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Li X, Zhang N, Zhang L, Liu C, Zheng S, Lou H. Synergy and Mechanism of Leflunomide Plus Fluconazole Against Resistant Candida albicans: An in vitro Study. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:4147-4158. [PMID: 37396066 PMCID: PMC10314782 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s415229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The global rise in the resistance of Candida albicans to conventional antifungals makes Candida albicans infections harder to treat. The main objective of this study was to investigate the antifungal effects and underlying mechanisms of leflunomide in combination with triazoles against resistant Candida albicans. Methods In this study, the microdilution method was used to determine the antifungal effects of leflunomide in combination with three triazoles on planktonic cells in vitro. The morphological transition from yeast to hyphae was observed under a microscope. The effects on ROS, metacaspase, efflux pumps, and intracellular calcium concentration were investigated, respectively. Results Our findings suggested that leflunomide + triazoles showed a synergistic effect against resistant Candida albicans in vitro. Further study concluded that the synergistic mechanisms were resulted from multiple factors, including the inhibited efflux of triazoles, the inhibition of yeast-to-hyphae transition, ROS increasing, metacaspase activation, and [Ca2+]i disturbance. Discussion Leflunomide appears to be a potential enhancer of current antifungal agents for treating candidiasis caused by resistant Candida albicans. This study can also serve as an example to inspire the exploration of new approaches to treating resistant Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Li
- Maternal and Child Health Development Research Center, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250014, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Maternal and Child Health Development Research Center, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuping Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Department, Shanxian Central Hospital, Heze, Shandong Province, 274300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Hospital for Reproductive Medicine Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shicun Zheng
- Maternal and Child Health Development Research Center, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People’s Republic of China
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Wang G, Wang Y, Wang K, Zhao H, Liu M, Liang W, Li D. Perillaldehyde Functions as a Potential Antifungal Agent by Triggering Metacaspase-Independent Apoptosis in Botrytis cinerea. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0052623. [PMID: 37191530 PMCID: PMC10269628 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00526-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, is an important plant pathogen causing preharvest and postharvest diseases. Due to the extensive use of commercial fungicides, fungicide-resistant strains have emerged. Natural compounds with antifungal properties are widely present in various kinds of organisms. Perillaldehyde (PA), derived from the plant species Perilla frutescens, is generally recognized as a potent antimicrobial substance and to be safe to humans and the environment. In this study, we demonstrated that PA could significantly inhibit the mycelial growth of B. cinerea and reduced its pathogenicity on tomato leaves. We also found that PA had a significant protective effect on tomato, grape, and strawberry. The antifungal mechanism of PA was investigated by measuring the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, the intracellular Ca2+ level, the mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Further analyses revealed that PA promoted protein ubiquitination and induced autophagic activities and then triggered protein degradation. When the two metacaspase genes, BcMca1 and BcMca2, were knocked out from B. cinerea, all mutants did not exhibit reduced sensitivity to PA. These findings demonstrated that PA could induce metacaspase-independent apoptosis in B. cinerea. Based on our results, we proposed that PA could be used as an effective control agent for gray mold management. IMPORTANCE Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold disease, is considered one of the most important dangerous pathogens worldwide, and leads to severe economic losses worldwide. Due to the lack of resistant varieties of B. cinerea, gray mold control has mainly relied on application of synthetic fungicides. However, long-term and extensive use of synthetic fungicides has increased fungicide resistance in B. cinerea and is harmful to humans and the environment. In this study, we found that perillaldehyde has a significant protective effect on tomato, grape, and strawberry. We further characterized the antifungal mechanism of PA on B. cinerea. Our results indicated that PA induced apoptosis that was independent of metacaspase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanbo Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yadi Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kunchun Wang
- The Linzi Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Zibo, China
| | - Haonan Zhao
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Delong Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Santos AL, Beckham JL, Liu D, Li G, van Venrooy A, Oliver A, Tegos GP, Tour JM. Visible-Light-Activated Molecular Machines Kill Fungi by Necrosis Following Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Calcium Overload. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205781. [PMID: 36715588 PMCID: PMC10074111 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are a growing public health threat. As fungi become increasingly resistant to existing drugs, new antifungals are urgently needed. Here, it is reported that 405-nm-visible-light-activated synthetic molecular machines (MMs) eliminate planktonic and biofilm fungal populations more effectively than conventional antifungals without resistance development. Mechanism-of-action studies show that MMs bind to fungal mitochondrial phospholipids. Upon visible light activation, rapid unidirectional drilling of MMs at ≈3 million cycles per second (MHz) results in mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium overload, and ultimately necrosis. Besides their direct antifungal effect, MMs synergize with conventional antifungals by impairing the activity of energy-dependent efflux pumps. Finally, MMs potentiate standard antifungals both in vivo and in an ex vivo porcine model of onychomycosis, reducing the fungal burden associated with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Santos
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- IdISBA – Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas BalearesPalma07120Spain
| | | | - Dongdong Liu
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Gang Li
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | | | - Antonio Oliver
- IdISBA – Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas BalearesPalma07120Spain
- Servicio de MicrobiologiaHospital Universitari Son EspasesPalma07120Spain
| | - George P. Tegos
- Office of ResearchReading HospitalTower Health, 420 S. Fifth AvenueWest ReadingPA19611USA
| | - James M. Tour
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- Smalley‐Curl InstituteRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- NanoCarbon Center and the Welch Institute for Advanced MaterialsRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
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Anti-virulence activity of dihydrocuminyl aldehyde and nisin against spoilage bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa XZ01. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Wang H, Li Y, Li Z, Ma R, Bai X, Zhan X, Luo K, Su R, Li X, Xia X, Shi C. Inhibition of Cronobacter sakazakii by Litsea cubeba Essential Oil and the Antibacterial Mechanism. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233900. [PMID: 36496708 PMCID: PMC9736361 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Litsea cubeba essential oil (LC-EO) has anti-insecticidal, antioxidant, and anticancer proper-ties; however, its antimicrobial activity toward Cronobacter sakazakii has not yet been researched extensively. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of LC-EO toward C. sakazakii, along with the underlying mechanisms. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of LC-EO toward eight different C. sakazakii strains ranged from 1.5 to 4.0 μL/mL, and LC-EO exposure showed a longer lag phase and lower specific growth compared to untreated bacteria. LC-EO increased reactive oxygen species production, decreased the integrity of the cell membrane, caused cell membrane depolarization, and decreased the ATP concentration in the cell, showing that LC-EO caused cellular damage associated with membrane permeability. LC-EO induced morphological changes in the cells. LC-EO inhibited C. sakazakii in reconstituted infant milk formula at 50 °C, and showed effective inactivation of C. sakazakii biofilms on stainless steel surfaces. Confocal laser scanning and attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry indicated that the biofilms were disrupted by LC-EO. These findings suggest a potential for applying LC-EO in the prevention and control of C. sakazakii in the dairy industry as a natural antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yulu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Run Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiangyang Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiangjun Zhan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Kunyao Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ruiying Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116304, China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-87092486; Fax: +86-29-87091391
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Sasidharan S, Nishanth KS, Nair HJ. Ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia bonduc seeds triggers yeast metacaspase-dependent apoptotic pathway mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction through enhanced production of calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Candida albicans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:970688. [PMID: 36093184 PMCID: PMC9449877 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.970688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a widespread disease-causing yeast affecting humankind, which leads to urinary tract, cutaneous and various lethal systemic infections. As this infection rate steadily increases, it is becoming a significant public health problem. Recently, Caesalpinia bonduc has received much attention from researchers due to its diverse pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial effects. Accordingly, we first planned to explore the in-vitro anticandidal potential of three extracts obtained from C. bonduc seeds against four Candida species. Initially, the anticandidal activity of the seed extracts was checked by the microdilution technique. Out of three seed extracts tested, ethanolic extract of C. bonduc seed (EECS) recorded the best activity against C. albicans. Hence, we next aimed to find out the anticandidal mechanism of EECS in C. albicans. The liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that the major compounds present in the EECS were tocopherols, fucosterol, linoleic acid, β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, campesterol, cassane furanoditerpene, Norcassane furanoditerpene and other diterpenes. To evaluate the cell death mechanism in C. albicans, a series of parameters related to apoptosis, viz., reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, membrane permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation, increased Ca2+ level in cytosolic and mitochondrial and activation of metacaspase, were analyzed. The results showed that EECS treatment resulted in the elevation of ROS, which leads to plasma membrane permeability in C. albicans. Annexin V staining further confirms the early stage of apoptosis through phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization. We further inspected the late apoptotic stage using DAPI and TUNEL staining assays. From the results, it can be concluded that EECS triggered mitochondrial dysfunction by releasing high levels of ROS, cytochrome c and Ca2+resulting in the activation of metacaspase mediated apoptosis, which is the central mechanism behind the cell death of C. albicans. Finally, a Galleria mellonella-C. albicans infection system was employed to assess the in-vivo potential of EECS. The outcomes displayed that the EECS considerably enhanced the recovery rate of G. mellonella larvae from infection after the treatment. Additionally, EECS also recorded low hemolytic activity. This study thus spotlights the anticandidal potential and mechanism of action of EECS against C. albicans and thus delivers a promising treatment approach to manage C. albicans infection in the future.
