1
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Kaushal M, Upton DJ, Gupta JK, Wood AJ, Srivastava S. Reconstruction of a genome-scale metabolic model and in-silico flux analysis of Aspergillus tubingensis: a non-mycotoxinogenic citric acid-producing fungus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:70. [PMID: 38807234 PMCID: PMC11134751 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus tubingensis is a citric acid-producing fungus that can utilize sugars in hydrolysate of lignocellulosic biomass such as sugarcane bagasse and, unlike A. niger, does not produce mycotoxins. To date, no attempt has been made to model its metabolism at genome scale. RESULTS Here, we utilized the whole-genome sequence (34.96 Mb length) and the measured biomass composition to reconstruct a genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM) of A. tubingensis DJU120 strain. The model, named iMK1652, consists of 1652 genes, 1657 metabolites and 2039 reactions distributed over four cellular compartments. The model has been extensively curated manually. This included removal of dead-end metabolites and generic reactions, addition of secondary metabolite pathways and several transporters. Several mycotoxin synthesis pathways were either absent or incomplete in the genome, providing a genomic basis for the non-toxinogenic nature of this species. The model was further refined based on the experimental phenotypic microarray (Biolog) data. The model closely captured DJU120 fermentative data on glucose, xylose, and phosphate consumption, as well as citric acid and biomass production, showing its applicability to capture citric acid fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate. CONCLUSIONS The model offers a framework to conduct metabolic systems biology investigations and can act as a scaffold for integrative modelling of A. tubingensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Kaushal
- Systems Biology for Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Perfect Day India Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | - Daniel J Upton
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jai K Gupta
- Systems Biology for Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- JKG: Zero Cow Factory, Surat, India
| | - A Jamie Wood
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Shireesh Srivastava
- Systems Biology for Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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2
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Hibbard T, McLellan RM, Stevenson LJ, Richardson AT, Nicholson MJ, Parker EJ. Functional Crosstalk between Discrete Indole Terpenoid Gene Clusters in Tolypocladium album. Org Lett 2023; 25:7470-7475. [PMID: 37797949 PMCID: PMC10595974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Indole terpenoids make up a large group of secondary metabolites that display an enticing array of bioactivities. While indole diterpene (IDT) and rarely indole sesquiterpene (IST) pathways have been found individually in filamentous fungi, here we show that both cluster types are encoded within the genome of Tolypocladium album. Through heterologous reconstruction, we demonstrate the SES cluster encodes for IST biosynthesis and can tailor IDT substrates produced by the TER cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor
R. Hibbard
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Rose M. McLellan
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Luke J. Stevenson
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Alistair T. Richardson
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J. Nicholson
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Wellington
UniVentures, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Emily J. Parker
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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3
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Dai Y, Xie XL, Dai HF, Li SM. Formation of Fungal 2,18-Dioxo-2,18- seco Indole Diterpenes by Nonenzymatic Flavin-Catalyzed Oxidative Ring Expansion and Oxygen Incorporation from Solvent Water. Org Lett 2023; 25:4092-4097. [PMID: 37249271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Most naturally occurring indole diterpenes share a 6/5/5/6/6/6 hexacyclic ring system, while a 6/8/6/6/6 pentacyclic skeleton is occasionally observed. In this study, we demonstrate the formation of an eight-membered C-N heteroring via nonenzymatic flavin-catalyzed oxidative indole ring opening. More interestingly, 18O-labeled experiments proved that the two incorporated oxygen atoms are predominantly originated from water instead of molecular oxygen. In this process, the oxidized form of flavin catalyzes two successive oxidations of amines to imines with involvement of hydrolysis for the ring expansion. The reduced flavin is then regenerated by oxidation with molecular oxygen to form H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dai
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiu-Lan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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4
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Secondary metabolites isolated from Penicillium expansum and their chemotaxonomic value. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2023.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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5
