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Sadri M, Heidari S, Faridzadeh A, Roozbehani M, Toosi S, Mahmoudian RA, Hoseinzadeh A, Salmani Fard MT, Arab FL, Fard SR, Faraji F. Potential applications of macrophages in cancer immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117161. [PMID: 39047419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has improved cancer treatment based on investigations of tumor immune escape. Manipulation of the immune system stimulates antitumor immune responses and blocks tumor immune escape routes. Genetically adoptive cell therapy, such as T cells, has yielded promising results for hematologic malignancies, but their application to solid tumors has been challenging. Macrophages have a wide broad of capabilities in regulating immune responses, homeostasis, and tissue development, as well as the ability to phagocyte, present antigens, and infiltrate the tumor microenvironment (TME). Given the importance of macrophages in cancer development, they could serve as novel tool for tumor treatment. Therefore, macrophages are used in different formats for direct and indirect targeting of tumor cells. This review summarized the available data on the various applications of macrophages in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sadri
- Department of Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sahel Heidari
- Department of Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arezoo Faridzadeh
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 1313199137, Iran.
| | - Mona Roozbehani
- Vaccine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shirin Toosi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad 1313199137, Iran.
| | | | - Akram Hoseinzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513119111, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taha Salmani Fard
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Faculty of Sciences, Enqelab Square, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Lavi Arab
- Immunology Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 1313199137, Iran.
| | - Soheil Rahmani Fard
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infection Diseases Iran University of Medical Sciences, Floor 3, Building no. 3, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Niyayesh St, Sattar Khan St, P.O. Box: 1445613131, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Faraji
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infection Diseases Iran University of Medical Sciences, Floor 3, Building no. 3, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Niyayesh St, Sattar Khan St, P.O. Box: 1445613131, Tehran, Iran.
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Lu J, Ma Y, Li Q, Xu Y, Xue Y, Xu S. CAR Macrophages: a promising novel immunotherapy for solid tumors and beyond. Biomark Res 2024; 12:86. [PMID: 39175095 PMCID: PMC11342599 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
With the advent of adoptive cellular therapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has gained widespread application in cancer treatment and has demonstrated significant efficacy against certain hematologic malignancies. However, due to the limitations of CAR-T cell therapy in treating solid tumors, other immune cells are being modified with CAR to address this issue. Macrophages have emerged as a promising option, owing to their extensive immune functions, which include antigen presentation, powerful tumor phagocytosis, and particularly active trafficking to the tumor microenvironment. Leveraging their unique advantages, CAR-macrophages (CAR-M) are expected to enhance the effectiveness of solid tumor treatments as a novel form of immunotherapy, potentially overcoming major challenges associated with CAR-T/NK therapy. This review outlines the primary mechanism underlying CAR-M and recent progressions in CAR-M therapy, while also discussing their further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Lu
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qiuxin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yihuan Xu
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yiquan Xue
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Sheng Xu
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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3
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Yang Q, Hu S, Wang Y, Zhong L, Yu X, Zhang Y, Du X, Wang S, Tian Q. Engineering M1 macrophages with targeting aptamers for enhanced adoptive immunotherapy by modifying the cell surface. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117064. [PMID: 38964179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a critical role in the body's defense against cancer by phagocytosing tumor cells, presenting antigens, and activating adaptive T cells. However, macrophages are intrinsically incapable of delivering targeted cancer immunotherapies. Engineered adoptive cell therapy introduces new targeting and antitumor capabilities by modifying macrophages to enhance the innate immune response of cells and improve clinical efficacy. In this study, we developed engineered macrophage cholesterol-AS1411-M1 (CAM1) for cellular immunotherapy. To target macrophages, cholesterol-AS1411 aptamers were anchored to the surface of M1 macrophages to produce CAM1 without genetic modification or cell damage. CAM1 induced significantly higher apoptosis/mortality than unmodified M1 macrophages in murine breast cancer cells. Anchoring AS1411 on the surface of macrophages provided a novel approach to construct engineered macrophages for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Shiyi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yiqiu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Luyi Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Xiao Du
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Shuling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Qingchang Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
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Dong J, Chai X, Xue Y, Shen S, Chen Z, Wang Z, Yinwang E, Wang S, Chen L, Wu F, Li H, Chen Z, Xu J, Ye Z, Li X, Lu Q. ZIF-8-Encapsulated Pexidartinib Delivery via Targeted Peptide-Modified M1 Macrophages Attenuates MDSC-Mediated Immunosuppression in Osteosarcoma. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309038. [PMID: 38456768 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, the effectiveness of this therapy is limited by its intricate and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this study, a targeted therapeutic strategy for macrophage loading of drugs is presented to enhance anti-tumor efficacy of macrophages. K7M2-target peptide (KTP) is used to modify macrophages to enhance their affinity for tumors. Pexidartinib-loaded ZIF-8 nanoparticles (P@ZIF-8) are loaded into macrophages to synergistically alleviate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment synergistically. Thus, the M1 macrophages decorated with KTP carried P@ZIF-8 and are named P@ZIF/M1-KTP. The tumor volumes in the P@ZIF/M1-KTP group are significantly smaller than those in the other groups, indicating that P@ZIF/M1-KTP exhibited enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Mechanistically, an increased ratio of CD4+ T cells and a decreased ratio of MDSCs in the tumor tissues after treatment with P@ZIF/M1-KTP indicated that it can alleviate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. RNA-seq further confirms the enhanced immune cell function. Consequently, P@ZIF/M1-KTP has great potential as a novel adoptive cellular therapeutic strategy for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Dong
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Xupeng Chai
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Yucheng Xue
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Shiyun Shen
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Zetao Wang
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Eloy Yinwang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Fengfeng Wu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Hengyuan Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Zehao Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Xiongfeng Li
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
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Kuznetsova AV, Glukhova XA, Popova OP, Beletsky IP, Ivanov AA. Contemporary Approaches to Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2270. [PMID: 38927974 PMCID: PMC11201544 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the arrival of the immunotherapy industry has introduced the possibility of providing transformative, durable, and potentially curative outcomes for various forms of malignancies. However, further research has shown that there are a number of issues that significantly reduce the effectiveness of immunotherapy, especially in solid tumors. First of all, these problems are related to the protective mechanisms of the tumor and its microenvironment. Currently, major efforts are focused on overcoming protective mechanisms by using different adoptive cell therapy variants and modifications of genetically engineered constructs. In addition, a complex workforce is required to develop and implement these treatments. To overcome these significant challenges, innovative strategies and approaches are necessary to engineer more powerful variations of immunotherapy with improved antitumor activity and decreased toxicity. In this review, we discuss recent innovations in immunotherapy aimed at improving clinical efficacy in solid tumors, as well as strategies to overcome the limitations of various immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla V. Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Russian University of Medicine (Formerly A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Bld 4, Dolgorukovskaya Str, 1127006 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.K.); (O.P.P.)
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xenia A. Glukhova
- Onni Biotechnologies Ltd., Aalto University Campus, Metallimiehenkuja 10, 02150 Espoo, Finland; (X.A.G.); (I.P.B.)
| | - Olga P. Popova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Russian University of Medicine (Formerly A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Bld 4, Dolgorukovskaya Str, 1127006 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.K.); (O.P.P.)
| | - Igor P. Beletsky
- Onni Biotechnologies Ltd., Aalto University Campus, Metallimiehenkuja 10, 02150 Espoo, Finland; (X.A.G.); (I.P.B.)
| | - Alexey A. Ivanov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Russian University of Medicine (Formerly A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Bld 4, Dolgorukovskaya Str, 1127006 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.K.); (O.P.P.)