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Wang H, Huang T, Liu K, Yu J, Yao G, Zhang W, Zhang H, Sun T. Protective effects of whey protein hydrolysate on Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Probio-M8 during freeze-drying and storage. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7308-7321. [PMID: 35931487 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the potential of whey protein hydrolysate as a lyoprotectant for maintaining the cell viability of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Probio-M8 during freeze-drying and subsequent storage. The moisture content and water activity of the lyophilized samples treated by different concentrations of whey protein hydrolysate were ≤5.23 ± 0.33 g/100 g and ≤0.102 ± 0.003, respectively. During storage at 25°C and 30°C, whey protein hydrolysate had a stronger protective effect on B. lactis Probio-M8 than the same concentration of whey protein. Using the Excel tool GinaFit, we estimated the microbial inactivation kinetics during storage. Whey protein hydrolysate reduced cell damage caused by an increase in temperature. Whey protein hydrolysate could protect cells by increasing the osmotic pressure as a compatible solute. Whey protein hydrolysate improved cell membrane integrity and reduced the amounts of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde produced. The findings indicated that whey protein hydrolysate was a novel antioxidant lyoprotectant that could protect probiotics during freeze-drying and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Tian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Kailong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Guoqiang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Tiansong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
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He M, Jia Y, Liu X, Peng X, Li C, Yang S, Xu Q, Lin J, Zhao G. Perillaldehyde protects against Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis by reducing fungal load and inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and LOX-1. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1366-1373. [PMID: 35759617 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2093382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to explore the antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of perillaldehyde (PAE) in Aspergillus fumigatus (A.fumigatus) keratitis and the underlying mechanism. METHODS The biofilm formation, adherence assay, propidium iodide uptake test were used to determine the possible mechanism of PAE in terms of antifungal effects in vitro. The severity of corneal infection was evaluated by clinical scores. The immunofluorescence staining was adopt to detect the number of macrophages in infected corneas. Draize test was performed to assess the ocular toxicity of PAE. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot reflected the expression of inflammatory cytokines and Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) in mice corneas and RAW264.7 cells. RESULTS PAE was able to inhibit the formation of biofilm, reduce conidial adhesion, and damage the integrity of membranes to exert antifungal activity. In C57BL/6 mice models, PAE alleviated the severity of infected corneas, reduced the recruitment of macrophages and had low ocular toxicity. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α, CCL-2 and LOX-1 could be significantly decreased by the application of PAE after A.fumigatus infection in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that PAE protected against A.fumigatus keratitis by reducing fungal load, accumulation of macrophages, and inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting He
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - You Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Liu X, Guo C, Zhuang K, Chen W, Zhang M, Dai Y, Tan L, Ran Y. A recyclable and light-triggered nanofibrous membrane against the emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010534. [PMID: 35613180 PMCID: PMC9173615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging "super fungus" Candida auris has become an important threat to human health due to its pandrug resistance and high lethality. Therefore, the development of novel antimicrobial strategy is essential. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has excellent performance in clinical applications. However, the relevant study on antifungal activity and the mechanism involved against C. auris remains scarce. Herein, a recyclable and biodegradable polylactic acid-hypocrellin A (PLA-HA) nanofibrous membrane is newly developed. In vitro PLA-HA-aPDT could significantly reduce the survival rate of C. auris plankton and its biofilms, and the fungicidal effect of the membrane is still significant after four repeated uses. Simultaneously, PLA-HA exhibits good biocompatibility and low hemolysis. In vivo experiments show that PLA-HA-aPDT can promote C. auris-infected wound healing, reduce inflammatory response, and without obvious toxic side-effects. Further results reveal that PLA-HA-aPDT could increase endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, release of cytochrome C, activation of metacaspase, and nuclear fragmentation, thereby triggering apoptosis of C. auris. Compared with HA, PLA-HA shows stronger controllability and reusability, which can greatly improve the utilization efficiency of HA alone. Taken together, the efficacy, safety and antifungal activity make PLA-HA-aPDT a highly promising antifungal candidate for skin or mucous membrane C. auris infection. It is urgent to develop new antifungal strategies to address the problem of Candida auris infection and drug resistance. Previous studies have revealed that antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) based on natural products, such as hypocrellin A (HA), is a promising method in clinical applications. However, equivalent studies of aPDT on antifungal activity and its mechanism against C. auris remain scarce. Herein, we successfully prepared a recyclable, biodegradable, and light-driven antifungal PLA-HA nanofibrous membrane through the electrospinning technique. C. auris infection has been treated by aPDT in vitro and in vivo for the first time, especially HA-mediated aPDT. In vitro and in vivo experiments have provided sufficient lines of evidence that PLA-HA is a promising antifungal material for superficial C. auris infections due to its antifungal effect and excellent biocompatibility. Notably, there still remains a very high antifungal activity after utilizing PLA-HA four times. In addition, this study clarifies that the anti-C. auris mechanism of PLA-HA, namely, PLA-HA-mediated aPDT, is attributed to the formation of intracellular ROS, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and a decline in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, releasing cytochrome C from mitochondria to the cytoplasm, promoting the activation of metacaspase, and inducing nuclear condensation and fragmentation of C. auris, thus triggering yeast cell apoptosis. This study lays a foundation for developing new antimicrobial nanofibrous dressings mediated by aPDT and provides an alternative strategy for the treatment of local fungal infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Liu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Academician Workstation of Wanqing Liao, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Guo
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhuang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Academician Workstation of Wanqing Liao, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas United States of America
| | - Muqiu Zhang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Academician Workstation of Wanqing Liao, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yalin Dai
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Tan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (LT); (YR)
| | - Yuping Ran
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Academician Workstation of Wanqing Liao, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (LT); (YR)
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The Inhibitory Activity of Citral against Malassezia furfur. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipophilic yeast Malassezia furfur, is a member of the cutaneous commensal microbiota and is associated with several chronic diseases such as dandruff, pityriasis versicolor, folliculitis, and seborrheic dermatitis, that are often difficult to treat with current therapies. The development of alternatively effective antifungal therapies is therefore of paramount importance. In this study, we investigated the treatment effect of citral on M. furfur. The minimal inhibitory concentration of citral for M. furfur was 200 μg/mL, and the minimal fungicidal concentration was 300 μg/mL. Citral significantly increased the proportion of yeast cells to mycelial forms 2.6-fold. Phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation, and metacaspase activation supported a citral-induced apoptosis in M. furfur. Moreover, citral at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations reduced the invasion of M. furfur in HaCaT keratinocytes. Finally, we demonstrated that citral inhibited IL-6 and TLR-2 expression and enhanced HBD-2 and TSLP expression in M. furfur-infected HaCaT keratinocytes. These results showed that citral has antifungal activity at high concentrations and can decrease the infection of M. furfur by modulating the keratinocyte immune responses at low concentrations. Our results suggest that citral is a potential candidate for topical therapeutic application for M. furfur-associated human skin diseases.