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Bundela R, Cameron RC, Singh AJ, McLellan RM, Richardson AT, Berry D, Nicholson MJ, Parker EJ. Generation of Alternate Indole Diterpene Architectures in Two Species of Aspergilli. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2754-2758. [PMID: 36710518 PMCID: PMC9913125 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The significant structural diversity and potent bioactivity of the fungal indole diterpenes (IDTs) has attracted considerable interest in their biosynthesis. Although substantial skeletal diversity is generated by the action of noncanonical terpene cyclases, comparatively little is known about these enzymes, particularly those involved in the generation of the subgroup containing emindole SA and DA, which show alternate terpenoid skeletons. Here, we describe the IDT biosynthetic machinery generating these unusual IDT architectures from Aspergillus striatus and Aspergillus desertorum. The function of four putative cyclases was interrogated via heterologous expression. Two specific cyclases were identified that catalyze the formation of epimers emindole SA and DA from A. striatus and A. desertorum, respectively. These cyclases are both clustered along with all the elements required for basic IDT biosynthesis yet catalyze an unusual Markovnikov-like cyclization cascade with alternate stereochemical control. Their identification reveals that these alternate architectures are not generated by mechanistically sloppy or promiscuous enzymes, but by cyclases capable of delivering precise regio- and stereospecificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudranuj Bundela
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Rosannah C. Cameron
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - A. Jonathan Singh
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Rose M. McLellan
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Alistair T. Richardson
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Berry
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J. Nicholson
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Emily J. Parker
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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6
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Niu J, Qi J, Wang P, Liu C, Gao JM. The chemical structures and biological activities of indole diterpenoids. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:3. [PMID: 36595079 PMCID: PMC9810782 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Indole diterpenoids (IDTs) are an essential class of structurally diverse fungal secondary metabolites, that generally appear to be restricted to a limited number of fungi, such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Epichloe species, etc. These compounds share a typical core structure consisting of a cyclic diterpene skeleton of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) and an indole ring moiety derived from indole-3-glycerol phosphate (IGP). 3-geranylgeranylindole (3-GGI) is the common precursor of all IDTs. On this basis, it is modified by cyclization, oxidation, and prenylation to generate a large class of compounds with complex structures. These compounds exhibit antibacterial, anti-insect, and ion channel inhibitory activities. We summarized 204 compounds of IDTs discovered from various fungi over the past 50 years, these compounds were reclassified, and their biological activities were summarized. This review will help to understand the structural diversity of IDTs and provide help for their physiological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Niu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengchao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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7
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Lin W, Li H, Wu Z, Su J, Zhang Z, Yang L, Deng X, Xu Q. Paspalines C-D and Paxillines B-D: New Indole Diterpenoids from Penicillium brefeldianum WZW-F-69. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:684. [PMID: 36355007 PMCID: PMC9697303 DOI: 10.3390/md20110684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Five new indole diterpenoids named paspaline C-D (1-2) and paxilline B-D (3-5), as well as eleven known analogues (6-16), were identified from fungus Penicillium brefeldianum strain WZW-F-69, which was isolated from an abalone aquaculture base in Fujian province, China. Their structures were elucidated mainly through 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra analysis and ECD comparison. Compound 1 has a 6/5/5/6/6/8 hexacyclic ring system bearing 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxocane, which is rare in natural products. Compound 2 has an unusual open F-ring structure. The cytotoxic activities against 10 cancer cell lines and antimicrobial activities against model bacteria and fungi of all compounds were assayed. No compound showed antimicrobial activity, but at a concentration of 1 μM, compounds 1 and 6 exhibited the highest inhibition rates of 71.2% and 83.4% against JeKo-1 cells and U2OS cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (Z.W.); (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.D.)
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hanpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (Z.W.); (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.D.)
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhiwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (Z.W.); (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.D.)
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jingyi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (Z.W.); (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.D.)
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (Z.W.); (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.D.)
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (Z.W.); (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.D.)
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (Z.W.); (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.D.)
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qingyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.L.); (H.L.); (Z.W.); (J.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.D.)
