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Kaksonen AH, Janneck E. Biological Iron Removal and Recovery from Water and Wastewater. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38951134 DOI: 10.1007/10_2024_255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Iron is a common contaminant in source water and wastewater. The mining and metallurgical industries in particular can produce and discharge large quantities of wastewater with high iron concentrations. Due to the harmful effects of iron on organisms and infrastructure, efficient technologies for iron removal from water and wastewater are needed. On the other hand, iron is a valuable commodity for a wide range of applications. Microorganisms can facilitate iron removal and recovery through aerobic and anaerobic processes. The most commonly utilized microbes include iron oxidizers that facilitate iron precipitation as jarosites, schwertmannite, ferrihydrite, goethite, and scorodite, and sulfate reducers which produce hydrogen sulfide that precipitates iron as sulfides. Biological iron removal has been explored in various suspended cell and biofilm-based bioreactors that can be configured in parallel or series and integrated with precipitation and settling units for an effective flow sheet. This chapter reviews principles for biological iron removal and recovery, the microorganisms involved, reactor types, patents and examples of laboratory- and pilot-scale studies, and full-scale implementations of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Henriikka Kaksonen
- Commonwealth Scientific and industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Environment, Floreat, WA, Australia.
- Western Australian School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
- School of Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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Wang X, Jiang H, Zheng G, Liang J, Zhou L. Recovering iron and sulfate in the form of mineral from acid mine drainage by a bacteria-driven cyclic biomineralization system. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127567. [PMID: 32755692 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is recognized as a challenge encountered by mining industries globally. Cyclic mineralization method, namely Fe2+ oxidation/mineralization-residual Fe3+ reduction-resultant Fe2+ oxidation/mineralization, could precipitate Fe and SO42- present in AMD into iron hydroxysulfate minerals and greatly improve the efficiency of subsequent lime neutralization, but the current Fe0-mediated reduction approach increased the mineralization cycles. This study constructed a bacteria-driven biomineralization system based on the reactions of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans-mediated Fe2+ oxidation and Acidiphilium multivorum-controlled Fe3+ reduction, and utilized water-dropping aeration and biofilm technology to satisfy the requirement of practical application. The resultant biofilms showed stable activity for Fe conversion: the efficiency of Fe2+-oxidation, Fe-precipitation, and Fe3+-reduction maintained at 98%, 32%, and 87%, respectively. Dissolved oxygen for Fe-oxidizing bacteria growth was continuously replenished by water-dropping aeration (4.2-7.2 mg/L), and the added organic carbon was mainly metabolized by Fe-reducing bacteria. About 89% Fe and 60% SO42- were precipitated into jarosite mineral after five biomineralization cycles. Fe was removed via forming secondary mineral precipitates, while SO42- was coprecipitated into mineral within the initial three biomineralization cycles, and then mainly precipitated with Ca2+ afterwards. Fe concentration in AMD was proven to directly correlate with subsequent lime neutralization efficiency. Biomineralization for five cycles drastically reduced the amount of required lime and neutralized sludge by 75% and 77%, respectively. The results in this study provided theoretical guidance for practical AMD treatment based on biomineralization technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Hekai Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Guanyu Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jianru Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Sheng Y, Kaley B, Bibby K, Grettenberger C, Macalady JL, Wang G, Burgos WD. Bioreactors for low-pH iron(ii) oxidation remove considerable amounts of total iron. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03717a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rates of Fe(ii) oxidation in chemostatic bioreactors can be predicted based only on the influent Fe(ii) concentration and pH value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Sheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
- School of Water Resources and Environment
| | - Bradley Kaley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | | | | | - Guangcai Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environment
- China University of Geosciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - William D. Burgos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
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Sheng Y, Bibby K, Grettenberger C, Kaley B, Macalady JL, Wang G, Burgos WD. Geochemical and Temporal Influences on the Enrichment of Acidophilic Iron-Oxidizing Bacterial Communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3611-3621. [PMID: 27084004 PMCID: PMC4959181 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00917-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Two acid mine drainage (AMD) sites in the Appalachian bituminous coal basin were selected to enrich for Fe(II)-oxidizing microbes and measure rates of low-pH Fe(II) oxidation in chemostatic bioreactors. Microbial communities were enriched for 74 to 128 days in fed-batch mode, then switched to flowthrough mode (additional 52 to 138 d) to measure rates of Fe(II) oxidation as a function of pH (2.1 to 4.2) and influent Fe(II) concentration (80 to 2,400 mg/liter). Biofilm samples were collected throughout these operations, and the microbial community structure was analyzed to evaluate impacts of geochemistry and incubation time. Alpha diversity decreased as the pH decreased and as the Fe(II) concentration increased, coincident with conditions that attained the highest rates of Fe(II) oxidation. The distribution of the seven most abundant bacterial genera could be explained by a combination of pH and Fe(II) concentration. Acidithiobacillus, Ferrovum, Gallionella, Leptospirillum, Ferrimicrobium, Acidiphilium, and Acidocella were all found to be restricted within specific bounds of pH and Fe(II) concentration. Temporal distance, defined as the cumulative number of pore volumes from the start of flowthrough mode, appeared to be as important as geochemical conditions in controlling microbial community structure. Both alpha and beta diversities of microbial communities were significantly correlated to temporal distance in the flowthrough experiments. Even after long-term operation under nearly identical geochemical conditions, microbial communities enriched from the different sites remained distinct. While these microbial communities were enriched from sites that displayed markedly different field rates of Fe(II) oxidation, rates of Fe(II) oxidation measured in laboratory bioreactors were essentially the same. These results suggest that the performance of suspended-growth bioreactors for AMD treatment may not be strongly dependent on the inoculum used for reactor startup. IMPORTANCE This study showed that different microbial communities enriched from two sites maintained distinct microbial community traits inherited from their respective seed materials. Long-term operation (up to 128 days of fed-batch enrichment followed by up to 138 days of flowthrough experiments) of these two systems did not lead to the same, or even more similar, microbial communities. However, these bioreactors did oxidize Fe(II) and remove total iron [Fe(T)] at very similar rates. These results suggest that the performance of suspended-growth bioreactors for AMD treatment may not be strongly dependent on the inoculum used for reactor startup. This would be advantageous, because system performance should be well constrained and predictable for many different sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Sheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christen Grettenberger