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Chen L, Wang F, Qu S, He X, Zhu Y, Zhou Y, Yang K, Li YX, Liu M, Peng X, Tian J. Therapeutic Potential of Perillaldehyde in Ameliorating Vulvovaginal Candidiasis by Reducing Vaginal Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020178. [PMID: 35204061 PMCID: PMC8868166 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is one of the most frequent diseases induced by Candida albicans (C. albicans) during pregnancy, which results in enormous pain to women and their partners in daily life. Perillaldehyde (PAE), a natural monoterpenoid, has significant anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effects. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key factors for the host to resist the invasion of fungi. However, excess ROS can cause additional damage independent of the pathogen itself, and the mechanism of ROS in VVC has not been investigated. In this murine study, we revealed that C. albicans infection increased the expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and the content of malonaldehyde (MDA). C. albicans inhibited the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the vagina, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and heme oxygenase (HO-1), which were returned to normal levels after treatment with PAE. Furthermore, PAE inhibited the activities of Keap1 and promoted Nrf2 transfer from cytoplasm to nucleus, which were mediated by excessive accumulation of ROS in the VVC mice. In this study, we also indicated that PAE inhibited the apoptosis of vagina cells via Caspase 9- Caspase 7-PARP pathway and prevented the release of IL-1ꞵ in VVC mice. In summary, this study revealed that the treatment of VVC in mice with PAE might be mediated by inhibition of ROS, and established the therapeutic potential of PAE as an antifungal agent for the treatment of VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Tian
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-516-83403172; Fax: +86-516-83403173
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12
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Hexanal induces early apoptosis of Aspergillus flavus conidia by disrupting mitochondrial function and expression of key genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6871-6886. [PMID: 34477940 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a notorious saprophytic fungus that compromises the quantity and quality of postharvest grains and produces carcinogenic aflatoxins. The natural compound hexanal disrupts cell membrane synthesis and mitochondrial function and induces apoptosis in A. flavus; here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. The minimum inhibition and fungicidal concentration (MIC and MFC) of hexanal against A. flavus spores were 3.2 and 9.6 μL/mL, respectively. Hexanal exposure resulted in abnormal spore morphology and early spore apoptosis. These changes were accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species production, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and DNA fragmentation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that hexanal treatment greatly altered the metabolism of A. flavus spores, including membrane permeability, mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, DNA replication, oxidative stress, and autophagy. This study provides novel insights into the mechanism underlying the antifungal activity of hexanal, suggesting that hexanal can be used an anti-A. flavus agent for agricultural applications. KEY POINTS: • Hexanal exposure resulted in abnormal spore morphology. • The apoptotic characteristics of A. flavus were induced after hexanal treatment. • Hexanal could change the expression of key A. flavus growth-related genes.
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13
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Sun FJ, Li M, Gu L, Wang ML, Yang MH. Recent progress on anti-Candida natural products. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:561-579. [PMID: 34419257 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida is an intractable life-threatening pathogen. Candida infection is extremely difficult to eradicate, and thus is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Morevover, the rapid spread of drug-resistant fungi has led to significant decreases in the therapeutic effects of clinical drugs. New anti-Candida agents are urgently needed to solve the complicated medical problem. Natural products with intricate structures have attracted great attention of researchers who make every endeavor to discover leading compounds for antifungal agents. Their novel mechanisms and diverse modes of action expand the variety of fungistatic agents and reduce the emergence of drug resistance. In recent decades, considerable effort has been devoted to finding unique antifungal agents from nature and revealing their unusual mechanisms, which results in important progress on the development of new antifungals, such as the novel cell wall inhibitors YW3548 and SCY-078 which are being tested in clinical trials. This review will present a brief summary on the landscape of anti-Candida natural products within the last decade. We will also discuss in-depth the research progress on diverse natural fungistatic agents along with their novel mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Liang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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14
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The inhibitory activity of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) on Candida albicans biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102271. [PMID: 33785444 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm-associated Candida albicans (C. albicans) infections are hard to cure due to their high levels of resistance to antifungal agents. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach for controlling infections caused by C. albicans. This study was designed to explore the inhibitory activity of PDT using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as photosensitizer against C. albicans biofilms. METHODS C. albicans cell suspensions were incubated for 48 h to form mature biofilms. ALA solution was diluted to 15 mM and incubated with C. albicans biofilms for 5 h before irradiated by red light semiconductor laser under the light intensity of 300 J/cm2 and fluence rate of 100 mW/cm2 for 50 min. The inhibitory activity was evaluated from subcellular level, molecular level and transcriptional level using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, flow cytometry analysis and quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) assays, respectively. RESULTS From subcellular level, the degraded content of the cytoplasm, nuclear condensation and mitochondrial swelling were observed after ALA-PDT. From molecular level, ALA-PDT resulted in 19.4 % cell apoptosis. From transcriptional level, ALA-PDT significantly reduced the mRNA expressions of hyphae-specific genes (HWP1 and ALS3) and long-term biofilm maintenance genes (UME6 and HGC1), whereas ALA or red light alone had no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory activity indicated that ALA-PDT may have the potential to serve as an antifungal strategy in eliminatingC. albicans biofilms.