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Targeted Drugs from Natural Products, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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8
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Hou Y, Chen M, Sun Z, Ma G, Chen D, Wu H, Yang J, Li Y, Xu X. The Biosynthesis Related Enzyme, Structure Diversity and Bioactivity Abundance of Indole-Diterpenes: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:6870. [PMID: 36296463 PMCID: PMC9611320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole diterpenes are a large class of secondary metabolites produced by fungi, possessing a cyclic diterpenoid backbone and an indole moiety. Novel structures and important biological activity have made indole diterpenes one of the focuses of synthetic chemists. Although the discovery, identification, structural diversity, biological activity and especially structure-activity relationship of indole diterpenes have been reported in some papers in recent years, they are absent of a systematic and comprehensive analysis, and there is no elucidation of enzymes related to this kind of natural product. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the relevant reports to provide new perspectives for the following research. In this review, for the first time, the function of related synthases and the structure-activity relationship of indole diterpenes are expounded, and the recent research advances of them are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meiying Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaocui Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Miller TA, Hudson DA, Johnson RD, Singh JS, Mace WJ, Forester NT, Maclean PH, Voisey CR, Johnson LJ. Dissection of the epoxyjanthitrem pathway in Epichloë sp. LpTG-3 strain AR37 by CRISPR gene editing. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:944234. [PMID: 37746172 PMCID: PMC10512260 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.944234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë festucae var. lolii and Epichloë sp. LpTG-3 are filamentous fungal endophytes of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) that have a substantial impact on New Zealand's agricultural economy by conferring biotic advantages to the host grass. Overall, Epichloë endophytes contribute NZ$200 million to the economy annually, with strain AR37 estimated to contribute NZ$3.6 billion to the New Zealand economy over a 20-year period. This strain produces secondary metabolites, including epoxyjanthitrems, which are a class of indole diterpenes, associated with the observed effects of AR37 on livestock and insect pests. Until very recently, AR37 was intractable to genetic modification but this has changed with the application of CRISPR-Cas9 based gene editing techniques. In this paper, gene inactivation by CRISPR-Cas9 was used to deconvolute the genetic basis for epoxyjanthitrem biosynthesis, including creating an AR37 strain that has been edited to remove the biosynthesis of all indole diterpenes. We show that gene editing of Epichloë can be achieved without off-target events or introduction of foreign DNA (footprint-less) through an AMA1-based plasmid that simultaneously expresses the CRISPR-Cas9 system and selectable marker. Genetic modification events in these transformants were investigated through genome sequencing and in planta chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linda J. Johnson
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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10
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Schatz DJ, Kuenstner EJ, George DT, Pronin SV. Synthesis of rearranged indole diterpenes of the paxilline type. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:946-968. [PMID: 34931646 PMCID: PMC10122275 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00062d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2021Rearranged indole diterpenes of the paxilline type comprise a large group of fungal metabolites that possess diverse structural features and potentially useful biological effects. The unique indoloterpenoid motif, which is common to all congeners, was first confirmed by crystallographic studies of paxilline. This family of natural products has fascinated organic chemists for the past four decades and has inspired numerous syntheses and synthetic approaches. The present review highlights efforts that have laid the foundation and introduced new directions to this field of natural product synthesis. The introduction includes a summary of biosynthetic considerations and biological activities, the main body of the manuscript provides a detailed discussion of selected syntheses, and the review concludes with a brief outlook on the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon J Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Eric J Kuenstner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA.
| | - David T George
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Sergey V Pronin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA.
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11
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Koksharov SA, Aleeva SV, Lepilova OV. Kinetics of the Sorption of Theophylline in Pectin Hydrogels with Different Structural Properties. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602442204015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Koksharov SA, Aleeva SV, Lepilova OV. The Influence of the Structure of Pectin Substances of Flax Fodder Supplements on Absorption Binding of Azaheterocyclic Mycotoxins. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221130399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Development and application of a competitive enzyme immunoassay for the detection of penitrem A in fungal mycelium: Evidence for frequent occurrence of multiple indole-containing mycotoxins in mouldy foods. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Guo L, Xu Z, Tong R. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Indole Diterpenes Paspalicine, Paspalinine, and Paspalinine‐13‐ene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lian‐Dong Guo
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clearwater Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Zejun Xu
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clearwater Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clearwater Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Hong Kong Branch of the Guangdong Southern Marine Science and Engineering Laboratory (Guangzhou) The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clearwater Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
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15
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Guo LD, Xu Z, Tong R. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Indole Diterpenes Paspalicine, Paspalinine, and Paspalinine-13-ene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115384. [PMID: 34784090 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Paspaline-derived indole diterpenes (IDTs) are structurally complex mycotoxins with unique tremorgenic activity. Reported are asymmetric total syntheses of three paspaline-derived IDTs paspalicine, paspalinine and paspalinine-13-ene. Our synthesis features a green Achmatowicz rearrangement/bicycloketalization for the efficient construction of FG rings (75 % yield) and a cascade ring-closing metathesis of dienyne for highly regioselective formation of CD rings (72 % yield). Other highlights include four palladium-mediated reactions (Stille, aza-Wacker, Suzuki, and Heck) to forge the BE rings and the installation of two continuous all-carbon quaternary stereocenters via reductive ring-opening of cyclopropane and α-methylation of the conjugate ester. Our new synthetic strategy is expected to be applicable to the chemical synthesis of other paspaline-derived IDTs and will facilitate the bioactivity studies of these agriculturally and pharmacologically important IDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Dong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zejun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Branch of the Guangdong Southern Marine Science and Engineering Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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16