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Suryavanshi P, Bodas D. Knockout cancer by nano-delivered immunotherapy using perfusion-aided scaffold-based tumor-on-a-chip. Nanotheranostics 2024; 8:380-400. [PMID: 38751938 PMCID: PMC11093718 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.87818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial disease produced by mutations in the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, which result in uncontrolled cell proliferation and resistance to cell death. Cancer progresses due to the escape of altered cells from immune monitoring, which is facilitated by the tumor's mutual interaction with its microenvironment. Understanding the mechanisms involved in immune surveillance evasion and the significance of the tumor microenvironment might thus aid in developing improved therapies. Although in vivo models are commonly utilized, they could be better for time, cost, and ethical concerns. As a result, it is critical to replicate an in vivo model and recreate the cellular and tissue-level functionalities. A 3D cell culture, which gives a 3D architecture similar to that found in vivo, is an appropriate model. Furthermore, numerous cell types can be cocultured, establishing cellular interactions between TME and tumor cells. Moreover, microfluidics perfusion can provide precision flow rates, thus simulating tissue/organ function. Immunotherapy can be used with the perfused 3D cell culture technique to help develop successful therapeutics. Immunotherapy employing nano delivery can target the spot and silence the responsible genes, ensuring treatment effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This study focuses on the importance of 3D cell culture in understanding the pathophysiology of 3D tumors and TME, the function of TME in drug resistance, tumor progression, and the development of advanced anticancer therapies for high-throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Suryavanshi
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004 India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 007 India
| | - Dhananjay Bodas
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004 India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 007 India
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Lee S, Kim TD. Breakthroughs in Cancer Immunotherapy: An Overview of T Cell, NK Cell, Mφ, and DC-Based Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17634. [PMID: 38139461 PMCID: PMC10744055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to treat cancer using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy have made astonishing progress and clinical trials against hematopoietic malignancies have demonstrated their use. However, there are still disadvantages which need to be addressed: high costs, and side effects such as Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD) and Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS). Therefore, recent efforts have been made to harness the properties of certain immune cells to treat cancer-not just T cells, but also natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages (Mφ), dendritic cells (DC), etc. In this paper, we will introduce immune cell-based cellular therapies that use various immune cells and describe their characteristics and their clinical situation. The development of immune cell-based cancer therapy fully utilizing the unique advantages of each and every immune cell is expected to enhance the survival of tumor patients owing to their high efficiency and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea;
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea;
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Snyder CM, Gill SI. Good CARMA: Turning bad tumor-resident myeloid cells good with chimeric antigen receptor macrophages. Immunol Rev 2023; 320:236-249. [PMID: 37295964 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In religious philosophy, the concept of karma represents the effect of one's past and present actions on one's future. Macrophages are highly plastic cells with myriad roles in health and disease. In the setting of cancer, macrophages are among the most plentiful members of the immune microenvironment where they generally support tumor growth and restrain antitumor immunity. However, macrophages are not necessarily born bad. Macrophages or their immediate progenitors, monocytes, are induced to traffic to the tumor microenvironment (TME) and during this process they are polarized toward a tumor-promoting phenotype. Efforts to deplete or repolarize tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) for therapeutic benefit in cancer have to date disappointed. By contrast, genetic engineering of macrophages followed by their transit into the TME may allow these impressionable cells to mend their ways. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in the genetic engineering of macrophages for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Snyder
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Saar I Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Dong X, Fan J, Xie W, Wu X, Wei J, He Z, Wang W, Wang X, Shen P, Bei Y. Efficacy evaluation of chimeric antigen receptor-modified human peritoneal macrophages in the treatment of gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:551-562. [PMID: 37386139 PMCID: PMC10403530 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers. Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) appears to be the most common pattern of recurrence, and more than half of the GC patients eventually die from PC. Novel strategies for the management of patients with PC are urgently needed. Recently, rapid progress has been made in adoptive transfer therapy by using macrophages as the effector cells due to their capabilities of phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and high penetration. Here, we generated a novel macrophage-based therapy and investigated anti-tumoral effects on GC and potential toxicity. METHODS We developed a novel Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Macrophage (CAR-M) based on genetically modifying human peritoneal macrophages (PMs), expressing a HER2-FcεR1γ-CAR (HF-CAR). We tested HF-CAR macrophages in a variety of GC models in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS HF-CAR-PMs specifically targeted HER2-expressed GC, and harboured the FcεR1γ moieties to trigger engulfment. Intraperitoneal administration of HF-CAR-PMs significantly facilitated the HER2-positive tumour regression in PC mouse model and prolonged the overall survival rate. In addition, the combined use of oxaliplatin and HF-CAR-PMs exhibited significantly augment anti-tumour activity and survival benefit. CONCLUSIONS HF-CAR-PMs could represent an exciting therapeutic option for patients with HER2-positive GC cancer, which should be tested in carefully designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Dong
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiqiang Fan
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangxu Xie
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhonglei He
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xueting Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingping Shen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yuncheng Bei
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China.
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Zhang H, Liu L, Liu J, Dang P, Hu S, Yuan W, Sun Z, Liu Y, Wang C. Roles of tumor-associated macrophages in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for solid cancers. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:58. [PMID: 36941614 PMCID: PMC10029244 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has made significant progress. However, tumor immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors), benefits only a tiny proportion of patients in solid cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME) acts a significant role in tumor immunotherapy. Studies reported that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), as one of the main components of TME, seriously affected the therapeutic effect of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. In this review, we analyzed TAMs from epigenetic and single-cell perspectives and introduced the role and mechanisms of TAMs in anti-programmed death protein 1(anti-PD-1) therapy. In addition, we summarized combination regimens that enhance the efficacy of tumor PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and elaborated on the role of the TAMs in different solid cancers. Eventually, the clinical value of TAMs by influencing the therapeutic effect of tumor PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors was discussed. These above are beneficial to elucidate poor therapeutic effect of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in solid tumors from the point of view of TAMs and explore the strategies to improve its objective remission rate of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Henan Institute of Interconnected Intelligent Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pengyuan Dang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shengyun Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Weitang Yuan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhenqiang Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Henan Institute of Interconnected Intelligent Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Chengzeng Wang
- Henan Institute of Interconnected Intelligent Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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11
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Hu J, Yang Q, Yue Z, Liao B, Cheng H, Li W, Zhang H, Wang S, Tian Q. Emerging advances in engineered macrophages for tumor immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:235-244. [PMID: 36008206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are versatile antigen-presenting cells. Recent studies suggest that engineered modifications of macrophages may confer better tumor therapy. Genetic engineering of macrophages with specific chimeric antigen receptors offers new possibilities for treatment of solid tumors and has received significant attention. In vitro gene editing of macrophages and infusion into the body can inhibit the immunosuppressive effect of the tumor microenvironment in solid tumors. This strategy is flexible and can be applied to all stages of cancer treatment. In contrast, nongenetic engineering tools are used to block relevant signaling pathways in immunosuppressive responses. In addition, macrophages can be loaded with drugs and engineered into cellular drug delivery systems. Here, we analyze the effect of the chimeric antigen receptor platform on macrophages and other existing engineering modifications of macrophages, highlighting their status, challenges and future perspectives. Indeed, our analyses show that new approaches in the treatment of solid tumors will likely exploit macrophages, an innate immune cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongyu Yue
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boting Liao
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huijuan Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuling Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingchang Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Lyadova I, Vasiliev A. Macrophages derived from pluripotent stem cells: prospective applications and research gaps. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:96. [PMID: 35725499 PMCID: PMC9207879 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a valuable cell source able to give rise to different cell types of the body. Among the various pathways of iPSC differentiation, the differentiation into macrophages is a recently developed and rapidly growing technique. Macrophages play a key role in the control of host homeostasis. Their dysfunction underlies many diseases, including hereditary, infectious, oncological, metabolic and other disorders. Targeting macrophage activity and developing macrophage-based cell therapy represent promising tools for the treatment of many pathological conditions. Macrophages generated from human iPSCs (iMphs) provide great opportunities in these areas. The generation of iMphs is based on a step-wise differentiation of iPSCs into mesoderm, hematopoietic progenitors, myeloid monocyte-like cells and macrophages. The technique allows to obtain standardizable populations of human macrophages from any individual, scale up macrophage production and introduce genetic modifications, which gives significant advantages over the standard source of human macrophages, monocyte-derived macrophages. The spectrum of iMph applications is rapidly growing. iMphs have been successfully used to model hereditary diseases and macrophage-pathogen interactions, as well as to test drugs. iMph use for cell therapy is another promising and rapidly developing area of research. The principles and the details of iMph generation have recently been reviewed. This review systemizes current and prospective iMph applications and discusses the problem of iMph safety and other issues that need to be explored before iMphs become clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lyadova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrei Vasiliev
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
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13