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15
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Kim H, Lee DG. Naringin-generated ROS promotes mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in Candida albicans. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:953-967. [PMID: 33934490 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Naringin is a flavonoid which has a therapeutic effect. However, the details of its antifungal mechanism have not yet been fully elucidated. This study focused on clarifying the relationship between naringin and Candida albicans, to understand its mode of antifungal action. In general, naringin is an antioxidant, but our results indicated that 1 mM naringin generates intracellular superoxide (O2 - ) and hydroxyl radicals (OH- ). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a serious impact on Ca2+ signaling and the production of mitochondrial ROS. After exposure to enhanced O2 - and OH- , mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and mitochondrial O2 - generation were confirmed in C. albicans. It was verified that mitochondrial O2 - transforms mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) to oxidized GSH (GSSG), leading to extreme oxidative stress in mitochondria. The previously observed Ca2+ accumulation and oxidative stress resulted in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) alteration and increased mitochondrial mass. In succession, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol was detected due to MMP loss. Cytochrome c promotes the initiation of apoptosis, and further experiments were performed to assess the apoptotic hallmarks. Metacaspases activation, chromosomal condensation, DNA fragmentation, and phosphatidylserine exposure were observed, indicating that naringin induces apoptosis in C. albicans. In conclusion, our findings manifested that naringin-generated O2 - and OH- damage the mitochondria and that mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis is novel antifungal mechanism of naringin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesu Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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16
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Atriwal T, Azeem K, Husain FM, Hussain A, Khan MN, Alajmi MF, Abid M. Mechanistic Understanding of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Approaches for Its Inhibition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:638609. [PMID: 33995297 PMCID: PMC8121174 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.638609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for novel antifungal therapies has increased several- folds due to its potential to treat severe biofilm-associated infections. Biofilms are made by the sessile microorganisms attached to the abiotic or biotic surfaces, enclosed in a matrix of exopolymeric substances. This results in new phenotypic characteristics and intrinsic resistance from both host immune response and antimicrobial drugs. Candida albicans biofilm is a complex association of hyphal cells that are associated with both abiotic and animal tissues. It is an invasive fungal infection and acts as an important virulent factor. The challenges linked with biofilm-associated diseases have urged scientists to uncover the factors responsible for the formation and maturation of biofilm. Several strategies have been developed that could be adopted to eradicate biofilm-associated infections. This article presents an overview of the role of C. albicans biofilm in its pathogenicity, challenges it poses and threats associated with its formation. Further, it discusses strategies that are currently available or under development targeting prostaglandins, quorum-sensing, changing surface properties of biomedical devices, natural scaffolds, and small molecule-based chemical approaches to combat the threat of C. albicans biofilm. This review also highlights the recent developments in finding ways to increase the penetration of drugs into the extracellular matrix of biofilm using different nanomaterials against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Atriwal
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Kashish Azeem
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed Nadeem Khan
- Department of Tashreehul Badan, Faculty of Unani Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohamed F Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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17
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Chu L, Li C, Li Y, Yu Q, Yu H, Li C, Meng W, Zhu J, Wang Q, Wang C, Cui S. Perillaldehyde Inhibition of cGAS Reduces dsDNA-Induced Interferon Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:655637. [PMID: 33968056 PMCID: PMC8100446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.655637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), serving as a primary sensor of intracellular DNA, is essential to initiate anti-microbial innate immunity. Inappropriate activation of cGAS by self-DNA promotes severe autoinflammatory diseases such as Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS); thus, inhibition of cGAS may provide therapeutic benefit in anti-autoimmunity. Here we report that perillaldehyde (PAH), a natural monoterpenoid compound derived from Perilla frutescens, suppresses cytosolic-DNA-induced innate immune responses by inhibiting cGAS activity. Mice treated with PAH are more susceptible to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Moreover, administration with PAH markedly ameliorates self-DNA-induced autoinflammatory responses in a mouse model of AGS. Collectively, our study reveals that PAH can effectively inhibit cGAS-STING signaling and could be developed toward the treatment of cGAS-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuya Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huansha Yu
- Experimental Animal Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shufang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Erhunmwunsee F, Pan C, Yang K, Li Y, Liu M, Tian J. Recent development in biological activities and safety concerns of perillaldehyde from perilla plants: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6328-6340. [PMID: 33749409 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1900060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpene Perillaldehyde (PAE) is a major component of the essential oil extracted from perilla plants (Perilla frutescens), which has been used as a leafy vegetable and a medicinal agent. PAE has gained a lot of attention in recent years because of its antifungal and other microbial activities and, human health benefits. PAE has also been used as food additives, perfume ingredients, and traditional medicine concoctions. Biological analyses of PAE have revealed that it has good antioxidant activities and can serve as organic fruit and food preservative. Animal studies indicated potent anticancer, anti-depressant, and anti-inflammatory effects of PAE. Also, PAE is certified "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) and not mutagenic. However, moderation during usage is advisable, as minor adverse effects are associated with a very high dosage. Despite the newly reported findings, its properties have not been thoroughly summarized and reviewed. Also, clinical trials and official large-scale field applications of PAE in the agricultural sectors are yet to be reported. In this review, updated PAE research progress was provided, focusing on its antifungal and other antimicrobial properties and the mechanisms behind it, phytochemical profile, pharmacological effects, and safety concerns.HighlightsIsolation and recovery techniques of PAE from perilla plants have been developed and improved in recent years.PAE is a potential anti-oxidant and antifungal agent that can be widely used in the food industry.PAE can be developed into drug ingredients for pharmaceutical industries due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-depressant activities.PAE can be safely used in human when low and moderate dosage is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famous Erhunmwunsee
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Chao Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kunlong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yongxin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Man Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jun Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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19
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Juvêncio da Silva L, Dias Barroso FD, Vieira LS, Carlos Mota DR, da Silva Firmino BK, Rocha da Silva C, de Farias Cabral VP, Cândido TM, Sá LGDAV, Barbosa da Silva WM, Silva J, Marinho ES, Cavalcanti BC, de Moraes MO, Júnior HVN, de Andrade Neto JB. Diazepam's antifungal activity in fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. and biofilm inhibition in C. albicans: evaluation of the relationship with the proteins ALS3 and SAP5. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33560202 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Candida spp. has been highlighted as one of the main etiological agents causing fungal infections, with Candida albicans being the most prominent, responsible for most cases of candidemia. Due to its capacity for invasion and tissue adhesion, it is associated with the formation of biofilms, mainly in the environment and hospital devices, decreasing the effectiveness of available treatments. The repositioning of drugs, which is characterized by the use of drugs already on the market for other purposes, together with molecular-docking methods can be used aiming at the faster development of new antifungals to combat micro-organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal effect of diazepam on mature C. albicans biofilms in vitro and its action on biofilm in formation, as well as its mechanism of action and interaction with structures related to the adhesion of C. albicans, ALS3 and SAP5. To determine the MIC, the broth microdilution test was used according to protocol M27-A3 (CLSI, 2008). In vitro biofilm formation tests were performed using 96-well plates, followed by molecular-docking protocols to analyse the binding agent interaction with ALS3 and SAP5 targets. The results indicate that diazepam has antimicrobial activity against planktonic cells of Candida spp. and C. albicans biofilms, interacting with important virulence factors related to biofilm formation (ALS3 and SAP5). In addition, treatment with diazepam triggered a series of events in C. albicans cells, such as loss of membrane integrity, mitochondrial depolarization and increased production of EROs, causing DNA damage and consequent cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Juvêncio da Silva
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fátima Daiana Dias Barroso
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cecília Rocha da Silva
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vitória Pessoa de Farias Cabral
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mesquita Cândido
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gurgel do Amaral Valente Sá
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Jacilene Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Group for Theoretical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (GQTE), State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Department of Chemistry, Group for Theoretical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (GQTE), State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Bruno Coelho Cavalcanti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João Batista de Andrade Neto
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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20
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Reactive oxygen mediated apoptosis as a therapeutic approach against opportunistic Candida albicans. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 125:25-49. [PMID: 33931141 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans are polymorphic fungal species commonly occurs in a symbiotic association with the host's usual microflora. Certain specific changes in its usual microenvironment can lead to diseases ranging from external mucosal to severally lethal systemic infections like invasive candidiasis hospital-acquired fatal infection caused by different species of Candida. The patient acquired with this infection has a high mortality and morbidity rate, ranging from 40% to 60%. This is an ill-posed problem by its very nature. Hence, early diagnosis and management is a crucial part. Antifungal drug resistance against the first and second generation of antifungal drugs has made it difficult to treat such fatal diseases. After a few dormant years, recently, there has been a rapid turnover of identifying novel drugs with low toxicity to limit the problem of drug resistance. After an initial overview of related work, we examine specific prior work on how a change in oxidative stress can facilitate apoptosis in C. albicans. Subsequently, it was investigated that Candida spp. suppresses the production of ROS mediated host defense system. Here, we have reviewed possibly all the small molecule inhibitors, natural products, antimicrobial peptide, and some naturally derived semi-synthetic compounds which are known to influence oxidative stress, to generate a proper apoptotic response in C. albicans and thus might be a novel therapeutic approach to augment the current treatment options.