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Navale V, Vamkudoth KR, Ajmera S, Dhuri V. Aspergillus derived mycotoxins in food and the environment: Prevalence, detection, and toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1008-1030. [PMID: 34408970 PMCID: PMC8363598 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species are the paramount ubiquitous fungi that contaminate various food substrates and produce biochemicals known as mycotoxins. Aflatoxins (AFTs), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), citrinin (CIT), aflatrem (AT), secalonic acids (SA), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), terrein (TR), sterigmatocystin (ST) and gliotoxin (GT), and other toxins produced by species of Aspergillus plays a major role in food and human health. Mycotoxins exhibited wide range of toxicity to the humans and animal models even at nanomolar (nM) concentration. Consumption of detrimental mycotoxins adulterated foodstuffs affects human and animal health even trace amounts. Bioaerosols consisting of spores and hyphal fragments are active elicitors of bronchial irritation and allergy, and challenging to the public health. Aspergillus is the furthermost predominant environmental contaminant unswervingly defile lives with a 40-90 % mortality risk in patients with conceded immunity. Genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics approaches useful for mycotoxins' detection which are expensive. Antibody based detection of toxins chemotypes may result in cross-reactivity and uncertainty. Aptamers (APT) are single stranded DNA (ssDNA/RNA), are specifically binds to the target molecules can be generated by systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment (SELEX). APT are fast, sensitive, simple, in-expensive, and field-deployable rapid point of care (POC) detection of toxins, and a better alternative to antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwambar Navale
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Vamkudoth
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vaibhavi Dhuri
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
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17
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Qusa MH, Abdelwahed KS, Meyer SA, El Sayed KA. Olive Oil Lignan (+)-Acetoxypinoresinol Peripheral Motor and Neuronal Protection against the Tremorgenic Mycotoxin Penitrem A Toxicity via STAT1 Pathway. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3575-3589. [PMID: 32991800 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Penitrem A, PA, is an indole diterpene alkaloid produced by several fungal species. PA acts as a selective Ca2+-dependent K-channels (Maxi-K, BK) antagonist in brain, causing motor system dysfunctions including tremors and seizures. However, its molecular mechanism at the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is still ambiguous. The Mediterranean diet key ingredient extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) provides a variety of minor bioactive phenolics. (+)-Pinoresinol (PN) and (+)-1-acetoxypinoresinol (AC) are naturally occurring lignans in EVOO with diverse biological activities. AC exclusively occurs in EVOO, unlike PN, which occurs in several plants. Results suggest that PA neurotoxicity molecular mechanism is mediated, in part, through distortion of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. PA selectively activated the STAT1 pathway, independently of the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) pathway, in vitro in Schwann cells and in vivo in Swiss albino mice sciatic nerves. Preliminary in vitro screening of an EVOO phenolic compounds library for the ability to reverse PA toxicity on Schwann cells revealed PN and AC as potential hits. In a Swiss albino mouse model, AC significantly minimized the fatality after intraperitoneal administration of PA fatal doses and normalized most biochemical factors by modulating the STAT1 expression. The olive lignan AC is a novel lead that can prevent the neurotoxicity of food-contaminating tremorgenic indole alkaloid mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H. Qusa
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Khaldoun S. Abdelwahed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Sharon A. Meyer
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Khalid A. El Sayed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
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18
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Uka V, Cary JW, Lebar MD, Puel O, De Saeger S, Diana Di Mavungu J. Chemical repertoire and biosynthetic machinery of the Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolome: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2797-2842. [PMID: 33337039 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi represent a rich source of extrolites, including secondary metabolites (SMs) comprising a great variety of astonishing structures and interesting bioactivities. State-of-the-art techniques in genome mining, genetic manipulation, and secondary metabolomics have enabled the scientific community to better elucidate and more deeply appreciate the genetic and biosynthetic chemical arsenal of these microorganisms. Aspergillus flavus is best known as a contaminant of food and feed commodities and a producer of the carcinogenic family of SMs, aflatoxins. This fungus produces many SMs including polyketides, ribosomal and nonribosomal peptides, terpenoids, and other hybrid molecules. This review will discuss the chemical diversity, biosynthetic pathways, and biological/ecological role of A. flavus SMs, as well as their significance concerning food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdet Uka
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Jeffrey W Cary
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Matthew D Lebar
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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19
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In Vitro Toxicokinetics and Phase I Biotransformation of the Mycotoxin Penitrem A in Dogs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050293. [PMID: 32375391 PMCID: PMC7290812 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The tremorgenic mycotoxin penitrem A is produced by Penicillium species as a secondary metabolite on moldy food and feed. Dogs are sometimes exposed to penitrem A by consumption of spoiled food waste or fallen fruit. The lipophilic toxin crosses the blood-brain barrier and targets neuroreceptors and neurotransmitter release mechanisms in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Typical symptoms of penitrem A intoxication are periodical or continuous tremors, which can be passing, persistent or lethal, depending on the absorbed dose. There is presently no information on the biotransformation and toxicokinetics of penitrem A in dogs. The aim of the present study was therefore to identify potential metabolites of the toxin by performing in vitro biotransformation assays in dog liver microsomes. Analyses by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry led to the provisional identification of eleven penitrem A phase I metabolites, which were tentatively characterized as various oxidation products. Furthermore, elimination parameters determined in in vitro assays run under linear kinetics were used for in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation of the toxicokinetic data, predicting a maximal bioavailability of more than 50%. The metabolite profile detected in the in vitro assays was similar to that observed in the plasma of an intoxicated dog, confirming the predictive capability of the in vitro approach.