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Gawne PJ, Man F, Blower PJ, T M de Rosales R. Direct Cell Radiolabeling for in Vivo Cell Tracking with PET and SPECT Imaging. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10266-10318. [PMID: 35549242 PMCID: PMC9185691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The arrival of cell-based therapies is a revolution in medicine. However, its safe clinical application in a rational manner depends on reliable, clinically applicable methods for determining the fate and trafficking of therapeutic cells in vivo using medical imaging techniques─known as in vivo cell tracking. Radionuclide imaging using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) has several advantages over other imaging modalities for cell tracking because of its high sensitivity (requiring low amounts of probe per cell for imaging) and whole-body quantitative imaging capability using clinically available scanners. For cell tracking with radionuclides, ex vivo direct cell radiolabeling, that is, radiolabeling cells before their administration, is the simplest and most robust method, allowing labeling of any cell type without the need for genetic modification. This Review covers the development and application of direct cell radiolabeling probes utilizing a variety of chemical approaches: organic and inorganic/coordination (radio)chemistry, nanomaterials, and biochemistry. We describe the key early developments and the most recent advances in the field, identifying advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches and informing future development and choice of methods for clinical and preclinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gawne
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Francis Man
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Rafael T M de Rosales
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K
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14
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Zambito G, Mishra G, Schliehe C, Mezzanotte L. Near-Infrared Bioluminescence Imaging of Macrophage Sensors for Cancer Detection In Vivo. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:867164. [PMID: 35615475 PMCID: PMC9124759 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.867164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer with a poor prognosis after it gets metastasized. The early detection of malignant melanoma is critical for effective therapy. Because melanoma often resembles moles, routine skin check-up may help for timely identification of suspicious areas. Recently, it has been shown that the interplay of melanoma cells with the immune system can help develop efficient therapeutic strategies. Here, we leveraged engineered macrophages (BMC2) as cell-based sensors for metastatic melanoma. To perform dual-color bioluminescence imaging (BLI) in vivo, macrophages were engineered to express a green click beetle luciferase (CBG2) and a near-infrared fluorescent dye (DiR), and B16F10 melanoma cells were instead engineered to express a near-infrared click beetle luciferase (CBR2). Using real-time in vivo dual-color BLI and near-infrared fluorescence (FL) imaging, we could demonstrate that macrophages were able to sense and substantially accumulate in subcutaneous and metastatic melanoma tissues at 72 h after systemic injections. Together, we showed the potentiality to use optical imaging technologies to track circulating macrophages for the non-invasive detection of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Zambito
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gunja Mishra
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christopher Schliehe
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Ligon JA, Wessel KM, Shah NN, Glod J. Adoptive Cell Therapy in Pediatric and Young Adult Solid Tumors: Current Status and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846346. [PMID: 35273619 PMCID: PMC8901720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances from novel adoptive cellular therapies have yet to be fully realized for the treatment of children and young adults with solid tumors. This review discusses the strategies and preliminary results, including T-cell, NK-cell and myeloid cell-based therapies. While each of these approaches have shown some early promise, there remain challenges. These include poor trafficking to the tumor as well as a hostile tumor microenvironment with numerous immunosuppressive mechanisms which result in exhaustion of cellular therapies. We then turn our attention to new strategies proposed to address these challenges including novel clinical trials that are ongoing and in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Ligon
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kristin M Wessel
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nirali N Shah
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John Glod
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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16
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Sato N, Choyke PL. Whole-Body Imaging to Assess Cell-Based Immunotherapy: Preclinical Studies with an Update on Clinical Translation. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:235-248. [PMID: 34816284 PMCID: PMC8983636 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, immunotherapies against cancers made impressive progress. Immunotherapy includes a broad range of interventions that can be separated into two major groups: cell-based immunotherapies, such as adoptive T cell therapies and stem cell therapies, and immunomodulatory molecular therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors and cytokine therapies. Genetic engineering techniques that transduce T cells with a cancer-antigen-specific T cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor have expanded to other cell types, and further modulation of the cells to enhance cancer targeting properties has been explored. Because cell-based immunotherapies rely on cells migrating to target organs or tissues, there is a growing interest in imaging technologies that non-invasively monitor transferred cells in vivo. Here, we review whole-body imaging methods to assess cell-based immunotherapy using a variety of examples. Following a review of preclinically used cell tracking technologies, we consider the status of their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Sato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10/Rm. B3B406, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10/Rm. B3B69F, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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17
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Zou S, Ye J, Hu S, Wei Y, Xu J. Mutations in the TTN Gene are a Prognostic Factor for Patients with Lung Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:19-31. [PMID: 35018111 PMCID: PMC8742622 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s343259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the relationship between titin (TTN) mutation gene and tumor mutational burden (TMB) and the with prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinomas (LUSC), and to explore the feasibility of TTN as a potential prognostic marker of for LUSC. Methods We analyzed the somatic mutation landscape of LUSC samples using datasets obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) databases. Sequence data were divided into wild and mutant groups, and differences in TMB values between the groups compared using a Mann–Whitney U-test. The Kaplan Meier method was used to analyze the correlation between TTN mutation and LUSC prognosis, whereas CIBERSORT algorithm was used to calculate the degree of relative enrichment degree of among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in LUSC. Results Analysis of both datasets revealed high mutations in the TTN gene, with mutants exhibiting a significantly higher TMB value relative to the wild-type (P < 0.001). Prognosis of the TTN mutant group in LUSC was significantly better than that of wild-type (P = 0.009). Kaplan Meier curves showed that TTN mutation may be an independent prognostic factor in LUSC patients (HR: 0.64, 95% CI 0.48–0.85, P = 0.001), while GSEA analysis revealed that TTN mutation plays a potential role in the development of LUSC. Finally, analysis of LUSC immune microenvironment revealed that TTN mutation was significantly associated with enrichment of macrophages M1 (p < 0.05). Conclusion TTN mutation is associated with TMB, and is positively correlated with prognosis of LUSC. Therefore, this mutation may serve as a potential prognostic indicator of LUSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayue Ye
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People's Republic of China
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18
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Windows-Yule CRK, Herald MT, Nicuşan AL, Wiggins CS, Pratx G, Manger S, Odo AE, Leadbeater T, Pellico J, de Rosales RTM, Renaud A, Govender I, Carasik LB, Ruggles AE, Kokalova-Wheldon T, Seville JPK, Parker DJ. Recent advances in positron emission particle tracking: a comparative review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:016101. [PMID: 34814127 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac3c4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) is a technique which allows the high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging of particulate and multiphase systems, including systems which are large, dense, and/or optically opaque, and thus difficult to study using other methodologies. In this work, we bring together researchers from the world's foremost PEPT facilities not only to give a balanced and detailed overview and review of the technique but, for the first time, provide a rigorous, direct, quantitative assessment of the relative strengths and weaknesses of all contemporary PEPT methodologies. We provide detailed explanations of the methodologies explored, including also interactive code examples allowing the reader to actively explore, edit and apply the algorithms discussed. The suite of benchmarking tests performed and described within the document is made available in an open-source repository for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - M T Herald
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A L Nicuşan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - C S Wiggins
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - G Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Medical Physics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - S Manger
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A E Odo
- Department of Physics, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - T Leadbeater
- Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - J Pellico
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - R T M de Rosales
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - A Renaud
- School of Mathematics, The University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom
| | - I Govender
- Mintek, P/Bag X3015, Ranburg, Gauteng 2121, South Africa
- Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, P/Bag Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu Natal, Glenwood 4041, South Africa
| | - L B Carasik
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States of America
| | - A E Ruggles
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1412 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Tz Kokalova-Wheldon
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - J P K Seville
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - D J Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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19
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Arora L, Kalia M, Pal D. Role of macrophages in cancer progression and targeted immunotherapies. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 135:281-311. [PMID: 37061335 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The vast complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) aggrandizes the underlying principles responsible for immune escape, therapy resistance, and treatment failure. The stromal and immune cell population circumjacent to the tumor cells affects the cancer cell cycle leading to tumor progression. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exhibiting a unique M2 polarization state constitute a significant portion of the TME. They serve as tumor suppressors at early stages and tumor promoters at advanced stages by governing various microenvironmental cues. TAMs secreted various pro-tumoral cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteases are known to regulate the different cell cycle molecules including checkpoint inhibitors in cancer cells leading to cell cycle progression with faulty cellular components. Moreover, TAMs are well-known immunosuppressors and thereby facilitating the tumor cells' evasion from immune recognition. This chapter will describe the interaction between TAMs and tumor cells, the involvement of TAMs in the regulation of cancer cell progression by controlling cell cycle checkpoints or molecular pathways, and current TAM-based therapies, including restriction of TAM recruitment, anti-survival strategies, or switching polarity. Moreover, this chapter will also emphasize recently developed drug targets and CAR-macrophage cell therapy that restricts tumor progression.