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21
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Fan Y, Li C, Peng X, Jiang N, Hu L, Gu L, Zhu G, Zhao G, Lin J. Perillaldehyde Ameliorates Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis by Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway and Inhibiting Dectin-1-Mediated Inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:51. [PMID: 32579678 PMCID: PMC7415897 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of perillaldehyde (PAE) on Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. Methods Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were pretreated with PAE and stimulated with A. fumigatus mycelium. C57BL/6 mice were infected with A. fumigatus and treated with or without PAE 1 day after infection. Clinical scores, PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, dendritic cell-associated c-type lectin-1 (Dectin-1), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) like 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase (HO-1). Nrf2 expression in HCECs pretreated with PAE was observed by immunofluorescence. NIMP-R14 protein expression and localization in mouse corneas were observed by immunofluorescence staining after treatment with PAE. Corneal colony counting, time-kill tests, and mycelial transformation inhibition tests were used to evaluate the antifungal effect of PAE. Results C57BL/6 mice treated with PAE at 1 day after infection had a lower clinical score and decreased IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, Dectin-1, and MPO levels. PAE treatment significantly reduced neutrophil recruitments to the corneal stroma. Compared with the DMSO-treated group, PAE treatment significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and Dectin-1 in HCECs. PAE pretreatment before A. fumigatus stimulation obviously elevated the mRNA and protein levels of components of the Nrf2/HO-1 axis. HCECs pretreated with PAE before infection showed a weakened ability to inhibit inflammation in the presence of brusatol (BT; an Nrf2 inhibitor) or ZnPP (an HO-1 inhibitor). PAE treatment significantly reduced the fungal load of C57BL/6 mouse corneas and inhibited fungal growth in vitro. Conclusions These data proved that PAE may ameliorate A. fumigatus keratitis by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and inhibiting the Dectin-1 mediated inflammatory response and neutrophil recruitment. Furthermore, PAE exerts direct fungicidal activity on A. fumigatus.
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22
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Araruna ME, Serafim C, Alves Júnior E, Hiruma-Lima C, Diniz M, Batista L. Intestinal Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Terpenes in Experimental Models (2010-2020): A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225430. [PMID: 33233487 PMCID: PMC7699610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) refer to a group of disorders characterized by inflammation in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, which mainly comprises Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBDs are characterized by inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, are highly debilitating, and are without a definitive cure. Their pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated; however, it is assumed that genetic, immunological, and environmental factors are involved. People affected by IBDs have relapses, and therapeutic regimens are not always able to keep symptoms in remission over the long term. Natural products emerge as an alternative for the development of new drugs; bioactive compounds are promising in the treatment of several disorders, among them those that affect the gastrointestinal tract, due to their wide structural diversity and biological activities. This review compiles 12 terpenes with intestinal anti-inflammatory activity evaluated in animal models and in vitro studies. The therapeutic approach to IBDs using terpenes acts basically to prevent oxidative stress, combat dysbiosis, restore intestinal permeability, and improve the inflammation process in different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elaine Araruna
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetic, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (M.E.A.); (C.S.); (E.A.J.); (M.D.)
| | - Catarina Serafim
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetic, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (M.E.A.); (C.S.); (E.A.J.); (M.D.)
| | - Edvaldo Alves Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetic, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (M.E.A.); (C.S.); (E.A.J.); (M.D.)
| | - Clelia Hiruma-Lima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil;
| | - Margareth Diniz
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetic, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (M.E.A.); (C.S.); (E.A.J.); (M.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Leônia Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetic, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (M.E.A.); (C.S.); (E.A.J.); (M.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-32167003; Fax: +55-83-32167502
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23
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Chen L, Qu S, Yang K, Liu M, Li YX, Keller NP, Zeng X, Tian J. Perillaldehyde: A promising antifungal agent to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114201. [PMID: 32822688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Perillaldehyde (PAE), a natural monoterpenoid agent extracted from Perilla frutescence, PAE has been reported to present various physiological capabilities, such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative and anti-fungal. In this study, we show that PAE exhibits strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans (C. albicans). C. albicans, a fungal pathogen with high incidence of antifungal resistance in clinical settings, is the major cause of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). OPC is characterized by inflammatory immunological responses to fungal infections. Our in vitro results show PAE inhibited several virulence attributes of C. albicans including biofilm formation, yeast-to-hyphal transition and secreted aspartic proteinases (SAPs) gene expression. Using an experimental murine model of OPC, we found that PAE inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, reduced the excessive accumulation of ROS and prevented the p65 transfer in nuclear; processes all leading to reduced inflammation burden in the host. Together, this supports use PAE as a promising new agent to improve OPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Su Qu
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kunlong Yang
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Man Liu
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518037, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Jun Tian
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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24
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Yong J, Zu R, Huang X, Ge Y, Li Y. Synergistic Effect of Berberine Hydrochloride and Fluconazole Against Candida albicans Resistant Isolates. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1498. [PMID: 32714312 PMCID: PMC7343717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of resistant Candida albicans has made clinical fluconazole (FLC) treatment difficult. Improving sensitivity to FLC is an effective way to treat resistant isolates. Berberine hydrochloride (BBH) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine with antimicrobial effects, especially in resistant isolates. We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying BBH and FLC synergism on biofilm-positive FLC-resistant C. albicans inhibition. Checkerboard microdilution assays and time-kill assays showed a strong synergistic effect between BBH and FLC in resistant C. albicans isolates, causing a significant 32–512-fold reduction in minimum inhibitory concentrations. BBH combined with FLC inhibited intracellular FLC efflux due to key efflux pump gene CDR1 downregulation, whereas FLC alone induced high CDR1 transcription in resistant strains. Further, BBH + FLC inhibited yeast adhesion, morphological hyphae transformation, and biofilm formation by downregulating the hyphal-specific genes ALS3, HWP1, and ECE1. BBH caused cytoplasmic Ca2+ influx, while FLC alone did not induce high intracellular Ca2+ levels. The vacuolar calcium channel gene YVC1 was upregulated, while the vacuolar calcium pump gene PMC1 was downregulated in the BBH + FLC and BBH alone groups. However, vacuolar calcium gene expression after FLC treatment was opposite in biofilm-positive FLC-resistant C. albicans, which might explain why BBH induces Ca2+ influx. These results demonstrate that BBH + FLC exerts synergistic effects to increase FLC sensitivity by regulating multiple targets in FLC-resistant C. albicans. These findings further show that traditional Chinese medicines have multi-target antimicrobial effects that may inhibit drug-resistant strains. This study also found that the vacuolar calcium regulation genes YVC1 and PMC1 are key BBH + FLC targets which increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ in resistant isolates, which might be critical for reversing biofilm-positive FLC-resistant C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyan Yong
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiling Zu
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxue Huang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiman Ge
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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25
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Niu C, Wang C, Yang Y, Chen R, Zhang J, Chen H, Zhuge Y, Li J, Cheng J, Xu K, Chu M, Ren C, Zhang C, Jia C. Carvacrol Induces Candida albicans Apoptosis Associated With Ca 2+/Calcineurin Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:192. [PMID: 32426298 PMCID: PMC7203418 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As the prevalence of systemic fungal infections caused by Candida albicans gradually increases, it is necessary to explore potential and effective antifungals. Carvacrol is reported to be lethally toxic to C. albicans, involving several potential mechanisms. However, the form and specific mechanism of cell death caused by this compound has not been delineated. In this study, we found that carvacrol could significantly decrease C. albicans survival rates, consistent with previous researches. Further examination proved that carvacrol treatment caused cell membrane permeability and depolarization. To elucidate the association between cell death and apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and metacaspase activation were determined; as expected, these two apoptosis-related markers were clearly observed. Moreover, total and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were elevated, and both mitochondrial transmembrane potential and morphology were disrupted. Additionally, cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium levels were also increased by carvacrol. Calcineurin inhibition experiments revealed cyclosporine A (CsA) addition notably rescued cell growth and inhibited metacaspase activation, indicating that carvacrol triggered C. albicans apoptosis through inducing calcineurin activation. Carvacrol was demonstrated to both have low toxicity and be effective in alleviating systemic infections with C. albicans, which might be via its antifungal and immunomodulation activities. This study suggests that carvacrol has excellent potential as a natural protective compound against C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Niu