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20
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Functional characterization of the idtF and idtP genes in the Claviceps paspali indole diterpene biosynthetic gene cluster. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:605-613. [PMID: 32077051 PMCID: PMC7244603 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Claviceps paspali is used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of ergot alkaloids. This fungus also biosynthesizes paspalitrems, indole diterpene (IDT) mycotoxins that cause significant economic losses in agriculture and represent safety concerns for ergot alkaloid manufacture. Here, we use Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to replace the idtP and the idtF genes in the IDT biosynthetic gene cluster of C. paspali with a selectable marker gene. We show that the ΔidtP knockout mutant produces paspaline, the first IDT intermediate of the pathway. The ΔidtF strain produces unprenylated IDTs such as paspalinine and paspaline. These experiments validate the function of idtP as the gene encoding the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that oxidizes and demethylates paspaline to produce 13-desoxypaxilline, and that of idtF as the gene that encodes the α-prenyltransferase that prenylates paspalinine at the C20 or the C21 positions to yield paspalitrems A and C, respectively. In addition, we also show that axenic cultures of the wild type, the ΔidtP and the ΔidtF mutant C. paspali strains fail to produce an assembly of IDTs that are present in C. paspali–Paspalum spp. associations.
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21
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Oberti H, Dalla Rizza M, Reyno R, Murchio S, Altier N, Abreo E. Diversity of Claviceps paspali reveals unknown lineages and unique alkaloid genotypes. Mycologia 2020; 112:230-243. [PMID: 31910144 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1694827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Claviceps species affecting Paspalum spp. are a serious problem, as they infect forage grasses such as Paspalum dilatatum and P. plicatulum, producing the ergot disease. The ascomycete C. paspali is known to be the pathogen responsible for this disease in both grasses. This fungus produces alkaloids, including ergot alkaloids and indole-diterpenes, that have potent neurotropic activities in mammals. A total of 32 isolates from Uruguay were obtained from infected P. dilatatum and P. plicatulum. Isolates were phylogenetically identified using partial sequences of the genes coding for the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase subunit II (RPB2), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1), β-tubulin (TUB2), and the nuc rDNA 28S subunit (28S). Isolates were also genotyped by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and presence of genes within the ergot alkaloid (EAS) and indole-diterpene (IDT) biosynthetic gene clusters. This study represents the first genetic characterization of several isolates of C. paspali. The results from this study provide insight into the genetic and genotypic diversity of Claviceps paspali present in P. dilatatum and suggest that isolates from P. plicatulum could be considered an ecological subspecies or specialized variant of C. paspali. Some of these isolates show hypothetical alkaloid genotypes never reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oberti
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Las Brujas, Uruguay
| | - M Dalla Rizza
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Las Brujas, Uruguay
| | - R Reyno
- Programa Nacional de Forraje y Pasturas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria Tacuarembó, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - S Murchio
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Las Brujas, Uruguay
| | - N Altier
- Laboratorio de Bioproducción, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Las Brujas, Uruguay
| | - E Abreo
- Laboratorio de Bioproducción, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Las Brujas, Uruguay
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22
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Ludlow EJ, Vassiliadis S, Ekanayake PN, Hettiarachchige IK, Reddy P, Sawbridge TI, Rochfort SJ, Spangenberg GC, Guthridge KM. Analysis of the Indole Diterpene Gene Cluster for Biosynthesis of the Epoxy-Janthitrems in Epichloë Endophytes. