxicity. Comparisons of the number and positioning of carbohydrate-binding sites among different dimerizing fungal β-trefoil lectins revealed a considerable variability in the carbohydrate-binding patterns of these proteins, which are likely to correlate with their respective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrin Stutz
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Sieber
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC Université Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Maurice Mallet
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC Université Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hengartner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Schubert
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Schafmattstr. 20, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Annabelle Varrot
- CERMAV, UPR5301, CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Van Holle S, De Schutter K, Eggermont L, Tsaneva M, Dang L, Van Damme EJM. Comparative Study of Lectin Domains in Model Species: New Insights into Evolutionary Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061136. [PMID: 28587095 PMCID: PMC5485960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins are present throughout the plant kingdom and are reported to be involved in diverse biological processes. In this study, we provide a comparative analysis of the lectin families from model species in a phylogenetic framework. The analysis focuses on the different plant lectin domains identified in five representative core angiosperm genomes (Arabidopsisthaliana, Glycine max, Cucumis sativus, Oryza sativa ssp. japonica and Oryza sativa ssp. indica). The genomes were screened for genes encoding lectin domains using a combination of Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), hidden Markov models, and InterProScan analysis. Additionally, phylogenetic relationships were investigated by constructing maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees. The results demonstrate that the majority of the lectin families are present in each of the species under study. Domain organization analysis showed that most identified proteins are multi-domain proteins, owing to the modular rearrangement of protein domains during evolution. Most of these multi-domain proteins are widespread, while others display a lineage-specific distribution. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analyses reveal that some lectin families evolved to be similar to the phylogeny of the plant species, while others share a closer evolutionary history based on the corresponding protein domain architecture. Our results yield insights into the evolutionary relationships and functional divergence of plant lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Van Holle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lore Eggermont
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Mariya Tsaneva
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Liuyi Dang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Manna D, Pust S, Torgersen ML, Cordara G, Künzler M, Krengel U, Sandvig K. Polyporus squamosus Lectin 1a (PSL1a) Exhibits Cytotoxicity in Mammalian Cells by Disruption of Focal Adhesions, Inhibition of Protein Synthesis and Induction of Apoptosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170716. [PMID: 28114329 PMCID: PMC5256987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PSL1a is a lectin from the mushroom Polyporus squamosus that binds to sialylated glycans and glycoconjugates with high specificity and selectivity. In addition to its N-terminal carbohydrate-binding domain, PSL1a possesses a Ca2+-dependent proteolytic activity in the C-terminal domain. In the present study, we demonstrate that PSL1a has cytotoxic effects on mammalian cancer cells, and we show that the cytotoxicity is dependent on the cysteine protease activity. PSL1a treatment leads to cell rounding and detachment from the substratum, concomitant with disruption of vinculin complexes in focal adhesions. We also demonstrate that PSL1a inhibits protein synthesis and induces apoptosis in HeLa cells, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Manna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sascha Pust
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria L. Torgersen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (UK); (KS)
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (UK); (KS)
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Making Use of Genomic Information to Explore the Biotechnological Potential of Medicinal Mushrooms. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF THE WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
N-glycans from invertebrates and protists have often unusual structures which present analytical challenges. Both core and antennal modifications can be quite different from the more familiar vertebrate glycan motifs; thereby, contrary to the concept that "simple" organisms have "simple" N-glycans, rather complex oligosaccharides structures, including zwitterionic and anionic ones, have been found in a range of species. Thus, to facilitate the optimized elucidation of the maximal possible range of structures, the analytical workflow for glycomics of these organisms should include sequential release and fractionation steps. Peptide:N-glycosidase F is sufficient to isolate N-glycans from fungi and some protists, but in most invertebrates core α1,3-fucose is present, so release of the glycans from glycopeptides with peptide:N-glycosidases A is required. Subsequent solid-phase extraction with graphitized carbon and reversed phase resins enables different classes of N-glycans to be separated prior to high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Depending on the types and numbers of glycans present, either reversed- or normal-phase HPLC (or both in series) enable even single isomeric or isobaric structures to be separated prior to MALDI-TOF MS and MS/MS. The use of enzymatic or chemical treatments allows further insights to be gained, although some glycan modifications (especially methylation) are resistant. Using a battery of methods, sometimes up to 100 structures from a single organism can be assigned, a complexity which raises evolutionary questions regarding the function of these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Hykollari
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Eckmair
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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44
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Stöckli M, Lin CW, Sieber R, Plaza DF, Ohm RA, Künzler M. Coprinopsis cinerea intracellular lactonases hydrolyze quorum sensing molecules of Gram-negative bacteria. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 102:49-62. [PMID: 27475110 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation on fungal hyphae and production of antifungal molecules are strategies of bacteria in their competition with fungi for nutrients. Since these strategies are often coordinated and under control of quorum sensing by the bacteria, interference with this bacterial communication system can be used as a counter-strategy by the fungi in this competition. Hydrolysis of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (HSL), a quorum sensing molecule used by Gram-negative bacteria, by fungal cultures has been demonstrated. However, the enzymes that are responsible for this activity, have not been identified. In this study, we identified and characterized two paralogous HSL hydrolyzing enzymes from the coprophilous fungus Coprinopsis cinerea. The C. cinerea HSL lactonases belong to the metallo-β-lactamase family and show sequence homology to and a similar biochemical activity as the well characterized lactonase AiiA from Bacillus thuringiensis. We show that the fungal lactonases, similar to the bacterial enzymes, are kept intracellularly and act as a sink for the bacterial quorum sensing signals both in C. cinerea and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing C. cinerea lactonases, due to the ability of these signal molecules to diffuse over the fungal cell wall and plasma membrane. The two isogenes coding for the C. cinerea HSL lactonases are arranged in the genome as a tandem repeat and expressed preferentially in vegetative mycelium. The occurrence of orthologous genes in genomes of other basidiomycetes appears to correlate with a saprotrophic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Stöckli
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ramon Sieber
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - David F Plaza
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Robin A Ohm
- Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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