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenglu Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yijia Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruiyao Chen
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingzhi Zhuge
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingqi Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Maoping Chu
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chang Jia
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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26
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Park S, Lee JY, You S, Song G, Lim W. Neurotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on human astrocytes in vitro and on glial cell development in zebrafish in vivo. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 386:121639. [PMID: 31787402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is one of the well-known mycotoxins and mainly found in contaminated animal feed and various agricultural products inducing acute and chronic toxicology, tumor, and abnormal neural development. However, the effects of aflatoxin B1 on the human brain, especially on astrocytes, have not been studied in depth. In the present study, we studied the neurotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1, in vitro and in vivo. Aflatoxin B1 decreased the proliferation and stopped cell cycle progression at the sub G0/G1 stage with an increase in BAX, BAK, and cytochrome c proteins in human astrocytes. In addition, it increased the mitochondrial depolarization, oxidative stress, and calcium influx in both the cytosol and mitochondria. Surprisingly, inhibition of calcium overload in the cytosol and mitochondria, using calcium chelators and an inhibitor, partially rescued the proliferation of aflatoxin B1-treated astrocytes. Based on the toxicity assays using zebrafish models, aflatoxin B1 decreased the embryo survival rate with physiological changes and an increase in the caspase and tp53 genes. It also decreased the expression of gfap, mbp, and olig2 in the transgenic zebrafish embryo's brain and axon. Our results revealed the specific mechanism of the neurotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on human astrocytes and zebrafish glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwoo Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Seungkwon You
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Pan C, Li YX, Yang K, Famous E, Ma Y, He X, Geng Q, Liu M, Tian J. The Molecular Mechanism of Perillaldehyde Inducing Cell Death in Aspergillus flavus by Inhibiting Energy Metabolism Revealed by Transcriptome Sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041518. [PMID: 32102190 PMCID: PMC7073185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Perillaldehyde (PAE), an essential oil in Perilla plants, serves as a safe flavor ingredient in foods, and shows an effectively antifungal activity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in Aspergillus flavus plays a critical role in initiating a metacaspase-dependent apoptosis. However, the reason for ROS accumulation in A. flavus is not yet clear. Using transcriptome sequencing of A. flavus treated with different concentrations of PAE, our data showed that the ROS accumulation might have been as a result of an inhibition of energy metabolism with less production of reducing power. By means of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, we screened four key pathways, which were divided into two distinct groups: a downregulated group that was made up of the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, and an upregulated group that consisted of MAPK signaling pathway and GSH metabolism pathway. The inhibition of dehydrogenase gene expression in two glycometabolism pathways might play a crucial role in antifungal mechanism of PAE. Also, in our present study, we systematically showed a gene interaction network of how genes of four subsets are effected by PAE stress on glycometabolism, oxidant damage repair, and cell cycle control. This research may contribute to explaining an intrinsic antifungal mechanism of PAE against A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Pan
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.P.); (Y.-X.L.); (K.Y.); (E.F.)
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.P.); (Y.-X.L.); (K.Y.); (E.F.)
| | - Kunlong Yang
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.P.); (Y.-X.L.); (K.Y.); (E.F.)
| | - Erhunmwunsee Famous
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.P.); (Y.-X.L.); (K.Y.); (E.F.)
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.P.); (Y.-X.L.); (K.Y.); (E.F.)
| | - Xiaona He
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.P.); (Y.-X.L.); (K.Y.); (E.F.)
| | - Qingru Geng
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.P.); (Y.-X.L.); (K.Y.); (E.F.)
| | - Man Liu
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.P.); (Y.-X.L.); (K.Y.); (E.F.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.T.); Tel.: +86-516-83403172 (J.T.)
| | - Jun Tian
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.P.); (Y.-X.L.); (K.Y.); (E.F.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing100048, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.T.); Tel.: +86-516-83403172 (J.T.)
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28
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de Andrade Neto JB, da Silva CR, Barroso FD, do Amaral Valente Sá LG, de Sousa Campos R, S Aires do Nascimento FB, Sampaio LS, da Silva AR, da Silva LJ, de Sá Carneiro I, Queiroz HA, de Mesquita JRL, Cavalcanti BC, de Moraes MO, Nobre Júnior HV. Synergistic effects of ketamine and azole derivatives on Candida spp. resistance to fluconazole. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:177-188. [PMID: 32077323 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Candida spp. with resistance to antifungal molecules, mainly the azole class, is an increasing complication in hospitals around the globe. Aim: In the present research, we evaluated the synergistic effects of ketamine with two azole derivatives, itraconazole and fluconazole, on strains of Candida spp. to fluconazole. Materials & methods: The drug synergy was evaluated by quantifying the fractional inhibitory concentration index and by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry techniques. Results: Our achievements showed a synergistic effect between ketamine in addition to the two antifungal agents (fluconazole and itraconazole) against planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida spp. Conclusion: This combination promoted alteration of membrane integrity, generation of reactive oxygen species, damage to and DNA and externalization of phosphatidylserine.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Batista de Andrade Neto
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, 60160-230, Brazil
| | - Cecília Rocha da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Fátima Daiana Barroso
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gurgel do Amaral Valente Sá
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Rosana de Sousa Campos
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, 60160-230, Brazil
| | - Francisca Bruna S Aires do Nascimento
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Letícia Serpa Sampaio
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ramos da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Lisandra Juvêncio da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Igor de Sá Carneiro
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | - Helaine Almeida Queiroz
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Coelho Cavalcanti
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-1160, Brazil
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29
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Qu S, Yang K, Chen L, Liu M, Geng Q, He X, Li Y, Liu Y, Tian J. Cinnamaldehyde, a Promising Natural Preservative Against Aspergillus flavus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2895. [PMID: 31921070 PMCID: PMC6930169 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of food spoilage due to Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) needs to be resolved. In this study, we found that the minimum inhibitory concentration of cinnamaldehyde (CA) that inhibited A. flavus was 0.065 mg/ml and that corn can be prevented from spoiling at a concentration of 0.13 mg/cm3. In addition to inhibiting spore germination, mycelial growth, and biomass production, CA can also reduce ergosterol synthesis and can cause cytomembrane damage. Our intention was to elucidate the antifungal mechanism of CA. Flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and western blot were used to reveal that different concentrations of CA can cause a series of apoptotic events in A. flavus, including elevated Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ m ), the release of cytochrome c, the activation of metacaspase, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, and DNA damage. Moreover, CA significantly increased the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (Mst3, Stm1, AMID, Yca1, DAP3, and HtrA2). In summary, our results indicate that CA is a promising antifungal agent for use in food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Qu
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kunlong Yang
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Man Liu
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingru Geng
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaona He
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yongguo Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Tian
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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30
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Hameed S, Hans S, Singh S, Fatima Z. Harnessing Metal Homeostasis Offers Novel and Promising Targets Against Candida albicans. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2019; 17:415-429. [PMID: 30827249 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190227231437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections, particularly of Candida species, which are the commensal organisms of human, are one of the major debilitating diseases in immunocompromised patients. The limited number of antifungal drugs available to treat Candida infections, with the concomitant increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, further worsens the therapeutic options. Thus, there is an urgent need for the better understanding of MDR mechanisms, and their reversal, by employing new strategies to increase the efficacy and safety profiles of currently used therapies against the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Micronutrient availability during C. albicans infection is regarded as a critical factor that influences the progression and magnitude of the disease. Intracellular pathogens colonize a variety of anatomical locations that are likely to be scarce in micronutrients, as a defense strategy adopted by the host, known as nutritional immunity. Indispensable critical micronutrients are required both by the host and by C. albicans, especially as a cofactor in important metabolic functions. Since these micronutrients are not freely available, C. albicans need to exploit host reservoirs to adapt within the host for survival. The ability of pathogenic organisms, including C. albicans, to sense and adapt to limited micronutrients in the hostile environment is essential for survival and confers the basis of its success as a pathogen. This review describes that micronutrients availability to C. albicans is a key attribute that may be exploited when one considers designing strategies aimed at disrupting MDR in this pathogenic fungi. Here, we discuss recent advances that have been made in our understanding of fungal micronutrient acquisition and explore the probable pathways that may be utilized as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Sandeep Hans