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20
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Sloas C, Gill S, Klichinsky M. Engineered CAR-Macrophages as Adoptive Immunotherapies for Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:783305. [PMID: 34899748 PMCID: PMC8652144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapies represent a promising approach for the treatment of cancer. Engineered adoptive cell therapies redirect and augment a leukocyte’s inherent ability to mount an immune response by introducing novel anti-tumor capabilities and targeting moieties. A prominent example of this approach is the use of T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which have demonstrated significant efficacy against some hematologic malignancies. Despite increasingly sophisticated strategies to harness immune cell function, efficacy against solid tumors has remained elusive for adoptive cell therapies. Amongst cell types used in immunotherapies, however, macrophages have recently emerged as prominent candidates for the treatment of solid tumors. In this review, we discuss the use of monocytes and macrophages as adoptive cell therapies. Macrophages are innate immune cells that are intrinsically equipped with broad therapeutic effector functions, including active trafficking to tumor sites, direct tumor phagocytosis, activation of the tumor microenvironment and professional antigen presentation. We focus on engineering strategies for manipulating macrophages, with a specific focus on CAR macrophages (CAR-M). We highlight CAR design for macrophages, the production of CAR-M for adoptive cell transfer, and clinical considerations for their use in treating solid malignancies. We then outline recent progress and results in applying CAR-M as immunotherapies. The recent development of engineered macrophage-based therapies holds promise as a key weapon in the immune cell therapy armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saar Gill
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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21
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Combination of GNRs-PEI/cGAMP-laden macrophages-based photothermal induced in situ tumor vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade for synergistic anti-tumor immunotherapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 133:112603. [PMID: 35525760 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an effective strategy to control and eliminate primary and metastatic tumor by restarting and restoring the specific anti-tumor immune response. However, tumor immunotherapy often showed limited efficacy due to the poor T cell responses in vivo and the tumor suppressive microenvironments. Herein, we constructed polyethyleimine modified gold nanorods (GNRs-PEI) by conjugating PEI to GNRs via SAu bonds. GNRs-PEI/cGAMP nanoparticles were formed via electrostatic interaction and then loaded by macrophages. The GNRs-PEI/cGAMP-laden macrophages (GPc-RAWs) were intravenously injected into the tumor bearing mice and the in situ tumor vaccines were obtained after NIR irradiation. Besides, anti-PD-L1 antibody, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, was introduced to reverse immunosuppressive microenvironment and assisted to achieve the synergistic anti-tumor immunotherapy. GNRs-PEI/cGAMP-laden macrophages with NIR irradiation could effectively inhibit the primary tumors, while little effect for the contralateral tumors. When combined with anti-PD-L1 antibody, the combined strategy not only inhibited the growth of primary tumor, but also significantly delayed the proliferation of the contralateral tumors. More importantly, this strategy reversed immunosuppressive microenvironment without obvious side effects. Therefore, this study provided a great immunotherapy platform for the efficient treatment of primary and metastatic tumors.
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22
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Understanding and improving cellular immunotherapies against cancer: From cell-manufacturing to tumor-immune models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114003. [PMID: 34653533 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is shaped by dynamic metabolic and immune interactions between precancerous and cancerous tumor cells and stromal cells like epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and hematopoietically-derived immune cells. The metabolic states of the TME, including the hypoxic and acidic niches, influence the immunosuppressive phenotypes of the stromal and immune cells, which confers resistance to both host-mediated tumor killing and therapeutics. Numerous in vitro TME platforms for studying immunotherapies, including cell therapies, are being developed. However, we do not yet understand which immune and stromal components are most critical and how much model complexity is needed to answer specific questions. In addition, scalable sourcing and quality-control of appropriate TME cells for reproducibly manufacturing these platforms remain challenging. In this regard, lessons from the manufacturing of immunomodulatory cell therapies could provide helpful guidance. Although immune cell therapies have shown unprecedented results in hematological cancers and hold promise in solid tumors, their manufacture poses significant scale, cost, and quality control challenges. This review first provides an overview of the in vivo TME, discussing the most influential cell populations in the tumor-immune landscape. Next, we summarize current approaches for cell therapies against cancers and the relevant manufacturing platforms. We then evaluate current immune-tumor models of the TME and immunotherapies, highlighting the complexity, architecture, function, and cell sources. Finally, we present the technical and fundamental knowledge gaps in both cell manufacturing systems and immune-TME models that must be addressed to elucidate the interactions between endogenous tumor immunity and exogenous engineered immunity.