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110560. [PMID: 31766147 PMCID: PMC6921081 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy-janthitrems are a class of indole diterpenes with structural similarity to lolitrem B. Two taxa of asexual Epichloë endophytes have been reported to produce epoxy-janthitrems, LpTG-3 (Lolium perenne Taxonomic Group 3; e.g., NEA12) and LpTG-4 (e.g., E1). Epichloë epoxy-janthitrems are not well understood, the biosynthetic pathway and associated gene complement have not been described and while the literature suggests they are associated with superior protection against pasture insect pests and are tremorgenic in grazing mammals, these properties have not been confirmed using isolated and purified compounds. Whole genome sequence analysis was used to identify candidate genes for epoxy-janthitrem biosynthesis that are unique to epoxy-janthitrem producing strains of Epichloë. A gene, jtmD, was identified with homology to aromatic prenyl transferases involved in synthesis of indole diterpenes. The location of the epoxy-janthitrem biosynthesis gene cluster (JTM locus) was determined in the assembled nuclear genomes of NEA12 and E1. The JTM locus contains cluster 1 and cluster 2 of the lolitrem B biosynthesis gene cluster (LTM locus), as well as four genes jtmD, jtmO, jtm01, and jtm02 that are unique to Epichloë spp. that produce epoxy-janthitrems. Expression of each of the genes identified was confirmed using transcriptome analysis of perennial ryegrass-NEA12 and perennial ryegrass-E1 symbiota. Sequence analysis confirmed the genes are functionally similar to those involved in biosynthesis of related indole diterpene compounds. RNAi silencing of jtmD and in planta assessment in host-endophyte associations confirms the role of jtmD in epoxy-janthitrem production. Using LCMS/MS technologies, a biosynthetic pathway for the production of epoxy-janthitrems I-IV in Epichloë endophytes is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Ludlow
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Simone Vassiliadis
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Piyumi N. Ekanayake
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Inoka K. Hettiarachchige
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Priyanka Reddy
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Tim I. Sawbridge
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Kathryn M. Guthridge
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Siokas V, Dardiotis E, Tsatsakis A, Bowman AB, da Rocha JBT, Aschner M. Brain diseases in changing climate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108637. [PMID: 31416010 PMCID: PMC6717544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is one of the biggest and most urgent challenges for the 21st century. Rising average temperatures and ocean levels, altered precipitation patterns and increased occurrence of extreme weather events affect not only the global landscape and ecosystem, but also human health. Multiple environmental factors influence the onset and severity of human diseases and changing climate may have a great impact on these factors. Climate shifts disrupt the quantity and quality of water, increase environmental pollution, change the distribution of pathogens and severely impacts food production - all of which are important regarding public health. This paper focuses on brain health and provides an overview of climate change impacts on risk factors specific to brain diseases and disorders. We also discuss emerging hazards in brain health due to mitigation and adaptation strategies in response to climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Trace Element Institute for UNESCO, Lyon, France
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - João B T da Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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24
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Tremorgenic Mycotoxins: Structure Diversity and Biological Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050302. [PMID: 31137882 PMCID: PMC6563255 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole-diterpenes are an important class of chemical compounds which can be unique to different fungal species. The highly complex lolitrem compounds are confined to Epichloë species, whilst penitrem production is confined to Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. These fungal species are often present in association with pasture grasses, and the indole-diterpenes produced may cause toxicity in grazing animals. In this review, we highlight the unique structural variations of indole-diterpenes that are characterised into subgroups, including paspaline, paxilline, shearinines, paspalitrems, terpendoles, penitrems, lolitrems, janthitrems, and sulpinines. A detailed description of the unique biological activities has been documented where even structurally related compounds have displayed unique biological activities. Indole-diterpene production has been reported in two classes of ascomycete fungi, namely Eurotiomycetes (e.g., Aspergillus and Penicillium) and Sordariomycetes (e.g., Claviceps and Epichloë). These compounds all have a common structural core comprised of a cyclic diterpene skeleton derived from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) and an indole moiety derived from tryptophan. Structure diversity is generated from the enzymatic conversion of different sites on the basic indole-diterpene structure. This review highlights the wide-ranging biological versatility presented by the indole-diterpene group of compounds and their role in an agricultural and pharmaceutical setting.
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