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
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31
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Lee W, Woo ER, Lee DG. Effect of apigenin isolated from Aster yomena against Candida albicans: apigenin-triggered apoptotic pathway regulated by mitochondrial calcium signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 231:19-28. [PMID: 30408533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aster yomena, a perennial herb that grows mainly in South Korea, has been employed in the traditional temple food for antibiotic efficacy. Recently, it was reported that apigenin isolated from A. yomena has a physical antifungal mechanism targeting membrane against Candida albicans. AIM OF THE STUDY Our study aimed to investigate the biochemical responses underlying the antifungal activity of apigenin isolated from A. yomena due to lack studies reporting the investigation of intracellular responses of apigenin in C. albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Apigenin was isolated from the aerial parts of A. yomena. To evaluate apigenin-induced inhibitory effects and membrane damages, the measurement of the cell viability assay and the flux of cytosolic components were performed with at various concentrations. Intracellular external potassium and calcium levels were assayed by an ion-selective electrode meter, Fura2-AM and Rhod2-AM, respectively. Mitochondrial dysfunctions were analyzed by using JC-1, Mitotracker Green FM, and MitoSOX Red dye. H2DCFDA, glutathione, and MDA assay were used to detect oxidative damage. Also, flow cytometry was carried out to detect apoptotic hallmarks using Annexin V-PI, TUNEL, and FITC-VAD-FMK staining. Tetraethylammoniumchloride (TEA), Ruthenium red (RR), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were used as a potassium channel blocker, mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, respectively. RESULTS We confirmed that there was no decrease of cell survival percentages in crude extracts of A. yomena treatment, however, only isolated apigenin has the antifungal effect in C. albicans. Apigenin triggered a dose-dependent mitochondrial calcium uptake followed by mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of the membrane potential and an increase in the mitochondrial mass and ROS. Apigenin also induced intracellular redox imbalance as indicated by the ROS accumulation, glutathione oxidation, and lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, NAC failed the restore the mitochondrial calcium levels and thus alleviate the mitochondrial damages, however, RR reduced the apigenin-induced redox imbalance. Furthermore, apigenin induced apoptosis activation marked by the phosphatidylserine exposure, DNA fragmentation, and caspase activation. The pro-apoptotic effect of apigenin was counteracted by RR and NAC pretreatment. In particular, RR significantly reduced the pro-apoptotic responses. CONCLUSIONS Apigenin isolated from A. yomena induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway, and mitochondrial calcium signaling is main factor in its pathway in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjong Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Rhan Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 375 Seosukdong, Donggu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Lopez-Moya F, Suarez-Fernandez M, Lopez-Llorca LV. Molecular Mechanisms of Chitosan Interactions with Fungi and Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E332. [PMID: 30650540 PMCID: PMC6359256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a versatile compound with multiple biotechnological applications. This polymer inhibits clinically important human fungal pathogens under the same carbon and nitrogen status as in blood. Chitosan permeabilises their high-fluidity plasma membrane and increases production of intracellular oxygen species (ROS). Conversely, chitosan is compatible with mammalian cell lines as well as with biocontrol fungi (BCF). BCF resistant to chitosan have low-fluidity membranes and high glucan/chitin ratios in their cell walls. Recent studies illustrate molecular and physiological basis of chitosan-root interactions. Chitosan induces auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis roots. This polymer causes overexpression of tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway. It also blocks auxin translocation in roots. Chitosan is a plant defense modulator. Endophytes and fungal pathogens evade plant immunity converting chitin into chitosan. LysM effectors shield chitin and protect fungal cell walls from plant chitinases. These enzymes together with fungal chitin deacetylases, chitosanases and effectors play determinant roles during fungal colonization of plants. This review describes chitosan mode of action (cell and gene targets) in fungi and plants. This knowledge will help to develop chitosan for agrobiotechnological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Jia C, Zhang J, Yu L, Wang C, Yang Y, Rong X, Xu K, Chu M. Antifungal Activity of Coumarin Against Candida albicans Is Related to Apoptosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 8:445. [PMID: 30662877 PMCID: PMC6328497 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone), an aromatic oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound, has various biological functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that coumarin and its derivatives exhibit antifungal activity against Candida albicans. In this study, we investigated the exact mechanism by which coumarin works against this fungus using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, TUNEL assay, and DAPI staining, and found that it induced a series of apoptotic features, including phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, DNA fragmentation, and nuclear condensation. Moreover, it also induced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm and metacaspase activation. Further study revealed that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were increased and mitochondrial functions, such as mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial morphology, were altered after treatment with coumarin. Cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels were also found to be elevated. However, pretreatment with ruthenium red (RR), a known mitochondrial Ca2+ channel inhibitor, attenuated coumarin-mediated DNA fragmentation and metacaspase activity, indicating that the coumarin-induced C. albicans apoptosis is associated with mitochondrial Ca2+ influx. Finally, coumarin was found to be low-toxic and effective in prolonging the survival of C. albicans-infected mice. This study highlights the antifungal activity and mechanism of coumarin against C. albicans and provides a potential treatment strategy for C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Jia
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenglu Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yijia Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xing Rong
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Maoping Chu
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Potential targets for the development of new antifungal drugs. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2018; 71:978-991. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-018-0100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhang M, Liu M, Pan S, Pan C, Li Y, Tian J. Perillaldehyde Controls Postharvest Black Rot Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in Sweet Potatoes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1102. [PMID: 29887857 PMCID: PMC5981177 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Black rot caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata is the most damaging postharvest disease among sweet potatoes. Black rot can be controlled by synthetic fungicides, but these synthetic fungicides also have several negative effects. Perillaldehyde (PAE), a major component of the herb perilla, is an effective and eco-friendly method of controlling this disease. The antifungal activity of PAE on the mycelial growth in C. fimbriata was evaluated in vitro. Sweet potatoes at the postharvest stage were surfaced-disinfected with 75% ethanol. Artificially created wounds were inoculated with a C. fimbriata cell suspension, and then, the PAE was spontaneously volatilized inside the residual airspace of the containers at 28°C. Samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 days from each group, and the tissues around the wounds of the sweet potatoes were collected using a sterilized knife and then homogenized to determine their defense-related enzyme activity and quality parameters. In vitro assays showed that the mycelial growth of C. fimbriata was inhibited by PAE in a dose-dependent manner. An in vivo test demonstrated that 25, 50, and 100 μl/l PAE doses, when applied to sweet potatoes inoculated with C. fimbriata, could remarkable lower lesion diameter as compared to the control. Even though the storage time was prolonged, PAE vapor treatment still drastically inhibited sweet potato decay during storage at 28°C. These PAE vapor treatments also enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). These treatments remarkably decreased weight loss rates and had minor effects on other fruit quality parameters, such as anthocyanin content and vitamin C content. In our study, the results suggested that the effects of PAE on postharvest sweet potatoes may be attributed to the maintenance of enzymatic activity and fruit quality. In sum, PAE may be a promising approach to controlling C. fimbriata in sweet potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Man Liu
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shenyuan Pan
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chao Pan
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jun Tian
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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Regulated Cell Death as a Therapeutic Target for Novel Antifungal Peptides and Biologics. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5473817. [PMID: 29854086 PMCID: PMC5944218 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5473817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rise of microbial pathogens refractory to conventional antibiotics represents one of the most urgent and global public health concerns for the 21st century. Emergence of Candida auris isolates and the persistence of invasive mold infections that resist existing treatment and cause severe illness has underscored the threat of drug-resistant fungal infections. To meet these growing challenges, mechanistically novel agents and strategies are needed that surpass the conventional fungistatic or fungicidal drug actions. Host defense peptides have long been misunderstood as indiscriminant membrane detergents. However, evidence gathered over the past decade clearly points to their sophisticated and selective mechanisms of action, including exploiting regulated cell death pathways of their target pathogens. Such peptides perturb transmembrane potential and mitochondrial energetics, inducing phosphatidylserine accessibility and metacaspase activation in fungi. These mechanisms are often multimodal, affording target pathogens fewer resistance options as compared to traditional small molecule drugs. Here, recent advances in the field are examined regarding regulated cell death subroutines as potential therapeutic targets for innovative anti-infective peptides against pathogenic fungi. Furthering knowledge of protective host defense peptide interactions with target pathogens is key to advancing and applying novel prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures to fungal resistance and pathogenesis.