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23
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Kang M, Lee SH, Kwon M, Byun J, Kim D, Kim C, Koo S, Kwon SP, Moon S, Jung M, Hong J, Go S, Song SY, Choi JH, Hyeon T, Oh YK, Park HH, Kim BS. Nanocomplex-Mediated In Vivo Programming to Chimeric Antigen Receptor-M1 Macrophages for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103258. [PMID: 34510559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapy has shown impressive clinical outcomes for hematologic malignancies. However, its broader applications are challenged due to its complex ex vivo cell-manufacturing procedures and low therapeutic efficacy against solid tumors. The limited therapeutic effects are partially due to limited CAR-T cell infiltration to solid tumors and inactivation of CAR-T cells by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Here, a facile approach is presented to in vivo program macrophages, which can intrinsically penetrate solid tumors, into CAR-M1 macrophages displaying enhanced cancer-directed phagocytosis and anti-tumor activity. In vivo injected nanocomplexes of macrophage-targeting nanocarriers and CAR-interferon-γ-encoding plasmid DNA induce CAR-M1 macrophages that are capable of CAR-mediated cancer phagocytosis, anti-tumor immunomodulation, and inhibition of solid tumor growth. Together, this study describes an off-the-shelf CAR-macrophage therapy that is effective for solid tumors and avoids the complex and costly processes of ex vivo CAR-cell manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Kang
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Lee
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Miji Kwon
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Byun
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheesue Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sagang Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Pil Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjun Moon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mungyo Jung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Hong
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhyeong Go
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seuk Young Song
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ho Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Engineering Research, BioMAX, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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24
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Lechermann LM, Lau D, Attili B, Aloj L, Gallagher FA. In Vivo Cell Tracking Using PET: Opportunities and Challenges for Clinical Translation in Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4042. [PMID: 34439195 PMCID: PMC8392745 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is a rapidly evolving field involving a wide spectrum of therapeutic cells for personalised medicine in cancer. In vivo imaging and tracking of cells can provide useful information for improving the accuracy, efficacy, and safety of cell therapies. This review focuses on radiopharmaceuticals for the non-invasive detection and tracking of therapeutic cells using positron emission tomography (PET). A range of approaches for imaging therapeutic cells is discussed: Direct ex vivo labelling of cells, in vivo indirect labelling of cells by utilising gene reporters, and detection of specific antigens expressed on the target cells using antibody-based radiopharmaceuticals (immuno-PET). This review examines the evaluation of PET imaging methods for therapeutic cell tracking in preclinical cancer models, their role in the translation into patients, first-in-human studies, as well as the translational challenges involved and how they can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Lechermann
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (B.A.); (L.A.); (F.A.G.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Doreen Lau
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (B.A.); (L.A.); (F.A.G.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Bala Attili
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (B.A.); (L.A.); (F.A.G.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Luigi Aloj
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (B.A.); (L.A.); (F.A.G.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ferdia A. Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (B.A.); (L.A.); (F.A.G.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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25
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Fu W, Lei C, Ma Z, Qian K, Li T, Zhao J, Hu S. CAR Macrophages for SARS-CoV-2 Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669103. [PMID: 34367135 PMCID: PMC8343226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapeutics for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially severe cases, are currently lacking. As macrophages have unique effector functions as a first-line defense against invading pathogens, we genetically armed human macrophages with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to reprogram their phagocytic activity against SARS-CoV-2. After investigation of CAR constructs with different intracellular receptor domains, we found that although cytosolic domains from MERTK (CARMERTK) did not trigger antigen-specific cellular phagocytosis or killing effects, unlike those from MEGF10, FcRγ and CD3ζ did, these CARs all mediated similar SARS-CoV-2 clearance in vitro. Notably, we showed that CARMERTK macrophages reduced the virion load without upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression. These results suggest that CARMERTK drives an 'immunologically silent' scavenger effect in macrophages and pave the way for further investigation of CARs for the treatment of individuals with COVID-19, particularly those with severe cases at a high risk of hyperinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Fu
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Team SMMU-China of the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition, Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhai Lei
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Team SMMU-China of the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition, Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zetong Ma
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewen Qian
- Team SMMU-China of the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition, Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Team SMMU-China of the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition, Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- KOCHKOR Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Hu
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Team SMMU-China of the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition, Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Cord-Blood-Derived Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells: Functions and Applications in Current and Prospective Cell Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115923. [PMID: 34072923 PMCID: PMC8199409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood (UCB) represents a valuable source of hematopoietic stem cells, particularly for patients lacking a matching donor. UCB provides practical advantages, including a lower risk of graft-versus-host-disease and permissive human leukocyte antigen mismatching. These advantageous properties have so far been applied for stem cell, mesenchymal stromal cell, and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies. However, UCB-derived professional antigen-presenting cells are increasingly being utilized in the context of immune tolerance and regenerative therapy. Here, we review the cell-specific characteristics as well as recent advancements in UCB-based cell therapies focusing on dendritic cells, monocytes, B lymphocytes, innate lymphoid cells, and macrophages.
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27
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Pallares R, Abergel RJ. Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Use of Radiopharmaceuticals in the Context of SARS-CoV-2. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1-7. [PMID: 33615159 PMCID: PMC7839413 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has devastated the healthcare systems and economies of over 200 countries in just a few months. The etiological agent of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, is a highly contagious virus that can be transmitted by asymptomatic and symptomatic carriers alike. While in vitro testing techniques have allowed for population-wide screening, prognostic tools are required to assess the disease severity and therapeutic response, contributing to improve the patient clinical outcomes. Moreover, no specific antiviral against COVID-19 exists at the time of publication, severely limiting treatment against the infection. Hence, there is an urgent clinical need for innovative therapeutic strategies that may contribute to manage the COVID-19 outbreak and prevent future pandemics. Herein, we critically examine recent diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic advancements for COVID-19 in the field of radiopharmaceuticals. First, we summarize the gold standard techniques used to diagnose COVID-19, including in vitro assays and imaging techniques, and then discuss how radionuclide-based nuclear imaging provides complementary information for prognosis and treatment management of infected patients. Second, we introduce new emerging types of radiotherapies that employ radioimmunoconjugates, which have shown selective cytotoxic response in oncological studies, and critically analyze how these compounds could be used as therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2. Finally, this Perspective further discusses the emerging applications of radionuclides to study the behavior of pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger
M. Pallares
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Abergel
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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28
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Salah A, Li Y, Wang H, Qi N, Wu Y. Macrophages as a Double-Edged Weapon: The Use of Macrophages in Cancer Immunotherapy and Understanding the Cross-Talk Between Macrophages and Cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:429-440. [PMID: 33481665 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.6087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mϕs) play an essential role in maintaining body homeostasis. They perform dual functions produced by different subtypes. Mϕs not only fight against pathogens and foreign bodies such as bacteria or cancer cells but also participate in healing and repairing damaged tissue since they maintain both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects sequentially. Tumors possess the ability to polarize Mϕs from proinflammatory M1 subtype to anti-inflammatory M2-like Mϕs called tumor-associated macrophages, which, in turn, help the tumors to acquire cancer hallmarks. Consequently, this polarization allows tumors to grow and spread. In this light, Mϕs have been a subject of intense study, and researchers have developed protocols to derive different Mϕs subtypes either as a new state-of-the-art therapeutic approach or to understand the cross-talk between cancer and Mϕs. In this review, we present the use of primary Mϕs in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer, illustrate the reciprocating interplay between cancer and Mϕs, and the resulting structural and functional change on both cell types. Furthermore, we summarize the recent cutting-edge approaches of using Mϕs in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Salah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanqin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Hangzhou Biaomo Biosciences Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Asia Stem Cell Therapies Co., Limited, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Nianmin Qi
- Hangzhou Biaomo Biosciences Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Asia Stem Cell Therapies Co., Limited, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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29
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Kurebayashi Y, Choyke PL, Sato N. Imaging of cell-based therapy using 89Zr-oxine ex vivo cell labeling for positron emission tomography. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:27-35. [PMID: 33391973 PMCID: PMC7738941 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.51391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of anti-cancer cell-based therapies, such as adoptive T cell therapies using tumor-infiltrating T cells, T cell receptor transduced T cells, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells, there has been a growing interest in imaging technologies to non-invasively track transferred cells in vivo. Cell tracking using ex vivo cell labeling with positron emitting radioisotopes for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has potential advantages over single-photon emitting radioisotopes. These advantages include intrinsically higher resolution, higher sensitivity, and higher signal-to-background ratios. Here, we review the current status of recently developed Zirconium-89 (89Zr)-oxine ex vivo cell labeling with PET imaging focusing on its applications and future perspectives. Labeling of cells with 89Zr-oxine is completed in a series of relatively simple steps, and its low radioactivity doses required for imaging does not interfere with the proliferation or function of the labeled immune cells. Preclinical studies have revealed that 89Zr-oxine PET allows high-resolution in vivo tracking of labeled cells for 1-2 weeks after cell transfer both in mice and non-human primates. These results provide a strong rationale for the clinical translation of 89Zr-oxine PET-based imaging of cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noriko Sato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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30
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Anderson NR, Minutolo NG, Gill S, Klichinsky M. Macrophage-Based Approaches for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2020; 81:1201-1208. [PMID: 33203697 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with genetically modified T cells has generated exciting outcomes in hematologic malignancies, but its application to solid tumors has proven challenging. This gap has spurred the investigation of alternative immune cells as therapeutics. Macrophages are potent immune effector cells whose functional plasticity leads to antitumor as well as protumor function in different settings, and this plasticity has led to notable efforts to deplete or repolarize tumor-associated macrophages. Alternatively, macrophages could be adoptively transferred after ex vivo genetic modification. In this review, we highlight the role of macrophages in solid tumors, the progress made with macrophage-focused immunotherapeutic modalities, and the emergence of chimeric antigen receptor macrophage cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saar Gill
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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31
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Liu Y, Wang R. Immunotherapy Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:583708. [PMID: 33251232 PMCID: PMC7674960 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.583708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a broad role in maintaining body homeostasis and defense against foreign pathogens; whereas tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) support tumor growth and metastasis by promoting cancer cell proliferation and invasion, immunosuppression, and angiogenesis, which is closely related to the poor prognosis in almost all solid tumors. Hence, deep-insight knowledge into TAMs can provide an opportunity to discover more effective strategies for cancer therapeutics. So far, a large number of therapeutic agents targeting TAMs are in clinical trials. In this review, we introduce an extensive overview about macrophages and macrophage-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Forth Affiliation Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rongsi Wang
- High School of East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Positron Emission Tomography for Response Evaluation in Microenvironment-Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090371. [PMID: 32972006 PMCID: PMC7556039 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic response is evaluated using the diameter of tumors and quantitative parameters of 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Tumor response to molecular-targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors is different from conventional chemotherapy in terms of temporal metabolic alteration and morphological change after the therapy. Cancer stem cells, immunologically competent cells, and metabolism of cancer are considered targets of novel therapy. Accumulation of FDG reflects the glucose metabolism of cancer cells as well as immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which differs among patients according to the individual immune function; however, FDG-PET could evaluate the viability of the tumor as a whole. On the other hand, specific imaging and cell tracking of cancer cell or immunological cell subsets does not elucidate tumor response in a complexed interaction in the tumor microenvironment. Considering tumor heterogeneity and individual variation in therapeutic response, a radiomics approach with quantitative features of multimodal images and deep learning algorithm with reference to pathologic and genetic data has the potential to improve response assessment for emerging cancer therapy.