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bradley Kaley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer L Macalady
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guangcai Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - William D Burgos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Zhu N, Shi C, Shang R, Yang C, Xu Z, Wu P. Immobilization of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans on cotton gauze for biological oxidation of ferrous ions in a batch bioreactor. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 64:727-734. [PMID: 26621070 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans to oxidize ferrous iron has been extensively studied in bioleaching to recover metal resources. Although immobilization of A. ferrooxidans is of great importance to achieve high bioleaching performance in practical application, the reported approaches of immobilization of A. ferrooxidans are still limited. This paper is attempting to develop a novel method to immobilize A. ferrooxidans by a less-costly effective carrier from zeolite, activated carbon, and cotton gauze. The results showed that cotton gauze was the most suitable carrier to immobilize A. ferrooxidans cells in comparison with zeolite and activated carbon. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans immobilized on the cotton gauze by gravity dehydration could achieve an average ferrous iron oxidation rate of 0.73 g/(L·h). Furthermore, the ferrous iron oxidation ratio attained in the bioreactor under batch operation was maintained above 97.83%. All results indicated that cotton gauze could be an efficient carrier for immobilizing A. ferrooxidans cells for the biooxidation of ferrous ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengwu Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaohong Shi
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Shang
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Yang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingxiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Recent Developments in Microbiological Approaches for Securing Mine Wastes and for Recovering Metals from Mine Waters. MINERALS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/min4020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang YJ, Li HY, Hu HF, Li DP, Yang YJ, Liu C. Using biochemical system to improve cinnabar dissolution. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 132:1-4. [PMID: 23384822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the leaching of cinnabar, a chemobiological reactor system with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans for cinnabar dissolution was investigated. The results demonstrated cinnabar dissolution had relation to bioprocess of A. ferrooxidans and iron concentration tightly. The optimal dilution rate and iron concentration were 0.4/h and 2-3 g/L in chemobiological reactor. The process may be contributed to the indirect catalyzing of ferric iron generated with A. ferrooxidans and direct adherence oxidation function. This research shows the new microbiological technique may be a feasible and economical method in application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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Klein R, Tischler JS, Mühling M, Schlömann M. Bioremediation of mine water. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 141:109-72. [PMID: 24357145 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Caused by the oxidative dissolution of sulfide minerals, mine waters are often acidic and contaminated with high concentrations of sulfates, metals, and metalloids. Because the so-called acid mine drainage (AMD) affects the environment or poses severe problems for later use, treatment of these waters is required. Therefore, various remediation strategies have been developed to remove soluble metals and sulfates through immobilization using physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Conventionally, iron and sulfate-the main pollutants in mine waters-are removed by addition of neutralization reagents and subsequent chemical iron oxidation and sulfate mineral precipitation. Biological treatment strategies take advantage of the ability of microorganisms that occur in mine waters to metabolize iron and sulfate. As a rule, these can be grouped into oxidative and reductive processes, reflecting the redox state of mobilized iron (reduced form) and sulfur (oxidized form) in AMD. Changing the redox states of iron and sulfur results in iron and sulfur compounds with low solubility, thus leading to their precipitation and removal. Various techniques have been developed to enhance the efficacy of these microbial processes, as outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Klein
- Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
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N'Guessan AL, Moon HS, Peacock AD, Tan H, Sinha M, Long PE, Jaffé PR. Postbiostimulation microbial community structure changes that control the reoxidation of uranium. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 74:184-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Comparison of ferric iron generation by different species of acidophilic bacteria immobilized in packed-bed reactors. Syst Appl Microbiol 2008; 31:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yujian W, Xiaojuan Y, Wei T, Hongyu L. High-rate ferrous iron oxidation by immobilized Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans with complex of PVA and sodium alginate. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 68:212-7. [PMID: 16979768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
By four different methods, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cells were immobilized by the complex of PVA and sodium alginate. The beads formed by these different methods were evaluated in terms of relative mechanical strength, biological activity, dilatability, and so on. The results indicate that the technique utilizing the complex of PVA and sodium alginate crosslinked with Ca(NO(3))(2) is more appropriate for the immobilization of A. ferrooxidans than any others. So the PVA-calcium nitrate beads were used in batch and continuous culture. A maximum ferrous iron oxidation rate of 4.6 g/l/h was achieved in batch culture. Long-time performance of packed-bed bioreactor was evaluated systematically over 40 days, depending on the conversion ratio of ferrous iron and the residence time. At a residence time of 2.5 h, 96% of the initial ferrous iron was oxidized. This study shows this new immobilization technique will be a feasible and economical method for A. ferrooxidans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yujian
- College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Yujian W, Xiaojuan Y, Hongyu L, Wei T. Immobilization of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans with complex of PVA and sodium alginate. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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