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Lee W, Lee DG. Potential role of potassium and chloride channels in regulation of silymarin-induced apoptosis in Candida albicans. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:197-206. [PMID: 29356280 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin, which is derived from the seeds of Silybum marianum, has been widely used to prevent and treat liver diseases. In our previous study, we reported that at concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), silymarin exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans by targeting its plasma membrane. However, the antifungal mechanism at concentration below the MIC remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the underlying mechanism of antifungal effects of silymarin at concentration below the MIC. To evaluate the inhibitory effects on the ion channels, C. albicans cells were separately pretreated with potassium and chloride channel blockers. The antifungal activity of silymarin at sub-MIC was affected by the ion channel blockers. Potassium channel blockade inhibited the antifungal effects, whereas chloride channel blockade slightly enhanced these effects. Subsequently, we found that silymarin induced disturbances in calcium homeostasis via the cytosolic and mitochondrial accumulation of calcium. Furthermore, apoptotic responses, such as phosphatidylserine exposure, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), DNA damage, and caspase activation were induced in response to silymarin treatment. The increases in intracellular calcium level and pro-apoptotic changes were prevented when potassium ion channels were blocked. In contrast, these changes were enhanced upon chloride channels blockade; however, this did not affect the intracellular calcium levels and MMP loss. Thus, we showed that silymarin treatment at concentration below the MIC induced apoptosis in C. albicans; additionally, ion channels contributed these effects. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(3):197-206, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjong Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Reactive oxygen species-independent apoptotic pathway by gold nanoparticles in Candida albicans. Microbiol Res 2018; 207:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lee W, Lee DG. A novel mechanism of fluconazole: fungicidal activity through dose-dependent apoptotic responses in Candida albicans. Microbiology (Reading) 2018; 164:194-204. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wonjong Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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Lazić J, Ajdačić V, Vojnovic S, Zlatović M, Pekmezovic M, Mogavero S, Opsenica I, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Bis-guanylhydrazones as efficient anti-Candida compounds through DNA interaction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1889-1901. [PMID: 29330691 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida spp. are leading causes of opportunistic mycoses, including life-threatening hospital-borne infections, and novel antifungals, preferably aiming targets that have not been used before, are constantly needed. Hydrazone- and guanidine-containing molecules have shown a wide range of biological activities, including recently described excellent antifungal properties. In this study, four bis-guanylhydrazone derivatives (BG1-4) were generated following a previously developed synthetic route. Anti-Candida (two C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis) minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of bis-guanylhydrazones were between 2 and 15.6 μg/mL. They were also effective against preformed 48-h-old C. albicans biofilms. In vitro DNA interaction, circular dichroism, and molecular docking analysis showed the great ability of these compounds to bind fungal DNA. Competition with DNA-binding stain, exposure of phosphatidylserine at the outer layer of the cytoplasmic membrane, and activation of metacaspases were shown for BG3. This pro-apoptotic effect of BG3 was only partially due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in C. albicans, as only twofold MIC and higher concentrations of BG3 caused depolarization of mitochondrial membrane which was accompanied by the decrease of the activity of fungal mitochondrial dehydrogenases, while the activity of oxidative stress response enzymes glutathione reductase and catalase was not significantly affected. BG3 showed synergistic activity with amphotericin B with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5. It also exerted low cytotoxicity and the ability to inhibit epithelial cell (TR146) invasion and damage by virulent C. albicans SC5314. With further developments, BG3 may further progress in the antifungal pipeline as a DNA-targeting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lazić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, Belgrade, 11158, Serbia.,Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ajdačić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, Belgrade, 11158, Serbia
| | - Sandra Vojnovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Mario Zlatović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, Belgrade, 11158, Serbia
| | - Marina Pekmezovic
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Selene Mogavero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Igor Opsenica
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, Belgrade, 11158, Serbia.
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
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Lee W, Lee DG. Reactive oxygen species modulate itraconazole-induced apoptosis via mitochondrial disruption in Candida albicans. Free Radic Res 2017; 52:39-50. [PMID: 29157011 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1407412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Itraconazole (ITC), a well-known fungistatic agent, has potent fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. However, its mechanism of fungicidal activity has not been elucidated yet, and we aimed to identify the mechanism of ITC against C. albicans. ITC caused cell shrinkage via potassium leakage through the ion channel. Since shrunken cells could indicate apoptosis, we investigated apoptotic features. Annexin V-FITC and TUNEL assays indicated that fungicidal activity of ITC was involved in apoptosis. Subsequently, we confirmed an intracellular factor that could cause apoptosis. ITC treatment caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. To confirm whether ROS is related with ITC-triggered cell death, cell viability was examined using the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). NAC pretreatment recovered ITC-induced cell death, indicating that antifungal activity of ITC is associated with ROS, which is also confirmed by impaired glutathione-related antioxidant system and oxidized intracellular lipids. Moreover, ITC-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, in turn, triggered cytochrome c release and metacaspase activation, leading to apoptosis. Unlike the only ITC-treatment group, cells with NAC pretreatment did not show significant damage to mitochondria, and attenuated apoptotic features. Therefore, our results suggest that ITC induces apoptosis as fungicidal mechanism, and intracellular ROS is major factor to trigger the apoptosis by ITC in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjong Lee
- a School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- a School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
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Effects of Disruption of PMC1 in the tfp1∆/∆ Mutant on Calcium Homeostasis, Oxidative and Osmotic Stress Resistance in Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 2017; 183:315-327. [PMID: 29086141 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is essential for many cell processes. Our previous study has demonstrated that Tfp1 is a putative subunit of V-ATPase, loss of which causes disorders in calcium homeostasis and decreased resistance to oxidative stress. In this study, we found that further deletion of PMC1, a vacuolar calcium pump, in tfp1∆/∆ mutant led to more severe dysregulation of calcium homeostasis. Besides, the tfp1∆/∆pmc1∆/∆ mutant was more sensitive to H2O2 and had a higher ROS level. As is known, V-ATPase mutants are sensitive to NaCl, and PMC1 mutant is resistant against NaCl. However, the tfp1∆/∆pmc1∆/∆ mutant exhibited sensitivity to NaCl. Mechanism study demonstrated that their sensitivity was associated with reduced osmotic resistance caused by relatively low expression of GPD1. In addition, we first found that NaCl addition significantly declined ROS levels in tfp1∆/∆ and tfp1∆/∆pmc1∆/∆ mutants. In tfp1∆/∆ mutant, decreased ROS levels were relevant to enhanced antioxidant activities. However, in tfp1∆/∆pmc1∆/∆ mutant, reduced ROS resulted from decreased total calcium content, revealing that NaCl affected ROS levels in the two mutants through different mechanisms. Taken together, our data indicated that loss of both TFP1 and PMC1 further affected calcium homeostasis and other cellular processes in Candida albicans and provides a potential antifungal target.
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