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33
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Combes F, Meyer E, Sanders NN. Immune cells as tumor drug delivery vehicles. J Control Release 2020; 327:70-87. [PMID: 32735878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review article describes the use of immune cells as potential candidates to deliver anti-cancer drugs deep within the tumor microenvironment. First, the rationale of using drug carriers to target tumors and potentially decrease drug-related side effects is discussed. We further explain some of the current limitations when using nanoparticles for this purpose. Next, a comprehensive step-by-step description of the migration cascade of immune cells is provided as well as arguments on why immune cells can be used to address some of the limitations associated with nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. We then describe the benefits and drawbacks of using red blood cells, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, T cells and NK cells for tumor-targeted drug delivery. An additional section discusses the versatility of nanoparticles to load anti-cancer drugs into immune cells. Lastly, we propose increasing the circulatory half-life and development of conditional release strategies as the two main future pillars to improve the efficacy of immune cell-mediated drug delivery to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Combes
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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34
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Galli F, Aguilera JV, Palermo B, Markovic SN, Nisticò P, Signore A. Relevance of immune cell and tumor microenvironment imaging in the new era of immunotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:89. [PMID: 32423420 PMCID: PMC7236372 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells play a key role against cancer. However, malignant cells are able to evade the immune response and establish a very complex balance in which different immune subtypes may drive tumor progression, metastatization and resistance to therapy. New immunotherapeutic approaches aim at restoring the natural balance and increase immune response against cancer by different mechanisms. The complexity of these interactions and the heterogeneity of immune cell subpopulations are a real challenge when trying to develop new immunotherapeutics and evaluate or predict their efficacy in vivo. To this purpose, molecular imaging can offer non-invasive diagnostic tools like radiopharmaceuticals, contrast agents or fluorescent dyes. These agents can be useful for preclinical and clinical purposes and can overcome [18F]FDG limitations in discriminating between true-progression and pseudo-progression. This review provides a comprehensive overview of immune cells involved in microenvironment, available immunotherapies and imaging agents to highlight the importance of new therapeutic biomarkers and their in vivo evaluation to improve the management of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Galli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, S. Andrea University Hospital, Roma, Italy.
| | - Jesus Vera Aguilera
- Department of oncology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, (MN), Rochester, USA
| | - Belinda Palermo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Svetomir N Markovic
- Department of oncology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, (MN), Rochester, USA
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, S. Andrea University Hospital, Roma, Italy
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Klichinsky M, Ruella M, Shestova O, Lu XM, Best A, Zeeman M, Schmierer M, Gabrusiewicz K, Anderson NR, Petty NE, Cummins KD, Shen F, Shan X, Veliz K, Blouch K, Yashiro-Ohtani Y, Kenderian SS, Kim MY, O'Connor RS, Wallace SR, Kozlowski MS, Marchione DM, Shestov M, Garcia BA, June CH, Gill S. Human chimeric antigen receptor macrophages for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:947-953. [PMID: 32361713 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 712] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown promise in hematologic malignancies, but its application to solid tumors has been challenging1-4. Given the unique effector functions of macrophages and their capacity to penetrate tumors5, we genetically engineered human macrophages with CARs to direct their phagocytic activity against tumors. We found that a chimeric adenoviral vector overcame the inherent resistance of primary human macrophages to genetic manipulation and imparted a sustained pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype. CAR macrophages (CAR-Ms) demonstrated antigen-specific phagocytosis and tumor clearance in vitro. In two solid tumor xenograft mouse models, a single infusion of human CAR-Ms decreased tumor burden and prolonged overall survival. Characterization of CAR-M activity showed that CAR-Ms expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, converted bystander M2 macrophages to M1, upregulated antigen presentation machinery, recruited and presented antigen to T cells and resisted the effects of immunosuppressive cytokines. In humanized mouse models, CAR-Ms were further shown to induce a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment and boost anti-tumor T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klichinsky
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Carisma Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olga Shestova
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xueqing Maggie Lu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Best
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Carisma Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas E Petty
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine D Cummins
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Feng Shen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xinhe Shan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Veliz
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristin Blouch
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Saad S Kenderian
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Miriam Y Kim
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roddy S O'Connor
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen R Wallace
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Miroslaw S Kozlowski
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dylan M Marchione
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maksim Shestov
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saar Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Combes F, Mc Cafferty S, Meyer E, Sanders NN. Off-Target and Tumor-Specific Accumulation of Monocytes, Macrophages and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells after Systemic Injection. Neoplasia 2018; 20:848-856. [PMID: 30025228 PMCID: PMC6076377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors frequently coexist with a degree of local chronic inflammation. Recruited myeloid cells can therefore be considered as interesting vehicles for tumor-targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Using in vivo imaging, the short-term accumulation of systemically injected monocytes, macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) was compared in mice bearing fat pad mammary carcinomas. Monocytes and macrophages demonstrated almost identical in vivo and ex vivo distribution patterns with maximal tumor-associated accumulation seen 48 hours after injection that remained stable over the 4-day follow-up period. However, a substantial accumulation of both cell types was also seen in the liver, spleen and lungs albeit decreasing over time in all three locations. The MDSCs exhibited a similar distribution pattern as the monocytes and macrophages, but demonstrated a better relative on-target fraction over time. Overall, our findings highlight off-target cell accumulation as a major obstacle in the use of myeloid cells as vehicles for therapeutic tumor-targeted agents and indicate that their short-term on-target accumulation is mainly of nonspecific nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Combes
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Séan Mc Cafferty
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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Hoffmann SHL, Maurer A, Reck DI, Reischl G, Pichler BJ, Kneilling M, Griessinger CM. Murine Lymphocyte Labeling by 64Cu-Antibody Receptor Targeting for In Vivo Cell Trafficking by PET/CT. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28518105 DOI: 10.3791/55270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol illustrates the production of 64Cu and the chelator conjugation/radiolabeling of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) followed by murine lymphocyte cell culture and 64Cu-antibody receptor targeting of the cells. In vitro evaluation of the radiolabel and non-invasive in vivo cell tracking in an animal model of an airway delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTHR) by PET/CT are described. In detail, the conjugation of a mAb with the chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) is shown. Following the production of radioactive 64Cu, radiolabeling of the DOTA-conjugated mAb is described. Next, the expansion of chicken ovalbumin (cOVA)-specific CD4+ interferon (IFN)-γ-producing T helper cells (cOVA-TH1) and the subsequent radiolabeling of the cOVA-TH1 cells are depicted. Various in vitro techniques are presented to evaluate the effects of 64Cu-radiolabeling on the cells, such as the determination of cell viability by trypan blue exclusion, the staining for apoptosis with Annexin V for flow cytometry, and the assessment of functionality by IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, the determination of the radioactive uptake into the cells and the labeling stability are described in detail. This protocol further describes how to perform cell tracking studies in an animal model for an airway DTHR and, therefore, the induction of cOVA-induced acute airway DHTR in BALB/c mice is included. Finally, a robust PET/CT workflow including image acquisition, reconstruction, and analysis is presented. The 64Cu-antibody receptor targeting approach with subsequent receptor internalization provides high specificity and stability, reduced cellular toxicity, and low efflux rates compared to common PET-tracers for cell labeling, e.g.64Cu-pyruvaldehyde bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu-PTSM). Finally, our approach enables non-invasive in vivo cell tracking by PET/CT with an optimal signal-to-background ratio for 48 h. This experimental approach can be transferred to different animal models and cell types with membrane-bound receptors that are internalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina H L Hoffmann
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
| | - Dorothea I Reck
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
| | - Gerald Reischl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen; Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen
| | - Christoph M Griessinger
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen;
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Saadatpour Z, Rezaei A, Ebrahimnejad H, Baghaei B, Bjorklund G, Chartrand M, Sahebkar A, Morovati H, Mirzaei HR, Mirzaei H. Imaging techniques: new avenues in cancer gene and cell therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 24:1-5. [PMID: 27834357 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the world's most concerning health problems and poses many challenges in the range of approaches associated with the treatment of cancer. Current understanding of this disease brings to the fore a number of novel therapies that can be useful in the treatment of cancer. Among them, gene and cell therapies have emerged as novel and effective approaches. One of the most important challenges for cancer gene and cell therapies is correct monitoring of the modified genes and cells. In fact, visual tracking of therapeutic cells, immune cells, stem cells and genetic vectors that contain therapeutic genes and the various drugs is important in cancer therapy. Similarly, molecular imaging, such as nanosystems, fluorescence, bioluminescence, positron emission tomography, single photon-emission computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, have also been found to be powerful tools in monitoring cancer patients who have received therapeutic cell and gene therapies or drug therapies. In this review, we focus on these therapies and their molecular imaging techniques in treating and monitoring the progress of the therapies on various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Saadatpour
- Bozorgmehr Imaging Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Rezaei
- Khanevadeh Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - B Baghaei
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - G Bjorklund
- Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - M Chartrand
- DigiCare Behavioral Research, Casa Grande, AZ, USA
| | - A Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - H Morovati
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H R Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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40
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Lee S, Kivimäe S, Dolor A, Szoka FC. Macrophage-based cell therapies: The long and winding road. J Control Release 2016; 240:527-540. [PMID: 27422609 PMCID: PMC5064880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the quest for better medicines, attention is increasingly turning to cell-based therapies. The rationale is that infused cells can provide a targeted therapy to precisely correct a complex disease phenotype. Between 1987 and 2010, autologous macrophages (MΦs) were used in clinical trials to treat a variety of human tumors; this approach provided a modest therapeutic benefit in some patients but no lasting remissions. These trials were initiated prior to an understanding of: the complexity of MΦ phenotypes, their ability to alter their phenotype in response to various cytokines and/or the environment, and the extent of survival of the re-infused MΦs. It is now known that while inflammatory MΦs can kill tumor cells, the tumor environment is able to reprogram MΦs into a tumorigenic phenotype; inducing blood vessel formation and contributing to a cancer cell growth-promoting milieu. We review how new information enables the development of large numbers of ex vivo generated MΦs, and how conditioning and gene engineering strategies are used to restrict the MΦ to an appropriate phenotype or to enable production of therapeutic proteins. We survey applications in which the MΦ is loaded with nanomedicines, such as liposomes ex vivo, so when the drug-loaded MΦs are infused into an animal, the drug is released at the disease site. Finally, we also review the current status of MΦ biodistribution and survival after transplantation into an animal. The combination of these recent advances opens the way for improved MΦ cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lee
- The UC-Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley 94720, USA
| | - Saul Kivimäe
- Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Aaron Dolor
- Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Francis C Szoka
- The UC-Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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41
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Arnberg F, Lundberg J, Olsson A, Samén E, Jaff N, Jussing E, Dahlén U, Nava S, Axelsson R, Ringdén O, Kaipe H, Holmin S. Intra-arterial Administration of Placenta-Derived Decidual Stromal Cells to the Superior Mesenteric Artery in the Rabbit: Distribution of Cells, Feasibility, and Safety. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:401-10. [PMID: 25976072 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x688191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective administration of mesenchymal stromal cells to the mesenteric arteries is a potential technique to overcome pulmonary trapping and increase the density of transplanted cells in extensive mural inflammation of the intestine, such as in inflammatory bowel disease and graft-versus-host disease. We injected 5 × 10(6) (111)In-oxine-labeled human decidual stromal cells (DSCs) to the rabbit superior mesenteric artery (SMA) using clinical routine catheters guided by an angiographical system under sterile conditions. We used longitudinal single-photon emission tomography at 6 h and at 1, 2, and 5 days to assess trafficking and distribution of DSCs. We used digital subtraction angiography, computed tomography, and hematoxylin and eosin stainings to determine biodistribution of cells and to assess safety end points. We found that selective injection of human DSCs to the rabbit SMA does not result in acute embolic complications. Furthermore, we found that IV administration resulted in extensive retention of the radiolabeled DSCs in the lungs, corroborating previous studies on pulmonary trapping. In sharp contrast, selective injections to the SMA resulted in uptake distributed in the intestine supplied by the SMA and in the liver, indicating that this approach could significantly increase the fraction of injected DSCs reaching the target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Arnberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lee KS, Kim TJ, Pratx G. Single-cell tracking with PET using a novel trajectory reconstruction algorithm. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2015; 34:994-1003. [PMID: 25423651 PMCID: PMC4392854 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2373351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Virtually all biomedical applications of positron emission tomography (PET) use images to represent the distribution of a radiotracer. However, PET is increasingly used in cell tracking applications, for which the "imaging" paradigm may not be optimal. Here, we investigate an alternative approach, which consists in reconstructing the time-varying position of individual radiolabeled cells directly from PET measurements. As a proof of concept, we formulate a new algorithm for reconstructing the trajectory of one single moving cell directly from list-mode PET data. We model the trajectory as a 3-D B-spline function of the temporal variable and use nonlinear optimization to minimize the mean-square distance between the trajectory and the recorded list-mode coincidence events. Using Monte Carlo simulations (GATE), we show that this new algorithm can track a single source moving within a small-animal PET system with 3 mm accuracy provided that the activity of the cell [Bq] is greater than four times its velocity [mm/s]. The algorithm outperforms conventional ML-EM as well as the "minimum distance" method used for positron emission particle tracking (PEPT). The new method was also successfully validated using experimentally acquired PET data. In conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility of a new method for tracking a single moving cell directly from PET list-mode data, at the whole-body level, for physiologically relevant activities and velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum Sil Lee
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, CA 94305 USA
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CA 94305 USA
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CA 94305 USA
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Wank R, Song X, Gu S, Laumbacher B. Benefits of a continuous therapy for cancer patients with a novel adoptive cell therapy by cascade priming (CAPRI). Immunotherapy 2014; 6:269-82. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence shows that immune cells are pivotal in the fight against cancer. First, association studies have identified immune-protective immune response genes against cancer. Second, the presence of immune cells in the respective malignant tumor correlated with a better prognosis for the patients. Third, adoptive cell therapy (ACT) showed, in recent reports, an efficient reduction or even cure for malignant tumors. The focus of this review is a novel in vitro ACT technique, using the patient’s cascade-primed immune cells. The cascade-priming procedure stimulates APCs from the peripheral blood. Stimulated APCs digest and present tumor material better and differentiate naive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte effector cells against the patient’s cancer. The principle and the impressive results of the cascade-primed immune cell treatment in patient case series is compared with the ACT concepts of lymphokine-activated killer, macrophage-activated killer, macrophage-activated killer-dendritic cell, cytokine-induced killer and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Wank
- Immunotherapy Research Center Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 8, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Xin Song
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, No 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, 650118 Yunnan, China
| | - Songhai Gu
- Immunotherapy Research Center Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 8, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Laumbacher
- Immunotherapy Research Center Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 8, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Wu C, Ma G, Li J, Zheng K, Dang Y, Shi X, Sun Y, Li F, Zhu Z. In vivo cell tracking via ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose labeling: a review of the preclinical and clinical applications in cell-based diagnosis and therapy. Clin Imaging 2012. [PMID: 23206605 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rising interest in using functional cells for diagnosis and treatment has created an urgent need for in vivo cell-tracking techniques. Certain advanced techniques, such as those involving reporter genes or nanoparticles, are still awaiting confirmation of their safety and feasibility in human patients. Tracking cells by labeling them with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose, a tracer clinically used in positron emission tomography (PET), may be one way to rapidly translate some of these principles from bench to bedside. The preliminary results are exciting, although further development, optimization, and validation are required. Here, several applications of the technique are surveyed: finding inflammatory foci, targeting cancer immunotherapies, tracking transplanted islet cells, and monitoring cardiac stem cells. Advantages, limitations, and prospects of the technique are discussed. These early experiences only highlight the existing need to improve cell-labeling techniques using PET tracers. This method may finally lead to the development of effective and convenient methods for clinical cell-tracking techniques involving PET/computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
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45
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Stojanov K, de Vries EF, Hoekstra D, van Waarde A, Dierckx RA, Zuhorn IS. [
18
F]FDG Labeling of Neural Stem Cells for in Vivo Cell Tracking with Positron Emission Tomography: Inhibition of Tracer Release by Phloretin. Mol Imaging 2012. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2011.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katica Stojanov
- From the Departments of Cell Biology/Membrane Cell Biology and Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik F.J. de Vries
- From the Departments of Cell Biology/Membrane Cell Biology and Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Hoekstra
- From the Departments of Cell Biology/Membrane Cell Biology and Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- From the Departments of Cell Biology/Membrane Cell Biology and Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx
- From the Departments of Cell Biology/Membrane Cell Biology and Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Inge S. Zuhorn
- From the Departments of Cell Biology/Membrane Cell Biology and Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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46
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Gavalas NG, Karadimou A, Dimopoulos MA, Bamias A. Immune response in ovarian cancer: how is the immune system involved in prognosis and therapy: potential for treatment utilization. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2010:791603. [PMID: 21318181 PMCID: PMC3034919 DOI: 10.1155/2010/791603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among women. Resistance to the disease occurs in more than 70% of the cases even after treated with chemotherapy agents such as paclitaxel- and platinum-based agents. The immune system is increasingly becoming a target for intense research in order to study the host's immune response against ovarian cancer. T cell populations, including NK T cells and Tregs, and cytokines have been associated with disease outcome, indicating their increasing clinical significance, having been associated with prognosis and as markers of disease progress, respectively. Harnessing the immune system capacity in order to induce antitumor response remains a major challenge. This paper examines the recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of development of the immune response in ovarian cancer as well as its prognostic significance and the existing experience in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos G. Gavalas
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Karadimou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Meletios A. Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Bamias
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 28 Athens, Greece
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47
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Hong H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Cai W. Non-invasive cell tracking in cancer and cancer therapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 10:1237-48. [PMID: 20388105 DOI: 10.2174/156802610791384234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy holds great promise for cancer treatment. The ability to non-invasively track the delivery of various therapeutic cells (e.g. T cells and stem cells) to the tumor site, and/or subsequent differentiation/proliferation of these cells, would allow better understanding of the mechanisms of cancer development and intervention. This brief review will summarize the various methods for non-invasive cell tracking in cancer and cancer therapy. In general, there are two approaches for cell tracking: direct (cells are labeled with certain tags that can be detected directly with suitable imaging equipment) and indirect cell labeling (which typically uses reporter genes approach). The techniques for tracking various cell types (e.g. immune cells, stem cells, and cancer cells) in cancer are described, which include fluorescence, bioluminescence, positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Non-invasive tracking of immune and stem cells were primarily intended for (potential) cancer therapy applications while tracking of cancer cells could further our understanding of cancer development and tumor metastasis. Safety is a major concern for future clinical applications and the ideal imaging modality for tracking therapeutic cells in cancer patients requires the imaging tags to be non-toxic, biocompatible, and highly specific. Each imaging modality has its advantages and disadvantages and they are more complementary than competitive. MRI, radionuclide-based imaging techniques, and reporter gene-based approaches will each have their own niches towards the same ultimate goal: personalized medicine for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Gong N, Liu J, Reynolds AD, Gorantla S, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Brain ingress of regulatory T cells in a murine model of HIV-1 encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 230:33-41. [PMID: 20846730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) transform the HIV-1 infected macrophage from a neurotoxic to a neuroprotective phenotype. This was demonstrated previously in a murine model of HIV-1 encephalitis induced by intracranial injection of HIV-1/vesicular stomatitis virus-infected bone marrow macrophages. In this report, relationships between Treg ingress of end organ tissues, notably the brain, and neuroprotection were investigated. Treg from EGFP-transgenic donor mice were expanded, labeled with indium-111, and adoptively transferred. Treg distribution was assayed by single photon emission computed tomography and immunohistochemistry. Treg readily migrated across the blood brain barrier and were retained within virus-induced neuroinflammatory sites. In non-inflamed peripheral tissues (liver and spleen) Treg were depleted. These observations demonstrate that Treg migrate to sites of inflammation where they modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Wu Z, Kandeel F. Radionuclide probes for molecular imaging of pancreatic beta-cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1125-38. [PMID: 20854861 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is a promising treatment option for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, the fate of the graft over time remains difficult to follow, due to the lack of available tools capable of monitoring graft rejection and inflammation prior to islet graft loss. Due to the challenges imposed by the location of the pancreas and the sparsely dispersed beta-cell population within the pancreas, currently, the clinical verification of beta-cell abnormalities can only be obtained indirectly via metabolic studies, which typically is not possible until after a significant deterioration in islet function has already occurred. The development of non-invasive imaging methods for the assessment of the pancreatic beta-cells, however, offers the potential for the early detection of beta-cell dysfunction prior to the clinical onset of T1D and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Ideal islet imaging agents would have an acceptable residence time in the human body, be capable of providing high-resolution images with minimal uptake in surrounding tissues (e.g., the liver), would not be toxic to islets, and would not require pre-treatment of islets prior to transplantation. A variety of currently available imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), and nuclear imaging have been tested for the study of beta-cell diseases. In this article, we summarize the recent advances made in nuclear imaging techniques for non-invasive imaging of pancreatic beta-cells. The use of radioactive probes for islet imaging is also discussed.
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Anti-tumor immune response in ovarian cancer: clinical implications, prognostic significance and potential for novel treatment strategies. Oncol Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-009-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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